AP MIXED BAG 3 Flashcards | Quizlet

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AP MIXED BAG 3

Terms in this set (1178)

prehistory v history

Prehistory - no written documents; History: written proof of history

features of civilization

Social etiquette, religion, education, literature

stages of hominid development

Austrolopithecus, homo habilis, homo erectus, homo sapiens

4. "Out of Africa" thesis vs. multiregional thesis

Humans originated from Africa and proliferated vs. originated from Africa but multiple geographical locations first 100 million years

family units, clans, tribes

A group of people sharing common ancestry

foraging societies

Nomadic, small communities and population, no political system, economic distribution is more equal

nomadic hunter/gatherers

Move place to place according to environment; adapts to environment

Period of time where Earth was covered partly in ice

Changes when agriculture started

Neolithic Revolution

Farming uses; start of agriculture

nomadic pastoralism

Farming system where animals are taken to different locations in order to find fresh pastures

once land is depleted, moved on to let soil recover

migratory farmer

Farmers that migrate instead of settling after using up the land.

patrilineal/patrilocal

Live with husband's family. Traced through father's lineage

irrigation systems

replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops

craft and practice of working with metals to create parts or structures. It requires skill and the use of many different types of tools

to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture

Looking for food

sedentary agriculture

Domestication of plants and animals

shifting cultivation

process by which people take an area of land to use for agriculture, only to abandon it a short time later

slash and burn agriculture

Trees cut down, plots made for agriculture

System in which one belongs to mother's lineage

cultural diffusion

spread of ideas and material culture, especially if these occur independently of population movement

independent invention/innovation

Creative innovations of new solutions to old and new problems

specialisation of co-operative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase efficiency of output.

gender division of labor

Labor divided between man and woman, hunting and gathering etc.

metallurgy and metalworking

the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements and their mixtures, which are called alloys. craft and practice of working with metals to create parts or structures

Fertile Crescent

a region in the Middle East incorporating present-day Israel, West Bank, and Lebanon and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq and south-eastern Turkey.

Gilgamesh became a legendary protagonist in the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Hammurabi's Law Code

First set of defined laws within a civilization.

the civilization of the Lower Nile Valley, between the First Cataract and the mouths of the Nile Delta, from circa 3300 BC until the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation, it is the quintessential example of a hydraulic empire.

Egyptian Book of the Dead

common name for the ancient Egyptian funerary texts. Constituted a collection of spells, charms, passwords, numbers and magical formulas for use by the deceased in the afterlife, describing many of the basic tenets of Egyptian mythology. They were intended to guide the dead through the various trials that they would encounter before reaching the underworld. Knowledge of the appropriate spells was considered essential to achieving happiness after death.

tombs for egyptian pharoahs.

system of writing used by the Ancient Egyptians, using a combination of logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic elements.

Indus valley civilization

n an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra river in what is now Pakistan and western India. Is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan Civilization of the _______, in reference to its first excavated city of Harappa

Xia, Shang, Zhou, Warring States Period, Qin, Han

group of peoples that occupied lands stretching from the British Isles to Gallatia. Went to war with Romans.

the Hittites and iron working

First to work iron, first to enter Iron Age. controlled central Anatolia, north-western Syria down to Ugarit, and Mesopotamia down to Babylon, lasted from roughly 1680 BC to about 1180 BC. After 1180 BC, the Hittite polity disintegrated into several independent city-states, some of which survived as late as around 700 BC.

the Assyrians and cavalry warfare

indigenous (native) people of Mesopotamia and have a history spanning over 6700 years. Started cavalry warfare?

the Persian Empire

used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). the Achaemenid Empire that emerged under Cyrus the Great that is usually the earliest to be called "Persian." Successive states in Iran before 1935 are collectively called the Persian Empire by Western historians

the Hebrews and monotheism

descendants of biblical Patriarch Eber; were people who lived in the Levant, which was politically Canaan when they first arrived in the area. First monotheistic group; Yahweh was their god

The Phoenicians and the alphabet

enterprising maritime trading culture that spread right across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC. First form of language.

the Lydians and coinage

ancient kingdom of Asia Minor, first to mint coins.

Greek city-states

region controlled exclusively by Greek, and usually having sovereignty. Ex. Crete

form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens.

s a series of conflicts between the Greek world and the Persian Empire that started about 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC.

Peloponnesian War

began in 431 BC between the Athenian Empire (or The Delian League) and the Peloponnesian League which included Sparta and Corinth.

Alexander the Great

Macedonian King who united Ancient Greece; Hellenistic Age, conquered a large empire.

shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of various ethnicities, and from the political dominance of the city-state to that of larger monarchies. In this period the traditional Greek culture was changed by strong Eastern influences, especially Persian, in aspects of religion and government. Cultural centers shifted away from mainland Greece, to Pergamon, Rhodes, Antioch and Alexandria.

legendary early Greek poet and rhapsode traditionally credited with authorship of the major Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey

Socrates and Plato

Greek philosopher/student having a great influence in the Greek world

Along with Plato, he is often considered to be one of the two most influential philosophers in Western thought. He wrote many books about physics, poetry, zoology, logic, government, and biology.

Western scientific thought

Systematic approach of observation, hypothesis formation, hypothesis testing and hypothesis evaluation that forms the basis for modern science.

republican government of the city of Rome and its territories from 510 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, which sometimes placed at 44 BC the year of Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator or, more commonly, 27 BC the year that the Roman Senate granted Octavian the title "Augustus".

plebeians vs patricians

commoners/peasants/slaves vs. elite/upperclass

series of three wars fought between Rome and the Phoenician city of Carthage in North Africa. Reason: clash of interests between the expanding Carthaginian and Roman spheres of influence.

Roman military and political leader. He was instrumental in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Dictator for life.

Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian.

Qin, Han, Tang Dynasties

First three dynasties of China that we have recordings of. First of 'centralized' China.

king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BC to 221 BC, and then the first emperor of a unified China from 221 BC to 210 BC, ruling under the name First Emperor.

Chinese tribiturary system

63. Chinese tributary system f

interconnected series of routes through Southern Asia traversed by caravan and ocean vessel.

Nara and Heian Japan

vast division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The Heian period is considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Nara: agricultural in nature, centered around villages. Most of the villagers followed the Shinto religion, based around the worship of natural and ancestral spirits, the sun goddess

the ***iwara clan

dominated the Japanese politics of Heian period.

Lady Murasaki and "The Tale of Genji"

written by Murasaki. First novel of japanese/world literature.

Central Asia and Mongolia

historically been closely tied to its nomadic peoples and the Silk Road. As a result, it has acted as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia

the Aryan invasion o fIndia

Aryans invaded and destroyed Indus River civilization, settled, moved to Ganges River.

native people of southern and central India and northern Sri Lanka who speak Dravidian languages, the best known of which are Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam.

Indian caste system

system was a basically simple division of society into four castes (Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra) arranged in a hierarchy, with the "Untouchable" (Dalit) outcasts below this structure. But socially the caste system was more complicated, with many more castes and sub-castes and other divisions.

Emperor of the Mauryan empire from 273 BC to 232 BC. A convert to Buddhism., Stone and Pillar Edicts, promoted peace and tolerance

Constantinople/Byzantine Empire

Made into second capital by Constantine in attempts to help Rome turn its economy around.

Justinian r 527-565 CE

is the Eastern Roman emperor who tried to restore the unity of the old Roman Empire. He issued the most famous compilation of Roman Law. He was unable to maintain a hold in Italy and lost the provinces of north Africa. It was the last effort to restore the Mediterranean unity.

early Medieval Europe "Dark Ages"

a period in history between the last emperor of Rome, 475 A.D., and the Renaissance, about 1450 (15th century). Art production during this period was dominated by the Catholic Church.

The social organization created by exchanging grants of lands to serfs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty and European Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service.

Charlemagne, Charles the Great

Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany (800 C.E). He helped restore some church-based education in western Europe, and the level of intellectual activity began a slow recovering. After death, the empire could not survive.

Mohammed and the foundation of Islam

In 610/earlier, he received the first of many revelations: Allah transmitted to him through the angel Gabriel. Believed in the five pillars: (1) "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet." (2) Pray facing the Mecca five times a day. (3) Fast during the month of Ramadan which enhances community solidarity and allowed the faithful to demonstrate their fervor. (4) The zakat, tithe for charity, strengthened community cohesion. (5) The haji, pilgrimage to the holy city Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.

Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates

s Umayyad: Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam. Abbasid: Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam (750 C.E.) A caliph is a political and religious successor to Muhammad.

Bantu and their migrations

To the 10th century, the wave reached the east African interior. Bantu-speaking herders in the north and farmers in the south mixed with older populations in the region. Others were moving to the African coast. Thus creating coastal trading ports.

Nubia the Coptic (Christians of Egypt)

influence spread up the Nile into Nubia (the ancient land of Kush). Muslims attempted to penetrate Nubia and met stiff resistance in the 9th century (left Christian descendants of ancient Kush - left as independent Christian kingdom until 13th century).

Formed by 8th century by exchanging gold from the forests of west Africa for salt/dates from the Sahara or for goods from Mediterranean north Africa. Camels, were introduced tcreating better trade. By 3rd century C.E. it rose to power by taxing the salt and gold exchanged within its borders. 10th century, rulers had converted to Islam and were at its height of power. Almoravid armies invaded Ghana from north Africa (1076), the power was declining despite the kingdom's survival. 13th century, new states rose.

Cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico (1200 BCE); featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems.

Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central American contemporary with Teotihuacán; extended over broad religion; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion.

Andean societies

developed in the second millennium BCE in the central Andes and the central Pacific coast of South America. While oldest artifacts carbon date around 9750 BCE, evidence of a significant economic surplus begins around 2000 BCE. The Andean civilizations included the urbanized cultures of Chav�n, Moche, Ica-Nazca, Chimu, Tiwanaku, Aymara, Chachapoya, and other Pre-Inca cultures. The semi-urbanized Inca conquered greater Peru in the 15th century. Then, in the 16th century, the European fiefdom of Spain conquered Peru.

Mississippian culture

was a Mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States in the centuries leading up to European contact. The Mississippian way of life began to develop around 900 A.D. in the Mississippi River Valley (for which it is named). Cultures in the Tennessee River Valley may have also begun to develop Mississippian characteristics at this point. The Mississippian (archaeological) Stage is usually considered to come to a close with the arrival of European contact, although the Mississippian way of life continued among their descendants. There are many regional variants of the Mississippian way of life, which are treated together in this article.

Ancestral Puebloans were a prehistoric Native American civilization centered around the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States.

cultural diffusion versus independent innovation

spread through cultures vs. independent inventing

system of government with "rule by the best"

parliamentary bodies

Senate and ......[peasant voting body]

Political regime where most political power effectively rests with a small segment of society (typically the most powerful, whether by wealth, military strength, ruthlessness, or political influence).

republics/democracies

Republic - state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country. Democracy - form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens.

form of government in which a religion or faith plays a dominant role.

slavery versus serfdom

slaves were not property themselves and could not be sold apart from the land which they worked. Serfdom is the forced labour of serfs, on the fields of the privileged land owners, in return for protection and the right to work on their leased fields.

state of widespread conflict between states, organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of violent, physical force between combatants or upon civilians.

sequence of pathways and stopping places used for the commercial transport of cargo.

Polynesian migrations

most likely began from the islands of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa, spreading east, south, and north, covering millions of square miles of ocean sparsely dotted with islands.Polynesians migrated throughout the Pacific in sailing canoes, ultimately forming a triangle, whose points are Aotearoa (New Zealand) to the southwest, Rapa Nui (Easter Island) to the east, and the Hawaiian Archipelago to the north.

Eurasia's great age of migrations

Increase in migrations from Eurasia.

belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities.

one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. Worship of Wisdom

the Ten Commandments

list of religious and moral imperatives which, according to the Bible, was spoken by the god YHWH to Moses on Mount Sinai and engraved on two stone tablets.

refers to the first section of the Tanakh-the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, or the Five Books of Moses, but can also be used in the general sense to also include both the Written and Oral Law.

of a series of disputations that took place in Europe during the Middle Ages, a group of rabbis were called upon to defend the Talmud. The attacks against Judaism was based on a long held idea that rabbis had "distorted" the Bible through their interpretations, keeping Jews from "adopting" Christianity.

"Yahweh", God's name.

the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac; according to Genesis, God promised to give Abraham's family (the Hebrews) the land of Canaan (the Promised Land); God tested Abraham by asking him to sacrifice his son; "Judaism, Christianity, and Islam each has a special claim on Abraham"

Moses and the Exodus from Egypt - Passover

Passover to celebrate the day the Jews were led out of Egypt and into their land by Moses.

David and Solomon

David - Greatest king of jews. Solomon - wisest king on earth; fell to evilness, turned away from his God.

Jewish Diaspora

the dispersion of the Jewish people throughout the world. The notion of diaspora is commonly accepted to have begun with the Babylonian Captivity in 597 BCE.

Vedism (Rig-Veda)

hymns counted among the four Hindu religious scriptures known as the Vedas, and contains the oldest texts preserved in any Indo-Iranian language.

Hinduism (Upanishads, Mahabharata, Bhagavad-Gita)

encompasses many religious traditions that widely vary by culture, as well as many diverse beliefs and sects. The estimates of Hinduism's origin vary from 3102 BCE to 1300 BCE, and it is generally regarded as the world's oldest major religion.

samsara, karma, dharma

samsara - "wheel of life " transmigration of soul from one body to another, Karma - the law behind reincarnation, Dharma - cosmic ethnics

Gods of Hindu( Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva)

The Creator, The Preserver, The Destroyer.

work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society, written c.200 in India. It is one of the eighteen Smritis of the Dharma Sastra (or "laws of righteous conduct");

religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama. Originating in India, Buddhism gradually spread throughout Asia to Central Asia, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Southeast Asia, as well as the East Asian countries of China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand.

Four Noble Truths

fundamental insight or enlightenment of Sakyamuni Buddha (the historical Buddha), which led to the formulation of the Buddhist philosophy.

way to the cessation of suffering, the fourth part of the Four Noble Truths.

Siddhartha Guatama

Buddha; founder of Buddhism.

not a place nor a state, it is an absolute truth to be realized, and a person can do so without dying.

Theravada (Hinayana) and Mahayana Buddhism

T - Buddha is Teacher; M - Buddha is God.

set of philosophical teachings and religious practices rooted in a specific metaphysical understanding of the Chinese character Tao. For taoists, Tao could be described as the continuity principle behind the whole process of the constantly changing Universe.

Tao-te Chng and the I Ching

The Book of the Way and its Virtue (see chapter below on translating the title) is an ancient Chinese scripture. The work is traditionally said to have been written around 600 BCE by the famous sage called Laozi. oldest of the Chinese classic texts. It describes an ancient system of cosmology and philosophy which is at the heart of Chinese cultural beliefs.

Founder/teacher of Daoism.

an East Asian ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of Confucius.

record of speeches by Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held.

K'ung Fu-tzu (Confucius)

Teacher/founder of Confucianism.

Mandate of Heaven

A blessing of Heaven and that if a king ruled unwisely, Heaven would be displeased and would give the Mandate to someone else.

Judeo-Christian tradition

body of concepts and values which are thought to be held in common by Christianity and Judaism, and typically considered a fundamental basis for Western legal codes and moral values.

Jesus of Nazareth

the Bible (Old and New testament)

Holy text of Christianity.

Crucifixion and Resurrection (Easter)

Died on Good Friday, resurrected on Easter Sunday.

Main disciples of Jesus; carried on teaching after death.

Constantine and the Edict of Milan

Outlawed/killed people practising christianity.

Saint Augustine

saint and the pre-eminent Doctor of the Church according to Roman Catholicism, and is considered by Evangelical Protestants to be (together with the Apostle Paul) the theological fountainhead of the Reformation teaching on salvation and grace

Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism (Great Schism of 1054)

reflecting its claim to be the preserver of the original Christian traditions as well as those established by the church during the first 1000 years of its existence; maintain a belief that their episcopate can be traced directly back to the Apostles

Islam (The Quran)

"the submission to God" is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the world's second largest religion.

God's name in Islam.

Last prophet of God.

The city is revered as the holiest site of Islam, and a pilgrimage to it is required of all Muslims who can afford to go

building located inside the mosque known as Masjid al Haram in Mecca (Makkah). The mosque has been built around the Kaaba. The Kaaba is the holiest place in Islam.

