AP Terms Flashcards | Quizlet

AP Terms

Terms in this set (1208)

1. prehistory vs. history

no written documents vs. written proof of history

2. Social etiquette, religion, education, literature

features of civilization

3. Austrolopithecus, homo habilis, homo erectus, homo sapiens

stages of hominid development

4. "Out of Africa" thesis vs. multiregional thesis

Humans originated from Africa and proliferated vs. originated from Africa but multiple geographical locations first 100 million years

5. Paleolithic Era

6. Neolithic Era

7. family units, clans, tribes

A group of people sharing common ancestry

8. foraging societies

Nomadic, small communities and population, no political system, economic distribution is more equal

9. nomadic hunters/gatherers

Move place to place according to environment; adapts to environment

Period of time where Earth was covered partly in ice

11. civilization

Changes when agriculture started

12. Neolithic Revolution

Farming uses; start of agriculture

13. Domestication of plants and animals

Farming system where animals are taken to different locations in order to find fresh pastures

14. nomadic pastoralism

Slash-and-burn; once land is depleted, moved on to let soil recover

15. migratory farmers

Farmers that migrate instead of settling after using up the land.

16. partrilineal/patrilocal

Live with husband's family. Traced through father's lineage

17. irrigation systems

replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops

18. metalworking

craft and practice of working with metals to create parts or structures. It requires skill and the use of many different types of tools

19. ethnocentrism

to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture

Looking for food

21. sedentary agriculture

Domestication of plants and animals

22. shifting cultivation

process by which people take an area of land to use for agriculture, only to abandon it a short time later

23. slash-and-burn agriculture

Trees cut down, plots made for agriculture

24. matrilineal

System in which one belongs to mother's lineage

25. cultural diffusion

spread of ideas and material culture, especially if these occur independently of population movement

26. independent invention

Creative innovations of new solutions to old and new problems

27. specialization of labor

specialization of co-operative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase efficiency of output.

28. gender division of labor

Labor divided between man and woman, hunting and gathering etc.

29. metallurgy and metalworking

the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements and their mixtures, which are called alloys. craft and practice of working with metals to create parts or structures

30. Fertile Crescent

a region in the Middle East incorporating present-day Israel, West Bank, and Lebanon and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq and south-eastern Turkey.

became a legendary protagonist in the Epic of Gilgamesh.

32. Hammurabi's Law Code

First set of defined laws within a civilization.

the civilization of the Lower Nile Valley, between the First Cataract and the mouths of the Nile Delta, from circa 3300 BC until the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation, it is the quintessential example of a hydraulic empire.

34. Egyptian Book of the Dead

common name for the ancient Egyptian funerary texts. Constituted a collection of spells, charms, passwords, numbers and magical formulas for use by the deceased in the afterlife, describing many of the basic tenets of Egyptian mythology. They were intended to guide the dead through the various trials that they would encounter before reaching the underworld. Knowledge of the appropriate spells was considered essential to achieving happiness after death.

tombs for egyptian kings.

36. hieroglyphics

system of writing used by the Ancient Egyptians, using a combination of logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic elements.

37. Indus valley civilization

an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra river in what is now Pakistan and western India. It is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to its first excavated city of Harappa

38. Xia, Shang, Zhou, Warring States Period, Qin, Han

group of peoples that occupied lands stretching from the British Isles to Gallatia. Went to war with Romans.

40. the Hittites and iron weapons

First to work iron, first to enter Iron Age. controlled central Anatolia, north-western Syria down to Ugarit, and Mesopotamia down to Babylon, lasted from roughly 1680 BC to about 1180 BC. After 1180 BC, this polity disintegrated into several independent city-states, some of which survived as late as around 700 BC.

41. the Assyrians and cavalry warfare

indigenous people of Mesopotamia and have a history spanning over 6700 years. Started cavalry warfare

42. The Persian Empire

used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of modern-day Iran. the Achaemenid Empire that emerged under Cyrus the Great that is usually the earliest to be called "Persian." Successive states in Iran before 1935 are collectively called this by Western historians

43. The Hebrews and monotheism

descendants of biblical Patriarch Eber; were people who lived in the Levant, which was politically Canaan when they first arrived in the area. First monotheistic group; Yahweh.

44. the Phoenicians and the alphabet

enterprising maritime trading culture that spread right across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC. First form of language.

45. the Lydians and coinage

ancient kingdom of Asia Minor, first to mint coins.

46. Greek city-states

region controlled exclusively by Greek, and usually having sovereignty. Ex. Crete

form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens.

48. Persian Wars

a series of conflicts between the Greek world and the Persian Empire that started about 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC.

49. Peloponnesian War

began in 431 BC between the Athenian Empire (or The Delian League) and the Peloponnesian League which included Sparta and Corinth.

50. Alexander the Great

United Ancient Greece; Hellenistic Age, conquered a large empire.

shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of various ethnicities, and from the political dominance of the city-state to that of larger monarchies. In this period the traditional Greek culture was changed by strong Eastern influences, especially Persian, in aspects of religion and government. Cultural centers shifted away from mainland Greece, to Pergamon, Rhodes, Antioch and Alexandria.

legendary early Greek poet and rhapsode traditionally credited with authorship of the major Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey

53. Socrates and Plato

Greek philosopher/student.

Along with Plato, he is often considered to be one of the two most influential philosophers in Western thought. He wrote many books about physics, poetry, zoology, logic, government, and biology.

55. Western scientific thought

Systematic apporach of observation, hypothesis formation, hypothesis testing and hypothesis evaluation that forms the basis for modern science.

56. Roman Republic

republican government of the city of Rome and its territories from 510 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, which sometimes placed at 44 BC the year of Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator or, more commonly, 27 BC the year that the Roman Senate granted Octavian the title "Augustus".

57. plebians vs. patricians

peasants/slaves vs. elite/upperclass

series of three wars fought between Rome and the Phoenician city of Carthage. Reason: clash of interests between the expanding Carthaginian and Roman spheres of influence.

59. Julius Caesar

Roman military and political leader. He was instrumental in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Dictator for life.

60. Roman Empire

Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian.

61. First three dynasties of China that we have recordings of. First of 'centralized' China.

Qin, Han, Tang Dynasties

62. Shi Huangdi

king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BC to 221 BC, and then the first emperor of a unified China from 221 BC to 210 BC, ruling under the name First Emperor.

63. Chinese tributary system

form of conducting diplomatic and political relations with China before the fall of the Qin Dynasty.

64. the Silk Road

interconnected series of routes through Southern Asia traversed by caravan and ocean vessel.

65. Nara and Heian Japan

last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The (2nd word) period is considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. (1st word): agricultural in nature, centered around villages. Most of the villagers followed the Shinto religion, based around the worship of natural and ancestral spirits.

66. the Fujiwara clan

dominated the Japanese politics of Heian period.

67. Lady Murasaki and "The Tale of Genji

Written by Murasaki. First novel of japanese/world literature.

68. Central Asia and Mongolia

historically been closely tied to its nomadic peoples and the Silk Road. As a result, it has acted as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia

69. the Aryan invasion of India

invaded and destroyed Indus River civilization, settled, moved to Ganges River.

people of southern and central India and northern Sri Lanka who speak their own languages, the best known of which are Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam.

71. Indian caste system

system was a basically simple division of society into four castes (Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra) arranged in a hierarchy, with the "Untouchable" (Dalit) outcasts below this structure. But socially the caste system was more complicated, with many more castes and sub-castes and other divisions.

of the Mauryan empire from 273 BC to 232 BC. A convert to Buddhism.

73. Constantinople/Byzantine Empire

Made into second capital by Constantine in attempts to help Rome turn its economy around.

the Eastern Roman emperor who tried to restore the unity of the old Roman Empire. He issued the most famous compilation of Roman Law. He was unable to maintain a hold in Italy and lost the provinces of north Africa. It was the last effort to restore the Mediterranean unity. r. 527 - 565 CE

75. early Medieval Europe "Dark Ages"

a period in history between the last emperor of Rome, 475 A.D., and the Renaissance, about 1450 (15th century). Art production during this period was dominated by the Catholic Church.

The social organization created by exchanging grants of lands r fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty and European Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service.

77. Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany (800 C.E). He helped restore some church-based education in western Europe, and the level of intellectual activity began a slow recovering. After death, the empire could not survive.

78. Mohammed and the foundation of Islam

In 610/earlier, he received the first of many revelations: Allah transmitted to him through the angel Gabriel. Believed in the five pillars: (1) "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet." (2) Pray facing the Mecca five times a day. (3) Fast during the month of Ramadan which enhances community solidarity and allowed the faithful to demonstrate their fervor. (4) The zakat, tithe for charity, strengthened community cohesion. (5) The haji, pilgrimage to the holy city Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.

79. Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates

firsts is a clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam. second is a dynasty that succeeded the first as caliphs within Islam (750 C.E.) A caliph is a political and religious successor to Muhammad.

80. Bantu and their migrations

To the 10th century, the wave reached the east African interior. Herders speaking their own language in the north and farmers in the south mixed with older populations in the region. Others were moving to the African coast. Thus creating coastal trading ports.

The Coptic (Christians of Egypt) influence spread up the Nile into this ancient land of Kush. Muslims attempted to penetrate it and met stiff resistance in the 9th century (left Christian descendants of ancient Kush - left as independent Christian kingdom until 13th century).

Formed by 8th century by exchanging gold from the forests of west Africa for salt/dates from the Sahara or for goods from Mediterranean north Africa. Camels, were introduced creating better trade. By 3rd century C.E. it rose to power by taxing the salt and gold exchanged within its borders. 10th century, rulers had converted to Islam and were at its height of power. Almoravid armies invaded it from north Africa (1076), the power was declining despite the kingdom's survival. 13th century, new states rose.

Cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico (1200 BCE); featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems.

Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central American contemporary with Teotihuacán; extended over broad religion; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion.

85. Andean societies

developed in the second millennium BCE in the central Andes and the central Pacific coast of South America. While oldest artifacts carbon date around 9750 BCE, evidence of a significant economic surplus begins around 2000 BCE. The Andean civilizations included the urbanized cultures of Chavan, Moche, Ica-Nazca, Chimu, Tiwanaku, Aymara, Chachapoya, and other Pre-Inca cultures. The semi-urbanized Inca conquered greater Peru in the 15th century. Then, in the 16th century, the European fiefdom of Spain conquered Peru.

86. Mississippian culture

a Mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States in the centuries leading up to European contact. There way of life began to develop around 900 A.D. in the Mississippi River Valley. Cultures in the Tennessee River Valley may have also begun to develop this culures characteristics at this point. This culture's stage is usually considered to come to a close with the arrival of European contact, although the thier way of life continued among their descendants. There are many regional variants of the their way of life, which are treated together in this article.

Ancestral Puebloans were a prehistoric Native American civilization centered around the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States.

88. cultural diffusion versus independent innovation

spread through cultures vs. independent inventing

89. aristocracy

system of government with "rule by the best"

90. parliamentary bodies

Senate and ......[peasant voting body]

Political regime where most political power effectively rests with a small segment of society (typically the most powerful, whether by wealth, military strength, ruthlessness, or political influence).

92. republics/democracies

state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country vs. form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens.

form of government in which a religion or faith plays a dominant role.

94. slavery vs. serfdom

were not property themselves and could not be sold apart from the land which they worked vs. the forced labour of serfs, on the fields of the privileged land owners, in return for protection and the right to work on their leased fields.

state of widespread conflict between states, organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of violent, physical force between combatants or upon civilians.

96. trade routes

sequence of pathways and stopping places used for the commercial transport of cargo.

97. Polynesian migrations

most likely began from the islands of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa, spreading east, south, and north, covering millions of square miles of ocean sparsely dotted with islands. These people migrated throughout the Pacific in sailing canoes, ultimately forming a triangle, whose points are Aotearoa (New Zealand) to the southwest, Rapa Nui (Easter Island) to the east, and the Hawaiian Archipelago to the north.

98. Eurasia's great age of migrations

Increase in migrations from Eurasia.

belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities.

100. Zoroastrianism

one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. Worship of Wisdom

101. the Ten Commandments

list of religious and moral imperatives which, according to the Bible, was spoken by the god YHWH to Moses on Mount Sinai and engraved on two stone tablets.

refers to the first section of the Tanakh-the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, or the Five Books of Moses, but can also be used in the general sense to also include both the Written and Oral Law.

103. the Talmud

of a series of disputations that took place in Europe during the Middle Ages, a group of rabbis were called upon to defend them. The attacks against Judaism was based on a long held idea that rabbis had "distorted" the Bible through their interpretations, keeping Jews from "adopting" Christianity.

"Yahweh", God's name.

the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac; according to Genesis, God promised to give his family (the Hebrews) the land of Canaan (the Promised Land); God tested him by asking him to sacrifice his son; "Judaism, Christianity, and Islam each has a special claim on him"

106. Moses and the Exodus from Egypt - Passover

to celebrate the day the Jews were led out of Egypt and into their land by Moses.

107. David and Solomon

Greatest king of jews. His son was wisest king on earth; fell to evilness, turned away from his God.

108. Jewish Diaspora

the dispersion of the Jewish people throughout the world. The notion of this is commonly accepted to have begun with the Babylonian Captivity in 597 BCE.

109. Vedism (Rig-Veda)

of hymns counted among the four Hindu religious scriptures known as these, and contains the oldest texts preserved in any Indo-Iranian language.

110. Hinduism (Upanishads, Mahabharata, Bhagavad-Gita)

encompasses many religious traditions that widely vary by culture, as well as many diverse beliefs and sects. The estimates of its origin vary from 3102 BCE to 1300 BCE, and it is generally regarded as the world's oldest major religion.

111. samsara, karma, dharma

transmigration of soul from one body to another; the law behind reincarnation; cosmic ethnics

112. Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva

The Creator, The Preserver, The Destroyer.

113. Laws of Manu

work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society, written c.200 in India. It is one of the eighteen Smritis of the Dharma Sastra (or "laws of righteous conduct");

religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the Siddhārtha Gautama. Originating in India, It gradually spread throughout Asia to Central Asia, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Southeast Asia, as well as the East Asian countries of China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand.

115. Four Noble Truths

fundamental insight or enlightenment of Sakyamuni Buddha (the historical Buddha), which led to the formulation of the Buddhist philosophy.

116. Eightfold Path

way to the cessation of suffering, the fourth part of the Four Noble Truths.

117. Siddhartha Gautama

Buddha; founder of Buddhism.

not a place nor a state, it is an absolute truth to be realized, and a person can do so without dying.

119. Theravada (Hinayana) and Mahayana Buddhism

Buddha is Teacher; Buddha is God.

set of philosophical teachings and religious practices rooted in a specific metaphysical understanding of the Chinese character Tao. For taoists, Tao could be described as the continuity principle behind the whole process of the constantly changing Universe.

121. Tao-te Chng and the I Ching

The Book of the Way and its Virtue is an ancient Chinese scripture. The work is traditionally said to have been written around 600 BCE by the famous sage called Laozi. oldest of the Chinese classic texts. It describes an ancient system of cosmology and philosophy which is at the heart of Chinese cultural beliefs.

Founder/teacher of taoism.

123. Confucianism

an East Asian ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of Confucius.

record of speeches by Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held.

125. K'ung Fu-tzu (Confucius)

Teacher/founder of Confucianism.

126. Mandate of Heaven

blessing of Heaven and that if a king ruled unwisely, Heaven would be displeased and would give the blessing to someone else.

127. Judeo-Christian tradition

body of concepts and values which are thought to be held in common by Christianity and Judaism, and typically considered a fundamental basis for Western legal codes and moral values.

128. Jesus of Nazareth

129. the Bible (Old and New Testament)

Holy text of Christianity.

130. Crucifixion and Resurrection (Easter)

Died on Good Friday, resurrected on Easter Sunday.

131. Peter and Paul

Main disciples of Jesus; carried on teaching after death.

132. Constantine and the Edict of Milan

Outlawed/killed people practising christianity.

133. Saint Augustine

saint and the pre-eminent Doctor of the Church according to Roman Catholicism, and is considered by Evangelical Protestants to be (together with the Apostle Paul) the theological fountainhead of the Reformation teaching on salvation and grace

134. Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism (Great Schism of 1054)

reflecting its claim to be the preserver of the original Christian traditions as well as those established by the church during the first 1000 years of its existence; maintain a belief that their episcopate can be traced directly back to the Apostles

135. Islam (the Qur'ran)

"the submission to God" is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the world's second largest religion.

God's name in Islam.

Last prophet of God.

The city is revered as the holiest site of Islam, and a pilgrimage to it is required of all Muslims who can afford to go

building located inside the mosque known as Masjid al Haram in Mecca (Makkah). The mosque has been built around it. It's is the holiest place in Islam.

