Giraffidae from the Middle Miocene Hominoid Locality of Candir (Turkey).
Of these 65 clades, we eliminated 33 because their members had large body size or were primates (Loridae, Galagonidae, Cercopithecinae, Colobinae, Hominidae, Canidae, Acinonychinae, Felinae, Pantherinae, Herpestinae, Hyaeninae, Protelinae, Lutrinae, Mellivorinac, Mustelinae, Nandinimae, Viverrinae, Elephantidae, Rhinocerotidae, Orycteropodidae, Aepycerotinae, Alcelaphinae, Antilopinae, Bovinae, Cephalophinae, Hippotraginae, Reduncinae, Phacochoerinae, Suinae, Hippopotamidae, Tragulidae,
Giraffidae, Manidae).
Five Siwaliks genera of order Artiodactyla and family
Giraffidae namely Progiraffa, Giraffokeryx, Giraffa, Bramatherium and Sivatherium are included in the present study of EH for the prediction of climatic variations and ecological disturbances of the Neogene and Quaternary Siwaliks.
The fossils of
Giraffidae are reported throughout the Siwalik Early Miocene - Late Pleistocene.
Giraffidae first appeared in the Early Miocene of Africa by the presence of Zaraffa and Prolybitherium (Churcher, 1978; Geraads, 1996).
In the Siwaliks, both large and small genera of
Giraffidae are present (Pilgrim, 1910, 1911; Matthew, 1929; Colbert, 1935; Bhatti et al., 2012a, b; Khan et al., 2010, 2014).
The fauna mainly consists of Artiodactyla (Cervidae, Tragulidae,
Giraffidae, Suidae), Perissodactyla (Equidae, Rhinocerotidae), Proboscidea and Primates (Khan et al., 2013).
The diet of extinct
Giraffidae was browse as in extant giraffes.
The fauna mainly consists of Artiodactyla (Cervidae, Tragulidae,
Giraffidae, Suidae), Perissodactyla (Equidae, Rhinocerotidae), Proboscidea (Trilophodon hasnotensis, Synconolophus dhokpathanensis) and Primates (Cercopethicoids) (Ghaffar et al., 2009; Iqbal et al., 2009; Khan et al., 2008a-b, 2009a-b, 2010, 2011, 2012).
In the Lower Siwaliks of Pakistan three genera of family
Giraffidae were found i.e.
Hydaspitherium (Artiodactyla,
Giraffidae) from the Dhok Pathan Formation of the Middle Siwaliks, Pakistan: New Collection.