Medina is the second holiest city of Islam, after Mecca. Its importance as a religious site derives from the presence there of the Shrine of the Prophet Mohammad by Masjid al-Nabawi or the Mosque of the Prophet

Sunni versus Shiite

Sunnis believe this process was conducted in a fair and proper manner and accept Abu Bakr as a righteous and rightful Caliph. The second major sect, the Shia, believe that the Prophet had appointed his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor years earlier during an announcement at Ghadir Khom.

school of esoteric philosophy in Islam, which is based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as a definite goal to attain. In modern language it might also be referred to as Islamic spirituality or Islamic mysticism.

Abbasid (750 CE)

The Sunni dynasty that overthrew the Umayyads as caliphs

. Abu Bakr (632-634 C.E.

The first caliph; one of Muhammad's earliest followers and closest friends

The 4th caliph; the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad who was meant to be the original successor of Muhammad but was too young. Caused warfare between the Sunnis and Shi'a for not punnishing the murderer of the 3rd caliph, Uthman

Kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; defeated kingdom of Kush around 300 B.C.E. and succeeded by Ethiopia. Received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity

Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphone

Battle of Tours

Charles Martel, the Frankish Leader went against an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman; the Islamic army was defeated and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The battle stopped the northward advancement from Spain

A powerful city-state formed around the 14th century; was not relatively influence by the Europeans despite coming into contact with the Portuguese'; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century

A dynasty in Spain which launced a seiries of reforms aimed at strengthening the state and its economy; influenced Charless III

Dutch equivalence of bourgeoisie; the middle class

Byzantine Emprie

Eastern Half of Roman Empire following collapse of western half of old empire; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; capital at Constantinople

Political and religious successors to Muhammad

Carolingian Dynasty (8-10th ct)

Royal house of franks that succeeded the Merovingian dynasty; most prominent member was Charlemagne

Social status or position conferred by a system based on class in India

Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany

l Charles the "Hammer"; led the the Battle of Tours and saved Europe from the Islamic expansion. (732 C.E.)

Originally a Mayan city; conquered by the Toltecs (1000 C.E)

Code of Bushido (Formulated 14th Century)

Way of the Warrior for Japanese samurais; defined service and conduct appropriate to their status

Code of Chivalry

Social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages; associated with ideals of knightly virtues, honour and of courtly love; came to known as 'gentlemanly conduct.'

series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims (temporarily succeeded in capturing Jersalem and establishing Christian kingdoms)

male monarch/emperor of Russia

warlord rulers of 300 small kingdoms following Onin War and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate

Dome of the Rock

Islamic shrine in Jerusalem; believed to be the site where Muhammed ascended to Heaven

a family/group that maintains power for several generations

Elanor of Aquitaine

Queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; married Henry II that marriage was annulled and became Queen of England during 1152-1204

Emperor Xuanzong (r 713-755)

Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty; encouraged overexpansion

Ferdinand marriage to Isabella

created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World

system where lords provided protection/aid to serfs in return for labor

Five Pillars of Islam

obligatory religious duties of all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer (5 times a day facing Mecca), fasting during Ramadan, zakat (tax for charity), and the hajj (pilgrimage)

a group of Germanic tribes in the early Christian era; spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire

Genghis Khan (1170-1227)

from 1206 khagan of all Mongol tribes; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China and territories as far west as the Abbasid regions

one of four subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan's death; territory covered much of present south-central Russia

large church constructed in Constantinople during the reign of Justinian

Hanseatic League

organization of cities in N. Germany/Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance

any opinions/doctrines at variance with the established or orthodox position; beliefs that reject the orthodox tenets of a religion

Holy Roman Empire

a continuation of the Roman Empire in central-western Europe (at least, loosely organized/modeled on it)

nomadic Mongol tribes

Hundred years' War (1337-1453)

conflict between England and France -fought over lands England possessed in France (issue of feudal rights vs. emerging claims of national states)

38. Incan Group

of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various Andean cultures. Term also used for leader of empire

An investigation; A tribunal formerly held in the Roman Catholic Church and directed at the suppression of heresy

40. Interregnum

The interval of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of a successor

Major world religion originating in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; literally meaning submission; based o prophecy of Muhammad

Ivan the terrible

Ivan IV, confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars(aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture

A French military leader of the fifteenth century, a national heroine who at the age of seventeen took up arms to establish the rightful king on the French throne. She claimed to have heard God speak to her in voices. These claims eventually led to her trial for heresy and her execution by burning at the stake. Joan of Arc is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church

Eastern Roman emperor 527-565 CE; tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman law

Justinian Code (Corpus Juris Civilis)

Compilation of Roman law

Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity C. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom

Capet king of France (987-96), first of the Capetians; son of Hugh the Great; he gave away much of his land to secure the dynasty. He spent much of his reign fighting Charles and later became involved in a controversy with the papacy—unsettled at his death—over deposition of the Carolingian archbishop of Reims

Grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271

An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile C 100 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries

An ancient Inca fortress city in the Andes northwest of Cuzco, Peru

Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy

A Hungarian ethnic group

Country of western Africa; During the Middle Ages, formed a huge territorial empire, noted as a center of Islamic study and as a trade route for gold. Its center was Timbuktu

The district over which a lord had domain and could exercise certain rights and privileges in medieval western Europe

African King who made pilgrimage to Mecca, and gave out so much gold, that worth of gold dropped rapidly

A Venetian trader that went and learned about China under Kublai Khan

People occupying the Eastern third of Mesoamerica, particularly the Yucatan Peninsula

Religious Center of Islam, where Muslims pray towards, controlled by Umayyad

Great trading center where Muhammad fed to and solved their civil war

Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus

The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three 'ages': the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times

Succeeded Mongol Yuan in 1360 lasted till 1644, characterized by great trade expeditions that were withdrawn

The prophet of Islam: born in 570 in clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca

Central asian nomadic people; spread all over asia and Europe spreading their empire while pillaging

People who believe and follow the Islamic religion

Oral literature

corresponds in the sphere of the spoken (oral) word to literature as literature operates in the domain of the written word

Orthodox Christianity

a generalized reference to the Eastern traditions of Christianity, as opposed to the Western traditions which descend from the Roman Catholic Church

Otto the Great King

King of the germans arguably the first Holy Roman Emperor

Agricultural worker that works land they own or rented

Mayor of the Palace of the whole Frankish kingdom (both Austrasia and Neustria), and later King of the Franks; born 714; died at St. Denis, 24 September, 768. He was the son of Charles Martel

in Rome had top authority, while regional churches had bishops

Pope Innocent III

Supported Otto, believing Otto will give church back power but Otto betrayed and seized church's land and distributed among vassals

an exclusive right of inheritance belonging to the eldest son

Important Japanese regent and scholar of the Asuka period... promoted Buddhism and Confucianism, reinstituted embassies to China, and adopted the Chinese calendar and court ranks

queen of Castile (1474-1504) and of Aragon (1479-1504), ruling the two kingdoms jointly from 1479 with her husband, Ferdinand II of Aragon (Ferdinand V of Castile). Their rule effected the permanent union of Spain and the beginning of an overseas empire in the New World, led by Christopher Columbus

system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system...could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records

the holy book of Islam... recitations of revelations received by Muhammad

dominant medieval philosophical approach... based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems

peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages

military leaders of the bakufu

Shogunate (bakufu)

military government in 12th century Japan... established by the Minamoto after the Gempei Wars... retained emperor but real power resided in military government and samurai

Chinese dynasty that united the entire country until 1127 and the southern portion until 1279, during which time northern China was controlled by the Juchen tribes

Spanish Inquisition in the Middle Ages

judicial procedure that was used to combat heresy... in Spain, authorized by Sixtus IV in 1478; the pope later tried to limit its powers but was opposed by the Spanish crown...the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada was responsible for burning about 2,000 heretics at the stake

a missionary sent by the Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans... converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity...responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic

mystics within Islam... responsible for expansion of Islam in southeastern Asia

political and theological division within Islam... followers of the Umayyads

attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese- style emperor...also tried to make a professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army

dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 C.E... more stable than the previous dynasty

Tartars, Mongols

captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state

Temple of the Sun

Inca Religious center located at Cuzco

center of Aztec power, founded on marshy island in Lake Texcoco

Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God

A ruined Mayan city of northern Guatemala. It was the largest of the Mayan cities and may also be the oldest

leader of Turkic nomads - last Mongol nomad

treaty of verdun, 843 ce

the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious divided his territories, the Carolingian Empire, into three kingdoms

members of military elite who received land or benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty

Scandinavian raiders

Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev - converted kingdom to Christianity

William the Conqueror

Invaded England, was Duke of Normandie, and created a centralized feudal system

Empress in China; supported Buddhism

provincial leaders

Regional Rulers

religious leaders - traditional learnings in Islamic Empire

is an Arabic word meaning " striving in the way of God", but it is often translated as "holy war". Refer to an armed struggle fought in the defense of Islam to please Allah

Nomadic Arabs who originally inhabited desert areas of the Middle East and northern Africa and later began to move to other parts of the region

The Medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the Maghreb. They captured Spain in 700s, and were expelled from Spain in 1492

The Jews whose traditions and culture originate from the Mediteranean, including Spain and Portugal

Christian monks

clergy of Christianity, spread the religion

A type of character representation in which characters do not represent pronunciation alone, but are also related to the component meanings of words

alphabet an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages

It is a 6th century masterpiece of Byzantine architecture in Istanbul; built as a Christian church by Justinian, converted to a mosque in 1453, and made into a museum in the middle of the 20th century

woodblock printing

It is a technique for printing used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China sometime between the mid-6th and late 9th centuries

Arabesque Ornament

surface decoration with intricate curves and flowing lines based on plant forms

an instrument that was used to determine the altitude of objects (like the sun) in the sky. It was first used around 200 BC by astronomers in Greece. The astrolabe was replaced by the sextant

Arabic numerals

A written number system created during the Gupta golden age in India, then adopted by the Islamic Empire before spreading further. Most familiar numeral style (1,2,3, etc.,) used on clock and watch dials

A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith

t A tower attached to a mosque, used for call to prayer

a common structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere

In architecture and structural engineering, a column is that part of a structure whose purpose is to transmit through compression the weight of the structure

vernacular languages

the native language of a particular locality

polyphonic music

Music in which two or more melodies sound simultaneously

A style of European architecture prevalent from the ninth to the twelfth centuries, with round arches and barrel vaults influenced by Roman architecture and characterized by heavy stone construction

Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist. He was the author of 450 books on a wide range of subjects. Many of these concentrated on philosophy and medicine. He is considered by many to be "the father of modern medicine"

A Persian Philosopher who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine, chemistry (alchemy) and philosophy. (865-925)

Persian scientist, mathematician, astronomer/astrologer, and author. He is often cited as "the father of algebra", which was named after a part of the title of his book, Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala, along with the algorism number system

He was famous during his lifetime as a mathematician and astronomer who calculated how to correct the Persian calendar. he objected to the notion that every particular event and phenomenon was the result of divine intervention; nor did he believe in any Judgement Day or rewards and punishments after life. Instead he supported the view that laws of nature explained all phenomena of observed life

Rubaiyat in Persian

common shorthand name for the collection of Persian verses known more formally as the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. In fact, rubaiyat (a plural word derived from the arabic root meaning 'four') means "quatrains" in the Persian language

Chinese poet living in Tang Dynasty . He is best known for the extravagant imagination and striking Daoist imagery in his poetry, as well as for his great love for liquor. He is said to have drowned in the Yangtze River, having fallen from his boat while drunkenly trying to embrace (the reflection of) the moon

Greek ortho ('right', 'correct') and doxa ('thought', 'teaching'), is typically used to refer to the correct theological or doctrinal observance of religion, as determined by some overseeing body. Each is headed by a bishop; most are related to a specific country, as in Serbian, Russian and Greek Orthodox

Person who generally likes to uphold current conditions and oppose changes; religious movement whose position lies between the Orthodox and Reform

Traditions of the prophet Mohammad that played a critical role in Islamic law and rituals; recorded by women

In Christian theology, legalism is belief, stated or supposedly implied, that law, not faith, is the pre-eminent principle of redemption

Religion of early Japanese culture; devotes worshipped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world; offers of food and prayer made to gods and nature spirits

The Way of Changes, a Chinese classic written by Lao Tzu around the 3rd century BC It is the fundamental text of Taoism

Thousand and One Nights' Arabian Nights' Entertainments

: a collection of folktales in Arabic dating from the 10th century

Divide of the Christian church whereby for a time there were two popes

a man who rules a family, clan or tribe

Greek Orthodox Church

state church of Greece, an autonomous part of the Eastern Orthodox Church

Roman Catholic Church

Christian church characterized by an episcopal hierarchy with the pope as its head and belief in seven sacraments and the authority of tradition

A Bantu language of the coast and islands of eastern Africa from Somalia to Mozambique

Southern port with gold produced in the interior, controlled by Kilwa

Town on W African coast, wealthy & beautiful town , access to gold (Sofala) and most southern ship stop

winds from the southwest or south that brings heavy rainfall to southern Asia in the summer - method by which Arab merchants travelled

number of trade routes from East Asia to Eastern Europe, one of the trade commodities was silk

non-arab converts to Islam

model of Islamicized (reinforced kingship) Sudanic kingdoms, Malinke merchants traded throughout W Africa

successor to Mali empire, fusion of Islam, pagan, took over Niger valley, dominant in area until Muslims with muskets

Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca

elite, educated bureaucrats who ran the centralized gov't pf China

Arab traveler/trader who commented on African traveling security, cities

footbinding as metaphor

The societal restrictions imposed upon women as families became wealthier, women status lowered

The interval of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of a successor

Japanese lord who wielded most power while the emperor was controlled

Emperor with no real power. In Japan, the shogun (who acted in the name of the emperor) had all the major power

Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor

imperial bureaucracy

system to run centralized gov't, comprised of educated scholar-gentry

Political, religious and militaristic leader of Islam

1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty. Period of Kublai Kahn and the Mongols dominance over China

. Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders. Played major roles in the Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula

invented in China in the mid-eleventh century. Individual characters made of fired clay were assembled and glued onto a plate to create a printing block. Introduced in Europe in the 15th century

landscape painting

Popular artistic style in China during the Tang-Song era. Previously popular Buddhist themes are pushed away by the new scholar-gentry classes interest in nature's beauty

currency - based economy

Unified monetary and banking systems are present in the economy

new strains of rice

led to population growth in Asia

\ Prince of Japan. When young, received Buddhist influences from relatives that were affected by Paekche and Kokuryo Buddhisms. Established an official rank system (based on Chinese and Korean official rank system) and a constitution (stressed the acceptable behaviors of the people) and spread Buddhism around Japan

Gained control of the nation over other rival clans around 400 CE. Established an imperial court similar to that of China in 700 CE

compatibility of Chinese value

s Both Confucianism and Daoism co-existed and were patronized side by side, C providing guidelines, and D satifying spiritual need

Organization of rural economy and society by three classes of manors: a lord's own land, serf holdings, and free peasant land

Plots of land owned by a lord, little kingdoms

reciprocal relationship

\ System where both parties benefit - such as feudalism in Europe - protection for labor

Japanese feudal military leaders, rough equivalent of Western knights

Autonomous state with people sharing a common culture/history/language

absolute despotism

Where the ruler has complete authority/power

William the Conqueror

Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and conquered it

Beginning in England with a House of lords (aristocracy) and House of Commons (rich merchants) governing legislative body

After the death of Louis, the son of Hugh the Great, Hugh Capet, requested the crown of France from the archbishop of Reims and the upper nobility

Sundiata "lion prince"

member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died in 1260

Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River

Cultural and political movement in Western Europe; began in Italy 1400 CE, rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; combined art and literature with more secular views

206. Aristotle Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world

207. Plato Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal abstract form of government abstract principles

208. Cicero Conservative Roman senator; stoic philosopher; one of the greatest orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar

209. humanism focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular to the study of ancient languages

210. scholasticism dominant medieval philosophy approach; base in the schools and universities; use of logic to resolve theological problems

211. Byzantine Empire Easter half of the Roman Empire following collapse of western half of the old empire; retained Mediterranean culture; capital at Constantinople

212. iconoclastic controversy religious controversy with the Byzantine Empire in the 8th century; emperor attempted to suppress veneration of icons

213. clergy Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion

214. Avignon In France, Avignon's architecture is marked by papal history. Where the Palace of the Popes was built in the 14th century