140. Medina (the Hegira)

the second holiest city of Islam, after Mecca. Its importance as a religious site derives from the presence there of the Shrine of the Prophet Mohammad by Masjid al-Nabawi or the Mosque of the Prophet

141. Sunni versus Shiite

The first major sect believe this process was conducted in a fair and proper manner and accept Abu Bakr as a righteous and rightful Caliph. The second major sect, believe that the Prophet had appointed his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor years earlier during an announcement at Ghadir Khom.

school of esoteric philosophy in Islam, which is based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as a definite goal to attain. In modern language it might also be referred to as Islamic spirituality or Islamic mysticism.

The Sunni dynasty that overthrew the Umayyads as caliphs (750 C.E.)

The first caliph; one of Muhammad's earliest followers and closest friends (632-634 C.E.)

The 4th caliph; the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad who was meant to be the original successor of Muhammad but was too young. Caused warfare between the Sunnis and Shi'a for not punnishing the murderer of the 3rd caliph, Uthman

Kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; defeated kingdom of Kush around 300 B.C.E. and succeeded by Ethiopia. Received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity

Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphone

148. Battle of Tours

Charles Martel, the Frankish Leader went against an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman; the Islamic army was defeated and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The battle stopped the northward advancement from Spain (October 25, 732)

A powerful city-state formed around the 14th century; was not relatively influence by the Europeans despite coming into contact with the Portuguese'; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century

A dynasty in Spain which launced a seiries of reforms aimed at strengthening the state and its economy; influenced Charless III (18th century)

Dutch equivalence of bourgeoisie; the middle class

152. Byzantine Empire

Eastern Half of Roman Empire following collapse of western half of old empire; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; capital at Constantinople

Political and religious successors to Muhammad

154. Carolingian Dynasty

Royal house of franks that succeeded the Merovingian dynasty; most prominent member was Charlemagne (8-10th century)

Social status or position conferred by a system based on class in India

156. Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany

157. Charles Martel (Charles the "Hammer")

led the the Battle of Tours and saved Europe from the Islamic expansion. (732 C.E.)

158. Chichen Itza

Originally a Mayan city; conquered by the Toltecs (1000 C.E)

159. Code of Bushido

Way of the Warrior for Japanese samurais; defined service and conduct appropriate to their status (Formulated 14th century)

160. Code of chivalry

Social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages; associated with ideals of knightly virtues, honour and of courtly love; came to known as 'gentlemanly conduct.'

series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims (temporarily succeeded in capturing Jersalem and establishing Christian kingdoms)

male monarch/emperor of Russia

warlord rulers of 300 small kingdoms following Onin War and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate

164. Dome of the Rock

Islamic shrine in Jerusalem; believed to be the site where Muhammed ascended to Heaven

a family/group that maintains power for several generations

166. Eleanor of Aquitaine

Queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; married Henry II that marriage was annulled and became Queen of England during 1152-1204

167. Emperor Xuanzong

Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty; encouraged overexpansion (reigned 713-755)

marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World

system where lords provided protection/aid to serfs in return for labor

170.obligatory religious duties of all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer (5 times a day facing Mecca), fasting during Ramadan, zakat (tax for charity), and the hajj (pilgrimage)

Five Pillars of Islam

a group of Germanic tribes in the early Christian era; spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire

172. Genghis Khan

from 1206 khagan of all Mongol tribes; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China and territories as far west as the Abbasid regions (1170s - 1227)

173. Golden Horde

one of four subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan's death; territory covered much of present south-central Russia

174. Hagia Sophia

large church constructed in Constantinople during the reign of Justinian

175. Hanseatic League

organization of cities in N. Germany/Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance

any opinions/doctrines at variance with the established or orthodox position; beliefs that reject the orthodox tenets of a religion

177. Holy Roman Empire

a continuation of the Roman Empire in central-western Europe (at least, loosely organized/modeled on it)

nomadic Mongol tribes

179. Hundred Years' War

(1337 - 1453), confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars(aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture

Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various Andean cultures. Term also used for leader of empire

181. Inquisition

An investigation; A tribunal formerly held in the Roman Catholic Church and directed at the suppression of heresy

182. Interregnum

The interval of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of a successor

Major world religion originating in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; literally meaning submission; based o prophecy of Muhammad

184. Ivan the Terrible ( Ivan IV)

confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture

185. Joan of Arc

A French military leader of the fifteenth century, a national heroine who at the age of seventeen took up arms to establish the rightful king on the French throne. She claimed to have heard God speak to her in voices. These claims eventually led to her trial for heresy and her execution by burning at the stake. She is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church

Eastern Roman emperor 527-565 CE; tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman law

187. Justinian Code

Compilation of Roman law

188. King Clovis

Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity C. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom

189. King Hugh Capet

king of France (987-96), first of the Capetians; he gave away much of his land to secure the dynasty. He spent much of his reign fighting Charles and later became involved in a controversy with the papacy—unsettled at his death—over deposition of the Carolingian archbishop of Reims; son of Hugh the Great

190. Kublai Khan

commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271; Grandson of Chinggis Khan

An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile C 100 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries

192. Machu Picchu

An ancient Inca fortress city in the Andes northwest of Cuzco, Peru

193. Magna Carta

Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy

A Hungarian ethnic group

Country of western Africa; During the Middle Ages, It formed a huge territorial empire, noted as a center of Islamic study and as a trade route for gold. Its center was Timbuktu

The district over which a lord had domain and could exercise certain rights and privileges in medieval western Europe

197. Mansa Musa

African King who made pilgrimage to Mecca, and gave out so much gold, that worth of gold dropped rapidly

198. Marco Polo

A Venetian trader that went and learned about China under Kublai Khan

People occupying the Eastern third of Mesoamerica, particularly the Yucatan Peninsula

Religious Center of Islam, where Muslims pray towards, controlled by Umayyad

Great trading center where Muhammad fed to and solved their civil war

202. Mesoamerica

the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus

203. Middle Ages

formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three 'ages': the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times

Succeeded Mongol Yuan in 1360 lasted till 1644, characterized by great trade expeditions that were withdrawn

The prophet of Islam: born in 570 in clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca

Central asian nomadic people; spread all over asia and Europe spreading their empire while pillaging

People who believe and follow the Islamic religion

208. Oral literature

corresponds in the sphere of the spoken word to literature as literature operates in the domain of the written word

209. Orthodox Christianity

a generalized reference to the Eastern traditions of Christianity, as opposed to the Western traditions which descend from the Roman Catholic Church

210. Otto the Great

King of the Germans and arguably the first Holy Roman Emperor

Agricultural worker that works land they own or rented

Mayor of the Palace of the whole Frankish kingdom (both Austrasia and Neustria), and later King of the Franks; born 714; died at St. Denis, 24 September, 768. He was the son of Charles Martel

in Rome had top authority, while regional churches had bishops

214. Pope Innocent III

Supported Otto, believing Otto will give church back power but Otto betrayed and seized church's land and distributed among vassals

215. Primogeniture

an exclusive right of inheritance belonging to the eldest son

216. Prince Shotoku

Important Japanese regent and scholar of the Asuka period... promoted Buddhism and Confucianism, reinstituted embassies to China, and adopted the Chinese calendar and court ranks

217. Queen Isabella

queen of Castile (1474-1504) and of Aragon (1479-1504), ruling the two kingdoms jointly from 1479 with her husband, Ferdinand II of Aragon (Ferdinand V of Castile). Their rule effected the permanent union of Spain and the beginning of an overseas empire in the New World, led by Christopher Columbus

system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system...could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records

the holy book of Islam... recitations of revelations received by Muhammad

220. Scholasticism

dominant medieval philosophical approach... based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems

peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages

military leaders of the bakufu

223. Shogunate (bakufu)

military government in 12th century Japan... established by the Minamoto after the Gempei Wars... retained emperor but real power resided in military government and samurai

Chinese dynasty that united the entire country until 1127 and the southern portion until 1279, during which time northern China was controlled by the Juchen tribes

225. Spanish Inquisition

In the Middle Ages, a judicial procedure that was used to combat heresy... in Spain, authorized by Sixtus IV in 1478; the pope later tried to limit its powers but was opposed by the Spanish crown...the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada was responsible for burning about 2,000 heretics at the stake

a missionary sent by the Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans... converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity...responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic

mystics within Islam... responsible for expansion of Islam in southeastern Asia

228. Sunni/Shia

political and theological division within Islam... followers of the Umayyads

Chinese emperor who overthrew the Hsia dynasty and founded the Shang dynasty

230. Taika Reforms

attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese- style emperor...also tried to make a professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army

dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 C.E... more stable than the previous dynasty

Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state

233. Temple of the Sun

Inca Religious center located at Cuzco

234. Tenochtitlan

center of Aztec power, founded on marshy island in Lake Texcoco

235. Thomas Aquinas

Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God

A ruined Mayan city of northern Guatemala. It was the largest of the Mayan cities and may also be the oldest

237. Timur Lang

leader of Turkic nomads - last Mongol nomad

238. Timur the Lame

name given to Timur Lang

239. Treaty of Verdun

the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious divided his territories, the Carolingian Empire, into three kingdoms 843

powerful Muslim family

members of military elite who received land or benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty

242. Viking/Norse

Scandinavian raiders

Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev - converted kingdom to Christianity

244. William the Conqueror

Invaded England, was Duke of Normandie, and created a centralized feudal system

Empress in China; supported Buddhism

246. provincial leaders

Regional Rulers

religious leaders - traditional leanings in Islamic Empire

is an Arabic word meaning " striving in the way of God", but it is often translated as "holy war". Refer to an armed struggle fought in the defense of Islam to please Allah

Nomadic Arabs who originally inhabited desert areas of the Middle East and northern Africa and later began to move to other parts of the region

The Medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the Maghreb. They captured Spain in 700s, and were expelled from Spain in 1492

The Jews whose traditions and culture originate from the Mediteranean, including Spain and Portugal

253. Christian monks

clergy of Christianity, spread the religion

254. ideographic

A type of character representation in which characters do not represent pronunciation alone, but are also related to the component meanings of words

255. Cyrillic alphabet

an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages

256. Hagia Sofia

It is a 6th century masterpiece of Byzantine architecture in Istanbul; built as a Christian church by Justinian, converted to a mosque in 1453, and made into a museum in the middle of the 20th century

257. woodblock printing

It is a technique for printing used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China sometime between the mid-6th and late 9th centuries

Ornament or surface decoration with intricate curves and flowing lines based on plant forms

an instrument that was used to determine the altitude of objects (like the sun) in the sky. It was first used around 200 BC by astronomers in Greece. It was replaced by the sextant

260. Arabic numerals

A written number system created during the Gupta golden age in India, then adopted by the Islamic Empire before spreading further. Most familiar numeral style (1,2,3, etc.,) used on clock and watch dials

a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith

A tower attached to a mosque, used for call to prayer

a common structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere

In architecture and structural engineering, a column is that part of a structure whose purpose is to transmit through compression the weight of the structure

265. vernacular languages

the native language of a particular locality

266. polyphonic music

Music in which two or more melodies sound simultaneously

267. Romanesque

A style of European architecture prevalent from the ninth to the twelfth centuries, with round arches and barrel vaults influenced by Roman architecture and characterized by heavy stone construction

Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist. He was the author of 450 books on a wide range of subjects. Many of these concentrated on philosophy and medicine. He is considered by many to be "the father of modern medicine"

A Persian Philosopher who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine, chemistry (alchemy) and philosophy. (865-925)

270. Al Khwarizmi

Persian scientist, mathematician, astronomer/astrologer, and author. He is often cited as "the father of algebra", which was named after a part of the title of his book, Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala, along with the algorism number system

131. Omar Khayyam

He was famous during his lifetime as a mathematician and astronomer who calculated how to correct the Persian calendar. he objected to the notion that every particular event and phenomenon was the result of divine intervention; nor did he believe in any Judgement Day or rewards and punishments after life. Instead he supported the view that laws of nature explained all phenomena of observed life

272. Rubaiyat in Persian

is a common shorthand name for the collection of Persian verses known more formally as tthat of Omar Khayyam. In fact, it (a plural word derived from the arabic root meaning 'four') means "quatrains" in the Persian language

Chinese poet living in Tang Dynasty . He is best known for the extravagant imagination and striking Taoist imagery in his poetry, as well as for his great love for liquor. He is said to have drowned in the Yangtze River, having fallen from his boat while drunkenly trying to embrace (the reflection of) the moon

from the Greek ortho ('right', 'correct') and doxa ('thought', 'teaching'), is typically used to refer to the correct theological or doctrinal observance of religion, as determined by some overseeing body. Each is headed by a bishop; most are related to a specific country, as in Serbian, Russian and Greek Orthodox

275. Conservative

Person who generally likes to uphold current conditions and oppose changes; religious movement whose position lies between the Orthodox and Reform

Traditions of the prophet Mohammad that played a critical role in Islamic law and rituals; recorded by women

In Christian theology, legalism is belief, stated or supposedly implied, that law, not faith, is the pre-eminent principle of redemption

Religion of early Japanese culture; devotes worshipped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world; offers of food and prayer made to gods and nature spirits

279. Tao Te Ching

The Way of Changes, a Chinese classic written by Lao Tzu around the 3rd century BC It is the fundamental text of Taoism

280. Thousand and One Nights

Arabian Nights' Entertainment: a collection of folktales in Arabic dating from the 10th century

281. Great Schism

Divide of the Christian church whereby for a time there were two popes

a man who rules a family, clan or tribe

283. Greek Orthodox Church

The state church of Greece, an autonomous part of the Eastern Orthodox Church

284. Roman Catholic Church

The Christian church characterized by an episcopal hierarchy with the pope as its head and belief in seven sacraments and the authority of tradition

A Bantu language of the coast and islands of eastern Africa from Somalia to Mozambique

Southern port with gold produced in the interior, controlled by Kilwa

Town on W African coast, wealthy & beautiful town , access to gold (Sofala) and most southern ship stop

winds from the southwest or south that brings heavy rainfall to southern Asia in the summer - method by which Arab merchants travelled

number of trade routes from East Asia to Eastern Europe, one of the trade commodities was silk

non-arab converts to Islam

291. Mali Empire

model of Islamicized (reinforced kingship) Sudanic kingdoms, Malinke merchants traded throughout W Africa

292. Songhay Empire

successor to Mali empire, fusion of Islam, pagan, took over Niger valley, dominant in area until Muslims with muskets

Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca

294. scholar gentry

elite, educated bureaucrats who ran the centralized gov't pf China

295. Ibn Battuta

Arab traveler/trader who commented on African traveling security, cities

296. Mansa Musa

African prince from Mali who gave out so much gold during a pilgrimage it devalued

297. Ibn Battuta

Arab traveler/trader who commented on African traveling security, cities

298. calligraphy

writing art form

299. monochrome

Either black or white

300. footbinding as metaphor

The societal restrictions imposed upon women as families became wealthier, women status lowered

301. interregnum

The interval of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of a successor

Japanese lord who wielded most power while the emperor was controlled

303. puppet emperor

Emperor with no real power. In Japan, the shogun (who acted in the name of the emperor) had all the major power

304. Taika reforms

Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor

An aristocratic lineage group of prehistoric origin (for example, the Fujiwara, the Taira)

306. warlordism

A military commander exercising civil power in a region, whether in nominal allegiance to the national government or in defiance of it

307. imperial bureaucracy

system to run centralized gov't, comprised of educated scholar-gentry

Prophet who spread the Islamic religion. Born in 570, received revelations from Allah in 610, before passing away in 630

Political, religious and militaristic leader of Islam

The fourth caliph or successor of Muhammad. He was also the Prophet's cousin. He is revered by Shi'a Muslims as the rightful first caliph

171. Yuan dynasty

also called the Mongol Dynasty. Period of Kublai Kahn and the Mongols dominance over China; 1271 to 1368

Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders. Played major roles in the Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula

Device used to determine geographic direction

A calculator that performs arithmetic functions by manually sliding counters on rods

315. movable type

invented in China in the mid-eleventh century. Individual characters made of fired clay were assembled and glued onto a plate to create a printing block. Introduced in Europe in the 15th century

316. landscape painting

Popular artistic style in China during the Tang-Song era. Previously popular Buddhist themes are pushed away by the new scholar-gentry classes interest in nature's beauty

317. currency-based economy

Unified monetary and banking systems are present in the economy

318. new strains of rice

new strains of rice - led to population growth in Asia

319. Prince Shotoku

Prince of Japan. When young, received Buddhist influences from relatives that were affected by Paekche and Kokuryo Buddhisms. Established an official rank system (based on Chinese and Korean official rank system) and a constitution (stressed the acceptable behaviors of the people) and spread Buddhism around Japan

320. Yamato clan

Gained control of the nation over other rival clans around 400 CE. Established an imperial court similar to that of China in 700 CE

