Cistercians

A Cistercian is a member of the Cistercian Order (abbreviated as OCist, SOCist ((Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis), or ‘’’OCSO’’’ (Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae), which are religious orders of monks and nuns. They are also known as “Trappists”; as Bernardines, after the highly influential St. Bernard of Clairvaux (though that term is also used of the Franciscan Order in Poland and Lithuania); or as White Monks, in reference to the colour of the "cuccula" or white choir robe worn by the Cistercians over their habits, as opposed to the black cuccula worn by Benedictine monks. The original emphasis of Cistercian life was on manual labour and self-sufficiency, and many abbeys have traditionally supported themselves through activities such as agriculture and brewing ales. Over the centuries, however, education and academic pursuits came to dominate the life of many monasteries. A reform movement seeking to restore the simpler lifestyle of the original Cistercians began in 17th-century France at La Trappe Abbey, leading eventually to the Holy See’s reorganization in 1892 of reformed houses into a single order Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (OCSO), commonly called the Trappists. Cistercians who did not observe these reforms became known as the Cistercians of the Original Observance. The term Cistercian (French Cistercien), derives from Cistercium, the Latin name for the village of Cîteaux, near Dijon in eastern France. It was in this village that a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of Molesme founded Cîteaux Abbey in 1098, with the goal of following more closely the Rule of Saint Benedict. The best known of them were Robert of Molesme, Alberic of Cîteaux and the English monk Stephen Harding, who were the first three abbots. Bernard of Clairvaux entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions and helped the rapid proliferation of the order. By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout France and into England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Eastern Europe. The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Rule of St Benedict. Rejecting the developments the Benedictines had undergone, the monks tried to replicate monastic life exactly as it had been in Saint Benedict's time; indeed in various points they went beyond it in austerity. The most striking feature in the reform was the return to manual labour, especially agricultural work in the fields, a special characteristic of Cistercian life. Cistercian architecture is considered one of the most beautiful styles of medieval architecture. Additionally, in relation to fields such as agriculture, hydraulic engineering and metallurgy, the Cistercians became the main force of technological diffusion in medieval Europe. The Cistercians were adversely affected in England by the Protestant Reformation, the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII, the French Revolution in continental Europe, and the revolutions of the 18th century, but some survived and the order recovered in the 19th century. ^[1]

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Aadorf

Aadorf is a municipality in the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

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Aaron of Lincoln

Aaron of Lincoln (born at Lincoln, England, about 1125, died 1186) was an English Jewish financier.

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Aarwangen Castle

Aarwangen Castle (Schloss Aarwangen) is a castle in the municipality of Aarwangen of the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

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Abbaretz

Abbaretz (Abarrez in Breton) is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in the Pays de la Loire region of western France.

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Abbaye Blanche

The Abbaye Blanche ("White Abbey"), was a nunnery founded in 1112 in Mortain, France.

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Abbaye-aux-Bois

The Abbey of the Woods (Abbaye-aux-Bois) was a Bernardine (i.e., Cistercian) convent in Paris, with buildings at 16 rue de Sèvres and at 11 rue de la Chaise in the 7th arrondissement.

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Abbazia di San Salvatore

The Abbazia di San Salvatore or Abbadia San Salvatore is an abbey in the town of Abbadia San Salvatore, Tuscany, Italy, to which it gives its name.

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Abbess

In Christianity, an abbess (Latin abbatissa, feminine form of abbas, abbot) is the female superior of a community of nuns, which is often an abbey.

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Abbey

An abbey is a complex of buildings used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess.

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Abbey Dore

Abbey Dore is a village and civil parish in Herefordshire, England, known for Dore Abbey, a 12th-century Cistercian abbey, expanded in the 13th century.

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Abbey Dore Court

Abbey Dore Court is a minor country house in Abbey Dore, Herefordshire, England.

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Abbey Hulton

Abbey Hulton is a village in Staffordshire, England that now forms a suburb of the city of Stoke-on-Trent.

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Abbey of Blanche-Couronne

The Abbey of Our Lady of Blanche-Couronne (Abbaye Notre-Dame de Blanche-Couronne) is a former Benedictine and Cistercian abbey located in La Chapelle-Launay in the department of Loire-Atlantique in France.