215. Reformation religious movement which made its appearance in Western Europe in the sixteenth century, and which, while ostensibly aiming at an internal renewal of the Church, really led to a great revolt against it, and an abandonment of the principal Christian beliefs

216. Counter-reformation The Catholic Reformation or the Counter-Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism

217. Charlemagne king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814)

218. Eleanor of Aquitaine queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; that marriage was annulled in 1152 and she then married Henry II and became Queen of England (1122-1204)

219. Humanists The focus on humankind as the center o intellectual and artistic endeavor

220. Vikings A culture originating in Scandinavia (now Norway, Denmark and Sweden) around the mid-8th century AD The Vikings were fierce conquerors, brave explorers, and skilled craftspeople; they invaded and settled countries throughout Western Europe

223. Demesne land The part of the lord's manorial lands reserved for his own use and not allocated to his serfs or freeholder tenants. Serfs worked the demesne for a specified numbers of days a week

224. Guilds Western European trade associations, grew strongly in the 12th and 13th centuries to protect and promote trade groups

225. Gothic architecture A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries; characterized by slender vertical piers and counterbalancing buttresses and by vaulting and pointed arches

226. Hanseatic League a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas; formed in 1241 and most influential in the 14th century when it included over 100 towns and functioned as an independent political power; the last official assembly was held in 1669

228. Interdict A prohibition by the pope that can deprive individual persons, groups, communities and even nations of all priestly ministry. Thus, they no longer had access to the sacraments of the church

229. Inquisition An investigation or inquiry of an official or judicial nature; in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Catholic church conducted rigorous tribunals of Inquisition to identify and suppress heresy and punish heretics. These were especially severe in Spain with the inquisition of Jews in the late- 15th century

230. Monasticism, importance of Monasticism is the ancient style of vowed religious life which typically includes community, prayer, common worship, silence, and labour. It is governed by a monastic rule, or way of life, which involves a choice to live apart from society and the world, and so to witness in a radical way to Jesus Christ

231. Northern Renaissance Flemish, dutch art focus

232. High Renaissance later period of the Renaissance, Italy big, Hellenistic influence

233. Papal States group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 - 1870

234. Russian Orthodox Church conservative branch of Christianity that developed in Russia with Byyzantine cue

235. Perspective in art development in the Renaissance that included realistic three-dimensional perspective

236. Villein one of a class of feudal serfs, that held legal status of freedom in dealings with ppl except their lord

237. Seljuk Turks major branch of the Oghuz turks, ruled parts of central asia and middle east (11-14 centuries)

238. Ottoman Turks ethnic subdivision of Turkish ppl, who dominated ruling class of the ottoman empire

239. sultan Islamic title, used for rulers of the muslim country

240. Crusade series of military campaigns, where roman catholics tried to capture "holy land" from muslims, some were in Europe

241. Bantu term used to describe 400 diff enthnic groups in Africa, Cameroon to south Africa, which were untied by a common language (Bantu languages)

242. Zimbabwe country where Bantu ppl began migrating into, linked to the establishment of trade ties with muslim merchants on Indian ocean (bout 10th century) trading natural resources such as gold, ivory, copper for cloth and glass

243. Mamluks Arabic word for "owned", slave soldiers used by muslim caliphs and the ottoman empire

244. Tatars name applied to the Turkic ppl of eastern Europe and central asia, derived from Ta-ta a Mongolian tribe that inhabited present northeast Mongolia in 5th centrury AD

245. Genghis Khan successful military leader, united mongol tribes, was the founder of the mongol empire (1206-1368)

246. khanates region ruled under a khan, divided kingdoms under the mongol empire

247. Golden Horde a state established in Russia, one of the four kingdoms in the mongol empire

248. Khazars nomadic Turkic people from central asia, many converted to Judaism, basically wandering people, allies of Byzantine empire and sassanid empire

249. Kievan Russia early east Slavic state, dominated by city of kiev

250. city-states a sovereign state consisting of an independent city and its surrounding territory

251. national identity distinguishing features of a group, to individual's sense to belong in it

252. Balkan Peninsula geographic name used to describe southern Europe, as it was surrounded by the Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean...seas from southwest , south and southeast

253. steppes a vast semiarid grass-covered plain, found in southeast Europe and Mongolia

254. bubonic plague A highly contagious disease, that was fatal and otherwise known as the disease spread in Asia and Europe in 1347-1351 by the Chinese and Mongols

255. Black Death Also known as the Black Plague that wiped out approximately 25 million people in Europe, or 25% of it's population

256. Bosporus a narrow strait separating European and Asian Turkey and joining the Black Sea with the Marmara Sea; also an important trade route

257. Dardanelles a straight connecting the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara

258. Mesoamerica known as the strip from Mexico to Midwestern United States and Canada, where the native Americans have inhabited over time

259. Maya A native American group of people that lived in Central America

260. Toltecs a member of a Nahuatl-speaking people of central and southern Mexico whose empire flourished from the 10th century under invasion by the Aztes in the 12th Century

261. Quetzalcoatl A god of the Toltecs and Aztecs, one of the manifestation of the sun god Tezcatlipoca and represented as a plumed serpent

262. priest-scholars the higher class people of the native American societies, that controlled the government along with the grand leader

263. differentiated labor labor shared amongst the peasant class

264. ceremonial centers Temples, places of Sacrifice

265. moundsbuilders in Mississippi region of N. America, civilizations found that created moundlike temples of dirt

266. pyramids A solid figure with a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet a common point, a religious burial temple

267. Inca A member of the group of Quechuan peoples of highland Peru who established an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest

268. Hillside terracing, method growing rice in bulk

269. Quipu A record-keeping device of the Inca empire consisting of a series of variously colored strings attached to a base rope and knotted so as to encode information, used especially for accounting purposes

270. tribute The sacrificing to the gods or the offering and payments to the leaders and/or owners of the land

271. Tula capital of the Toltec people, established around 968 CE

272. Aztec Empire powerful Indian empire founded on Lake Texcoco (Mexico)

273. Hernan Cortes Spanish explorer who defeated the Aztec Empire and brought most of Mexico under Spanish control

274. Montezuma emperor of the Aztecs who saw his empire defeated by the Spanish

275. Francisco Pizarro Spanish conquerer who defeated the Incan Empire of Peru from 1535-1540

276. Atahualpa the 13th and last emperor of the Incan Empire

277. Cuzco. capital city of the Incan Empire

278. Teotihuacan city founded by the Aztecs in 1325

279. Acculturation the obtainment of culture by an individual or a group of people

280. Calpulli Aztec clans that distributed land and provided labor and warriors

281. Despotism a system of government where a single authority rules with absolute power

282. bakufu military government established by the Minamoto, a powerful Japanese clan in 1185

283. bushi Japanese warrior leaders tasked with law and order, public infrastructure, tax collection, and organizing an army

285. celadon Korean and Japanese pottery with a light green glaze

287. Gempei Wars five year war fought between two of Japan's powerful families, the Taira and the Minamoto

288. kowtow formal recognition of the Chinese emperor's authority, where representatives from tribute states would present gifts and engage in a formal bowing ceremony

289. Neo-Confucianism a response by the Confucians to the dominance of the Daoists and Buddhists, severe Confucianism

290. seppuku ritual suicide/disembowelment in Japan (hara-kiri); demonstrating courage and restoring family honor

291. tea ceremony Japanese ceremony with Chinese influences symbolizing tranquility

293. Battle of Tours (October 25, 732) Charles Martel, the Frankish Leader went against an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman; the Islamic army was defeated and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The battle stopped the northward advancement from Spain

295. harem living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household

296. hijrah Mohammad's flight from Mecca to Medina

297. Ka'aba Islamic shrine in Mecca; focus of annual truce among Bedouin tribes

298. People of the Book (dhimmi) Christians and Jews who shared the Bible with Muslims, could be taxed by Muslims

299. Ramadan Islamic month of fasting from dawn to sunset

300. shariah Islamic law

301. umma community of the faithful within Islam; creating political unity

302. zakat obligatory tax for Muslims used for charity

303. benefice A landed estate granted in feudal tenure.

304. excommunication banishment from certain religion & Church

305. investiture The act or formal ceremony of conferring the authority and symbols of a high office (there was investiture controversy - who got to do it)

306. medieval relating to the Middle Ages

307. Middle Ages Time period between the postclassical era and the renaissance. Consists of Dark Ages and the High Middle Ages, in which the latter saw an improvement in trade, economy, and lives of peasants.

308. moldboard plow plow invented during the Middle Ages to improve farming effeciency

309. age grade a social category based on age, within a series of such categories, through which individuals pass over the course of their lives. This is in contrast to an age set, to which individuals remain permanently attached as the set itself becomes progressively more senior.

310. Austronesian a large language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia.

311. caravel a small, highly maneuverable, three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish for long voyages of exploration beginning in the 15th century

312. griots West African poet, praise singer, and wandering musician, considered a repository of oral tradition

313. kamikaze a legendary typhoon said to have saved Japan from a Mongol invasion fleet in 1281. In Japanese, the word "kamikaze" is used only for this typhoon

314. Khan Mongol ruler

315. lateen sail a triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast, and running in a fore-and-aft direction. Adopted in the Late Middle Ages, and Europeans were able to sail out of the Mediterranean

316. Malay sailors a lot traded and interacted with other Southeast Asian societies a lot

317. Maori indigenous people of New Zealand

318. metropolitan a big city with a large population

319. Middle Kingdom What China called itself. Idea of ethnocentrism by the Chinese

320. Ming dynasty Dynasy after Yuan founded by Zhu Yuanjhan

321. Mongol Peace Pax Mongolica - Mongols brought peace to almost the entire Asian continent because they tolerated and encouraged diversity, especially religions

322. stateless society an ethnic group not represented by its own unique, coterminous state

323. steppe diplomacy institution that the Mongols employed to all empires under its control. Paying tribute was one aspect of it

324. syncretism attempt to merge disparate traditions or practices and combine them with another tradition. (religion also)

325. Anasazi A native American culture flourishing in southern Colorado and Utah and northern New Mexico and Arizona

326. ayllus the basic political unit of pre-Inca and Inca life; core of extended families but nno non-related members were included

327. Chimor political grouping of the chimu culture that ruled the northern coast of Peru, from 850-1470

328. chinampas known as floating gardens, small, rectangle-shapes area of fertile arable land used for agriculture in the Xochimilco region of the Basin of Mexico

329. Mexica what we know today as Mexicans

330. Mississippians People of the Mississippi plains

331. mita Mandatory public service by society in ancient South America. During the Inca empire, public service was required in public works projects such as the building of road and military services

332. parallel descent The area southward of Mexico

333. Quechua = the language of the Inca empire, now spoken in the Andes highlands from southern Colombia to Chile

Babur founded Mughal Dynasty of India

Akbar greatest ruler of Mughal Dynasty - religious tolerance - created Din-i-Ilahi ("Faith of the Divine"), combo of Hindu, Islam, Christianity patron of the arts/literature

Sha Jahan Indian Mughal ruler - tried (not successfully) to expand frontier - built Taj Mahal

Charles V Holy Roman Emperor - heritage from German Hapsburgs, Burgundy, Spanish heritage - united empires

conquistador Spanish soldiers, explorers, adventurers who spread across Americas

Henry of Navarre First French monarch - Bourbon dynasty - religious tolerance for Protestant minority - Edict of Nantes - cared about welfare of people

Hideyoshi daimyo that unified Japan, only samurai class carry weapons - replaced by Tokugawa

Ivan the Great quadrulpled size of Russia, made Moscow impressive capital of Third Roman Empire, laid foundation for Russian aristocracy, longest rule

Louis XIV "Sun King" - did he say "I am the state" - longest rule in Europe - made France absolute monarchy, increased France's powers through foreign wars, built Versailles, symbol of European absolutism

Prince Henry the Navigator Pushed Portugues efforts to explore African sea route to Asia

Oliver Cromwell British military leader - based on meritocracy - though a military dictator, England became first Republic

ronin masterless samurai between 1180-1868

Sikhs Ten Sikh gurus - Northern India - started religion - Sikhism - unique view of world through one God

Suleiman I Ruler of Ottoman Empire - same time as Charles V - fair ruler/expanded holdings, reconstructed legal system

Sunni Ali 15th century - great king of Songhai Empire in sub-Saharan Africa - controlled Timbuktu - surpassed Mali Empire

Guinea states States in West Africa known for gold and African slave labor

Indo-Gangetic Plain a rich, fertile and ancient land encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh.

Lepanto 1571 - Coalition of Catholic states navy defeats Ottoman Empire's navy - signals beginning of W. European/Spain/Portuguese dominance of Mediterranean and beyond

Act of Toleration 1689 - British law granting tolerance to minority faiths - ends generations of bloodshed

Capitalism economic system where government stays out of companies choices, market - supply/demand determine product, goal is to make profit to reinvest in company

Entrepreneur person who starts up company to compete in capitalist system, must secure capital from financing - bank/currency system useful

joint stock company W. European financial company with capital from investors, used to make a profit - precursor to corporation

Dutch East India Company Trading corporation for Netherlands - controlled markets and resources of colonies

British East India Company Controlled trade for Britain - became even stronger than some governments - controlled markets and resources

Treaty of Tordesillas Pope divides Latin America between Portugal and Spain - Brazil - Portuguese, Spain - everywhere else

Parlement In France, initially political bodies responsible for recording laws/edicts - eventually pushed power by not recording edicts they didn't agree with

Baroque exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, and music. The style started around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe

Elizabeth I England monarch 1558-1603, ruled under religious turmoil, Elizabethan Age - golden age of England - Shakespeare, encouraged colonization, didn't give out nobility

John Calvin Calvinism - belief in predestination - anti-witches,

English Enlightenment 1649-1690 - England reduces power of monarchy through overthrow of Cromwell, Glorious Revolution, English Bill of Rights, and writing by John Locke and Thomas Hobbes

Footbinding began Tang Dynasy - 700, eventually spread to all classes, feet bound on girls at 6 years old, status symbol - only rich could afford to do it, symbol of femininity - women willing to go through pain for appearance - see high heel shoes

Huguenots Protestants living in Catholic France - minority - often persecuted

Italian Renaissance rebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion

Jesuits footsoldiers of the Pope, Society of Jesus, branch of Catholicism after Reformation, focused on educational/universities, missionary work and social justice

Northern Renaissance spread to Nothern Europe - literature, art - blended human form w/ religion - literature/arts in vernacular for the masses

Philosophes French Enlightened thinkers who tried to explain society/human nature - led to Enlightenment

Puritans Sect of Protestants in England who dismiss Anglican church, want pure form of Christianity based on Bible, predestination, kicked out to New England - known in the US as Pilgrims

Rococo The Rococo style of art emerged in France in the early 18th century as a continuation of the Baroque style, but in contrast to the heavier themes and darker colors of the Baroque, the Rococo was characterized by an opulence, grace, playfulness, and lightness. Rococo motifs focused on the carefree aristocratic life and on lighthearted romance rather than heroic battles or religious figures; they

Architecture of the Renaissance architecture based on mathematical precision, columns, domes, geometrically perfect designs, revival of Roman architecture

Deism belief that God stays out of our daily lives - he's a big clockmaker who started the universe, gave us everything we need, and then just watches

Patronage of the arts Catholic Church and rich families paid artists to decorate walls/architecture/fountains/doors

Printing Press Gutenberg - led to increased literacy, writing in vernacular, takes power from the Church monopoly on literacy

absolute monarchy heriditary leadership that controls executive, legislative, judicial decisions

boyars member of the highest rank of the feudal Russian and Romanian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th through the 17th century

Cossacks several peoples living in the southern steppe regions of Eastern Europe and Asiatic Russia, famous for their self-reliance and military skill, particularly horsemanship

creoles Spanish/Portuguese born in Latin America - on class scale, step below those actually born in Spain/Portugal

devshirme system of collection of young boys from conquered Christian lands by the Ottoman sultans as a form or regular taxation in order to build a loyal slave army and class of administrators: the Janissaries, or other servants such as tellak

divine right belief that God stays out of our daily lives - he's a big clockmaker who started the universe, gave us everything we need, European belief by monarchs, aristocracy that their right to rule was legitimized/sanctioned by God,I was born into a monarchy, I must deserve it

Dutch learning Rangaku - method by which Japan kept abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period when the country was closed to foreigners, 1641-1853, because of the Tokugawa shogunate's policy of national isolation

encomienda system of Spanish rule in Americas where Spanish landowners have right to forced labor for all indigenous people living on land grant

Enlightenment attempt to apply logic from Scientific Revolution to human nature/government/economics