321. compatibility of Chinese values

Both Confucianism and Daoism co-existed and were patronized side by side, C providing guidelines, and D satifying spiritual need

322. sedentary agriculture

Where farming occurs in one place, repeatedly, opposed to shifting cultivation

323. shifting cultivation

When farming occurs over several patches of land, rotatingly so that nutrients of the soil will not be depleted

324. pastoral nomadism

Herding animals while moving from place to place

Gathering food, usually nuts, berries, roots, etc

Relationship between lord and serfs where protection is exchanged for crops/labor

327. manorialism

Organization of rural economy and society by three classes of manors: a lord's own land, serf holdings, and free peasant land

Plots of land owned by a lord, little kingdoms

Subordinate who, in exchange for land, gives loyalty

330. reciprocal relationship

System where both parties benefit - such as feudalism in Europe - protection for labor

Japanese feudal military leaders, rough equivalent of Western knights

332. nation-states

Autonomous state with people sharing a common culture/history/language

333. absolute despotism

Where the ruler has complete authority/power

334. William the Conqueror

Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and conquered it

335. jury system

Judgment whereby there is a trial and people witnessing the trial deciding the guilt/innocence of a person

Younger brother of King Richard, & bad king of England basically

337. Magna Carta

Nobles fed up with King John made him sign Great Charter that made sure king got approval of aristocracy before imposing taxes, etc, limited king's power

338. Parliament

Beginning in England with a House of lords (aristocracy) and House of Commons (rich merchants) governing legislative body

339. power of the purse

the power to raise and spend money

340. Hugh Capets

After the death of Louis, requested the crown of France from the archbishop of Reims and the upper nobility,, the son of Hugh the Great

"Lion prince"; member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died in 1260

Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River

343. Louis IX (Saint Louis)

king of France (1226-70), son and successor of Louis VIII, 1214-70

344. centralized monarchy

a monarchy whose rule included concentrated far-reaching power

345. Renaissance

Cultural and political movement in Western Europe; began in Italy 1400 CE, rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; combined art and literature with more secular views

Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world

Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal abstract form of government abstract principles

Conservative Roman senator; stoic philosopher; one of the greatest orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar

focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular to the study of ancient languages

350. scholasticism

dominant medieval philosophy approach; base in the schools and universities; use of logic to resolve theological problems

351. Byzantine Empire

Easter half of the Roman Empire following collapse of western half of the old empire; retained Mediterranean culture; capital at Constantinople

352. iconoclastic controversy

religious controversy with the Byzantine Empire in the 8th century; emperor attempted to suppress veneration of icons

the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion

In France, its architecture is marked by papal history. Where the Palace of the Popes was built in the 14th century

355. Reformation

religious movement which made its appearance in Western Europe in the sixteenth century, and which, while ostensibly aiming at an internal renewal of the Church, really led to a great revolt against it, and an abandonment of the principal Christian beliefs

356. Counter-reformation (Catholic Reformation)

a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism

357. Charlemagne

king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814)

358. Eleanor of Aquitaine

queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; that marriage was annulled in 1152 and she then married Henry II and became Queen of England (1122-1204)

The focus on humankind as the center o intellectual and artistic endeavor

A culture originating in Scandinavia (now Norway, Denmark and Sweden) around the mid-8th century AD They were fierce conquerors, brave explorers, and skilled craftspeople; they invaded and settled countries throughout Western Europe

361. Code of chivalry

The collective term for the social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages. It was based on brave, courteous and honourable behaviour - what came to be known as 'gentlemanly conduct.'

362. Code of the samurai

Also called bushi-do, which literally means "road of the warrior."; Based on principles of loyalty, courage and honor

363. Demesne land

The part of the lord's manorial lands reserved for his own use and not allocated to his serfs or freeholder tenants. Serfs worked the demesne for a specified numbers of days a week

Western European trade associations, grew strongly in the 12th and 13th centuries to protect and promote trade groups

365. Gothic architecture

A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries; characterized by slender vertical piers and counterbalancing buttresses and by vaulting and pointed arches

366. Hanseatic League

a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas; formed in 1241 and most influential in the 14th century when it included over 100 towns and functioned as an independent political power; the last official assembly was held in 1669

A prohibition by the pope that can deprive individual persons, groups, communities and even nations of all priestly ministry. Thus, they no longer had access to the sacraments of the church

369. Inquisition

An investigation or inquiry of an official or judicial nature; in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Catholic church conducted rigorous tribunals to identify and suppress heresy and punish heretics. These were especially severe in Spain with the investigation of Jews in the late- 15th century

370. Monasticism, importance of

the ancient style of vowed religious life which typically includes community, prayer, common worship, silence, and labour. It is governed by a monastic rule, or way of life, which involves a choice to live apart from society and the world, and so to witness in a radical way to Jesus Christ

371. Northern Renaissance

Flemish, dutch art focus

372. High Renaissance

later period of the Renaissance, Italy big, Hellenistic influence

373. Papal States

group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 - 1870

374. Russian Orthodox Church

conservative branch of Christianity that developed in Russia with Byyzantine cue

375. Perspective in art

development in the Renaissance that included realistic three-dimensional perspective

one of a class of feudal serfs, that held legal status of freedom in dealings with people except their lord

377. Seljuk Turks

major branch of the Oghuz turks, ruled parts of central asia and middle east (11-14 centuries)

378. Ottoman Turks

ethnic subdivision of Turkish people, who dominated ruling class of the ottoman empire

Islamic title, used for rulers of the muslim country

series of military campaigns, where roman catholics tried to capture "holy land" from muslims, some were in Europe

term used to describe 400 diff enthnic groups in Africa, Cameroon to south Africa, which were untied by a common language

country where Bantu people began migrating into, linked to the establishment of trade ties with muslim merchants on Indian ocean (bout 10th century) trading natural resources such as gold, ivory, copper for cloth and glass

Arabic word for "owned", slave soldiers used by muslim caliphs and the ottoman empire

name applied to the Turkic ppl of eastern Europe and central asia, derived from a Mongolian tribe that inhabited present northeast Mongolia in 5th centrury AD

385. Genghis Khan

successful military leader, united mongol tribes, was the founder of the mongol empire (1206-1368)

region ruled under a khan, divided kingdoms under the mongol empire

387. Golden Horde

a state established in Russia, one of the four kingdoms in the mongol empire

nomadic Turkic people from central asia, many converted to Judaism, basically wandering people, allies of Byzantine empire and sassanid empire

389. Kievan Russia

early east Slavic state, dominated by city of kiev

390. city-states

a sovereign state consisting of an independent city and its surrounding territory

391. national identity

distinguishing features of a group, to individual's sense to belong in it

392. Balkan Peninsula

geographic name used to describe southern Europe, as it was surrounded by the Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean...seas from southwest , south and southeast

a vast semiarid grass-covered plain, found in southeast Europe and Mongolia

394. bubonic plague

A highly contagious disease, that was fatal and otherwise known as the disease spread in Asia and Europe in 1347-1351 by the Chinese and Mongols

395. Black Death (Black Plague)

wiped out approximately 25 million people in Europe, or 25% of it's population

a narrow strait separating European and Asian Turkey and joining the Black Sea with the Marmara Sea; also an important trade route

397. Dardanelles

a straight connecting the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara

398. Mesoamerica

known as the strip from Mexico to Midwestern United States and Canada, where the native Americans have inhabited over time

A native American group of people that lived in Central America

a member of a Nahuatl-speaking people of central and southern Mexico whose empire flourished from the 10th century under invasion by the Aztes in the 12th Century

401. Quetzalcoatl

A god of the Toltecs and Aztecs, one of the manifestation of the sun god Tezcatlipoca and represented as a plumed serpent

402. priest-scholars

the higher class people of the native American societies, that controlled the government along with the grand leader

403. differentiated labor

labor shared amongst the peasant class

404. ceremonial centers

Temples, places of Sacrifice

405. moundsbuilders

in Mississippi region of N. America, civilizations found that created moundlike temples of dirt

A solid figure with a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet a common point, a religious burial temple

A member of the group of Quechuan peoples of highland Peru who established an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest

408. Hillside terracing

method growing rice in bulk

A record-keeping device of the Inca empire consisting of a series of variously colored strings attached to a base rope and knotted so as to encode information, used especially for accounting purposes

The sacrificing to the gods or the offering and payments to the leaders and/or owners of the land

capital of the Toltec people, established around 968 CE

412. Aztec Empire

powerful Indian empire founded on Lake Texcoco (Mexico)

413. Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer who defeated the Aztec Empire and brought most of Mexico under Spanish control

emperor of the Aztecs who saw his empire defeated by the Spanish

415. Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquerer who defeated the Incan Empire of Peru from 1535-1540

the 13th and last emperor of the Incan Empire

capital city of the Incan Empire

418. Teotihuacan

city founded by the Aztecs in 1325

419. Acculturation

the obtainment of culture by an individual or a group of people

Aztec clans that distributed land and provided labor and warriors

a system of government where a single authority rules with absolute power

military government established by the Minamoto, a powerful Japanese clan in 1185

Japanese warrior leaders tasked with law and order, public infrastructure, tax collection, and organizing an army

Japanese warrior code of conduct, similar to the chivalry system in Europe

Korean and Japanese pottery with a light green glaze

Warlord rulers who divided Japan into 300 little kingdoms

427. Gempei Wars

five year war fought between two of Japan's powerful families, the Taira and the Minamoto

formal recognition of the Chinese emperor's authority, where representatives from tribute states would present gifts and engage in a formal bowing ceremony

429. Neo-Confucianism

a response by the Confucians to the dominance of the Daoists and Buddhists, severe Confucianism

ritual suicide/disembowelment in Japan (hara-kiri); demonstrating courage and restoring family honor

431. tea ceremony

Japanese ceremony with Chinese influences symbolizing tranquility

433. Battle of Tours

Charles Martel, the Frankish Leader went against an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman; the Islamic army was defeated and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The battle stopped the northward advancement from Spain (October 25, 732)

434. Five Pillars

religious duties of Muslims (confession of faith, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, hajj)

living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household

Mohammad's flight from Mecca to Medina

Islamic shrine in Mecca; focus of annual truce among Bedouin tribes

438. People of the Book

(dhimmi) Christians and Jews who shared the Bible with Muslims, could be taxed by Muslims

Islamic month of fasting from dawn to sunset

community of the faithful within Islam; creating political unity

bligatory tax for Muslims used for charity

A landed estate granted in feudal tenure.

444. excommunication

banishment from certain religion & Church

445. investiture

The act or formal ceremony of conferring the authority and symbols of a high office (there was investiture controversy - who got to do it)

relating to the Middle Ages

447. Middle Ages

Time period between the postclassical era and the renaissance. Consists of Dark Ages and the High Middle Ages, in which the latter saw an improvement in trade, economy, and lives of peasants.

448. moldboard plow

plow invented during the Middle Ages to improve farming effeciency

a social category based on age, within a series of such categories, through which individuals pass over the course of their lives. This is in contrast to an age set, to which individuals remain permanently attached as the set itself becomes progressively more senior.

450. Austronesian

a large language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia.

a small, highly maneuverable, three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish for long voyages of exploration beginning in the 15th century

West African poet, praise singer, and wandering musician, considered a repository of oral tradition

a legendary typhoon said to have saved Japan from a Mongol invasion fleet in 1281. In Japanese, the word is used only for this typhoon

455. lateen sail

a triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast, and running in a fore-and-aft direction. Adopted in the Late Middle Ages, and Europeans were able to sail out of the Mediterranean

456. Malay sailors a lot

traded and interacted with other Southeast Asian societies a lot

indigenous people of New Zealand

458. metropolitan

a big city with a large population

459. Middle Kingdom

What China called itself. Idea of ethnocentrism by the Chinese

460. Ming dynasty

Dynasy after Yuan founded by Zhu Yuanjhan

461. Mongol Peace

Pax Mongolica - Mongols brought peace to almost the entire Asian continent because they tolerated and encouraged diversity, especially religions

462. stateless society

an ethnic group not represented by its own unique, coterminous state

463. steppe diplomacy

institution that the Mongols employed to all empires under its control. Paying tribute was one aspect of it

464. syncretism

attempt to merge disparate traditions or practices and combine them with another tradition. (religion also)

A native American culture flourishing in southern Colorado and Utah and northern New Mexico and Arizona

the basic political unit of pre-Inca and Inca life; core of extended families but nno non-related members were included

political grouping of the chimu culture that ruled the northern coast of Peru, from 850-1470

known as floating gardens, small, rectangle-shapes area of fertile arable land used for agriculture in the Xochimilco region of the Basin of Mexico

what we know today as Mexicans

470. Mississippians

People of the Mississippi plains

Mandatory public service by society in ancient South America. During the Inca empire, public service was required in public works projects such as the building of road and military services

472. parallel descent

The area southward of Mexico

the language of the Inca empire, now spoken in the Andes highlands from southern Colombia to Chile

founded Mughal Dynasty of India

greatest ruler of Mughal Dynasty - religious tolerance - created Din-i-Ilahi ("Faith of the Divine"), combo of Hindu, Islam, Christianity patron of the arts/literature

Indian Mughal ruler - tried (not successfully) to expand frontier - built Taj Mahal

Holy Roman Emperor - heritage from German Hapsburgs, Burgundy, Spanish heritage - united empires

478. conquistador

Spanish soldiers, explorers, adventurers who spread across Americas

479. Henry of Navarre

First French monarch - Bourbon dynasty - religious tolerance for Protestant minority - Edict of Nantes - cared about welfare of people

daimyo that unified Japan, only samurai class carry weapons - replaced by Tokugawa

481. Ivan the Great

quadrulpled size of Russia, made Moscow impressive capital of Third Roman Empire, laid foundation for Russian aristocracy, longest rule

"Sun King" - did he say "I am the state" - longest rule in Europe - made France absolute monarchy, increased France's powers through foreign wars, built Versailles, symbol of European absolutism

483. Prince Henry the Navigator

Pushed Portugues efforts to explore African sea route to Asia

484. Oliver Cromwell

British military leader - based on meritocracy - though a military dictator, England became first Republic

masterless samurai between 1180-1868

started religion - Sikhism - unique view of world through one God - Ten Sikh gurus - Northern India

487. Suleiman I

Ruler of Ottoman Empire - same time as Charles V - fair ruler/expanded holdings, reconstructed legal system

15th century - great king of Songhai Empire in sub-Saharan Africa - controlled Timbuktu - surpassed Mali Empire

489. Guinea states

States in West Africa known for gold and African slave labor

490. Indo-Gangetic Plain

a rich, fertile and ancient land encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh.

Coalition of Catholic states navy defeats Ottoman Empire's navy - signals beginning of W. European/Spain/Portuguese dominance of Mediterranean and beyond- 1571

492. Act of Toleration

British law granting tolerance to minority faiths - ends generations of bloodshed- 1689

493. Capitalism

economic system where government stays out of companies choices, market - supply/demand determine product, goal is to make profit to reinvest in company

494. Entrepreneur

person who starts up company to compete in capitalist system, must secure capital from financing - bank/currency system useful

495. joint stock company

W. European financial company with capital from investors, used to make a profit - precursor to corporation

496. Dutch East India Company

Trading corporation for Netherlands - controlled markets and resources of colonies

497. British East India Company

Controlled trade for Britain - became even stronger than some governments - controlled markets and resources

498. Treaty of Tordesillas

Pope divides Latin America between Portugal and Spain - Brazil - Portuguese, Spain - everywhere else

In France, initially political bodies responsible for recording laws/edicts - eventually pushed power by not recording edicts they didn't agree with

exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, and music. The style started around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe

501. Elizabeth I

England monarch 1558-1603, ruled under religious turmoil, Elizabethan Age - golden age of England - Shakespeare, encouraged colonization, didn't give out nobility

502. John Calvin

belief in predestination - anti-witches - Calvinism

503. English Enlightenment

England reduces power of monarchy through overthrow of Cromwell, Glorious Revolution, English Bill of Rights, and writing by John Locke and Thomas Hobbes - 1649-1690

504. Footbinding

began Tang Dynasy - 700, eventually spread to all classes, feet bound on girls at 6 years old, status symbol - only rich could afford to do it, symbol of femininity - women willing to go through pain for appearance - see high heel shoes

Protestants living in Catholic France - minority - often persecuted

506. Italian Renaissance

rebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion

footsoldiers of the Pope, Society of Jesus, branch of Catholicism after Reformation, focused on educational/universities, missionary work and social justice

508. Northern Renaissance

spread to Nothern Europe - literature, art - blended human form w/ religion - literature/arts in vernacular for the masses

509. Philosophes

French Enlightened thinkers who tried to explain society/human nature - led to Enlightenment

Sect of Protestants in England who dismiss Anglican church, want pure form of Christianity based on Bible, predestination, kicked out to New England - known in the US as Pilgrims

This style of art emerged in France in the early 18th century as a continuation of the Baroque style, but in contrast to the heavier themes and darker colors of the Baroque, it was characterized by an opulence, grace, playfulness, and lightness. Its motifs focused on the carefree aristocratic life and on lighthearted romance rather than heroic battles or religious figures

512. Architecture of the Renaissance

architecture based on mathematical precision, columns, domes, geometrically perfect designs, revival of Roman architecture

belief that God stays out of our daily lives - he's a big clockmaker who started the universe, gave us everything we need, and then just watches

514. Patronage of the arts

Catholic Church and rich families paid artists to decorate walls/architecture/fountains/doors

515. Printing Press

Gutenberg - led to increased literacy, writing in vernacular, takes power from the Church monopoly on literacy

516. absolute monarchy

heriditary leadership that controls executive, legislative, judicial decisions

member of the highest rank of the feudal Russian and Romanian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th through the 17th century

several peoples living in the southern steppe regions of Eastern Europe and Asiatic Russia, famous for their self-reliance and military skill, particularly horsemanship

Spanish/Portuguese born in Latin America - on class scale, step below those actually born in Spain/Portugal

system of collection of young boys from conquered Christian lands by the Ottoman sultans as a form or regular taxation in order to build a loyal slave army and class of administrators: the Janissaries, or other servants such as tellak

521. divine right

belief that God stays out of our daily lives - he's a big clockmaker who started the universe, gave us everything we need, European belief by monarchs, aristocracy that their right to rule was legitimized/sanctioned by God,I was born into a monarchy, I must deserve it

522. Dutch learning

Rangaku - method by which Japan kept abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period when the country was closed to foreigners, 1641-1853, because of the Tokugawa shogunate's policy of national isolation

523. encomienda

system of Spanish rule in Americas where Spanish landowners have right to forced labor for all indigenous people living on land grant

524. Enlightenment

attempt to apply logic from Scientific Revolution to human nature/government/economics

525. Estates-General

meeting of French governing body called to find way of bringing in more income to the state, backfires and leads to French Revolution

526. Glorious Revolution

overthrow of King James in England - 1688

527. Hagia Sophia

former Eastern Orthodox church converted to a mosque, now converted into a museum, in the Turkish city of Istanbul

528. Janissaries

Christian slave army that fought for Ottoman Empire - later developed monopoly on military and resisted technogical innovation

gold coin in Medieval Europe

530. mercantilism

economic system where colonies market and resources for the sole use of mother country

American that is half indigenous person, half European

532. Mughal dynasty

Muslim dynasty that ruled India

offspring of a European and an African

534. nation-state

a sovereign state of which most of the citizens or subjects are united also by factors which define a nation, such as language or common descent. Typically it is a unitary state with a single system of law and government. It is almost by definition a sovereign state, meaning that there is no external authority above the state itself.

535. parliamentary monarchy

attempt to control monarchy through parliament - first experiment in England - usually controlled budget which controlled/limited monarch

536. peninsulares

highest of Spanish colonial caste system - was a citizen born in the metropolitan part of the Spanish Empire. Also, they held high official power or positions.

practice of requiring women to cover their bodies so as to cover their skin and conceal their form, separates genders, some places more cultural than religious

538. Qing dynasty

a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by him ital city of Edo, now Tokyo based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by him. The warrior-caste of samurai were at the top, followed by farmers, artisans, and traders

539. Reconquista

reestablishment of Christian rather than Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula, taking place between 718 and 1492

540. sovereignty

right to exercise supreme political (e.g. legislative, judicial, and/or executive) authority over a geographic region, group of people, or oneself

finest example of Mughal architecture - Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned its construction as a mausoleum for his favorite wife, Arjumand Bano Begum, who is better known as Mumtaz Mahal

542. Tokugawa Shogunate

a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by him and ruled by the shoguns of the this family until 1868. This period is known as the Edo period and gets its name from the capital city of Edo, now Tokyo based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The warrior-caste of samurai were at the top, followed by farmers, artisans, and traders

543. viceroyalty

royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch - usually refers to method of colonial rule

small, highly maneuverable, three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish for long voyages of exploration beginning in the 15th century, due to size could explore up river

545. Columbian Exchange

Trade of Americas/Africa/Europeexchange of crops, disease, culture, peoples, pack animals - led to improved diets, massive immigration (some forced)

546. Northwest Passage

attempt to find water route through North America - none ever found - led to exploration of bays, rivers

547. Middle Passage

term given for sea voyage of African slaves on way to Latin America/Caribbean/North America - 25-50% would perish on trip

548. triangular trade

trade of African slaves to Caribbean, sugar to industrialized North U.S. and England, manufactured goods to Africa

549. Catholic Reformation - Counter Reformation

instead of transforming Catholic Church after Protestant Reformation (did get rid of indulgences), stop the spread of Protestantism, both by reforming the Catholic Church, and also by persecuting as heretical those deemed to go too far

550. commercial revolution

of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately 1520 until 1650. Voyages of discovery in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries allowed European powers to build vast networks of international trade, which in turn generating a great deal of wealth for them

551. empirical research

data needed to support logical views - theories made not what you believe, but what you can prove

552. excommunication

kicked out of the Church, threat made for those who had heretical views

553. Enlightenment

belief that logic, techniques used in Scientific Revolution could be applied to human behavior, government, economics - series of essays/novels - movement away from the Church

554. heliocentric theory

belief that earth rotates around the sun, contradicts geocentric view held for centuries, and by church that universe revolved around earth

555. indulgence

selling of passes out of pergatory into heaven to pay for Renaissance architecture/art in Rome, big complaint of Martin Luther

556. laissez-faire economics

belief that government should not control business - hands off - let market decide success/failure of a product

557. natural laws

belief that human interaction/rule of law is governed by a set of laws - similar to those found in nature like gravity

558. Nintey-Five Theses

complaints made by Martin Luther against Catholic Church - nailed to the church university door, started Protestant Reformation

559. predestination

belief that a long time ago, at the dawn of creation, all spirits/souls were predetermined on who was going to heaven, so...going to heaven not based on works/actions, but on God's choosing

560. Protestant Reformation

attempt to reform Church, leads to divide, creation of Protestant faiths that gain legitimacy from the Bible and not from the Church, not as ritualistic as the Church, Bibles written in vernacular, movement divided nations in Europe led to wars

561. Society of Jesus

Otherwise known as the Jesuits, Catholic response to Protestant Reformation - encouraged education, human rights

562. Martin Luther

priest that initiated Protestant Reformation, refused to renounce views, protected by German princes, also wanted clergy to be able to marry

563. Henry VIII

created Anglican Church, split from Catholic Church because Pope would annull marriage to women who couldn't produce male heir

564. Protestant doctrines

don't believe in holy trinity, only through Bible/faith in Christ can you go to heaven, priests can be married, don't take communion, don't answer to Pope

565. Saint Ignatius Loyola

Leader of Jesuits - pushed for universities, education, human rights

566. European religious wars

Following Reformation - European regions fought each other on whether to be Protestant or Catholic, stay Catholic, still pay taxes to Church, Church owns property, but traditional, princes/leaders would change minds & people would have to follow

567. Thirty Years War

principally on the territory of today's Germany, but also involving most of the major continental powers. It occurred for a number of reasons. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the self-preservation of the Habsburg dynasty was also a central motive, years 1618 and 1648

568. Enlightened monarchs/despots

monarchs embraced the principles of the Enlightenment, especially its emphasis upon rationality, and applied them to their kingdoms. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education

569. Maria Theresa and Joseph II

first and only female head of the Habsburg dynasty. She was Archduchess of Austria, and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia and ruler of other territories from 1740 until her death. She also became the Holy Roman Empress when her husband was elected Holy Roman Emperor. She was one of the so-called "enlightened despots" . She was one of the most powerful rulers of her time, ruling over much of central Europe.

570. Frederick the Great

a king of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty, reigning from 1740 to 1786. - enlightened monarch

571. Copernicus

provided the first modern formulation of a heliocentric (sun-centered) theory of the solar system

improvements to the telescope, a variety of astronomical observations, the first and second laws of motion, and effective support for Copernicanism. He has been referred to as the "father of modern astronomy", as the "father of modern physics", and as "father of science".

573. Sir Isaac Newton

By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from this system, he was the first to show that the motion of bodies on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws. The unifying and deterministic power of his laws was integral to the scientific revolution and the advancement of heliocentrism.

Enlightened thinker spoke out against the Church, corresponded with Enlightened Monarchs

575. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. His legacy as a radical and revolutionary is perhaps best demonstrated by his most famous line in The Social Contract: "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains."

576. class diversification in Europe

growth of middle class between aristocracy and peasantry

577. population growth and the Agricultural Revolution

need for more food for Industrialization/growing population (little disease, improving health/diet), improved technology, crop rotation, enclosure movement

578. Adam Smith

Wealth of Nations author, put forth foundation of capitalism - laissez faire, move away from mercantilism

579. proto-industrialization

16th century. The word was initially applied to cottage industries in the countryside. In spite of the opposition of urban guilds, rural residents were performing many industrial tasks.

581. Iberian wave of exploration

Portuguese and Spanish move across coast of Africa,exploring quickest route to India, starts wave of exploration, set up forts on islands on coast

582. Prince Henry the Navigator

sparks European interest in exploration, gave Portuguese a head start, known in English as the Seafarer (Portuguese: o Navegador). He promoted early Portuguese efforts to explore an African route to Asia

583. Christopher Columbus

"discoverer" of Americas, looking for shortcut/western route to East Indies - controversial character - treatment of indigenous people/African slave introduction vs. Columbian Exchange and starting new wave of exploration, starts era of European dominance

584. Ferdinand Magellan

led first attempt to circumnavigate the globe - 1521

585. colonization

need for markets, resources for industrializing nations - also needed precious metals to fuel Iberian Peninsula wealth, also Europeans emigrated due to lack of land, overpopulation, chance for new beginning

586. northern wave of exploration

France, England, Dutch explore North America set up independent colonies with direct ties to Western Europe, less role of the Catholic Church, greater political independence than Latin America, developed more diverse societies than monoculture of Latin America

587. Jacques Cartier

explorer popularly thought of as one of the major discoverers of Canada.

588. North American fur trade

Indians and French worked together, massive exporters of fur, beaverskin caps became rage in Europe, French colonized differently, mostly male-dominated initially along Mississippi

589. Henry Hudson

British explorer, Scandinvavia, Canada, and North Eastern Europe, looked for Northwest passage

590. New Amsterdam

17th century fortified settlement in the New Netherland territory (1614-1674), fortified trading center that later becomes New York City

regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Empire, and it is from him that its inhabitants, the Turks, called themselves Osmanli until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - 1299

certain Muslim rulers who claimed full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e. the lack of dependence on any higher ruler), without claiming the overall caliphate. It then developed some further meanings in certain contexts. The dynasty and lands ruled by it is called Sultanate

ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or Minister, often to a Muslim monarch such as a Caliph, Amir, Malik (king) or Sultan

officially known as Constantinople until 1930 when its name was changed. Due to its three-thousand-year old history it is considered as one of the oldest still existing cities of the world

first Ottoman ruler to claim the title of Caesar of the Roman Empire (supreme ruler of all Christians), besides such usual titles as King, Sultan (ruler of a Muslim state), Khan (ruler of Turks), etc. He made this claim after his conquest of Constantinople (1453), and assumption of that imperial regalia along with his own- 1480

596. millet system

method of working with religious minorities in Ottoman Empire - they had a great deal of power - they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. All that was insisted was loyalty to the Empire. When a member of one class committed a crime against a member of another, the law of the injured party applied, but the - ruling - Islamic majority being paramount, any dispute involving a Muslim fell under their sharia-based law

part of the household forbidden to male strangers. In Western languages such as English, this term refers collectively to the wives in a polygynous household as well as the "no-males allowed" area, or in more modern usage to a number of women followers or admirers of a man

598. Siege of Vienna

failed attempt by Ottoman Empire to invade Europe, ever since Europe had to fear/keep peace with Ottoman Empire - farthest Westward advance into Central Europe of the Ottoman Empire, and of all the clashes between the armies of Christianity and Islam might be signaled as the battle that finally stemmed the previously-unstoppable Turkish forces

599. Safavid Empire

native Iranian dynasty from Azarbaijan that ruled from 1501 to 1736, and which established Shi'a Islam as Iran's official religion and united its provinces under a single Iranian sovereignty, thereby reigniting the Persian identity and acting as a bridge to modern Iran

600. Abbas the Great

strongers leader of Safavid Empire, expanded trade w/ West - his reign, with its military successes and efficient administrative system, raised Iran to the status of a great power. He was a skilled diplomat, tolerant of his Christian subjects in Armenia

cultural/political center of Safavid Empire - 3rd largest city in Iran today

602. Ming dynasty

ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. It was the last ethnic Han-led dynasty in China - vast navy and army were built, including four-masted ships of 1,500 tons displacement in the former, and a standing army of one million troops. Over 100,000 tons of iron per year were produced in North China (roughly 1 kg per inhabitant), and many books were printed using movable type

603. Francis Xavier

pioneering Christian missionary and co-founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order). The Roman Catholic Church considers him to have converted more people to Christianity than anyone else since St. Paul

605. tea and Chinese trade with Europe

Portuguese discover it from China in 1560s, starts as drink of the wealthy, eventually supply increases, becomes part of daily life of Europe, dominates life

one of the greatest Chinese emperors in history. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Emperor of China in history, though it should be noted that having ascended the throne aged 8, he did not exercise much, if any control, over the empire, that role being fulfilled by his 4 guardians and his grandmother the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang

607. Ashikaga Shogunate

was a feudal military dictatorship ruled by the shoguns of the this family. most of the regional power still remained with the provincial daimyo, and the military power of the shogunate depended largely on their loyalty to the family. As the daimyo increasingly feuded among themselves in the pursuit of power, that loyalty grew increasingly strained, until it erupted into open warfare (1336-1573)

Civil War that entered into Warring States period - mass struggle of Daimyos, 1467-1477

609. reunification of Japan

accomplished by three strong daimyo who succeed each other: Oda Nobunaga (1543-1582), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598), and finally Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) who establishes the Tokugawa Shogunate, that governs for more than 250 years, following the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600

610. Oda Nobunaga

lived a life of continuous military conquest, to eventually conquer most of Japan before his untimely death in 1582

611. Toyotomi Hideyoshi

brought an end to the Sengoku period. He was also known for his invasion of Korea. He is noted for a number of cultural legacies, including the restriction that only members of the samurai class could bear arms

612. Delhi Shogunate

various Afghan dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526

613. Babur the Tiger

founded the Mughal dynasty of India. He was a direct descendant of Timur, and believed himself to be a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother

"ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until 1707. He was and is a very controversial figure in South Asian history, and is considered a tyrant by most Indians, Hindus, Sikhs, and other non-Muslims During his reign many Hindu temples were defaced and destroyed, and many non-Muslims (mostly Hindus) converted (widely believed forcibly) to Islam.