Estates-General meeting of French governing body called to find way of bringing in more income to the state, backfires and leads to French Revolution

Glorious Revolution 1688 overthrow of King James in England

Hagia Sophia former Eastern Orthodox church converted to a mosque, now converted into a museum, in the Turkish city of Istanbul

Janissaries Christian slave army that fought for Ottoman Empire - later developed monopoly on military and resisted technogical innovation

Mancus gold coin in Medieval Europe

mercantilism economic system where colonies market and resources for the sole use of mother country

mestizos American that is half indigenous person, half European

Mughal dynasty Muslim dynasty that ruled India

mulatto offspring of a European and an African

nation-state nation-state": a sovereign state of which most of the citizens or subjects are united also by factors which define a nation, such as language or common descent. Typically it is a unitary state with a single system of law and government. It is almost by definition a sovereign state, meaning that there is no external authority above the state itself.

parliamentary monarchy attempt to control monarchy through parliament - first experiment in England - usually controlled budget which controlled/limited monarch

peninsulares highest of Spanish colonial caste system - peninsular was a citizen born in the metropolitan part of the Spanish Empire. Also, they held high official power or positions.

purdah practice of requiring women to cover their bodies so as to cover their skin and conceal their form, separates genders, some places more cultural than religious

Qing dynasty founded by Manch clan from Northeast, not Qin, claimed mandate of heaven, eventually couldn't keep out Europeans, died

Reconquista reestablishment of Christian rather than Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula, taking place between 718 and 1492

sovereignty right to exercise supreme political (e.g. legislative, judicial, and/or executive) authority over a geographic region, group of people, or oneself

Taj Mahal finest example of Mughal architecture - Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned its construction as a mausoleum for his favorite wife, Arjumand Bano Begum, who is better known as Mumtaz Mahal

Tokugawa Shogunate a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family until 1868. This period is known as the Edo period and gets its name from the capital city of Edo, now Tokyo based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The warrior-caste of samurai were at the top, followed by farmers, artisans, and traders

viceroyalty royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch - usually refers to method of colonial rule

caravel small, highly maneuverable, three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish for long voyages of exploration beginning in the 15th century, due to size could explore up river

Columbian Exchange Trade of Americas/Africa/Europeexchange of crops, disease, culture, peoples, pack animals - led to improved diets, massive immigration (some forced)

Northwest Passage attempt to find water route through North America - none ever found - led to exploration of bays, rivers

Middle Passage term given for sea voyage of African slaves on way to Latin America/Caribbean/North America - 25-50% would perish on trip

triangular trade trade of African slaves to Caribbean, sugar to industrialized North U.S. and England, manufactured goods to Africa

Catholic Reformation - Counter Reformation instead of transforming Catholic Church after Protestant Reformation (did get rid of indulgences), stop the spread of Protestantism, both by reforming the Catholic Church, and also by persecuting as heretical those deemed to go too far

commercial revolution of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately 1520 until 1650. Voyages of discovery in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries allowed European powers to build vast networks of international trade, which in turn generating a great deal of wealth for them

empirical research data needed to support logical views - theories made not what you believe, but what you can prove

excommunication kicked out of the Church, threat made for those who had heretical views

Enlightenment belief that logic, techniques used in Scientific Revolution could be applied to human behavior, government, economics - series of essays/novels - movement away from the Church

heliocentric theory belief that earth rotates around the sun, contradicts geocentric view held for centuries, and by church that universe revolved around earth

indulgence selling of passes out of pergatory into heaven to pay for Renaissance architecture/art in Rome, big complaint of Martin Luther

laissez-faire economics belief that government should not control business - hands off - let market decide success/failure of a product

natural laws belief that human interaction/rule of law is governed by a set of laws - similar to those found in nature like gravity

Nintey-Five Theses complaints made by Martin Luther against Catholic Church - nailed to the church university door, started Protestant Reformation

predestination belief that a long time ago, at the dawn of creation, all spirits/souls were predetermined on who was going to heaven, so...going to heaven not based on works/actions, but on God's choosing

Protestant Reformation attempt to reform Church, leads to divide, creation of Protestant faiths that gain legitimacy from the Bible and not from the Church, not as ritualistic as the Church, Bibles written in vernacular, movement divided nations in Europe led to wars

Society of Jesus Otherwise known as the Jesuits, Catholic response to Protestant Reformation - encouraged education, human rights

Martin Luther priest that initiated Protestant Reformation, refused to renounce views, protected by German princes, also wanted clergy to be able to marry

Henry VIII created Anglican Church, split from Catholic Church because Pope would annull marriage to women who couldn't produce male heir

Protestant doctrines don't believe in holy trinity, only through Bible/faith in Christ can you go to heaven, priests can be married, don't take communion, don't answer to Pope

Saint Ignatius Loyola Leader of Jesuits - pushed for universities, education, human rights

European religious wars Following Reformation - European regions fought each other on whether to be Protestant or Catholic, stay Catholic, still pay taxes to Church, Church owns property, but traditional, princes/leaders would change minds & people would have to follow

Thirty Years War years 1618 and 1648, principally on the territory of today's Germany, but also involving most of the major continental powers. It occurred for a number of reasons. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the self-preservation of the Habsburg dynasty was also a central motive

Enlightened monarchs/despots monarchs embraced the principles of the Enlightenment, especially its emphasis upon rationality, and applied them to their kingdoms. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education

Maria Theresa and Joseph II first and only female head of the Habsburg dynasty. She was Archduchess of Austria, and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia and ruler of other territories from 1740 until her death. She also became the Holy Roman Empress when her husband was elected Holy Roman Emperor. She was one of the so-called "enlightened despots" . She was one of the most powerful rulers of her time, ruling over much of central Europe.

Frederick the Great a king of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty, reigning from 1740 to 1786. - enlightened monarch

Copernicus provided the first modern formulation of a heliocentric (sun-centered) theory of the solar system

Galileo improvements to the telescope, a variety of astronomical observations, the first and second laws of motion, and effective support for Copernicanism. He has been referred to as the "father of modern astronomy", as the "father of modern physics", and as "father of science".

Sir Isaac Newton By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from this system, he was the first to show that the motion of bodies on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws. The unifying and deterministic power of his laws was integral to the scientific revolution and the advancement of heliocentrism.

Voltaire Enlightened thinker spoke out against the Church, corresponded with Enlightened Monarchs

Jean-Jacques Rousseau political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. His legacy as a radical and revolutionary is perhaps best demonstrated by his most famous line in The Social Contract: "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains."

class diversification in Europe growth of middle class between aristocracy and peasantry

population growth and the Agricultural Revolution need for more food for Industrialization/growing population (little disease, improving health/diet), improved technology, crop rotation, enclosure movement

Adam Smith Wealth of Nations author, put forth foundation of capitalism - laissez faire, move away from mercantilism

proto-industrialization 16th century. The word was initially applied to cottage industries in the countryside. In spite of the opposition of urban guilds, rural residents were performing many industrial tasks.

Iberian wave of exploration Portuguese and Spanish move across coast of Africa,exploring quickest route to India, starts wave of exploration, set up forts on islands on coast

Prince Henry the Navigator sparks European interest in exploration, gave Portuguese a head start, known in English as Prince Henry the Navigator or the Seafarer (Portuguese: o Navegador). He promoted early Portuguese efforts to explore an African route to Asia

Christopher Columbus "discoverer" of Americas, looking for shortcut/western route to East Indies - controversial character - treatment of indigenous people/African slave introduction vs. Columbian Exchange and starting new wave of exploration, starts era of European dominance

Ferdinand Magellan 1521 - led first attempt to circumnavigate the globe

colonization need for markets, resources for industrializing nations - also needed precious metals to fuel Iberian Peninsula wealth, also Europeans emigrated due to lack of land, overpopulation, chance for new beginning

northern wave of exploration France, England, Dutch explore North America set up independent colonies with direct ties to Western Europe, less role of the Catholic Church, greater political independence than Latin America, developed more diverse societies than monoculture of Latin America

Jacques Cartier explorer popularly thought of as one of the major discoverers of Canada.

North American fur trade Indians and French worked together, massive exporters of fur, beaverskin caps became rage in Europe, French colonized differently, mostly male-dominated initially along Mississippi

Henry Hudson British explorer, Scandinvavia, Canada, and North Eastern Europe, looked for Northwest passage

New Amsterdam 17th century fortified settlement in the New Netherland territory (1614-1674), fortified trading center that later becomes New York City

Osman I 1299 - Osman is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Empire, and it is from him that its inhabitants, the Turks, called themselves Osmanli until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

sultan certain Muslim rulers who claimed full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e. the lack of dependence on any higher ruler), without claiming the overall caliphate. It then developed some further meanings in certain contexts. The dynasty and lands ruled by the Sultan is called Sultanate

viziers -ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or Minister, often to a Muslim monarch such as a Caliph, Amir, Malik (king) or Sultan

Istanbul officially known as Constantinople until 1930 when its name was changed to Istanbul. Due to its three-thousand-year old history it is considered as one of the oldest still existing cities of the world

Mehmet II 1480 first Ottoman ruler to claim the title of Caesar of the Roman Empire (supreme ruler of all Christians), besides such usual titles as King, Sultan (ruler of a Muslim state), Khan (ruler of Turks), etc. He made this claim after his conquest of Constantinople (1453), and assumption of that imperial regalia along with his own

millet system method of working with religious minorities in Ottoman Empire - millets had a great deal of power - they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. All that was insisted was loyalty to the Empire. When a member of one millet committed a crime against a member of another, the law of the injured party applied, but the - ruling - Islamic majority being paramount, any dispute involving a Muslim fell under their sharia-based law

harem part of the household forbidden to male strangers. In Western languages such as English, this term refers collectively to the wives in a polygynous household as well as the "no-males allowed" area, or in more modern usage to a number of women followers or admirers of a man

Siege of Vienna failed attempt by Ottoman Empire to invade Europe, ever since Europe had to fear/keep peace with Ottoman Empire - farthest Westward advance into Central Europe of the Ottoman Empire, and of all the clashes between the armies of Christianity and Islam might be signaled as the battle that finally stemmed the previously-unstoppable Turkish forces

Safavid Empire native Iranian dynasty from Azarbaijan that ruled from 1501 to 1736, and which established Shi'a Islam as Iran's official religion and united its provinces under a single Iranian sovereignty, thereby reigniting the Persian identity and acting as a bridge to modern Iran

Abbas the Great strongers leader of Safavid Empire, expanded trade w/ West - Abbas' reign, with its military successes and efficient administrative system, raised Iran to the status of a great power. Abbas was a skilled diplomat, tolerant of his Christian subjects in Armenia

Isfahan cultural/political center of Safavid Empire - 3rd largest city in Iran today

Ming dynasty ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. It was the last ethnic Han-led dynasty in China - vast navy and army were built, including four-masted ships of 1,500 tons displacement in the former, and a standing army of one million troops. Over 100,000 tons of iron per year were produced in North China (roughly 1 kg per inhabitant), and many books were printed using movable type

Francis Xavier pioneering Christian missionary and co-founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order). The Roman Catholic Church considers him to have converted more people to Christianity than anyone else since St. Paul

tea and Chinese trade with Europe Portuguese discover Chinese tea in 1560s, starts as drink of the wealthy, eventually supply increases, becomes part of daily life of Europe, dominates life

Kangxi one of the greatest Chinese emperors in history. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Emperor of China in history, though it should be noted that having ascended the throne aged 8, he did not exercise much, if any control, over the empire, that role being fulfilled by his 4 guardians and his grandmother the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang

Ashikaga Shogunate , 1336-1573) was a feudal military dictatorship ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga family. most of the regional power still remained with the provincial daimyo, and the military power of the shogunate depended largely on their loyalty to the Ashikaga. As the daimyo increasingly feuded among themselves in the pursuit of power, that loyalty grew increasingly strained, until it erupted into open warfare

Onin War 1467-1477 Civil War that entered into Warring States period - mass struggle of Daimyos

reunification of Japan The reunification of Japan is accomplished by three strong daimyo who succeed each other: Oda Nobunaga (1543-1582), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598), and finally Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) who establishes the Tokugawa Shogunate, that governs for more than 250 years, following the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600

Oda Nobunaga Nobunaga lived a life of continuous military conquest, to eventually conquer most of Japan before his untimely death in 1582

Toyotomi Hideyoshi and brought an end to the Sengoku period. He was also known for his invasion of Korea. He is noted for a number of cultural legacies, including the restriction that only members of the samurai class could bear arms

Delhi Shogunate various Afghan dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526

Babur the Tiger founded the Mughal dynasty of India. He was a direct descendant of Timur, and believed himself to be a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother

Aurangzeb ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until 1707. He was and is a very controversial figure in South Asian history, and is considered a tyrant by most Indians, Hindus, Sikhs, and other non-Muslims During his reign many Hindu temples were defaced and destroyed, and many non-Muslims (mostly Hindus) converted (widely believed forcibly) to Islam.

Askia Mohammed king of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th century. He strengthened his country and made it the largest in West Africa's history. At its peak under Muhammad, the Songhai Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as Kano (in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Mali Empire in the west. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with Europe and Asia, the creation of many schools, and made Islam an integral part of the empire

gold trade in West and Central Africa made inland nations rich, relied on slave trade and gold to increase wealth, stunted/slowed industrialization, made African nations dependent, needed to purchase European weapons to expand control of region

Osei Tutu Leader of loosely run Ashanti confederacy in Africa - of firearms bought from European traders in exchange for gold and slaves he greatly expanded the power of the city-state

Boers Name given to Dutch immigrants to South Africa, that eventually move inland, come into conflict with Zulus and British who later colonize

apartheid legalized separating of races in South Africa based on color - you're either white, colored or black

Zulu South African tribe led by Shaka Zulu that united tribes through warfare and then posed threat to Boers and British, one of few instances where non-Europeans able to defeat Europeans in battle

European and Arab domination of the East African-Indian Ocean trade network Portugal and Islam dominated trade of trees, exotic animals, slaves to Arab world, back to Europe

Atlantic slave trade purchase and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. It is sometimes called the Maafa by African Americans, meaning holocaust or great disaster in kiSwahili. The slaves were one element of a three-part economic cycle—the Triangular Trade and its infamous Middle Passage—which ultimately involved four continents, four centuries and the lives and fortunes of millions of people

sugar production and the slave trade labor intensive, dangerous, spurred growth of Atlantic Slave trade to Caribbean/Latin America - numbers kept up through extensive trade, not through reproduction - males primarily brought over - overseers keep order violently, absentee landowners

Hernan Cortes defeated Aztecs due to guns, germs, and steel

Francisco Pizarro defeated Incas due to guns, germs, and steel and a gullible Montezuma

New Spain the name given to one of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire from 1525 to 1821 - today it is Central America, plus Mexico, plus Southwest United States

Spanish importation of smallpox and measles Columbian exchange negative - immunity lacking in indigenous people - led to millions of deaths - huge demographic switch

Bartolome de Las Casas demonized role of Spanish and Columbus in treatment of Native Americans

silver mining forever altered world trade - became source of wealth for Portugal/Spain, currency for China, dominated resource of Mexico, extracted minerals from America and sent to Europe

Portuguese sugar production Portuguese cultivated in Brazil 1532 - surpassed honey as primary sweetener

Peter Stuyvesant last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664. He was a major figure in the early history of New York City

Jamestown first British colony in future United States

Plymouth Rock first British colony in New England - famous Pilgrims - became religious focused w/ semi-theocracy

Massachusetts Bay Colony first British colony in New England - went on to be Massachusetts - started as joint-stock company

French and Indian Wars wars between England and France over land, secession, and power - end up being played out in North America - colonists and British vs. French and Indians - debt from these wars eventually leads to high British taxes which lead to American revolution

Russian-American Company Russian trading company that had monopoly over trade with Alaska

1. absolutism 1. A political theory that states all power should be held by one ruler

2. revolution 2. The overthrowing of 1 government and the replacement of it, by another

3. democracy 3. Government by people, represented by them or by elected representatives

4. mercantilism 4. The practice of merchants; commercialism

5. feudalism 5. A political and economical system; relation of a vassal and its lord is characterized by homage and protection

6. aristocracy 6. The upper, noble and rich class

7. middle class 7. Between the upper and lower, they often face a stagnant economy, some education