615. Askia Mohammed

king of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th century. He strengthened his country and made it the largest in West Africa's history. At its peak under him, the Songhai Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as Kano (in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Mali Empire in the west. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with Europe and Asia, the creation of many schools, and made Islam an integral part of the empire

616. gold trade in West and Central Africa

made inland nations rich, relied on slave trade and gold to increase wealth, stunted/slowed industrialization, made African nations dependent, needed to purchase European weapons to expand control of region

Leader of loosely run Ashanti confederacy in Africa - of firearms bought from European traders in exchange for gold and slaves he greatly expanded the power of the city-state

Name given to Dutch immigrants to South Africa, that eventually move inland, come into conflict with Zulus and British who later colonize

legalized separating of races in South Africa based on color - you're either white, colored or black

South African tribe led by Shaka Zulu that united tribes through warfare and then posed threat to Boers and British, one of few instances where non-Europeans able to defeat Europeans in battle

621. European and Arab domination of the East African-Indian Ocean trade network

Portugal and Islam dominated trade of trees, exotic animals, slaves to Arab world, back to Europe

622. Atlantic slave trade

purchase and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. It is sometimes called the Maafa by African Americans, meaning holocaust or great disaster in kiSwahili. The slaves were one element of a three-part economic cycle—the Triangular Trade and its infamous Middle Passage—which ultimately involved four continents, four centuries and the lives and fortunes of millions of people

623. sugar production and the slave trade

labor intensive, dangerous, spurred growth of Atlantic Slave trade to Caribbean/Latin America - numbers kept up through extensive trade, not through reproduction - males primarily brought over - overseers keep order violently, absentee landowners

624. Hernan Cortes

defeated Aztecs due to guns, germs, and steel

625. Francisco Pizarro

defeated Incas due to guns, germs, and steel and a gullible Montezuma

the name given to one of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire from 1525 to 1821 - today it is Central America, plus Mexico, plus Southwest United States

627. Spanish importation of smallpox and measles

Columbian exchange negative - immunity lacking in indigenous people - led to millions of deaths - huge demographic switch

628. Bartolome de Las Casas

demonized role of Spanish and Columbus in treatment of Native Americans

629. silver mining

forever altered world trade - became source of wealth for Portugal/Spain, currency for China, dominated resource of Mexico, extracted minerals from America and sent to Europe

630. Portuguese sugar production

Portuguese cultivated in Brazil 1532 - surpassed honey as primary sweetener

631. Peter Stuyvesant

last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664. He was a major figure in the early history of New York City

first British colony in future United States

633. Plymouth Rock

first British colony in New England - famous Pilgrims - became religious focused w/ semi-theocracy

634. Massachusetts Bay Colony

first British colony in New England - started as joint-stock company

635. French and Indian Wars

wars between England and France over land, secession, and power - end up being played out in North America - colonists and British vs. French and Indians - debt from these wars eventually leads to high British taxes which lead to American revolution

636. Russian-American Company

trading company that had monopoly over trade with Alaska

637. absolutism

A political theory that states all power should be held by one ruler

638. revolution

The overthrowing of 1 government and the replacement of it, by another

Government by people, represented by them or by elected representatives

640. mercantilism

The practice of merchants; commercialism

A political and economical system; relation of a vassal and its lord is characterized by homage and protection

642. aristocracy

The upper, noble and rich class

643. middle class

Between the upper and lower, they often face a stagnant economy, some education

Not bound by any religious faction

645. diplomatic

An arbitrator between 2 or more groups

646. conservative backlash

A retaliation from often strict religious groups

647. liberalizing elements

Elements needed to free a nation, people

648. democratizing elements

Elements needed for political freedom

649. exploration

The search of new borders and areas

650. colonization

The act of acquiring nations for the benefit of the mother nation's economy

651. unprecedented

Lacking previous experience of the sort

652. imperialism

A policy of extending a nation's powers through diplomacy or military practice

653. economic exploitation

The misuse, taking advantage of another, often more beneficial economy

654. Enlightenment

The use of reason to scrutinize humanitarian reforms

655. unification

The joining of two or more groups

656. industrialization

The growing or birth of production

657. imperialism

A policy of extending a nation's powers through diplomacy or military practice

658. Western Hemisphere

Often known as Western Europe or USA

659. nationalism

Devotion to the culture of a nation

The study of heredity improvement of the human race controlled by selective breeding

661. ethnocentrism

Belief in one's ethnic superiority

662. Social Darwinism

The belief that one achieves more than others by genetic or biological superiority

663. White Man's Burden/Rudyard Kipling

The belief that god asked Caucasians to enslave or take responsibility of the colored

664. Middle Kingdom

665. communication revolution

A change in the people communicate

666. urbanization

The change from rural to urban lifestyle

667. technology

Application of science, for commercial or industrial objectives

668. manufactured/finished goods

The completion of raw material

669. raw materials

Unfinished products, at its first stage

670. Atlantic World

The water ways, between continents

671. plantation system

The use of cotton gins and slaves for production

672. Monroe Doctrine

The proclamation that prevented European nations from colonizing in the Americas

673. foreign investment

Investing in other countries' economies

The initial amount of money to start a business

675. Ottoman Empire

Modern Day Turkey

676. domestic/putting out system

Working on pieces of a product at home and the finalizing and selling them in the marketplace

677. Tanzimat Reforms

Reorganization in the Ottoman Empire

678. extraterritoriality

Diplomatic jurisdiction, exempted from local jurisdiction

679. Suez Canal

Canal invested in by the US, located in Panama

680. Qing China

The last Chinese dynasty

The war that led Western imperialism in China

682. Opium Trade

The trade of illegal narcotics in China

A person in bondage or servitude

684. Commodore Perry

US Commodore who defeated British on Lake Erie

685. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The triangular slave trade- from Africa to Caribbean and then the Americas

686. mass production

The generating of produce in vast quantities

687. Capitalism

an evolving concept, which is derived from earlier European economic practices (Feudalism, Imperialism, Mercantilism). It is widely considered to be the dominant economic system in the world. There is continuing debate over the definition, nature, and scope of this system.

688. Enclosure movement

During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes

689. Second Agricultural Revolution

A period of technological change from the 1600s to mid-1900s beginning in Western Europe, beginning with preindustrial improvements like crop rotation and better horse collars, and concluding with industrial innovations to replace human labor with machines and to supplement natural fertilizers and pesticides with chemical ones.

690. Steam power

a heat engine that makes use of the thermal energy that exists in steam, converting it to mechanical work. They were used in pumps, locomotive trains and steam ships, and was essential to the Industrial Revolution. They are still used for electrical power generation using a steam turbine

691. Spinning Jenny

It is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented circa 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, near Blackburn, in Lancashire in the north west of England. The device dramatically reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a single worker able to work eight or more spools at once.

692. Protestant work ethic

a value system that stresses the moral value of work, self-discipline, and individual responsibility as the means to improving one's economic well being; important in the industrial revolution because of its stress in hard work, etc.

693. Wealth of Nations/Adam Smith

Considered the founding father of economics, Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. His most famous concept was that markets guide economic activity and act like an "invisible hand" - allocating resources through prices, which rise when there is a shortage of a commodity and fall when it is plentiful.

694. Laissez faire capitalism

Laissez-faire is short for "laissez-faire, laissez-passer," a French phrase meaning idiomatically "leave to do, leave to pass" or more accurately "let things alone, let them pass". First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. Laissez-faire economic policy is in direct contrast to statistic economic policy.

695. Bessemer Process

Process of rendering cast iron malleable by the introduction of air into the fluid metal to remove carbon. This was the first process for mass-producing steel inexpensively.

696. Factory system

The factory system was a method of manufacturing adopted in England during the Industrial Revolution. Workers would come to work in a city factory, often making low-quality goods in mass amounts. The method prior to the introduction of factories was the domestic system. The result of the factory system was that the quality of goods declined. Since factories were based in large cities, people from rural areas moved into the city to get work.

697. Interchangeable parts

important for the industrial revolution because it signified the ability to change parts of products comparatively easier than before

698. Assembly Line

It is a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product.

699. Transportation revolution

a term often used by historians to describe the dramatic improvement in transportation in the West that took place in the early 1800s. It included greatly improved roads, the development of canals, and the invention of the steamboat and railroad. Shipping costs were lowered as much as 90 percent in this era, which gave a big boost to trade and the settlement of new areas of land.

700. Proletariat

new class of factory workers that emerged as a result of the industrial revolution

701. Reform movements

movements that occurred, often, at the end of the industrial revolution, such as the feminist and labor union movements

702. Labor unions

A union is a group of workers who act collectively to address common issues; emerged at the end of the IR

703. Communist Manifesto/Karl Marx

document relating proletariat with the IR, proletariat should overthrow bourgeoisie - roots of communism

Workers in Britain (1810-1820) who responded to replacement of human labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy the machines; named after a mythical leader, Ned Ludd.

705. United States Civil War

1861-1865 - First modern war using industrial revolution, ironclad ships, new technology, massive deaths

706. monoculture

agriculture based on only one crop; resulted in many European colonies in the 1800-1900 because of mercantilism

707. "Banana Republic"

a small country (especially in Central America) that is politically unstable and whose economy is dominated monoculture because of European mercantilism

708. popular consumption

goods that are consumed by a large percentage of the population around the IR, such as textiles

709. entrepreneurship

significant to the IR because entrepreneurs are who help begin the IR

710. partial modernization

industrialization but only to a certain extent; see Samuel Hungtinton's Clash of Civilizations (good book...)

711. Meiji Restoration (Meiji Ishin)

Revolution or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to a change in Japan's political and social structure. It occurred from 1866 to 1869, a period of 4 years that transverses both the late Edo (often called Late Tokugawa shogunate) and beginning of the Meiji Era. Probably the most important foreign account of the events of 1862-69 is contained in A Diplomat in Japan by Sir Ernest Satow.

Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization

713. textile mills

a factory for making textiles, one of the 1st major industries during the IR

714. class tension

tension between classes during the IR due to income gap, social treatment, etc.

voting rights; a movement; universal act

716. traditional family life

involved a larger family with many children for agricultural work, etc.

717. cotton gin/Eli Whitney

a machine invented in 1793 invented by this American (granted a patent on March 14, 1794) to mechanize the production of cotton fiber. Led to increase of Atlantic Slave Trade

718. Muckrakers

a journalist, author or filmmaker who investigates and exposes societal issues such as political corruption, corporate crime, child labor, conditions in slums and prisons, unsanitary conditions in food processing plants, fraudulent claims by manufacturers of patent medicines and similar topics.

719. Settlement Houses

neighborhood centers in urban areas that provided literacy, classes, daycare, entertainment - like a YMCA

720. Women's Emancipation movements

movements for greater female rights; referred to as feminist movement

721. push factors:

conditions in a location or region that encourage people to migrate from it

722. pull factors

attract or pull an organization towards a new location, eg the availability of cheap skilled labor.

723. settler colonies

colonies with, you guessed it, settlers

(from Russian: "погром" (meaning "wreaking of havoc") is a massive violent attack on a particular ethnic or religious group with simultaneous destruction of their environment (homes, businesses, religious centers). The term has historically been used to denote massive acts of violence, either spontaneous or premeditated, against Jews, but has been applied to similar incidents against other minority groups.

725. Islamic slave trade

continued slave trade on the west coast of Africa

country founded by freed American slaves

727. life expectancy rates

expected age until death - improved due to improved health care, brief drop at beginning of Industrial Revolution due to living conditions,

728. infant mortality rates

number of babies per 1000 who die at birth

729. birth rates

number of births eventually drops again as middle class has less need for many kids

730. Louis Pasteur

creator of germ theory and pasteurization - led to improved health

731. sweet potato

important NA starch in China

732. finished goods

manufactured goods

733. air pollution

pollution in the air; from coal

734. water pollution

pollution in the water; from poor sanitation

735. cholera/tuberculosis

various diseases that spread through urban eras during the IR

736. upper class women

affluent women with absolutely no lives; led the women's rights movements at the end of the IR

737. Victorian Age

the era of Britain's industrial revolution and Queen Victoria's reign from 1837 to 1901

738. social mobility

the ability of an individual to change his/her social status

739. abolitionists

supporters of ending slavery

740. emancipation of Russian serfs

edict issued in 1861 by Alexander II

741. cult of domesticity

American view that preached women's role was in the house taking care of the children

742. temperance

a movement to moderate and lessen alcohol consumption

743. constitutional monarchy

a monarchy whose power is defined and limited by a constitution (defines monarch as head of state)

744. John Locke

English philosopher who argued that the government's power came from the people and that revolution against tyrants was acceptable

745. social contract

an agreement between a state and its citizens to define the state's powers and the citizen's rights

746. Seven Years War

global war between France and Britain from 1756 to 1763

747. taxation without representation

Taxes were levied on American colonies, but they were not represented in Britain's parliament

748. Common Sense/Thomas Paine

writing by American revolutionary that advocated separation from Britain and republican government

749. Declaration of Independence/Thomas Jefferson

document outlying America's separation from Britain and the reasons why, written by American political and revolutionary leader

750. causes of French Revolution

absolute monarchy abuses power, policies of Louis XVI, economic troubles, war debts, and droughts

751. First/Second/Third Estate

nobility, clergy, everybody else

752. National Assembly

France's representative body

753. Declaration of the Rights of Man

French revolutionary document that outlined the rights of the people

754. Reign of Terror

the period where the monarchy and aristocracy were targeted along with opponents of the French Revolution

the government of revolutionary France from 1795 to 1799

756. Cycle of Revolution

calls for change from monarchy followed by moderate government followed by radical government followed by moderate government followed by monarchy

757. universal manhood suffrage

voting rights extended without discrimination

758. nationalistic uprisings

independence movements based on loyalty to free states

759. guerilla warfare

unorganized warfare using hit and run tactics

- absolute leader of France who conquered most of Europe and was defeated in 1815

761. Congress of Vienna

European meeting after Napoleon's defeat to try and restore political stability and settle diplomatic disputes

762. Congress System/Metternich

Austrian diplomat at the Congress of Vienna - system of Europe working together

763. spirit of conservatism

after era of revolution attempt by European diplomats to return order to the good ol' days when autocracy ruled and people stopped rebelling

764. radicalism

democratic movement that called for liberalism and extended rights

765. parliamentary system

representative government led by a prime minister

766. militaristic

aggressive war based ideology

767. Revolution of 1848 - causes

bad harvests, economic stagnation, reaction against conservative rule, negative social and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution, and nationalism

768. Revolution of 1848 - effects

forced King of Prussia to grant constitutional reforms, highlighted power of nationalism, unified Germany and Italy, political, social, and economic issues of the people have to be met

769. Toussaint L'Ouverture

- a leader of the Haitian revolt against France

770. Louisiana Territory

French territory in the United States

771. Latin America Wars of Independence

Causes - growing sense of nationalism, colonial economic policies, social class system, Napoleon

military juntas or governments - military men that take over power - sets precedent

773. economic backwardness

Latin America - caused by mercantilism and monoculture system

774. Miguel Hidalgo

Creole priest in Mexico who led rebellion against Spain

775. Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary who fought in the revolution from 1910 to 1917

776. Sino-Japanese War

war fought between China and Japan over Korea from 1894 to 1895

777. Empress Cixi

disastrous Chinese monarch whose policies led to economic stagnation and China's decline

778. "Hundred Days Reform"

103 days of social and institutional reform in 1898 launched by the Qing emperor of China, Guangxu

779. Abdication of Manchu Emperor

emperor abdicates in 1912 - ends foreign rule - Mandate of Heaven dynasties

780. Sun Yat-sen

father of modern china and institutes constitutional democracy

781. People's Principles

nationalism, democracy, people's livelihood

782. Nationalist Party

Kuomintang - Chinese political party that favored republican government

783. Chiang Kai-shek

leader of the Kuomintang and founder of the Republic of China

784. Simon Bolivar

Creole military leader who fought for Colombian independence between 1817 and 1822

785. Jose de San Martin

leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; successful in 1816

786. King John VI

Portuguese King who ruled in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 because of Napoleon's invasion

788. King Pedro/Pedro II

Portuguese king John VI flees to Brazil, Portuguese government from Brazil. John leaves and leaves his son, he lives entire life in Brazil and declares independence for brazil and becomes emperor. gives power to his son (2nd) rules for most of 19th century. Stable monarchy

789. Catholic Church in Latin America

very powerful in Latin America. One of the largest land owners in Latin America - lobbies to keep conservative rule, economic/social/political interest

790. Russification

All Russians had to learn Russian language and convert to orthodoxy, anyone who didn't' was persecuted, Jews.

791. Czar Nicholas II

doesn't reacto to revolution, socialists organize, tried to rally Russians around the falg but lost against Japanese

something like parliament but has no real power, every time they tried to make change, czar disbands them.

793. Indian National Congress

English speaking, educated upper class, most influential is Mohandas K. Gandhi-1869

794. Mohandas Gandhi

Lived in S. Africa from 1893-1915, defended rights of Indian living under apartheid(areas that has racism), and returned to India as a central figure in freedom movement, nonviolent resistance.

European born Foreign

Indigenous and European mixed

Mixed European and black

More radical socialism (economic competition is inherently unfair and leads to injustice/ inequality)

799. Liberalism

willing to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one's own. Open to new ideas.

800. Conservatism

not changing or innovating, holding on to traditional values.

abolition of all government the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion.

802. Victor Emmanuel II

King of Sardinia + Count Camillo Cavour, push nationalism, towards the unification of Italy.

803. Giuseppi Garibaldi

Italian nationalist kicks out Spain.

804. Otto von Bismarck

Prime minister of Germany, build the military. Consolidating the region under Prussia's authority.

805. King William II

Emperor of the German Empire

806. First/Second Reich

First "Holy Roman Empire", second "second empire"

807. Irish home rule

Should North, Split Catholic/ Protestant remain British or Irish, Should Ireland be set free.

808. Second and Third Reform Acts

1867/1885 - universal suffrage

809. Fourth Republic

France becomes democratic republic- universal suffrage.

810. Dreyfus Affair

Jewish officer accused of selling secrets to Germ

"compromise" - becomes Austria-Hungary

812. Crimean War

Tsar Alexandar II forced to implement liberal reforms, Modernize Russia, Emancipation of serfs in 1861, lightened censorship, widened powers of local govt, 1881, Alexander II assassinated 1853-1856

813. Tokugawa Shogunate

seized control in 1600s, authority with emperoer, reality with shogunate, Samurai top, centralized Japan. Warring states to peaceful country.

Warrior class, top during Shogunate

815. stratified society

No chance for social mobility.

816. Meiji Restoration

Japan's Modern age, Embrace West to survive/ compete.

817. hereditary privileges

No more, abolishes feudalism. Meritocracy.

818. Constitution of 1890

elected parliament, Diet - Japan

Had no real power, hardly representative, Emperor still ahd power.

820. social hierarchy

During Tokugaw social hierarchy ended, based on merit, civil service exam.

821. Mary Wolstonecraft

English writer, vindication of rights of women- 1792 (Equal rights, education, political, economic pursuits)

822. What is their sphere and role

"Women Question"

823. "cult of true womanhood"

Virutes of submissiveness, piety, domesticity, modesty, feminity.

824. early phases of feminist reform

reform family/ divorce law, own property/ divorce, teaching and nursing (women's sphere)

825. later phases of feminist reform

pushed for suffrage led by upper class women.

826. "dismal science"

Negative views of capitalism.

827. Essay on Population/Thomas Malthus

population growth led to poverty, war diseases, starvation needed to control population.

828. Iron Law of Wages/David Ricardo

Employer will pay lowest possible wage to make money. Supply of labor goes up then salaries will drop.

economic competition is inherently unfair and leads to injustice/inequality

Ideally - perfect justice, social equality and plenty

831. Eastern Question

gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire presented Europe with choices

832. "sick man of Europe"

Ottoman Empire - falling apart, but better than chaos

833. literacy rates

greater access to public education increased through 1800s, these rose.

834. Fridrich Nietzche

"God is Dead", All systems of morality valueless in the materialistic modern age.

835. Romanticism

Most important - emotion/passion, more self expression, Self-realization of the individual, heroism, love of the natural world

Rejected Romanticism's idealized dramatic outlook, critical view of life. Details of everyday existence, poverty, social hypocrisy, class injustice.

837. Cecil Rhodes- Britain/Africa

"I contend that we are the finest race in the world, and the more of it we inhabit, the better it is."

838. economic imperialism

practice of promoting the economy of one nation in another. It is usually the case that the former is a large economically or militarily powerful nation and the latter is a smaller and less developed.

839. la mission civilisatrice

French idea of spreading their advanced civilization to others through colonization. Also referred to as this

840. British East India Company

A joint-stock company of investors with the intent to favor trade privileges in India. Eventually transformed from a commercial trading venture to one which virtually ruled India.

841. "sun never sets on the British empire"

a phrase that emerged in response to the British dominance during the Modern Era. Britain was the first nation to industrialize and thus, was able to gain an advantage over all other competing nations.

842. Sepoy Mutiny

May 10th 1857. trained Indians as British soldiers were angered by the rumors that their rifle ammos were greased with lard and beef fat. Thus, they mutinied. The mutiny was harshly crushed by the British.

was employed by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants

844. infrastructure

The basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices, and prisons.

845. civil service exam

Exam all Chinese government official-to-be's had to go through in order to prove themselves. Very rigorous, although once you passed, instant success was guaranteed.

funeral custom in which the widow immolated herself on her husband's funeral pyre.

The practice of robbery and assassination practiced by the Thugs.

848. sectarian strife

violent conflict between Muslims and Coptic Christians in Egypt.

849. Dutch East India Company

was established on March 20, 1602, when the Estates-General of the Netherlands granted it a monopoly to carry out colonial activities in Asia. It was the first multinational corporation in the world and it was the first company to issue stocks.

This island was ceded to the British East India Company in 1819, and the city was founded the same year by Sir Thomas Raffles. The British took complete control in 1824 and added it to the newly formed Straits Settlements in 1826. Otherwise known as the place we currently live in.

851. King Chulalongkorn

fifth king of the Chakri dynasty of Thailand.

852. Spanish American War

took place in 1898, and resulted in the United States of America gaining control over the former colonies of Spain in the Caribbean and Pacific. Cuba would be declared Independent in 1902.

853. "sleeping dragon"

term given to China by Napoleon, regarding their untapped population, size and resources.

Gold or silver considered with respect to quantity rather than value.

855. "unequal treaties"

a series of treaties signed by several Asian states, including the Qing Empire in China, late Tokugawa Japan, and late Chosun Korea, and foreign powers during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This was a period during which these states were largely unable to resist the military and economic pressures of the primary Western powers. China forced to open up all its ports to Britain.

856. Christian missionaries

Christians who traveled into other countries and attempted to spread the Christian faith. Enthusiastically persecuted in Japan by Tokugawa...

857. footbinding

Chinese custom of binding women's feet. They preferred small feet? Confined women to homes. Degrading practice for women of China.

858. White Lotus Rebellion

It apparently began as a tax protest led by the their Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers.

859. Taping Rebellion

Rebellion initiated by Hong Xiuquan to overthrow the Manchurians and establish the kingdom of Heaven in China. Got off to an impressive start militarily but only because Hong avoided attacking large urban centers.

860. Hong Xiuquan

leader of the Taiping Rebellion. Believed he was the son of Jesus Christ. Failed the civil service examination many times.

861. Open Door Policy

is the maintenance in a certain territory of equal commercial and industrial rights for the nationals of all countries.

862. Boxer Rebellion

was a violent movement against non-Chinese commercial, political, religious and technological influence in China during the final years of the 19th century.

863. Henry Puyi

Last emperor of the Qing Dynasty to rule over China. No more emperors after him.

864. "Dark Continent"

A former name for Africa, so used because its hinterland was largely unknown and therefore mysterious to Europeans until the 19th century

865. "Scramble for Africa"

began in 1881, when France moved into Tunis with Bismarck's encouragement. After centuries of neglect, Europeans began to expand their influence into Africa. Soon, it took on a full-fledged land grab in Africa by European Powers.

866. Berlin Conference

regulated European colonization and trade in Africa 1884-85

867. Liberia/Ethiopia

(2nd) is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea

868. Coptic Christian Kingdom

One of the few regions in Africa unoccupied by the Europeans.

869. Ashanti Kingdom

was a powerful state in West Africa in the years prior to European colonization. It was located in what is today southern and central Ghana.

870. Boers/Afrikaners

Indians trained to be British soldiers.

the name given to the South African Wars of 1880-1 and 1899-1902, that were fought between the British and the descendants of the Dutch settlers (Boers) in Africa.

872. Shaka Zulu

widely credited with transforming the Zulu tribe, from a small clan, into the beginnings of a nation that held sway over that portion of Southern Africa between the Phongolo and Mzimkhulu rivers.

873. African National Congress

founded to defend the rights of the black majority

874. Muhammad Ali

Egyptian ruler who caused Egypt to industrialize.

875. Suez Canal

a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

876. quinine/malaria

An infectious disease characterized by cycles of chills, fever, and sweating = when cure was found, Europe could go internal Africa

877. intertribal warfare

conflict between tribes.

878. Belgium - Congo

the formal title of present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between King Léopold II's formal relinquishment of personal control over the state to Belgium on 15 November, 1908, to the dawn of Congolese independence on 30 June, 1960.

879. "Great Game"

used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Tsarist Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia.

A major mountain range of southeast Europe extending about 563 km (350 mi) from eastern Yugoslavia through central Bulgaria to the Black Sea. Known as the most dangerous place on Earth, due to the presence of many different racial groups in the region. WWI starts here.

881. Young Turks

A member of a Turkish reformist and nationalist political party active in the early 20th century.

882. Anglo-Egyptian Administration

Their agreement restored Egyptian rule in Sudan but as part of a condominium, or joint authority, exercised by Britain and Egypt. The agreement designated territory south of the twenty-second parallel as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.

A leader who assumes the role of a messiah.

884. "Long Peace"

Peace between 1871 and 1914 between European nations. Tensions are rising.

885. Alliance System

After the Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck held that Germany was a "satiated state" which should give up ideas of further conquest. Thus Bismarck organized a system of alliances designed to maintain Germany's hegemony on the European continent

886. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

this docttrine had originally been intended to keep European nations out of Latin America, but the Roosevelt corollary was used as a justification for U.S. intervention in Latin America.

887. Panama Canal

major shipping canal which cuts through the isthmus of Panama in Central America, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans - US encouraged Panama to rebel to get favorable deal for land

888. Spanish-American War

took place in 1898, and resulted in the United States of America gaining control over the former colonies of Spain in the Caribbean and Pacific. Cuba would be declared Independent in 1902.

Extreme nationalism characterized especially by a belligerent foreign policy

890. Modernization Theory

developed countries emphasize individuality and capitalism. Economic prosperity due to industrialization is the key to a nation's advancement. All countries will naturally modernize.

891. Dependency Theory

less developed nations either intentionally or unintentionally depend on the developed nations for economic support. Some countries will never be able to break out of dependent cycle...modernization theory doesn't apply. Ex. Latin American nations depend on Europe during colonization. Later result in monoculture.

892. Marxist Theory

socialism is the only way to a nation's prosperity. Also known as Communism.

893. "Scramble for Africa"

began in 1881, when France moved into Tunis with Bismarck's encouragement. After centuries of neglect, Europeans began to expand their influence into Africa. Soon, it took on a full-fledged land grab in Africa by European Powers.

894. Berlin Conference

regulated European colonization and trade in Africa 1884-85

895. Liberia/Ethiopia

Only countries that don't fall to colonialism during scramble for Africa

896. Coptic Christian Kingdom

One of the few regions in Africa unoccupied by the Europeans.

897. Ashanti Kingdom

was a powerful state in West Africa in the years prior to European colonization. It was located in what is today southern and central Ghana.

898. Boers/Afrikaners

Dutch settlers that move into interior of South Africa, later conflict with Zulus and British

899. The Boer Wars

was the name given to the South African Wars of 1880-1 and 1899-1902, that were fought between the British and the descendants of the Dutch settlers (Boers) in Africa.

900. Shaka Zulu

widely credited with transforming his tribe, from a small clan, into the beginnings of a nation that held sway over that portion of Southern Africa between the Phongolo and Mzimkhulu rivers. Rare example of indigenous people beating industrialized European country in battle

901. African National Congress

founded to defend the rights of the black majority

902. Muhammad Ali

Egyptian ruler who caused Egypt to industrialize.

903. Suez Canal

a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

904. quinine/malaria

An infectious disease characterized by cycles of chills, fever, and sweating - cure leads to colonization on African interior

905. intertribal warfare

conflict between tribes.

The systematic and planned extermination of an entire national, racial, political, or ethnic group.

907. social Darwinism

theory by Darwin on evolution applied to determine social class (the strong survives, the weak doesn't, Europeans= the best)

system of government in which every one is equal, property is owned by the government

a political philosophy supporting the right and power of the people in their struggle against he privileged elite

910. capitalism

Economic system, where means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned, profits gained in free market

system of government, under authority of a dictator, through suppression of the opposition by means of terror and censorship

912. collective security

system for international peace

A prohibition by a government on certain/all trade with a foreign nation - method of pressuring a nation diplomatically

914. information revolution

revolution in that allowed the increasing availability of information due to the use of things like computers, internet and other technologies

915. world depression

a worldwide economic downfall, started in 1929, but different time in differet countries. Basically all countries were affected, worst hit was the industrialized countries like the US.

915. Mohandas Gandhi

political leader of India, played a key role in gaining independence for India through non-violent protest, boycott.

917. Adolf Hitler

leader of Germany, and Nazi party. He started WWII in Europe

918. Vladimir Lenin

founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of Russian revolution, first leader of USSR

919. Margaret Thatcher

first woman to serve as a prime minister, of England, conservative - symbolized shift away from welfare economy

920. Mikhail Gorbachev

soviet leader who brought an end to the cold war through his foreign policy

921. Gamal Nasser

Led social revolution in Egypt in 1952 And was an army officer and politician who servedAs both prime minister (1954-56) and president 1956-58). His nationalism of the Suez Canal precipitatedan international crisis in 1956.

922. Nelson Mandela

After being released from prison for helping to lead The black organization, African National Congress, In South Africa, he became the nation's first Democratically elected president in 1994

923. Mao Tse Tung

Chinese communist leader, came to power in 1949 and proclaimed the People's Republic ofChina. While in power, he initiated the Great leap Forward and the founding of communes. He also Led the Cultural Revolution and established ties withThe West.

924. Akio Morita

During postwar Japan, Akio Morita co-founded the Global company, Sony.

925. Bill Gates

American computer software designer who Co-founded Microsoft and built it into one of the Largest computer software manufacturers

926. Walt Disney

American film maker who created animated Cartoons and famous characters

927. Allied Powers

Created by Otto von Bismarck in the 1880's with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

A political union including the one unifying Nazi Germany and Austria in 1938

929. appeasement

The policy of granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace. (Such as in the Munich Conference of 1938)

930. British Commonwealth

An association comprising the United Kingdom, its dependencies, and many former British colonies that are now sovereign states with a common allegiance to the British Crown

931. Central Powers

An alliance during WWI with Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy(though it left and became neutral), and the Ottoman Empire (which joined after Italy left)

932. Great Depression

International economic crisis following WWI. Began With the collapse of the American stock market in 1929 and caused mass unemployment.

Term for Hitler's attempted genocide of European Jews during WWII.

934. League of Nations

International diplomatic and peace organization Created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI;One of the chief goals of President Woodrow WilsonIn the peace negotiations

Governments entrusted to European nations in theMiddle East in the aftermath of WWI.

936. Pan-Slavic movement

movement in the 1800's to unite the Slavic people in Austria and the Ottoman Empire

937. Potsdam Conference

meeting of the Allies of WWII to clarify and implement agreements made at the Yalta Conference

938. reparations

the act of making amends. (Germany's war payments as agreed to in the Treaty of Versailles)

939. Russification

cultures under the Russian Empire become a part of a Great Russian Culture- loyalty to the tsar; a form of nationalism

940. Spanish Civil War

Conflict between supporters and opponents of the Spansh republic; there was a Nationalist victory due in part to 'non-intervention' of Western democracies

941. Tehran Conference

Iran involving USSR, US and Britain aimed at strengthening cooperation in WWII

942. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

treaty between USSR and the Central Powers, calling for Russia to withdraw from WWI and to surrender territory.

943. Treaty of Versailles

Treaty signed in 1919, ending WWI

944. United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security and economic development

945. Yalta Conference

Meeting between USSR, US and Britain, demanded Germany's unconditional surrender and called for the division of Germany

946. nationalism

The belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals

947. imperialism

Extending a nations authority over another nations economy/politics (new driving force behind Latin American revolutions)

948. militarism

predominance of armed forces in the administration/policy of a state (Japan during WWII)

949. Afrikaners

An Afrikaans-speaking South African of European ancestry, especially one descended from 17th-century Dutch settlers.

950. Alliance for Progress

U.S. assistance program for Latin America to counter revolutionary politics (1961)

When Dutch Afrikaners were given control by the British and they practiced this, or extreme racial segregation.

religious teachers that oppose secular views, ex: Ayatollah Khomeini, Islamic fundamentalist who played a pivotal role in the Iranian Revolution.

953. Berlin Wall

religious teachers that oppose secular views, ex: this, Islamic fundamentalist who played a pivotal role in the Iranian Revolution.

954. brinkmanship

introduced during the Cold War, policy or practice, especially in international politics and foreign policy, of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome by forcing the opposition to make concessions. During the Cold War, the threat of nuclear force was often used as such a deterrent.

Alliance between entities (nations, states, groups). The US used diplomacy to create a wide one of support. In the Post Cold war alliances and coalition were always shifting. OPEC is the most successful one in history. After WWII a coalition government in China was encouraged, but the communists won in 1949.

US (democracy) vs. Soviet Union (totalitarian communist). Lasted nearly 50 years, 1945 to early 1990's. US and Soviets vied for global domination and tried to pull the rest of the world into the war. Arms race between the two nations.

957. collectivization

Part of Stalin's Five Year Plans. HE took over private farms and combined them into state-owned enterprises and created large, nationalized factories.

958. containment

Where the US prevented the spread of Communism by establishing the Truman Doctrine to aid nations threatened by communism.

959. Cuban Missile Crisis

In 1962 Soviets were installing their missiles in Cuba and Pres Kennedy established a naval blockade around Cuba. If the missiles were launched the US would retaliate against the Soviet Union. The Soviets backed down and Americans promised not to invade Cuba.

960. Cultural Revolution

Goal was to discourage a privileged ruling class from forming, he instituted reforms that erased any influence from the West, intellectuals were sent to collective farms for "cultural restraining", political dissidents were imprisoned or killed. Mao's Little Red Book became a symbol of the forced egalitarianism.

961. Five Year Plans

Stalin discarded the New Economic Policy (NEP) of Russia and imposed these and collectivization played a huge part.

962. Geneva Conference

After France lost the battle at Dien Bien Phu, they signed the treaty in 1954. Nations of Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam were created and Vietnam was divided into north/south - elections in a 2 years.

When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union in 1985, he instituted policies of glasnost or openness and urged a perestroika (restructuring) of the soviet economy.