8. secular 8. Not bound by any religious faction

9. diplomatic 9. An arbitrator between 2 or more groups

10. conservative backlash 10. A retaliation from often strict religious groups

11. liberalizing elements 11. Elements needed to free a nation, people

12. democratizing elements 12. Elements needed for political freedom

13. exploration 13. The search of new borders and areas

14. colonization 14. The act of acquiring nations for the benefit of the mother nation's economy

15. unprecedented 15. Lacking previous experience of the sort

16. imperialism 16. A policy of extending a nation's powers through diplomacy or military practice

17. economic exploitation 17. The misuse, taking advantage of another, often more beneficial economy

18. Enlightenment 18. The use of reason to scrutinize humanitarian reforms

19. unification 19. The joining of two or more groups

20. industrialization 20. The growing or birth of production

21. imperialism 21. A policy of extending a nation's powers through diplomacy or military practice

22. Western Hemisphere 22. Often known as Western Europe or USA

23. nationalism 23. Devotion to the culture of a nation

24. eugenics 24. The study of heredity improvement of the human race controlled by selective breeding

25. ethnocentrism 25. Belief in one's ethnic superiority

26. Social Darwinism 26. The belief that one achieves more than others by genetic or biological superiority

27. White Man's Burden/Rudyard Kipling 27. The belief that god asked Caucasians to enslave or take responsibility of the colored

28. Middle Kingdom 28. China

29. communication revolution 29. A change in the people communicate

30. urbanization 30. The change from rural to urban lifestyle

31. technology 31. Application of science, for commercial or industrial objectives

32. manufactured/finished goods 32. The completion of raw material

33. raw materials 33. Unfinished products, at its first stage

34. Atlantic World 34. The water ways, between continents

35. plantation system 35. The use of cotton gins and slaves for production

36. Monroe Doctrine 36. The proclamation that prevented European nations from colonizing in the Americas

37. foreign investment 37. Investing in other countries' economies

38. capital 38. The initial amount of money to start a business

39. Ottoman Empire 39. Modern Day Turkey

40. domestic/putting out system 40. Working on pieces of a product at home and the finalizing and selling them in the marketplace

41. Tanzimat Reforms 41. Reorganization in the Ottoman Empire

42. extraterritoriality 42. Diplomatic jurisdiction, exempted from local jurisdiction

43. Suez Canal 43. Canal invested in by the US, located in Panama

44. Qing China 44. The last Chinese dynasty

45. Opium War 45. The war that led Western imperialism in China

46. Opium Trade 46. The trade of illegal narcotics in China

47. serfdom 47. A person in bondage or servitude

48. Commodore Perry 48. US Commodore who defeated British on Lake Erie

49. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade 49. The triangular slave trade- from Africa to Caribbean and then the Americas

50. mass production 50. The generating of produce in vast quantities

51. Capitalism: Capitalism is an evolving concept, which is derived from earlier European economic practices (Feudalism, Imperialism, Mercantilism). Capitalism is widely considered to be the dominant economic system in the world. There is continuing debate over the definition, nature, and scope of this system.

52. Enclosure movement: During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes

53. Second Agricultural Revolution: A period of technological change from the 1600s to mid-1900s beginning in Western Europe, beginning with preindustrial improvements like crop rotation and better horse collars, and concluding with industrial innovations to replace human labor with machines and to supplement natural fertilizers and pesticides with chemical ones.

54. Steam power: steam engine is a heat engine that makes use of the thermal energy that exists in steam, converting it to mechanical work. Steam engines were used in pumps, locomotive trains and steam ships, and was essential to the Industrial Revolution. They are still used for electrical power generation using a steam turbine

55. Spinning Jenny: The spinning jenny is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented circa 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, near Blackburn, in Lancashire in the north west of England. The device dramatically reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a single worker able to work eight or more spools at once.

56. Protestant work ethic: a value system that stresses the moral value of work, self-discipline, and individual responsibility as the means to improving one's economic well being; important in the industrial revolution because of its stress in hard work, etc.

57. Wealth of Nations/Adam Smith: Considered the founding father of economics, Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. His most famous concept was that markets guide economic activity and act like an "invisible hand" - allocating resources through prices, which rise when there is a shortage of a commodity and fall when it is plentiful.

58. Laissez faire capitalism: Laissez-faire is short for "laissez-faire, laissez-passer," a French phrase meaning idiomatically "leave to do, leave to pass" or more accurately "let things alone, let them pass". First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. Laissez-faire economic policy is in direct contrast to statistic economic policy.

59. Bessemer Process: Process of rendering cast iron malleable by the introduction of air into the fluid metal to remove carbon. This was the first process for mass-producing steel inexpensively.

60. Factory system: The factory system was a method of manufacturing adopted in England during the Industrial Revolution. Workers would come to work in a city factory, often making low-quality goods in mass amounts. The method prior to the introduction of factories was the domestic system. The result of the factory system was that the quality of goods declined. Since factories were based in large cities, people from rural areas moved into the city to get work.

61. Interchangeable parts: important for the industrial revolution because it signified the ability to change parts of products comparatively easier than before

62. Assembly Line An assembly line is a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product.

63. Transportation revolution: a term often used by historians to describe the dramatic improvement in transportation in the West that took place in the early 1800s. The Transportation Revolution included greatly improved roads, the development of canals, and the invention of the steamboat and railroad. Shipping costs were lowered as much as 90 percent in this era, which gave a big boost to trade and the settlement of new areas of land.

64. Proletariat: new class of factory workers that emerged as a result of the industrial revolution

65. Reform movements: movements that occurred, often, at the end of the industrial revolution, such as the feminist and labor union movements

66. Labor unions: A union is a group of workers who act collectively to address common issues; emerged at the end of the IR

67. Communist Manifesto/Karl Marx: document relating proletariat with the IR, proletariat should overthrow bourgeoisie - roots of communism

68. Ladies: Workers in Britain (1810-1820) who responded to replacement of human labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy the machines; named after a mythical leader, Ned Ludd.

69. United States Civil War: 1861-1865 - First modern war using industrial revolution, ironclad ships, new technology, massive deaths

70. monoculture: agriculture based on only one crop; resulted in many European colonies in the 1800-1900 because of mercantilism

71. "Banana Republic": a small country (especially in Central America) that is politically unstable and whose economy is dominated monoculture because of European mercantilism

72. popular consumption: goods that are consumed by a large percentage of the population around the IR, such as textiles

73. entrepreneurship: significant to the IR because entrepreneurs are who help begin the IR

74. partial modernization: industrialization but only to a certain extent; see Samuel Hungtinton's Clash of Civilizations (good book...)

75. Meiji Restoration: The Meiji Restoration also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to a change in Japan's political and social structure. It occurred from 1866 to 1869, a period of 4 years that transverses both the late Edo (often called Late Tokugawa shogunate) and beginning of the Meiji Era. Probably the most important foreign account of the events of 1862-69 is contained in A Diplomat in Japan by Sir Ernest Satow.

76. zaibatsu: Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization

77. textile mills: a factory for making textiles, one of the 1st major industries during the IR

78. class tension: tension between classes during the IR due to income gap, social treatment, etc.

79. suffrage: voting rights; suffrage movement; universal suffrage

80. traditional family life: involved a larger family with many children for agricultural work, etc.

81. cotton gin/Eli Whitney: The cotton gin is a machine invented in 1793 invented by American Eli Whitney (granted a patent on March 14, 1794) to mechanize the production of cotton fiber. Led to increase of Atlantic Slave Trade

82. Muckrakers: A muckraker is a journalist, author or filmmaker who investigates and exposes societal issues such as political corruption, corporate crime, child labor, conditions in slums and prisons, unsanitary conditions in food processing plants, fraudulent claims by manufacturers of patent medicines and similar topics.

83. Settlement Houses neighborhood centers in urban areas that provided literacy, classes, daycare, entertainment - like a YMCA

84. Women's Emancipation movements: movements for greater female rights; referred to as feminist movement

85. push factors: conditions in a location or region that encourage people to migrate from it

86. pull factors: attract or pull an organization towards a new location, eg the availability of cheap skilled labor.

87. settler colonies: colonies with, you guessed it, settlers

88. pogroms: A pogrom (from Russian: "погром" (meaning "wreaking of havoc") is a massive violent attack on a particular ethnic or religious group with simultaneous destruction of their environment (homes, businesses, religious centers). The term has historically been used to denote massive acts of violence, either spontaneous or premeditated, against Jews, but has been applied to similar incidents against other minority groups.

89. Islamic slave trade: continued slave trade on the west coast of Africa

90. Liberia: country founded by freed American slaves

91. life expectancy rates: expected age until death - improved due to improved health care, brief drop at beginning of Industrial Revolution due to living conditions,

92. infant mortality rates: number of babies per 1000 who die at birth

93. birth rates: number of births eventually drops again as middle class has less need for many kids

94. Louis Pasteur: creator of germ theory and pasteurization - led to improved health

95. sweet potato: important NA starch in China

96. finished goods: manufactured goods

97. air pollution: pollution in the air; from coal

98. water pollution: pollution in the water; from poor sanitation

99. cholera/tuberculosis: various diseases that spread through urban eras during the IR

100. upper class women: affluent women with absolutely no lives; led the women's rights movements at the end of the IR

101. Victorian Age - the era of Britain's industrial revolution and Queen Victoria's reign from 1837 to 1901

102. social mobility - the ability of an individual to change his/her social status

103. abolitionists - supporters of ending slavery

104. emancipation of Russian serfs - edict issued in 1861 by Alexander II

105. cult of domesticity - American view that preached women's role was in the house taking care of the children

106. temperance - a movement to moderate and lessen alcohol consumption

107. constitutional monarchy - a monarchy whose power is defined and limited by a constitution (defines monarch as head of state)

108. John Locke - English philosopher who argued that the government's power came from the people and that revolution against tyrants was acceptable

109. social contract - an agreement between a state and its citizens to define the state's powers and the citizen's rights

110. Seven Years War - global war between France and Britain from 1756 to 1763

111. "taxation without representation" - Taxes were levied on American colonies, but they were not represented in Britain's parliament

112. Common Sense/Thomas Paine - writing by American revolutionary that advocated separation from Britain and republican government

113. Declaration of Independence/Thomas Jefferson - document outlying America's separation from Britain and the reasons why, written by American political and revolutionary leader

114. causes of French Revolution - absolute monarchy abuses power, policies of Louis XVI, economic troubles, war debts, and droughts

115. First/Second/Third Estate - nobility, clergy, everybody else

116. National Assembly - France's representative body

117. Declaration of the Rights of Man - French revolutionary document that outlined the rights of the people

118. Reign of Terror - the period where the monarchy and aristocracy were targeted along with opponents of the French Revolution

119. Directory - the government of revolutionary France from 1795 to 1799

120. Cycle of Revolution - calls for change from monarchy followed by moderate government followed by radical government followed by moderate government followed by monarchy

121. universal manhood suffrage - voting rights extended without discrimination

122. nationalistic uprisings - independence movements based on loyalty to free states

123. guerilla warfare - unorganized warfare using hit and run tactics

124. Napoleon - absolute leader of France who conquered most of Europe and was defeated in 1815

125. Congress of Vienna - European meeting after Napoleon's defeat to try and restore political stability and settle diplomatic disputes

126. Congress System/Metternich - Austrian diplomat at the Congress of Vienna - system of Europe working together

127. spirit of conservatism - after era of revolution attempt by European diplomats to return order to the good ol' days when autocracy ruled and people stopped rebelling

128. radicalism - democratic movement that called for liberalism and extended rights

129. parliamentary system - representative government led by a prime minister

130. militaristic - aggressive war based ideology

131. Revolution of 1848 - causes - bad harvests, economic stagnation, reaction against conservative rule, negative social and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution, and nationalism

132. Revolution of 1848 - effects - forced King of Prussia to grant constitutional reforms, highlighted power of nationalism, unified Germany and Italy, political, social, and economic issues of the people have to be met

133. Toussaint L'Ouverture - a leader of the Haitian revolt against France

134. Louisiana Territory - French territory in the United States

135. Latin America Wars of Independence - Causes - growing sense of nationalism, colonial economic policies, social class system, Napoleon

136. caudillos - military juntas or governments - military men that take over power - sets precedent

137. economic backwardness - Latin America - caused by mercantilism and monoculture system

138. Miguel Hidalgo - Creole priest in Mexico who led rebellion against Spain

139. Pancho Villa - Mexican revolutionary who fought in the revolution from 1910 to 1917

140. Sino-Japanese War - war fought between China and Japan over Korea from 1894 to 1895

141. Empress Cixi - disastrous Chinese monarch whose policies led to economic stagnation and China's decline

142. "Hundred Days Reform" - 103 days of social and institutional reform in 1898 launched by the Qing emperor of China, Guangxu

143. Abdication of Manchu Emperor - emperor abdicates in 1912 - ends foreign rule - Mandate of Heaven dynasties

144. Sun Yat-sen - father of modern china and institutes constitutional democracy

145. People's Principles - nationalism, democracy, people's livelihood

146. Nationalist Party - Kuomintang - Chinese political party that favored republican government

147. Chiang Kai-shek - leader of the Kuomintang and founder of the Republic of China

148. Simon Bolivar - Creole military leader who fought for Colombian independence between 1817 and 1822

149. Jose de San Martin leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; successful in 1816

150. King John VI - Portuguese King who ruled in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 because of Napoleon's invasion

151. King Pedro/Pedro II- Portuguese king John VI flees to Brazil, Portuguese government from Brazil. John leaves and leaves his son, Pedro, Pedro lives entire life in Brazil and declares independence for brazil and becomes emperor. Pedro gives power to Pedro II rules for most of 19th century. Stable monarchy

152. Catholic Church in Latin America very powerful in Latin America. One of the largest land owners in Latin America - lobbies to keep conservative rule, economic/social/political interest

153. Russification- All Russians had to learn Russian language and convert to orthodoxy, anyone who didn't' was persecuted, Jews.

154. Czar Nicholas II- doesn't reacto to revolution, socialists organize, tried to rally Russians around the falg but lost against Japanese

155. Duma something like parliament but has no real power, every time they tried to make change, czar disbands them.

156. Indian National Congress- English speaking, educated upper class, most influential is Mohandas K. Gandhi-1869

157. Mohandas Gandhi- Lived in S. Africa from 1893-1915, defended rights of Indian living under apartheid(areas that has racism), and returned to India as a central figure in freedom movement, nonviolent resistance.

158. Creoles- European born Foreign

159. Mestizos- Indigenous and European mixed

160. Mulattoes- Mixed European and black

161. Marxism- More radical socialism (economic competition is inherently unfair and leads to injustice/ inequality)

162. Liberalism- willing to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one's own. Open to new ideas.

163. Conservatism- not changing or innovating, holding on to traditional values.

164. Anarchism- abolition of all government the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion.

165. Victor Emmanuel II- King of Sardinia + Count Camillo Cavour, push nationalism, towards the unification of Italy.

166. Giuseppi Garibaldi- Italian nationalist kicks out Spain.

167. Otto von Bismarck- Prime minister of Germany, build the military. Consolidating the region under Prussia's authority.

168. King William II- Emperor of the German Empire

169. First/Second Reich- First Reich "Holy Roman Empire", second Reich "second empire"

170. Irish home rule- Should North, Split Catholic/ Protestant remain British or Irish, Should Ireland be set free.

171. Second and Third Reform Acts 1867/1885 - universal suffrage

172. Fourth Republic- France becomes democratic republic- universal suffrage.

173. Dreyfus Affair- Jewish officer accused of selling secrets to Germ

174. Augsleich- "compromise" - becomes Austria-Hungary

175. Crimean War- 1853-1856, Tsar Alexandar II forced to implement liberal reforms, Modernize Russia, Emancipation of serfs in 1861, lightened censorship, widened powers of local govt, 1881, Alexander II assassinated

176. Tokugawa Shogunate- seized control in 1600s, authority with emperoer, reality with shogunate, Samurai top, centralized Japan. Warring states to peaceful country.

177. samurai- Warrior class, top during Shogunate

178. stratified society- No chance for social mobility.

179. Meiji Restoration- Japan's Modern age, Embrace West to survive/ compete.

180. hereditary privileges- No more, abolishes feudalism. Meritocracy.

181. Constitution of 1890- elected parliament, Diet - Japan

182. Diet- Had no real power, hardly representative, Emperor still ahd power.

183. social hierarchy- During Tokugaw social hierarchy ended, based on merit, civil service exam.

184. Mary Wolstonecraft English writer, vindication of rights of women- 1792 (Equal rights, education, political, economic pursuits)

185. "Women Question"- What is their sphere and role.