964. Government of India Act

Created in India in 1935 after Ghandi was jailed and it increased suffrage/provincial gov't to Indian leaders

965. Great Leap Forward

In the late 1950's, Mao implemented this, huge communes were created to catapult the revolution towards its goal of a true Marxist state. But the local govts, couldn't produce the ridiculous amount of agricultural quotas demanded by the central govt, and lied about production, leading to the starvation and deaths of nearly 30 mill Chinese.

966. Guomindang

The Chinese Nationalist Party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919, it drew support mainly from local warlords. It initially formed an alliance with Communists in 1924, and after 1925 was dominated by Chiang Kai-shek.

967. Iron Curtain

After WWII, Winston Churchill coined the phrase to describe the division between free and Communist societies that was occurring in Europe

968. Korean Conflict

The Korean War was fought from 1950 to 1953. The North was supported by USSR and later People's Republic of China while the South was supported by U.S. and small United Nations force. The war ended in stalemate, with Korea still divided into North and South.

Russian agricultural entrepreneurs who used the Stolypin reforms to increase agricultural production and buy more land

970. Marshall Plan

A program of substantial loans given by the U.S. to Western Europe in 1947, it was designed to aid in rebuilding efforts after the war's devastation. It was also an attempt by the U.S. to stop Communism (if countries were economically propped up they would be less likely to turn to Communism) and it helped secure American economic dominance

971. May Fourth Movement

In 1919 - resistance in China to Japanese encroachments began. This generated a movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy (Confucianism was rejected, etc)

972. New Economic Policy

Instituted by Lenin in 1921 - the state continued to set basic economic policies, but now efforts were combined with individual initiatives. This policy allowed food production to recover

973. nonalignment

Promotion of alternatives to bloc politics - as in Yugoslavia's split from the Soviet bloc in 1948. Later Jawaharlal Nehru of India and Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt joined in the founding of the Nonaligned Movement in the mid-1950s, which had basic principles of opposition to all foreign intervention and peaceful coexistence. The first meeting of nonaligned states was the Belgrade Conference of Nonaligned Nations in 1961.

974. North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Created in 1949 under U.S. leadership to create an alliance between most of the Western powers (including Canada) in defense against possible Soviet aggression

975. perestroika

Mikhail Gorbachev's policy calling for economic restructuring in the USSR in the late 1980s. This included more scope for private ownership and decentralized control in the areas of industry and agriculture

976. Prague Spring

In 1968, Czechoslovak Communist Party leader Alexander Dubcek tried to liberalize the country's communist regime by introducing democratic reforms such as free speech and freedom of assembly. The period came to be known as the this, but it was ended when Warsaw Pact (Soviet) troops invaded in a military crackdown.

In 1936, Stalin began a series of these aimed at destroying all political opposition and dissident viewpoints. These also included intensive campaigns within key Soviet institutions and sectors like the Communist Party, the Army, the NKVD (secret police), and scientists/engineers.

Student brigades utilized by Mao Zedong and his political allies during the Cultural Revolution to discredit political opponents/enemies

979. Sandinistas

Members of Nicaraguan social movement named after Augusto Sandino - during the 1980s successfully carried out a socialist revolution in Nicaragua

980. Six-Day War

Fought between Egypt and Israel in 1967; was disastrous for Egypt and one of the failed foreign adventures under Gamal Abdul Nasser, adding to the regime's problems

981. Solidarity

In 1970s, in the form of widespread Catholic unrest and an independent labor movement. (Against the back drop of a stagnant economy and low morale)

982. Tiananmen Square

In China, student led, believed the Communist party led government was too corrupt and repressive. Government doesn't permit democratic reform, 1989.

983. Truman Doctrine

United States was prepared to send any money, equipment, or military force to countries that were threatened by the communist government. Assisting countries resisting communism.

984. Warsaw Pact

Military alliance, response to NATO, Soviet Union created own nuclear capability.

International Islamic fundamentalist organization. To reduce outside influence upon Islamic affairs. (some classify it as International terrorist organization)

association of manufacturers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition. In Latin American nations- large foreign debts, huge international drug group that threaten government stability.

987. International Monetary Fund

IMF- resources for development usually for badly strapped for investment funds and essential technology.

988. Persian Gulf War

1991 led by US and various European and Middle Easter allies against Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. This led to Iraqi withdrawal and a long confrontation with Iraq about armaments and political regime.

989. World Bank

Concession for aid, for example commit to buy products, favor investors, lend countries to enter into alliances and permit military bases on the territory of the client state.

to dismantle all trade and currency exchange barriers among member nations. A single currency, set up in many member countries by 2001.

991. European Economic Community

create a single economic entity across national political boundaries.

992. European Union

started as European Economic Community, an alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Swede, Austria, Finland. It was to create a single economy across national boundaries in 1958.

993. import substitution industrialization

Cut off from supplies of traditional imports, these countries then experienced a spurt of industrial growth.

994. McDonaldization

Same multinational corporations everywhere

995. North American Free Trade Organization - NAFTA

free trade agreement, benefits from economic alliances. (United States, Mexico, and Canada)

996. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Oil cartel that determines supply of oil - of Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela; since

997. World Trade Organization (WTO)

international body that sets the rules for global trade - competitive trading, but give chance for developing nations to join, must follow certain civil rights codes

998. deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA - building blocks of life - once decoded leads to cloning possibilities, health remedies, tracking people

999. Helsinki Accords

1975 agreement - apply human rights to Soviet bloc countries

1000. Hubble Space Telescope

space telescope that circles earth - free of atmosphere - took astrophysics to another level

1001. International Space Station

Permanent human presence outside earth - combined five space agencies - US, USSR, European, Japanese, Canada - teamwork through science

1002. service industries

post-industrial economies that provide services to consumer culture - white collar jobs - move away from factory labor

1957 First Soviet satellite into space - set off space race - threat by both sides of nuclear attack from space

most important movement since Renaissance - objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form

1005. evangelical

not Catholicism - personal experience of conversion, biblically-oriented faith, and a belief in the relevance of Christian faith to cultural issues

1006. Kabuki theater

Japanese cinema - elaborate make-up, singing, drama

1007. mass consumerism

wealth now spent on surplus items - consumer goods - industrialized world spends a ton of money bringing their world from a 10>11 instead of bringing everyone else up from a 0>1

1008. National Organization for Women (NOW)

American feminist group - founded 1966 - dedicated to lobbying for women's fertility, employment, marital, education rights

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's plan to turn US into welfare state to bring out of Depression - state-sponsored programs for relief, recovery and reform

1010. Noh theater

Japanese classical theater - musical - during meiji reached offical drama status

1011. welfare state

new activism of western European state in economic policy and welfare issues after WWII; reduced impact of economic inequality (avoid another world war).

1012. Green Revolution

introduction of improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation to produce higher crop yields; after WWII in densely pop. Asian countries.

1013. guest workers

Legal workers with no rights for citizenship/permanent recidency who immigrate for work; a threat to citizens for job opportunities; usually from a less developed country > developed country.

1014. ozone depletion

caused by industrial revolution due to high pollutions

1015. Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

1016. Ethnic cleansing

mass expulsion or killings of a certain ethnic or religious group; eg. WWII: the holocaus, massive killings of Tutsis by Hutus in the Rwandan Genocide.

1017. Armenian genocide

1915: Young turk leaders killed millions and sent hundreds of Amermenians to Russia and Middle East to cover up the blunders of reverses on the Russian Front

mountainous country in the western Balkans

1019. Nuremberg war crimes trial

two sets of trials for the Nazis from WWII and the holocaust; included commanders, industrialists, and medical doctors

1020. Limited War

a war whose objective is less than the unconditional defeat of the enemy

1021. UN police action

the United Nations starting a military action without declaration of war; against violators of international peace and order

1022. "Powder keg of Europe"

area in the Balkans; region where the wars would begin such as the assassination of Franz Ferdinand

1023. massive retaliation

to retaliate in a greater force; the ending of WWII by the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima

1024. Russian Revolution

1917: overthrowing of the Tsarist regine; 1918 (3rd): series of anarchist rebellions and uprisings against both the Bolsheviks and the White movement

1025. General Francisco Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (following the victory of the Spanish Civil War)

1026. Star Wars

Nickname for Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) - shooting down nuclear weapons from space - never actually worked, but scared USSR into economic bankruptcy

1027. Strategic Defense Initiative

shooting down nuclear weapons from space

1028. Third Reich

Hitler's plan to have Germany reign for a Thousand Year Empire over Europe - lasted 6 years - nice try

1029. Triple Alliance, Central Powers

World War I alliance - Ottoman Empire, German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire - the bad guys

1030. Triple Entente, the Allies

World War II alliance - UK, France, Russia, later US and all their colonies - the good guys

1031. total war

Entire economy, political, social system geared for war - civilians become targets - government takes greater control of everyday life

1032. Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Led the Indian Muslim League - pushed for partition of India - led to creation of Pakistan

1033. Muslim League

Political party in British India - driving force for partition of India - creation of Pakistan

1034. India/Pakistan

1946 - Britain couldn't hold India together - Jinnah threatening civil war - Pakistan created - later divided into Bangladesh - tensions ever since over border disputes - Kashmere - largest refugee immigration in world history

1035. Jomo Kenyatta

founding father of Kenya - notice the name

1036. Kwame Nkrumah

anti-colonial African leader - founder of Ghana

1037. Julius Nyerere

teacher turned founder of Tanzania

1038. Persian Gulf States

Cooperation council of nations border Persian Gulf - Bahrain, Iran (Persia), Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

1039. Collapse of the Berlin Wall

Symbolic end of the Cold War - divide between East and West Berlin - protesters threatened to take apart and military didn't stop them - 1989

1040. Desalinization

Expensive effort to turn salt water into fresh water - usually located in Persian Gulf regions

1041. Multinational corporations

Large Scale Companies that initially began as business in a certain region of the world but has grown to become so big and is now an "international" company. Examples: General Electric (GE), Nike, Nokia, and McDonalds.

1042. National Congress Party

Indian Political Party established in 1885, that led the eventual push for Indian Independence from the British Crown in 1947. Currently the largest Indian Political Party.

1043. Nongovernmental organization

Organizations that are not established or associated with any specific organizations. They may be recognized, however, they run on their own. Examples are Green Peace and Amnesty International.

1044. Pacific Rim

the nations bordering the Pacific Oceans, usually Asian nations: Japan, North and South Korea, Taiwan and eastern China.

1045. Terrorism

The use of violence and intimidation to try and gain political awareness or right.

1046. Fundamentalist jihad

A holy war raged by Muslims against Non-believers, although in recent times, even attacks by one Muslim group against another have risen.

1047. Palestine/Israel

The "Holy Land", Christianity and Judaism where ongoing conflicts take place between the Jewish Community (who represent this place[2nd]) and the Arab Community (who represent this place[1st]). (2nd place) was a recent creation for the Jewish people and named the "Jewish Homeland" by the British Empire.

1048. Northern Ireland

A former member of the Republic of Ireland that broke away in 1920 after refusing to take part in the Irish Free State. Ruled and governed by Protestants and heavy discrimination exists against the Roman Catholic Minority. Capital: Belfast.

1049. Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne who was assassinated in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which triggered the Austro-Hungarians to pledge war against Serbia, which then initiated World War I.

1050. Germany's "blank check"

After Sarajevo, Count Leopold von Berchtold, the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, sent a letter to Emperor Francis Joseph to sign and send to Wilhelm II to try and convince him of Serbia's responsibility of Franz Ferdinand's assassination. On July 6th, Wilhelm II and Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, told Berchtold that Austria-Hungary could rely that Germany would support whatever action was necessary to deal with Serbia -- in effect offering von Berchtold this.

1051. Schlieffen Plan

The German plan to destroy France and gain victory over the Western Front during the first month of World War I. A counterattack by the French on the outskirts of Paris prevented the Germans. Alfred von Schlieffen wrote up the Plan.

1052. Eastern and Western Fronts

This (first) Front was the former East Germany, parts of Central Europe and Russia. The (second) Front was the "Low Countries" (who for the most part remained neutral), France, Great Britain and then the United States.

1053. trench warfare

A type of combat where opposing troops fight one another in trenches, where conditions are extremely poor, hygienically.

1054. submarine warfare

a type of combat where submarines are used to fight against opposing forces underwater. Was used heavily in the Baltic Sea against Russia forces.

1055. economic mobilization of home front

the continuing of each country's own economy during the time of warfare and battles. New labor laws were set and women often replaced men as males had to serve time in military during the World Wars.

1056. women in the workplace

Women took men's place in jobs during wartime giving them more rights.

1057. women and the vote

1058. Woodrow Wilson

US President. Created 14 points. Wanted to make world "safe for democracy".

1059. Fourteen Points

Created by Woodrow Wilson during the Paris Peace Conference. (1. end to secret treaties, 2. freedom of the seas, 3. arms reduction, 4. decolonization, 5. self-determination, 6.League of Nations-for disputes).

1060. War guilt clause

During Treaty of Versailles. Said Germany must accept full blame (article 231).

1061. Totalitarianism

New form of gov't created during the interwar years in Italy. Uses modern tech, bureaucracy to control everyone, imposed censorship, controlled culture, put dissidents in prison, propaganda to create cult of personality.

1062. February Revolution

Caused by dissatisfaction with the way the country was being run. Transfer of power from the Tsar.

1063. Provisional Government

Shared power with local soviets thus ineffective during communist rule in the soviet union.

1064. October Revolution

Brought the Bolsheviks to power.

1065. Leon Trotsky

Expelled by Stalin; disciple of Marx; friend of Bolshevik; organized the victorious Red Army;

1066. Joseph Stalin

General Secretary of communist party; premier of the USSR; rule marked by: forced collectivization of agriculture; policy of industrialization; victorious and devastating role for the soviets during WWII.

1067. Great Purges

Expulsion/execution of rivals when Stalin became paranoid. Negative of collectivization.

Work camps where perceived dissidents sent. Negative of collectivization during Stalin's rule.

1069. Benito Mussolini

Fascist leader in Italy. Anti-communist

1070. Italian Fascist Party

Formed in 1991; held a majority of seats during elections during the 90s. as a result of the fascist movement, freedom of assembly and thinking were wiped out in Italy.

1071. March on Rome

the coup d'état by which Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy in late October 1922.

1072. Weimar Republic

the democratic government of Germany between the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and the assumption of power by Adolf Hitler; it was unpopular because of its acceptance of the harsh provisions of the Treaty of Versailles

1073. Mein Kampf

An autobiography written by Adolf Hitler. In it, Hitler outlines his plan for the revival of Germany from the losses of World War I and blames Germany's problems on capitalists and Jews.

1074. Enabling Act

Passed by Germany's parliament (the Reichstag) on March 23, 1933. It was the second major step after the Reichstag Fire Decree through which the Nazis obtained dictatorial powers using largely legal means. The Act enabled Chancellor Adolf Hitler and his cabinet to enact laws without the participation of the Reichstag.

1075. Nurember Laws

Nazi laws that used a pseudoscientific basis for racial discrimination against Jews with the religious observance of a person's grandparents to determine their race.

1076. Young Turks

Members of a Turkish reformist and nationalist political party active in the early 20th century.

1077. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

The military and political leader who brought about the end of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of modern Turkey. He was promoted to general at the age of 35 and given command of the army near the Black Sea port of Samsun. He defied the Sultan's orders to quash opposition and instead built an army of his own to fight for independence from European control. The Sultan ordered his arrest, but 1919- 1923 he successfully fought off foreign armies as well as opposition forces from Turkey. On 23 October 1923 the national parliament declared the existence of the Republic of Turkey with Kemal as president. His fifteen years in office were turbulent -- he ruled as a dictator as he attempted political and social reforms -- "father of the Turks."

1078. Reza Shah Pahlavi

Shah of Iran (1925-41). He began as an army officer and gained a reputation for great valor and leadership. He headed a coup in 1921 and became prime minister of the new regime in 1923. He negotiated the evacuation of the Russian troops and of the British forces stationed in Iran since World War I. Virtually a dictator, he deposed the last shah of the Qajar dynasty, and was proclaimed shah of Iran. Thus he founded the Pahlevi dynasty, and changed the name of Persia to Iran. He introduced many reforms, reorganizing the army, government administration, and finances. He abolished all special rights granted to foreigners, thus gaining real independence for Iran. Under his rule the Trans-Iranian RR was built, the Univ. of Tehran was established, and industrialization was stepped-up.

1079. Balfour Declaration

British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917.

Arab leader who was the founder and first king of Saudi Arabia (1932-1953).

1081. Sun Yat-sen

Chinese politician who served as provisional president of the republic after the fall of the Manchu (1911-1912) and later led the opposition to Yuan Shigai.

1082. Yuan Shikai

Chinese politician. Authorized by China's final imperial edict to create a republican government, he was named president but ruled as a dictator (1912-1916).

1083. Chinese Communist Party

Founded by the leader and theorist Mao Zedong... who led the Long March (1934-1935) and proclaimed the People's Republic of China in 1949. He then initiated the Great Leap Forward and the founding of communes. He continued as party chairman after 1959 and was a leading figure in the Cultural Revolution (1966-1969).