186. "cult of true womanhood"- Virutes of submissiveness, piety, domesticity, modesty, feminity.

187. early phases of feminist reform- reform family/ divorce law, own property/ divorce, teaching and nursing (women's sphere)

188. later phases of feminist reform- pushed for suffrage led by upper class women.

189. "dismal science"- Negative views of capitalism.

190. Essay on Population/Thomas Malthus- population growth led to poverty, war diseases, starvation needed to control population.

191. Iron Law of Wages/David Ricardo- Employer will pay lowest possible wage to make money. Supply of labor goes up then salaries will drop.

192. Socialism- economic competition is inherently unfair and leads to injustice/inequality

193. Communism- Ideally - perfect justice, social equality and plenty

194. Eastern Question- gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire presented Europe with choices

195. "sick man of Europe"- Ottoman Empire - falling apart, but better than chaos

196. literacy rates- greater access to public education increased through 1800s, Literacy rates rose.

197. Fridrich Nietzche- "God is Dead", All systems of morality valueless in the materialistic modern age.

198. Romanticism- Most important - emotion/passion, more self expression, Self-realization of the individual, heroism, love of the natural world

199. Realism- Rejected Romanticism's idealized dramatic outlook, critical view of life. Details of everyday existence, poverty, social hypocrisy, class injustice.

200. Cecil Rhodes- Britain/Africa - "I contend that we are the finest race in the world, and the more of it we inhabit, the better it is."

201. economic imperialism - practice of promoting the economy of one nation in another. It is usually the case that the former is a large economically or militarily powerful nation and the latter is a smaller and less developed.

202. la mission civilisatrice - French idea of spreading their advanced civilization to others through colonization. Also referred to as "mission civilisatrice."

203. British East India Company - A joint-stock company of investors with the intent to favor trade privileges in India. Eventually transformed from a commercial trading venture to one which virtually ruled India.

204. "sun never sets on the British empire" - a phrase that emerged in response to the British dominance during the Modern Era. Britain was the first nation to industrialize and thus, was able to gain an advantage over all other competing nations.

206. Sepoy Mutiny - May 10th 1857. Sepoys, trained Indians as British soldiers were angered by the rumors that their rifle ammos were greased with lard and beef fat. Thus, they mutinied. The mutiny was harshly crushed by the British.

207. zamindars - was employed by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants

208. infrastructure - The basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices, and prisons.

209. civil service exam - Exam all Chinese government official-to-be's had to go through in order to prove themselves. Very rigorous, although once you passed, instant success was guaranteed.

210. sati - funeral custom in which the widow immolated herself on her husband's funeral pyre.

211. thuggee - The practice of robbery and assassination practiced by the Thugs.

212. sectarian strife - violent conflict between Muslims and Coptic Christians in Egypt.

213. Dutch East India Company - was established on March 20, 1602, when the Estates-General of the Netherlands granted it a monopoly to carry out colonial activities in Asia. It was the first multinational corporation in the world and it was the first company to issue stocks.

214. Singapore - The island of Singapore was ceded to the British East India Company in 1819, and the city was founded the same year by Sir Thomas Raffles. The British took complete control in 1824 and added Singapore to the newly formed Straits Settlements in 1826. Otherwise known as the place we currently live in.

215. King Chulalongkorn - fifth king of the Chakri dynasty of Thailand.

216. Spanish American War - took place in 1898, and resulted in the United States of America gaining control over the former colonies of Spain in the Caribbean and Pacific. Cuba would be declared Independent in 1902.

217. "sleeping dragon" - term given to China by Napoleon, regarding their untapped population, size and resources.

218. bullion - Gold or silver considered with respect to quantity rather than value.

219. "unequal treaties" - a series of treaties signed by several Asian states, including the Qing Empire in China, late Tokugawa Japan, and late Chosun Korea, and foreign powers during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This was a period during which these states were largely unable to resist the military and economic pressures of the primary Western powers. China forced to open up all its ports to Britain.

220. Christian missionaries - Christians who traveled into other countries and attempted to spread the Christian faith. Enthusiastically persecuted in Japan by Tokugawa...

221. footbinding - Chinese custom of binding women's feet. They preferred small feet? Confined women to homes. Degrading practice for women of China.

222. White Lotus Rebellion - It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers.

223. Taping Rebellion - Rebellion initiated by Hong Xiuquan to overthrow the Manchurians and establish the kingdom of Heaven in China. Got off to an impressive start militarily but only because Hong avoided attacking large urban centers.

224. Hong Xiuquan - ), leader of the Taiping Rebellion. Believed he was the son of Jesus Christ. Failed the civil service examination many times.

225. Open Door Policy - The Open Door Policy is the maintenance in a certain territory of equal commercial and industrial rights for the nationals of all countries.

226. Boxer Rebellion - was a violent movement against non-Chinese commercial, political, religious and technological influence in China during the final years of the 19th century.

227. Henry Puyi - Last emperor of the Qing Dynasty to rule over China. No more emperors after him.

228. "Dark Continent" - A former name for Africa, so used because its hinterland was largely unknown and therefore mysterious to Europeans until the 19th century

229. "Scramble for Africa" - The Scramble for Africa began in 1881, when France moved into Tunis with Bismarck's encouragement. After centuries of neglect, Europeans began to expand their influence into Africa. Soon, it took on a full-fledged land grab in Africa by European Powers.

230. Berlin Conference - The Berlin Conference of 1884-85 regulated European colonization and trade in Africa

231. Liberia/Ethiopia - Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea

232. Coptic Christian Kingdom One of the few regions in Africa unoccupied by the Europeans.

233. Ashanti Kingdom - was a powerful state in West Africa in the years prior to European colonization. It was located in what is today southern and central Ghana.

234. Boers/Afrikaners - Indians trained to be British soldiers.

235. Boer War - The Boer Wars was the name given to the South African Wars of 1880-1 and 1899-1902, that were fought between the British and the descendants of the Dutch settlers (Boers) in Africa.

236. Shaka Zulu widely credited with transforming the Zulu tribe, from a small clan, into the beginnings of a nation that held sway over that portion of Southern Africa between the Phongolo and Mzimkhulu rivers.

237. African National Congress - founded to defend the rights of the black majority

238. Muhammad Ali - Egyptian ruler who caused Egypt to industrialize.

239. Suez Canal - a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

240. quinine/malaria - An infectious disease characterized by cycles of chills, fever, and sweating = when cure was found, Europe could go internal Africa

241. intertribal warfare - conflict between tribes.

242. Belgium - Congo - the formal title of present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between King Léopold II's formal relinquishment of personal control over the state to Belgium on 15 November, 1908, to the dawn of Congolese independence on 30 June, 1960.

243. "Great Game" - used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Tsarist Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia.

244. Balkans - A major mountain range of southeast Europe extending about 563 km (350 mi) from eastern Yugoslavia through central Bulgaria to the Black Sea. Known as the most dangerous place on Earth, due to the presence of many different racial groups in the region. WWI starts here.

245. Young Turks - A member of a Turkish reformist and nationalist political party active in the early 20th century.

246. Anglo-Egyptian Administration - an Anglo-Egyptian agreement restored Egyptian rule in Sudan but as part of a condominium, or joint authority, exercised by Britain and Egypt. The agreement designated territory south of the twenty-second parallel as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.

247. Mahdi - A leader who assumes the role of a messiah.

248. "Long Peace" - Peace between 1871 and 1914 between European nations. Tensions are rising.

249. Alliance System - After the Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck held that Germany was a "satiated state" which should give up ideas of further conquest. Thus Bismarck organized a system of alliances designed to maintain Germany's hegemony on the European continent

250. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine - The Monroe Doctrine had originally been intended to keep European nations out of Latin America, but the Roosevelt corollary was used as a justification for U.S. intervention in Latin America.

251. Panama Canal - major shipping canal which cuts through the isthmus of Panama in Central America, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans - US encouraged Panama to rebel to get favorable deal for land

252. Spanish-American War - took place in 1898, and resulted in the United States of America gaining control over the former colonies of Spain in the Caribbean and Pacific. Cuba would be declared Independent in 1902.

253. Jingoism - Extreme nationalism characterized especially by a belligerent foreign policy

254. Modernization Theory - developed countries emphasize individuality and capitalism. Economic prosperity due to industrialization is the key to a nation's advancement. All countries will naturally modernize.

255. Dependency Theory - less developed nations either intentionally or unintentionally depend on the developed nations for economic support. Some countries will never be able to break out of dependent cycle...modernization theory doesn't apply. Ex. Latin American nations depend on Europe during colonization. Later result in monoculture.

256. Marxist Theory - socialism is the only way to a nation's prosperity. Also known as Communism.

229. "Scramble for Africa" - The Scramble for Africa began in 1881, when France moved into Tunis with Bismarck's encouragement. After centuries of neglect, Europeans began to expand their influence into Africa. Soon, it took on a full-fledged land grab in Africa by European Powers.

230. Berlin Conference - The Berlin Conference of 1884-85 regulated European colonization and trade in Africa

231. Liberia/Ethiopia - Only countries that don't fall to colonialism during scramble for Africa

232. Coptic Christian Kingdom - One of the few regions in Africa unoccupied by the Europeans.

233. Ashanti Kingdom - was a powerful state in West Africa in the years prior to European colonization. It was located in what is today southern and central Ghana.

234. Boers/Afrikaners - Dutch settlers that move into interior of South Africa, later conflict with Zulus and British

The Boer Wars was the name given to the South African Wars of 1880-1 and 1899-1902, that were fought between the British and 235. Boer War - the descendants of the Dutch settlers (Boers) in Africa.

236. Shaka Zulu - widely credited with transforming the Zulu tribe, from a small clan, into the beginnings of a nation that held sway over that portion of Southern Africa between the Phongolo and Mzimkhulu rivers. Rare example of indigenous people beating industrialized European country in battle

237. African National Congress - founded to defend the rights of the black majority

238. Muhammad Ali - Egyptian ruler who caused Egypt to industrialize.

239. Suez Canal - a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

240. quinine/malaria - An infectious disease characterized by cycles of chills, fever, and sweating - cure leads to colonization on African interior

241. intertribal warfare - conflict between tribes.

genocide The systematic and planned extermination of an entire national, racial, political, or ethnic group.

social Darwinism social theory by Darwin on evolution applied to determine social class (the strong survives, the weak doesn't, Europeans= the best)

communism system of government in which every one is equal, property is owned by the government

populism a political philosophy supporting the right and power of the people in their struggle against he privileged elite

capitalism Economic system, where means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned, profits gained in free market

fascism system of government, under authority of a dictator, through suppression of the opposition by means of terror and censorship

collective security system for international peace

embargo A prohibition by a government on certain/all trade with a foreign nation - method of pressuring a nation diplomatically

information revolution revolution in that allowed the increasing availability of information due to the use of things like computers, internet and other technologies

world depression a worldwide economic downfall, started in 1929, but different time in differet countries. Basically all countries were affected, worst hit was the industrialized countries like the US.

Mohandas Gandhi political leader of India, played a key role in gaining independence for India through non-violent protest, boycott.

Adolf Hitler leader of Germany, and Nazi party. He started WWII in Europe

Vladimir Lenin founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of Russian revolution, first leader of USSR

Margaret Thatcher first woman to serve as a prime minister, of England, conservative - symbolized shift away from welfare economy

Mikhail Gorbachev soviet leader who brought an end to the cold war through his foreign policy

Gamal Nasser Led social revolution in Egypt in 1952 And was an army officer and politician who servedAs both prime minister (1954-56) and president 1956-58). His nationalism of the Suez Canal precipitatedan international crisis in 1956.

Nelson Mandela After being released from prison for helping to lead The black organization, African National Congress, In South Africa, he became the nation's first Democratically elected president in 1994

Mao Tse Tung Chinese communist leader, Mao, came to power in 1949 and proclaimed the People's Republic ofChina. While in power, he initiated the Great leap Forward and the founding of communes. He also Led the Cultural Revolution and established ties withThe West.

Akio Morita During postwar Japan, Akio Morita co-founded the Global company, Sony.

Bill Gates American computer software designer who Co-founded Microsoft and built it into one of the Largest computer software manufacturers

Walt Disney American film maker who created animated Cartoons and famous characters (Mickey Mouse)

Allied Powers Created by Otto von Bismarck in the 1880's with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Anschluss A political union including the one unifying Nazi Germany and Austria in 1938

appeasement The policy of granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace. (Such as in the Munich Conference of 1938)

British Commonwealth An association comprising the United Kingdom, its dependencies, and many former British colonies that are now sovereign states with a common allegiance to the British Crown

Central Powers An alliance during WWI with Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy(though it left and became neutral), and the Ottoman Empire (which joined after Italy left)

Great Depression International economic crisis following WWI. Began With the collapse of the American stock market in 1929 and caused mass unemployment.

Holocaust Term for Hitler's attempted genocide of European Jews during WWII.

League of Nations International diplomatic and peace organization Created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI;One of the chief goals of President Woodrow WilsonIn the peace negotiations

mandate Governments entrusted to European nations in theMiddle East in the aftermath of WWI.

Pan-Slavic movement movement in the 1800's to unite the Slavic people in Austria and the Ottoman Empire

Potsdam Conference meeting of the Allies of WWII to clarify and implement agreements made at the Yalta Conference

reparations the act of making amends. (Germany's war payments as agreed to in the Treaty of Versailles)

Russification cultures under the Russian Empire become a part of a Great Russian Culture- loyalty to the tsar; a form of nationalism

Spanish Civil War Conflict between supporters and opponents of the Spansh republic; there was a Nationalist victory due in part to 'non-intervention' of Western democracies

Tehran Conference A conference in Tehran, Iran involving USSR, US and Britain aimed at strengthening cooperation in WWII

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk treaty between USSR and the Central Powers, calling for Russia to withdraw from WWI and to surrender territory.

Treaty of Versailles Treaty signed in 1919, ending WWI

United Nations International organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security and economic development

Yalta Conference Meeting between USSR, US and Britain, demanded Germany's unconditional surrender and called for the division of Germany

nationalism The belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals

imperialism Extending a nations authority over another nations economy/politics (new driving force behind Latin American revolutions)

militarism predominance of armed forces in the administration/policy of a state (Japan during WWII)

Afrikaners An Afrikaans-speaking South African of European ancestry, especially one descended from 17th-century Dutch settlers.

Alliance for Progress U.S. assistance program for Latin America to counter revolutionary politics (1961)

apartheid When Dutch Afrikaners were given control by the British and they practiced apartheid, or extreme racial segregation.

ayatollah religious teachers that oppose secular views, ex: Ayatollah Khomeini, Islamic fundamentalist who played a pivotal role in the Iranian Revolution.

Berlin Wall symbol of the iron curtain (separate East Berlin from West), prevented East Berliners access to the West came down in 1989.

brinkmanship introduced during the Cold War, policy or practice, especially in international politics and foreign policy, of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome by forcing the opposition to make concessions. During the Cold War, the threat of nuclear force was often used as such a deterrent.

coalition Alliance between entities (nations, states, groups). The US used diplomacy to create a wide coalition of support. In the Post Cold war alliances and coalition were always shifting. OPEC is the most successful coalition in history. After WWII a coalition government in China was encouraged, but the communists won in 1949.

Cold War US (democracy) vs. Soviet Union (totalitarian communist). Lasted nearly 50 years, 1945 to early 1990's. US and Soviets vied for global domination and tried to pull the rest of the world into the war. Arms race between the two nations.

collectivization Part of Stalin's Five Year Plans. HE took over private farms and combined them into state-owned enterprises and created large, nationalized factories.

containment Where the US prevented the spread of Communism by establishing the Truman Doctrine to aid nations threatened by communism.

Cuban Missile Crisis In 1962 Soviets were installing their missiles in Cuba and Pres Kennedy established a naval blockade around Cuba. If the missiles were launched the US would retaliate against the Soviet Union. The Soviets backed down and Americans promised not to invade Cuba.

Cultural Revolution Goal was to discourage a privileged ruling class from forming, he instituted reforms that erased any influence from the West, intellectuals were sent to collective farms for "cultural restraining", political dissidents were imprisoned or killed. Mao's Little Red Book became a symbol of the forced egalitarianism.

Five Year Plans Stalin discarded the New Economic Policy (NEP) of Russia and imposed the Five Year Plans and collectivization played a huge part.

Geneva Conference After France lost the battle at Dien Bien Phu, they signed the treaty in 1954. Nations of Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam were created and Vietnam was divided into north/south - elections in a 2 years.

glasnost When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union in 1985, he instituted policies of glasnost or openness and urged a perestroika (restructuring) of the soviet economy.

Government of India Act Created in India in 1935 after Ghandi was jailed and it increased suffrage/provincial gov't to Indian leaders

Great Leap Forward In the late 1950's, Mao implemented this, huge communes were created to catapult the revolution towards its goal of a true Marxist state. But the local govts, couldn't produce the ridiculous amount of agricultural quotas demanded by the central govt, and lied about production, leading to the starvation and deaths of nearly 30 mill Chinese.

Guomindang The Chinese Nationalist Party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919, it drew support mainly from local warlords. It initially formed an alliance with Communists in 1924, and after 1925 was dominated by Chiang Kai-shek.

Iron Curtain After WWII, Winston Churchill coined the phrase to describe the division between free and Communist societies that was occurring in Europe

Korean Conflict The Korean War was fought from 1950 to 1953. The North was supported by USSR and later People's Republic of China while the South was supported by U.S. and small United Nations force. The war ended in stalemate, with Korea still divided into North and South.

kulaks Russian agricultural entrepreneurs who used the Stolypin reforms to increase agricultural production and buy more land

Marshall Plan A program of substantial loans given by the U.S. to Western Europe in 1947, it was designed to aid in rebuilding efforts after the war's devastation. It was also an attempt by the U.S. to stop Communism (if countries were economically propped up they would be less likely to turn to Communism) and it helped secure American economic dominance

May Fourth Movement In 1919 - resistance in China to Japanese encroachments began. This generated a movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy (Confucianism was rejected, etc)

New Economic Policy Instituted by Lenin in 1921 - the state continued to set basic economic policies, but now efforts were combined with individual initiatives. This policy allowed food production to recover

nonalignment Promotion of alternatives to bloc politics - as in Yugoslavia's split from the Soviet bloc in 1948. Later Jawaharlal Nehru of India and Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt joined in the founding of the Nonaligned Movement in the mid-1950s, which had basic principles of opposition to all foreign intervention and peaceful coexistence. The first meeting of nonaligned states was the Belgrade Conference of Nonaligned Nations in 1961.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization Created in 1949 under U.S. leadership to create an alliance between most of the Western powers (including Canada) in defense against possible Soviet aggression

perestroika Mikhail Gorbachev's policy calling for economic restructuring in the USSR in the late 1980s. This included more scope for private ownership and decentralized control in the areas of industry and agriculture

Prague Spring In 1968, Czechoslovak Communist Party leader Alexander Dubcek tried to liberalize the country's communist regime by introducing democratic reforms such as free speech and freedom of assembly. The period came to be known as the Prague Spring, but it was ended when Warsaw Pact (Soviet) troops invaded in a military crackdown.

purges In 1936, Stalin began a series of purges aimed at destroying all political opposition and dissident viewpoints. These also included intensive campaigns within key Soviet institutions and sectors like the Communist Party, the Army, the NKVD (secret police), and scientists/engineers.

Red Guard Student brigades utilized by Mao Zedong and his political allies during the Cultural Revolution to discredit political opponents/enemies

Sandinistas Members of Nicaraguan social movement named after Augusto Sandino - during the 1980s successfully carried out a socialist revolution in Nicaragua

Six-Day War Fought between Egypt and Israel in 1967; was disastrous for Egypt and one of the failed foreign adventures under Gamal Abdul Nasser, adding to the regime's problems

Solidarity In 1970s, in the form of widespread Catholic unrest and an independent labor movement. (Against the back drop of a stagnant economy and low morale)

Tiananmen Square In China, student led, believed the Communist party led government was too corrupt and repressive. Government doesn't permit democratic reform, 1989.

Truman Doctrine United States was prepared to send any money, equipment, or military force to countries that were threatened by the communist government. Assisting countries resisting communism.

Warsaw Pact Military alliance, response to NATO, Soviet Union created own nuclear capability.

Al-Qaeda International Islamic fundamentalist organization. To reduce outside influence upon Islamic affairs. (some classify it as International terrorist organization)

cartels association of manufacturers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition. In Latin American nations- large foreign debts, huge international drug cartel that threaten government stability.

International Monetary Fund IMF- resources for development usually for badly strapped for investment funds and essential technology.

Persian Gulf War 1991 led by US and various European and Middle Easter allies against Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. This led to Iraqi withdrawal and a long confrontation with Iraq about armaments and political regime.

World Bank Concession for aid, for example commit to buy products, favor investors, lend countries to enter into alliances and permit military bases on the territory of the client state.

Euro to dismantle all trade and currency exchange barriers among member nations. A single currency, set up in many member countries by 2001.

European Economic Community European Economic Community- create a single economic entity across national political boundaries.

European Union started as European Economic Community, an alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Swede, Austria, Finland. It was to create a single economy across national boundaries in 1958.

import substitution industrialization Cut off from supplies of traditional imports, these countries then experienced a spurt of industrial growth.

McDonaldization Same multinational corporations everywhere

North American Free Trade Organization - NAFTA free trade agreement, benefits from economic alliances. (United States, Mexico, and Canada)

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Oil cartel that determines supply of oil - of Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela; since

World Trade Organization (WTO) international body that sets the rules for global trade - competitive trading, but give chance for developing nations to join, must follow certain civil rights codes

deoxyribonucleic acid DNA - building blocks of life - once decoded leads to cloning possibilities, health remedies, tracking people

Helsinki Accords 1975 agreement - apply human rights to Soviet bloc countries

Hubble Space Telescope space telescope that circles earth - free of atmosphere - took astrophysics to another level

International Space Station Permanent human presence outside earth - combined five space agencies - US, USSR, European, Japanese, Canada - teamwork through science

service industries post-industrial economies that provide services to consumer culture - white collar jobs - move away from factory labor

Sputnik 1957 First Soviet satellite into space - set off space race - threat by both sides of nuclear attack from space

cubism most important movement since Renaissance - objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form

evangelical not Catholicism - personal experience of conversion, biblically-oriented faith, and a belief in the relevance of Christian faith to cultural issues

Kabuki theater Japanese cinema - elaborate make-up, singing, drama

mass consumerism wealth now spent on surplus items - consumer goods - industrialized world spends a ton of money bringing their world from a 10>11 instead of bringing everyone else up from a 0>1

National Organization for Women (NOW) American feminist group - founded 1966 - dedicated to lobbying for women's fertility, employment, marital, education rights

New Deal Franklin Delano Roosevelt's plan to turn US into welfare state to bring out of Depression - state-sponsored programs for relief, recovery and reform

Noh theater Japanese classical theater - musical - during meiji reached offical drama status

welfare state new activism of western European state in economic policy and welfare issues after WWII; reduced impact of economic inequality (avoid another world war).

Green Revolution introduction of improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation to produce higher crop yields; after WWII in densely pop. Asian countries.

guest workers Legal workers with no rights for citizenship/permanent recidency who immigrate for work; a threat to citizens for job opportunities; usually from a less developed country > developed country.

ozone depletion caused by industrial revolution due to high pollutions

Axis Powers Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Ethnic cleansing mass expulsion or killings of a certain ethnic or religious group; eg. WWII: the holocaus, massive killings of Tutsis by Hutus in the Rwandan Genocide.

Armenian genocide 1915: Young turk leaders killed millions and sent hundreds of Amermenians to Russia and Middle East to cover up the blunders of reverses on the Russian Front

Bosnia mountainous country in the western Balkans

Nuremberg war crimes trial two sets of trials for the Nazis from WWII and the holocaust; included commanders, industrialists, and medical doctors

Limited War a war whose objective is less than the unconditional defeat of the enemy

UN police action the United Nations starting a military action without declaration of war; against violators of international peace and order

"Powder keg of Europe" area in the Balkans; region where the wars would begin such as the assassination of Franz Ferdinand

massive retaliation to retaliate in a greater force; the ending of WWII by the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima

Russian Revolution 1917: overthrowing of the Tsarist regine; 1918 (3rd Russian Revolution): series of anarchist rebellions and uprisings against both the Bolsheviks and the White movement

General Francisco Franco Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (following the victory of the Spanish Civil War)

Star Wars Nickname for Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) - shooting down nuclear weapons from space - never actually worked, but scared USSR into economic bankruptcy

Strategic Defense Initiative see above

Third Reich Hitler's plan to have Germany reign for a Thousand Year Empire over Europe - lasted 6 years - nice try

Triple Alliance, Central Powers World War I alliance - Ottoman Empire, German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire - the bad guys

Triple Entente, the Allies World War II alliance - UK, France, Russia, later US and all their colonies - the good guys

total war Entire economy, political, social system geared for war - civilians become targets - government takes greater control of everyday life

Muhammad Ali Jinnah Led the Indian Muslim League - pushed for partition of India - led to creation of Pakistan

Muslim League Political party in British India - driving force for partition of India - creation of Pakistan

India/Pakistan 1946 - Britain couldn't hold India together - Jinnah threatening civil war - Pakistan created - later divided into Bangladesh - tensions ever since over border disputes - Kashmere - largest refugee immigration in world history

Jomo Kenyatta founding father of Kenya - notice the name

Kwame Nkrumah anti-colonial African leader - founder of Ghana

Julius Nyerere teacher turned founder of Tanzania

Persian Gulf States Cooperation council of nations border Persian Gulf - Bahrain, Iran (Persia), Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

Collapse of the Berlin Wall Symbolic end of the Cold War - divide between East and West Berlin - protesters threatened to take apart and military didn't stop them - 1989

Desalinization Expensive effort to turn salt water into fresh water - usually located in Persian Gulf regions

Multinational corporations Large Scale Companies that initially began as business in a certain region of the world but has grown to become so big and is now an "international" company. Examples: General Electric (GE), Nike, Nokia, and McDonalds.

National Congress Party Indian Political Party established in 1885, that led the eventual push for Indian Independence from the British Crown in 1947. Currently the largest Indian Political Party.

Nongovernmental organization Organizations that are not established or associated with any specific organizations. They may be recognized, however, they run on their own. Examples are Green Peace and Amnesty International.

Pacific Rim the nations bordering the Pacific Oceans, usually Asian nations: Japan, North and South Korea, Taiwan and eastern China.

Terrorism The use of violence and intimidation to try and gain political awareness or right.

Fundamentalist jihad A holy war raged by Muslims against Non-believers, although in recent times, even attacks by one Muslim group against another have risen.

Palestine/Israel The "Holy Land" of Islam, Christianity and Judaism where ongoing conflicts take place between the Jewish Community (who represent Israel) and the Arab Community (who represent Palestine). Israel was a recent creation for the Jewish people and named the "Jewish Homeland" by the British Empire.

Northern Ireland A former member of the Republic of Ireland that broke away in 1920 after refusing to take part in the Irish Free State. Ruled and governed by Protestants and heavy discrimination exists against the Roman Catholic Minority. Capital: Belfast.

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne who was assassinated in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which triggered the Austro-Hungarians to pledge war against Serbia, which then initiated World War I.

Germany's "blank check" After Sarajevo, Count Leopold von Berchtold, the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, sent a letter to Emperor Francis Joseph to sign and send to Wilhelm II to try and convince him of Serbia's responsibility of Franz Ferdinand's assassination. On July 6th, Wilhelm II and Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, told Berchtold that Austria-Hungary could rely that Germany would support whatever action was necessary to deal with Serbia -- in effect offering von Berchtold a 'blank check.'

Schlieffen Plan The German plan to destroy France and gain victory over the Western Front during the first month of World War I. A counterattack by the French on the outskirts of Paris prevented the Germans. Alfred von Schlieffen wrote up the Plan.

Eastern and Western Fronts Eastern Front was the former East Germany, parts of Central Europe and Russia. The Western Front was the "Low Countries" (who for the most part remained neutral), France, Great Britain and then the United States.

trench warfare A type of combat where opposing troops fight one another in trenches, where conditions are extremely poor, hygienically.

submarine warfare a type of combat where submarines are used to fight against opposing forces underwater. Was used heavily in the Baltic Sea against Russia forces.

economic mobilization of home front the continuing of each country's own economy during the time of warfare and battles. New labor laws were set and women often replaced men as males had to serve time in military during the World Wars.

women in the workplace Women took men's place in jobs during wartime giving them more rights.

women and the vote Effect of WWI.

Woodrow Wilson US President. Created 14 points. Wanted to make world "safe for democracy".

Fourteen Points Created by Woodrow Wilson during the Paris Peace Conference. (1. end to secret treaties, 2. freedom of the seas, 3. arms reduction, 4. decolonization, 5. self-determination, 6.League of Nations-for disputes).

War guilt clause During Treaty of Versailles. Said Germany must accept full blame (article 231).

Totalitarianism New form of gov't created during the interwar years in Italy. Uses modern tech, bureaucracy to control everyone, imposed censorship, controlled culture, put dissidents in prison, propaganda to create cult of personality.

February Revolution Caused by dissatisfaction with the way the country was being run. Transfer of power from the Tsar.

Provisional Government Shared power with local soviets thus ineffective during communist rule in the soviet union.

October Revolution Brought the Bolsheviks to power.

Leon Trotsky Expelled by Stalin; disciple of Marx; friend of Bolshevik; organized the victorious Red Army;

Joseph Stalin General Secretary of communist party; premier of the USSR; rule marked by: forced collectivization of agriculture; policy of industrialization; victorious and devastating role for the soviets during WWII.

Great Purges Expulsion/execution of rivals when Stalin became paranoid. Negative of collectivization.

gulags Work camps where perceived dissidents sent. Negative of collectivization during Stalin's rule.

Benito Mussolini Fascist leader in Italy. Anti-communist

Italian Fascist Party Formed in 1991; held a majority of seats during elections during the 90s. as a result of the fascist movement, freedom of assembly and thinking were wiped out in Italy.

March on Rome the coup d'état by which Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy in late October 1922.

Weimar Republic the democratic government of Germany between the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and the assumption of power by Adolf Hitler; it was unpopular because of its acceptance of the harsh provisions of the Treaty of Versailles

Mein Kampf An autobiography written by Adolf Hitler. In it, Hitler outlines his plan for the revival of Germany from the losses of World War I and blames Germany's problems on capitalists and Jews.

Enabling Act Passed by Germany's parliament (the Reichstag) on March 23, 1933. It was the second major step after the Reichstag Fire Decree through which the Nazis obtained dictatorial powers using largely legal means. The Act enabled Chancellor Adolf Hitler and his cabinet to enact laws without the participation of the Reichstag.

Nurember Laws Nazi laws that used a pseudoscientific basis for racial discrimination against Jews with the religious observance of a person's grandparents to determine their race.

Young Turks Members of a Turkish reformist and nationalist political party active in the early 20th century.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk The military and political leader who brought about the end of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of modern Turkey. He was promoted to general at the age of 35 and given command of the army near the Black Sea port of Samsun. He defied the Sultan's orders to quash opposition and instead built an army of his own to fight for independence from European control. The Sultan ordered his arrest, but 1919- 1923 he successfully fought off foreign armies as well as opposition forces from Turkey. On 23 October 1923 the national parliament declared the existence of the Republic of Turkey with Kemal as president. His fifteen years in office were turbulent -- he ruled as a dictator as he attempted political and social reforms -- "father of the Turks."

Reza Shah Pahlavi Shah of Iran (1925-41). He began as an army officer and gained a reputation for great valor and leadership. He headed a coup in 1921 and became prime minister of the new regime in 1923. He negotiated the evacuation of the Russian troops and of the British forces stationed in Iran since World War I. Virtually a dictator, he deposed the last shah of the Qajar dynasty, and was proclaimed shah of Iran. Thus he founded the Pahlevi dynasty, and changed the name of Persia to Iran. Reza Shah introduced many reforms, reorganizing the army, government administration, and finances. He abolished all special rights granted to foreigners, thus gaining real independence for Iran. Under his rule the Trans-Iranian RR was built, the Univ. of Tehran was established, and industrialization was stepped-up.

Balfour Declaration British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917.

Ibn Saud Arab leader who was the founder and first king of Saudi Arabia (1932-1953).

Sun Yat-sen Chinese politician who served as provisional president of the republic after the fall of the Manchu (1911-1912) and later led the opposition to Yuan Shigai.

Yuan Shikai Chinese politician. Authorized by China's final imperial edict to create a republican government, he was named president but ruled as a dictator (1912-1916).

Chinese Communist Party Founded by Chinese Communist leader and theorist Mao Zedong... who led the Long March (1934-1935) and proclaimed the People's Republic of China in 1949. He then initiated the Great Leap Forward and the founding of communes. He continued as party chairman after 1959 and was a leading figure in the Cultural Revolution (1966-1969).