1084. Chiang Kai-shek - Nanjing Republic

A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid 1920's; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930's , but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the communist after World War II.

1085. Emperor Taisho

Emperor of Japan (1912-26). His given name was Yoshihito. The son of Mutsuhito, the Meiji emperor, he succeeded to the throne in 1912, but because of illness he played little part in governing the nation. His reign was characterized by democratization, friendly relations with the West, and economic growth. In 1921 he was declared mentally incompetent and his son Hirohito was made regent.

1086. Long March

Journey undertaken by Red Army in 1934-35 when Jiangxi base was encircled by the Nationalist army & Chiang Kai-Shek

1087. Kita Ikki

author/right-wing nationalist, "Asia for Asians" so kick out Europeans

1088. Japanese invasion of Manchuria

step towards war with military gov't invading mainland China & commits atrocities

1089. Emperor Hirohito

figurehead of Japan, actually controlled by military when the war starts for Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

1090. Hidiki Tojo

40th prime minister of Japan, nationalist, general in Imperial Army, executed for war crimes

1091. Rape of Nanking

one atrocity of the war, 200,000 ~ 300,000 women/children attacked

1092. Amritsar Massacre

British fire on unarmed protesters, Gandhi goes to prison, British get more restrictive

1093. Jawaharlal Nehru

Takes over Congress/movement, political leader of India, begins "Quit India" campaign so Brits leave

1094. Good Neighbor Policy

Roosevelt reduces US role in Latin America, no troops

1095. US foreign policy - Latin America

Latin America = US views L America as their sphere of influence, gained Puerto Rico/Virgin Islands, military present in Panama, sponsored dictators in Venezuela/Cuba

1096. Institutionalized Revolutionary Party

Mexico, granted suffrage & right to strike, but actually oligarchy that chose president, upper class prospers, country modernizes, but middle class small & lower class huge

1097. Lazaro Cardenas

president of Mexico 1934, redistributes acres with land reform, nationalized oil industry (took from US)

1098. Getulio Vargas

Brazil, 1930 Vargas takes over, censored press, tortured political opponents, modernized Brazilian economy (diversifies, free from coffee)

1099. Hipolito Irigoyen

Argentina, 1916 Radical party, reforms benefit peasants, labor unions become more active, overthrown in 1930

1100. Juan and Eva Peron

Argentina, takes over after WWII, populist leader, wife popular, appeal to lower class, raised salaries of working class, gov't controlled press, denied civil liberties

1101. occupation of Rhineland

Hitler takes back land given away by Versailles

1102. Lebensraum

Hitler's desire for "living space" for German people, wants to unite Germans from other nations

1103. Munich Conference

Symbolic failure of appeasement; Hitler given Czech. Sudetenland for promise of no future aggression

1104. Nazi-Soviet Pact

Agreement of Stalin/Hitler to not fight each other, but invade, divide up Poland

1105. invasion of Poland

Signalled beginning of World War II, France/England declare war on Germany

1106. blitzkrieg

lightning fast war coordinating planes, tanks, infantry - move past border, directly to capital

1107. Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere

Name given to Asian region Japan wanted to conquer, kick out Europeans, control resources

1108. Pearl Harbor

Attempt to destroy US navy before they enter war, becomes catalyst for US entering war

1109. Operation Overlord

June 6, 1944 - Invasion of Normandy, sets up Western Front against Germany, USSR pleased, known D-Day

1110. strategic bombing

systematic targetting of civilians - both residential and industrial capability - destroy will to fight

1111. Final Solution

Nazi decision to exterminate Jews, last years of World War II, shipped to extermination camps

1112. Wannsee Conference

January 20, 1942 - high level Nazis meet secretly to discuss, agree upon "Final Solution"

1113. Auschwitz-Birkenau

most famous extermination camp

1114. superpowers

Following WWII - two nations emerge as military, economic world leaders - USSR and USA

Ideological, economic and military conflict between superpowers - 1945-1989 - world takes sides - bipolar world

1116. partition of Germany

Divided among Allies - England, France, US, USSR - USSR section becomes E. Germany, others unite - W. Germany

1117. Berlin Blockade

Stalin shuts off trains, planes, roads into East Berlin - attempt to cut off western influence - Berlin Airlift foils plans

1118. Nikita Khrushchev

Controversial USSR premier Follows Stalins (1953-1964), criticizes Stalin's policies, foreign policy brings USSR-USA to brink of war

1119. nuclear arms race

Both USSR_USA push for weapons w/ larger payload, longer/more accurate trajectory, larger quantity

1120. mutually assured destruction

Deterrent policy in which neither USA-USSR would use nukes, because they would likewise be annihilated

1121. Third World

Initially countries neither in US or Soviet bloc, now it is those developing countries in Africa, Asia, L. America

1122. domino theory

Ideology that dominated 1950s/1960s, if one nations goes communist, neighboring countries would likewise turn Communist

1123. Soviet invasion of Hungary

October 1956 hundreds of thousands Hungarian protesters put down by Soviet govt - leads to drop in support for Marxist ideas

1124. Fidel Castro and Cuban Revolution

Overthrows Cuban gov't, believed too much of Cuban nation controlled by foreign interests, adopts Communist-state-controlled/nationalized economy

1125. Bay of Pigs

Failed attempt by US supported/trained Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro, failure embarasses US - increases Cuban-US tension

1126. Brezhnev Doctrine

1968 policy - no Soviet Bloc country can try to break free from Warsaw Pact - control of Soviets

1127. Sino-Soviet Split

China breaks from USSR, Mao wants more control/become Superpower also, mutual preservation from other's aggression

Term for reduction in tension between USA - USSR between 1960 and 1980s

1129. Afghan War

Failed attempt by USSR to take over Afghanistan - expense/negative public reaction hurt USSR communists - US supported Afghan guerillas

1130. European Coal and Steel Community

1958 - first attempt to unite W. European countries economically

1131. Charles de Gaulle

First president of France's 5th Republic - Gaullism - independence from international world - withdraws from NATO - pushed for social welfare

1132. Francois Mitterand

More pro-West w/ policies, president France 1981-1995

1133. Helmut Kohl

German Chancellor 1982-1998 - worked w/ Mitterand on European Union - like Thatcher/Reagan - wanted to lower taxes, encourage initiative - conservative

1134. decolonization

following WWII - nations pushed to be free of European control - Europe focused on own issues, allowed decolonization at varying degrees - based on settler population

1135. national liberation

wars of liberation in which local/indigenous populations fought imperial powers - usually supported secrety by Soviet KGB or American CIA depending on ideology

1136. Camp David Accords

US moderated peace talks between Egypt and Israel - broke down Arab unity, Egypt loses influence in Arab matters

1137. Yasser Arafat - Palestine Liberation Organization

Leader of terrorist organization wanting to evict Israelis, regain homeland, represenation for Palestinian people - later becomes political party

1138. Menachem Begin

Israeli prime minister at Camp David - returned land to Egypt, destroyed Israeli settlements

Palestinian Arabs fighting against Israeli occupation of Gaza Strip/West Bank - boys w/ stones vs. tanks image

1140. Iranian Revolution

Transformed Iran from pro-Western nation to fundamentalist Islamic nation. becomes religious theocracy

1141. Ayatollah Khomeini

Leader of Iranian Revolution - group of students supporting seize US embassy 1979 - begins stage of anti-US sentiment - fundamentalist theocracy

1142. Saddam Hussein

Dictator Iraq - took over power in coup, pushed war against Iran, invaded Kuwait - Persian Gulf War - genocide against Kurds

1143. Algerian War of Independence

Liberation movement against French - led to revolts in France - violent - French settler population refused to leave

1144. African National Congress

South African black political party that took over control in 1994

1145. Desmond Tutu

Bishop - spoke out against apartheid in S. Africa - Noble Peace Prize - called diverse S. Africa a Rainbow Nation

Ugandan military leader/president - responsible for hundreds of thousands of Christian/tribal deaths

1147. Mobutu Sese Seko

President of Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) - 1962-1995 - symbol of African nepotism, kleptocracy, and personality cult

1148. Patrice Lumumba

First Prime Minister of Democratic Republic of Congo - eventually arrested and murdered

1149. AIDS/HIV epidemic

Lacked initial funding/recognition as homosexual community disease - widespread epidemic in Africa - forces gov'ts to come up with policy on sex ed. and medicine

1150. Indira Gandhi

Indian Prime Miniters - 1966-77, 80-84 - pushed nuclear power program - Green Revolution - increase in production due to new strains, techniques, pesticides

1151. "Guided Democracy" - Sukarno

Indonesian leader - controls democratic system - 60 political parties too much, takes a more dictatorial roll

2nd president of Indonesia 1967-1998 - controlled Indonesia with force/political maneuvering

1153. Ho Chi Minh

Communist Vietnamese Nationalist, trained in Europe, fought Japanese then French then US, wanted united Vietnam

1154. Vietnam War

Based on Domino Theory, US wanted to prevent communist takeover by Vietcong forces up North

1155. Khmer Rouge

Cambodian leaders - responsible for 1.7 million deaths starvation, relocation, murder - attempt at ruralification 1975-1979

1156. Postwar economic recovery of Japan

miracle of Japanese growth post WWII - due to US investment, gov't intervention + US primarily supports military - Japan can focus money on economy

1157. Liberal Democrats

left-wing democrats - favor redistribution of wealth to poor, minorities - socially more liberal

1158. Taiwan and Kuomintang

Chiang Kai Shek fled to Taiwan, dictatorship of Taiwan - prepared for invasion of China - survived w/ US assistance

1159. Kim Il Sung

led north Korea from 1948 until 1994, created communist nation w/ strong ties to China

1160. Deng Xiaoping

Lead of Chinese Communist Party, de facto leader of party 1970s to 1990s after Mao - pushed forth unique idea of "socialist market economy"

1161. Augusto Pinochet

Chilean militar leader who in a coup deposed Salvador Allende - communist, elected leader - created one party rule dictatorship - ruled w/ iron fist - human rights abuses

1162. Che Guevera

Marxist revolutionary leader in Latin America - helped Castro in Cuba, later went to Africa - Congo - famous for being on high school T-shirts - 97% of high school students don't know why they wear it

Supported by US both legally and illegally - anti-revollutionaries in Nicaragua - fought the Sandinistas (communist leaning)

1164. Modern versus postmodern culture

Second is a reaction to the first - prevalent in gay movements, anti-globalization, peace movement, anarchism

1165. Bretton Woods

1944 meeting of 45 Allied nations to create International Monetary Fund and World Bank - help rebuild world

1166. Energy Crunch of the 1970s

aftermath of an Arab oil embargo crimped American energy consumption

1167. G-8 Summit

Canada, France, Italy, US, Germany, UK, Japan, Russian Federation - represent 70% of world's economy - meet annually for economic/political discussions

1168. standard of living disparity - developed vs. developing

health, life-expectancy wealth of industrialized nations dwarfs that of developing world

1169. north-south split

those nations above equator far richer than those below - rich getting richer, poor getting poorer - and because north dominates global economy, won't change anytime soon

1170. consumerism

massive purchase and industrialized toward consumer products - not necessities of life - just make us have a ton of stuff

1171. population growth - trends

developing nations seeing massive increase, industrialized workers slowing down - no need for all those kids, plus they want to spend money on consumer culture, health care, nutrition makes us live longer

1172. migration of peoples

developing nations from rural to urban - attempt to move from developing to industrialized - leads to guest workers and conflict between immigrants and Nativists

1173. nationalism and ethnic violence

following break up of European control and USSR, ethnic groups have become violent toward each other, no dictator to keep under control - centuries old conflicts back in fluorish - people's identity more toward ethnic group/religion than nation

1174. women's movements, feminism, women's liberation

suffrage Western Europe after WWI, but in 1950s fluorished - Feminine Mystique novel - women want choice - 1950-2006 saw unprecedented changes in gender equity - now women surpass men educationally, gov'ts step in to guarantee fair treatment - inequities, harassment still exist

1175. stream of consciousness

literary method of merely writing random thoughts - no linear structure - thank you James Joyce

1176. abstract and surrealist art

art that doesn't depict objects in the natural world - weird looking stuff - not an apple, but apple with man crawling out

1177. existentialism

human existence as having a set of underlying themes and characteristics, such as anxiety, dread, freedom, awareness of death, and consciousness of existing. is also an outlook, or a perspective, on life that pursues the question of the meaning of life or the meaning of existence

1178. mass media

our senses constantly bombarded with information from Internet, TV, movies, radio, cell phones

1179. popular culture

cooking, entertainment, sports, clothing, vernacular that matches the mainstream of a region/nation

1180. Diego Rivera

famous Mexican muralist - once put Mexican Communist leaders w/ US Founding Fathers in Rockefeller Center

Chinese vernacular writer who discounted Confucian values and criticized Chinese society - thoughts led to May 4th Revolution

1182. Rabindranath Tagore

Bengali poet, playwright, musician, novelist

1183. Wole Soyinka

Africa's most distinguished playwright

1184. Chinua Achebe

Things Fall Apart - novel about African independence

1185. Yukio Mishima

Anti-war writer for Japan, killed himself + decapitation in coup attempt to restore emperor

1186. Isabel Allende

Most popular Latin American author in world

1187. Salman Rushdie

novel Satanic Verses - found faults in Islamic world - Ayatollah put out death sentence on him

1188. Albert Einstein - theory of relativitity

20th century theory of physics - relation between laws of physics for person moving vs. person standing still

1189. quantum physics

deals with electron energy - atomic level of physics

1190. rocketry and space exploration

space race of 1950s - created for delivery system for nuclear weapons + world prestige + science - numerous subsequent scientific breakthroughs - built on German program of WWII - led to higher standards of education

1191. biotechnology, DNA, and genetics

gave humans ability to clone, find cause of illnesses, root of personalities, leads to moral conflicts

1192. computer technology, Internet, WWW

connects world, puts largest library in the world on your desk, flattens world, allows service/IT work to be done anywhere, changed face of workplace, increased consumer culture

1193. global village" - Marshall McLuhan

1960s theory that technology and mass media would break down political boundaries

1194. stagnation in the Soviet Union

USSR focus on military budget, no new forms of agricultural, focus on heavy industry led to downturn in productivity in 1970s and 1980s

1195. Andrei Sakharov

Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident and human rights activist. was an advocate of civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union.

1196. Lech Walesa and Solidarity

Polish shipyard worker, protests Soviet control - founded Solidarity movement - anti-Communists + Catholics working against Communism

1197. Chernobyl

explosion of nuclear power plant in USSR - led to lasting environmental distruction

1198. Collapse of the Soviet Union

due to economic stagnation, independence push for Soviet Bloc nations + work of Mikhail Gorbachev

1199. Boris Yeltsin

followed Mikhail Gorbachev - attempted to rebuild Russian Federation while dealing with break up of Soviet Bloc

1200. Nuclear club

nations with nuclear weapons - United States of America, Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), the United Kingdom, France, and the People's Republic of China. Since the formulation of the NPT, two non-signatory states of the NPT have conducted nuclear tests—India and Pakistan. Israel

1201. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

attempt to keep nuclear technology from spreading past original US, French, British, Russian - not so successful - see Iran, N. Korea, India, Pakistan - nations know once they get bomb - they are world players

1202. weapons of mass destruction - nuclear, bio, chem

new phase of military technology that can be delivered by individuals, not states, requires less money, heavy civilian casualties

1980s Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait for more oil, US + coalition kick him out, but leave him in power - leads to Iraq War 12 years later

1204. Rise of China

After psycho Mao leaves, China starts to industrialize logically, enter world stage, they have unique combo of state-controlled capitalism + pseudo communism - massive income/education disparity urban to rural

1205. nationalist extremism

fanatic belief that your nation/ethnic group better than others/neighboring - usually found in developing nations frustrated by income disparity

1206. Yugoslav Wars (Croatia, Bosnia, Kosovo)

after fall of USSR - ethnic divisions resulted in all-out Civil War - genocide on massive scale - United Nations comes in but struggles to figure out who is good guy/bad guy

1207. Hutu-Tutsi conflict

Rwandan genocide - Belgians long ago said Tutsis have more than 10 cows, Hutus have less - Rwandans divided arbitrarily - led to centuries of frustration - eventually Hutus start slaughering Tutsis

1208. East Timor

Roman Catholic ethnic group that fought to gain independence in Indonesia - Suharto falls from power, they fight back - poorest nation in the world - newest nation in the world

1209. Environmentalism

post-industrial movement to improve water supply, air, land pollution, animals, other small critters - save environment for our future

1210. Green Movement

basically term given to environmental movement

1211. Global Warming

threat that industrialization has put wholes in ozone layer which will heat up water temperature, melt glaciers, causing huge problems - end of the world -we're all going to die

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