Chiang Kai-shek - Nanjing Republic A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid 1920's; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930's , but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the communist after World War II.

Emperor Taisho Emperor of Japan (1912-26). His given name was Yoshihito. The son of Mutsuhito, the Meiji emperor, he succeeded to the throne in 1912, but because of illness he played little part in governing the nation. His reign was characterized by democratization, friendly relations with the West, and economic growth. In 1921 Taishō was declared mentally incompetent and his son Hirohito was made regent.

Long March Journey undertaken by Red Army in 1934-35 when Jiangxi base was encircled by the Nationalist army & Chiang Kai-Shek

Kita Ikki author/right-wing nationalist, "Asia for Asians" so kick out Europeans

Japanese invasion of Manchuria step towards war with military gov't, renames it Manchuko, invading mainland China & commits atrocities

Emperor Hirohito figurehead of Japan, actually controlled by military when the war starts for Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Hidiki Tojo 40th prime minister of Japan, nationalist, general in Imperial Army, executed for war crimes

Rape of Nanking one atrocity of the war, 200,000 ~ 300,000 women/children attacked

Amritsar Massacre British fire on unarmed protesters, Gandhi goes to prison, British get more restrictive

Jawaharlal Nehru Takes over Congress/movement, political leader of India, begins "Quit India" campaign so Brits leave

Good Neighbor Policy Roosevelt reduces US role in Latin America, no troops

US foreign policy - Latin America Latin America = US views L America as their sphere of influence, gained Puerto Rico/Virgin Islands, military present in Panama, sponsored dictators in Venezuela/Cuba

Institutionalized Revolutionary Party Mexico, granted suffrage & right to strike, but actually oligarchy that chose president, upper class prospers, country modernizes, but middle class small & lower class huge

Lazaro Cardenas president of Mexico 1934, redistributes acres with land reform, nationalized oil industry (took from US)

Getulio Vargas Brazil, 1930 Vargas takes over, censored press, tortured political opponents, modernized Brazilian economy (diversifies, free from coffee)

Hipolito Irigoyen Argentina, 1916 Radical party, reforms benefit peasants, labor unions become more active, overthrown in 1930

Juan and Eva Peron Argentina, takes over after WWII, populist leader, wife popular, appeal to lower class, raised salaries of working class, gov't controlled press, denied civil liberties

occupation of Rhineland Hitler takes back land given away by Versailles

Lebensraum Hitler's desire for "living space" for German people, wants to unite Germans from other nations

Munich Conference Symbolic failure of appeasement; Hitler given Czech. Sudetenland for promise of no future aggression

Nazi-Soviet Pact Agreement of Stalin/Hitler to not fight each other, but invade, divide up Poland

invasion of Poland Signalled beginning of World War II, France/England declare war on Germany

blitzkrieg lightning fast war coordinating planes, tanks, infantry - move past border, directly to capital

Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere Name given to Asian region Japan wanted to conquer, kick out Europeans, control resources

Pearl Harbor Attempt to destroy US navy before they enter war, becomes catalyst for US entering war

Operation Overlord June 6, 1944 - Invasion of Normandy, sets up Western Front against Germany, USSR pleased, known D-Day

strategic bombing systematic targetting of civilians - both residential and industrial capability - destroy will to fight

Final Solution Nazi decision to exterminate Jews, last years of World War II, shipped to extermination camps

Wannsee Conference January 20, 1942 - high level Nazis meet secretly to discuss, agree upon "Final Solution"

Auschwitz-Birkenau most famous extermination camp

superpowers Following WWII - two nations emerge as military, economic world leaders - USSR and USA

Cold War Ideological, economic and military conflict between superpowers - 1945-1989 - world takes sides - bipolar world

partition of Germany Divided among Allies - England, France, US, USSR - USSR section becomes E. Germany, others unite - W. Germany

Berlin Blockade Stalin shuts off trains, planes, roads into East Berlin - attempt to cut off western influence - Berlin Airlift foils plans

Nikita Khrushchev Controversial USSR premier Follows Stalins (1953-1964), criticizes Stalin's policies, foreign policy brings USSR-USA to brink of war

nuclear arms race Both USSR_USA push for weapons w/ larger payload, longer/more accurate trajectory, larger quantity

mutually assured destruction Deterrent policy in which neither USA-USSR would use nukes, because they would likewise be annihilated

Third World Initially countries neither in US or Soviet bloc, now it is those developing countries in Africa, Asia, L. America

domino theory Ideology that dominated 1950s/1960s, if one nations goes communist, neighboring countries would likewise turn Communist

Soviet invasion of Hungary October 1956 hundreds of thousands Hungarian protesters put down by Soviet govt - leads to drop in support for Marxist ideas

Fidel Castro and Cuban Revolution Overthrows Cuban gov't, believed too much of Cuban nation controlled by foreign interests, adopts Communist-state-controlled/nationalized economy

Bay of Pigs Failed attempt by US supported/trained Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro, failure embarasses US - increases Cuban-US tension

Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 policy - no Soviet Bloc country can try to break free from Warsaw Pact - control of Soviets

Sino-Soviet Split China breaks from USSR, Mao wants more control/become Superpower also, mutual preservation from other's aggression

détente Term for reduction in tension between USA - USSR between 1960 and 1980s

Afghan War Failed attempt by USSR to take over Afghanistan - expense/negative public reaction hurt USSR communists - US supported Afghan guerillas

European Coal and Steel Community 1958 - first attempt to unite W. European countries economically

Charles de Gaulle First president of France's 5th Republic - Gaullism - independence from international world - withdraws from NATO - pushed for social welfare

Francois Mitterand More pro-West w/ policies, president France 1981-1995

Helmut Kohl German Chancellor 1982-1998 - worked w/ Mitterand on European Union - like Thatcher/Reagan - wanted to lower taxes, encourage initiative - conservative

decolonization following WWII - nations pushed to be free of European control - Europe focused on own issues, allowed decolonization at varying degrees - based on settler population

national liberation wars of liberation in which local/indigenous populations fought imperial powers - usually supported secrety by Soviet KGB or American CIA depending on ideology

Camp David Accords US moderated peace talks between Egypt and Israel - broke down Arab unity, Egypt loses influence in Arab matters

Yasser Arafat - Palestine Liberation Organization Leader of terrorist organization wanting to evict Israelis, regain homeland, represenation for Palestinian people - later becomes political party

Menachem Begin Israeli prime minister at Camp David - returned land to Egypt, destroyed Israeli settlements

intifada Palestinian Arabs fighting against Israeli occupation of Gaza Strip/West Bank - boys w/ stones vs. tanks image

Iranian Revolution Transformed Iran from pro-Western nation to fundamentalist Islamic nation. becomes religious theocracy

Ayatollah Khomeini Leader of Iranian Revolution - group of students supporting seize US embassy 1979 - begins stage of anti-US sentiment - fundamentalist theocracy

Saddam Hussein Dictator Iraq - took over power in coup, pushed war against Iran, invaded Kuwait - Persian Gulf War - genocide against Kurds

Algerian War of Independence Liberation movement against French - led to revolts in France - violent - French settler population refused to leave

African National Congress South African black political party that took over control in 1994

Desmond Tutu Bishop - spoke out against apartheid in S. Africa - Noble Peace Prize - called diverse S. Africa a Rainbow Nation

Idi Amin Ugandan military leader/president - responsible for hundreds of thousands of Christian/tribal deaths

Mobutu Sese Seko President of Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) - 1962-1995 - symbol of African nepotism, kleptocracy, and personality cult

Patrice Lumumba First Prime Minister of Democratic Republic of Congo - eventually arrested and murdered

AIDS/HIV epidemic Lacked initial funding/recognition as homosexual community disease - widespread epidemic in Africa - forces gov'ts to come up with policy on sex ed. and medicine

Indira Gandhi Indian Prime Miniters - 1966-77, 80-84 - pushed nuclear power program - Green Revolution - increase in production due to new strains, techniques, pesticides

"Guided Democracy" - Sukarno Indonesian leader Sukarno - controls democratic system - 60 political parties too much, takes a more dictatorial roll

Suharto 2nd president of Indonesia 1967-1998 - controlled Indonesia with force/political maneuvering

Ho Chi Minh Communist Vietnamese Nationalist, trained in Europe, fought Japanese then French then US, wanted united Vietnam

Vietnam War Based on Domino Theory, US wanted to prevent communist takeover by Vietcong forces up North

Khmer Rouge 1975-1979 Cambodian leaders - responsible for 1.7 million deaths starvation, relocation, murder - attempt at ruralification

Postwar economic recovery of Japan miracle of Japanese growth post WWII - due to US investment, gov't intervention + US primarily supports military - Japan can focus money on economy

Liberal Democrats left-wing democrats - favor redistribution of wealth to poor, minorities - socially more liberal

Taiwan and Kuomintang Chiang Kai Shek fled to Taiwan, dictatorship of Taiwan - prepared for invasion of China - survived w/ US assistance

Kim Il Sung led north Korea from 1948 until 1994, created communist nation w/ strong ties to China

Deng Xiaoping Lead of Chinese Communist Party, de facto leader of party 1970s to 1990s after Mao - pushed forth unique idea of "socialist market economy"

Augusto Pinochet Chilean militar leader who in a coup deposed Salvador Allende - communist, elected leader - created one party rule dictatorship - ruled w/ iron fist - human rights abuses

Che Guevera Marxist revolutionary leader in Latin America - helped Castro in Cuba, later went to Africa - Congo - famous for being on high school T-shirts - 97% of high school students don't know why they wear it

Contras Supported by US both legally and illegally - anti-revollutionaries in Nicaragua - fought the Sandinistas (communist leaning)

Modern versus postmodern culture Postmodern is a reaction to modern culture - prevalent in gay movements, anti-globalization, peace movement, anarchism

Bretton Woods 1944 meeting of 45 Allied nations to create International Monetary Fund and World Bank - help rebuild world

Energy Crunch of the 1970s aftermath of an Arab oil embargo crimped American energy consumption

G-8 Summit Canada, France, Italy, US, Germany, UK, Japan, Russian Federation - represent 70% of world's economy - meet annually for economic/political discussions

standard of living disparity - developed vs. developing health, life-expectancy wealth of industrialized nations dwarfs that of developing world

north-south split those nations above equator far richer than those below - rich getting richer, poor getting poorer - and because north dominates global economy, won't change anytime soon

consumerism massive purchase and industrialized toward consumer products - not necessities of life - just make us have a ton of stuff

population growth - trends developing nations seeing massive increase, industrialized workers slowing down - no need for all those kids, plus they want to spend money on consumer culture, health care, nutrition makes us live longer

migration of peoples developing nations from rural to urban - attempt to move from developing to industrialized - leads to guest workers and conflict between immigrants and Nativists

nationalism and ethnic violence following break up of European control and USSR, ethnic groups have become violent toward each other, no dictator to keep under control - centuries old conflicts back in fluorish - people's identity more toward ethnic group/religion than nation

women's movements, feminism, women's liberation suffrage Western Europe after WWI, but in 1950s fluorished - Feminine Mystique novel - women want choice - 1950-2006 saw unprecedented changes in gender equity - now women surpass men educationally, gov'ts step in to guarantee fair treatment - inequities, harassment still exist

stream of consciousness literary method of merely writing random thoughts - no linear structure - thank you James Joyce

abstract and surrealist art art that doesn't depict objects in the natural world - weird looking stuff - not an apple, but apple with man crawling out

existentialism human existence as having a set of underlying themes and characteristics, such as anxiety, dread, freedom, awareness of death, and consciousness of existing. Existentialism is also an outlook, or a perspective, on life that pursues the question of the meaning of life or the meaning of existence

mass media our senses constantly bombarded with information from Internet, TV, movies, radio, cell phones

popular culture cooking, entertainment, sports, clothing, vernacular that matches the mainstream of a region/nation

Diego Rivera famous Mexican muralist - once put Mexican Communist leaders w/ US Founding Fathers in Rockefeller Center

Lo Hsun Chinese vernacular writer who discounted Confucian values and criticized Chinese society - thoughts led to May 4th Revolution

Rabindranath Tagore Bengali poet, playwright, musician, novelist

Wole Soyinka Africa's most distinguished playwright

Chinua Achebe Things Fall Apart - novel about African independence

Yukio Mishima Anti-war writer for Japan, killed himself + decapitation in coup attempt to restore emperor

Isabel Allende Most popular Latin American author in world

Salman Rushdie novel Satanic Verses - found faults in Islamic world - Ayatollah put out death sentence on him

Albert Einstein - theory of relativitity 20th century theory of physics - relation between laws of physics for person moving vs. person standing still

quantum physics deals with electron energy - atomic level of physics

rocketry and space exploration space race of 1950s - created for delivery system for nuclear weapons + world prestige + science - numerous subsequent scientific breakthroughs - built on German program of WWII - led to higher standards of education

biotechnology, DNA, and genetics gave humans ability to clone, find cause of illnesses, root of personalities, leads to moral conflicts

computer technology, Internet, WWW connects world, puts largest library in the world on your desk, flattens world, allows service/IT work to be done anywhere, changed face of workplace, increased consumer culture

"global village" - Marshall McLuhan 1960s theory that technology and mass media would break down political boundaries

stagnation in the Soviet Union USSR focus on military budget, no new forms of agricultural, focus on heavy industry led to downturn in productivity in 1970s and 1980s

Andrei Sakharov Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident and human rights activist. Sakharov was an advocate of civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union.

Lech Walesa and Solidarity Polish shipyard worker, protests Soviet control - founded Solidarity movement - anti-Communists + Catholics working against Communism

Chernobyl explosion of nuclear power plant in USSR - led to lasting environmental distruction

Collapse of the Soviet Union due to economic stagnation, independence push for Soviet Bloc nations + work of Mikhail Gorbachev

Boris Yeltsin followed Mikhail Gorbachev - attempted to rebuild Russian Federation while dealing with break up of Soviet Bloc

Nuclear club nations with nuclear weapons - United States of America, Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), the United Kingdom, France, and the People's Republic of China. Since the formulation of the NPT, two non-signatory states of the NPT have conducted nuclear tests—India and Pakistan. Israel

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty attempt to keep nuclear technology from spreading past original US, French, British, Russian - not so successful - see Iran, N. Korea, India, Pakistan - nations know once they get bomb - they are world players

weapons of mass destruction - nuclear, bio, chem new phase of military technology that can be delivered by individuals, not states, requires less money, heavy civilian casualties

Gulf War 1980s Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait for more oil, US + coalition kick him out, but leave him in power - leads to Iraq War 12 years later

Rise of China After psycho Mao leaves, China starts to industrialize logically, enter world stage, they have unique combo of state-controlled capitalism + pseudo communism - massive income/education disparity urban to rural

nationalist extremism fanatic belief that your nation/ethnic group better than others/neighboring - usually found in developing nations frustrated by income disparity

Yugoslav Wars (Croatia, Bosnia, Kosovo) after fall of USSR - ethnic divisions resulted in all-out Civil War - genocide on massive scale - United Nations comes in but struggles to figure out who is good guy/bad guy

Hutu-Tutsi conflict Rwandan genocide - Belgians long ago said Tutsis have more than 10 cows, Hutus have less - Rwandans divided arbitrarily - led to centuries of frustration - eventually Hutus start slaughering Tutsis

East Timor Roman Catholic ethnic group that fought to gain independence in Indonesia - Suharto falls from power, they fight back - poorest nation in the world - newest nation in the world

Environmentalism post-industrial movement to improve water supply, air, land pollution, animals, other small critters - save environment for our future

Green Movement see above - basically term given to environmental movement

Global Warming threat that industrialization has put wholes in ozone layer which will heat up water temperature, melt glaciers, causing huge problems - end of the world -we're all going to die

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In 1868, after ending the shogunate, the Sat-Cho reformers insisted that the new emperor sign the Charter Oath below. "Article 1. Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established and all matters decided by public discussion. Article 2. All classes, high and low, shall unite in vigorously carrying out the administration of the affairs of state. Article 3. The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall each be allowed to pursue his own calling so that there may be no discontent. Article 4. Evil customs of the past shall be broken off and everything based upon the just laws of Nature. Article 5. Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule." -Quoted in East Asia: a New History. What do these articles suggest that Japan should do to change? A. Japan should consider its past for future policy. B. Japan should look at the example of other traditional empires for reform. C. Japan should emulate Western political ideas. D. The emperor alone should decide Japan's future policies.

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