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Abbey of Chiaravalle della Colomba

The Abbey of Chiaravalle della Colomba (Italian: Abbazia di Chiaravalle della Colomba) is a 12th-century Cistercian monastic complex near the town of Alseno, in the Province of Piacenza, Region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy.

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Abbey of Fontenay

The Abbey of Fontenay is a former Cistercian abbey located in the commune of Marmagne, near Montbard, in the département of Côte-d'Or in France.

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Abbey of Montheron

The Abbey of Montheron is a historic abbey in Montheron near Lausanne in Switzerland.

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Abbey of Monthiers-en-Argonne

The Abbey of Monthiers-en-Argonne (also spelled Montiers-en-Argonne, from Latin Monasterium in Argona, "monastery in the Argonne") was a Cistercian monastery located in Possesse in the diocese of Châlons-sur-Marne in the County of Champagne.

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Abbey of New Clairvaux

The Abbey of New Clairvaux is a rural Trappist monastery located in Northern California in the small town of Vina in Tehama County.

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Abbey of Notre-Dame du Lac (Oka, Quebec)

The Abbey of Notre-Dame du Lac (fr. Abbaye Notre-Dame du Lac), known as the Oka Abbey (fr. Abbaye Cistercienne d'Oka), was a Trappist Cistercian monastery located in Oka, Quebec.

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Abbey of Our Lady of Atlas

The Abbey of Our Lady of Atlas (دير سيدة الأطلس; Abbaye Notre Dame de Atlas) is a Roman Catholic monastery of Cistercians-Trappists, inaugurated on March 7, 1938 in Tibhirine, close to Médéa, in Algeria.

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Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani

The Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani is a monastery near Bardstown, Kentucky, in Nelson County, a part of the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae), better known as the Trappists.

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Abbey of Our Lady of the Holy Trinity

The Abbey of Our Lady of the Holy Trinity was a Trappist Cistercian (OCSO Order of the Cistercians of the Strict Observance) monastery in Huntsville, Utah.

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Abbey of Saint Peter (Assisi)

The Abbey of St.

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Abbey of Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa

The abbey of Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa is a Benedictine abbey located in the territory of the commune of Codalet, in the Pyrénées-Orientales département, in southwestern France.

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Abbey of San Galgano

The Abbey of Saint Galgano was a Cistercian Monastery found in the valley of the river Merse between the towns of Chiusdino and Monticiano, in the province of Siena, region of Tuscany, Italy.

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Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas

The Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas is a monastery of Cistercian nuns located approximately 1.5 km west of the city of Burgos in Spain.

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Abbey of the Holy Cross, Rostock

The Abbey of the Holy Cross (Kloster zum Heiligen Kreuz) in Rostock, Germany, was founded in the 13th century by Cistercian nuns.

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Abbey of Woney

The Cistercian Abbey of Woney (Irish, Mainistir Uaithne), also written Wotheny or Owney, on the banks of the Mulkear River in Abington, County Limerick, was founded in 1205 when Theobald Walter (le Botiller) granted the whole "theodum" (believed to be an error, which should have been feodum) of Woodenikuwice for the purpose.

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Abbey Series

The Abbey Series of British novels by Elsie J. Oxenham comprises 38 titles which were published between 1914 and 1959.

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Abbeycwmhir

Abbeycwmhir or Abbey Cwmhir (Abaty Cwm Hir, "Abbey in the Long Valley") is a village and community.

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Abbeydorney

Abbeydorney is a village in County Kerry, Ireland.

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Abbeydorney Abbey

Abbeydorney Abbey, also known as Kyrie Eleison Abbey or Odorney was founded by the O Torna, chieftain of the region, in 1154 for the Cistercians from Monasteranenagh.

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Abbeyknockmoy

Abbeyknockmoy is a village and parish in County Galway, Republic of Ireland.

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Abbeylara

Abbeylara is a village in the easternmost portion of County Longford, Ireland, located about three kilometers east of Granard on the R396 regional road.

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Abbeyleix

Abbeyleix is a town in County Laois, Ireland, located around south of the county town of Portlaoise.

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Abbeyleix House

Abbeyleix House, sometimes called Abbeyleix Castle, is an Irish country house that was the residence of the Viscounts de Vesci in County Laois, Ireland.

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Abbeys and priories in Hampshire

Abbeys and priories in Hampshire lists abbeys, priories, friaries or other monastic religious houses in Hampshire, England.

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Abbeyshrule

Abbeyshrule is a village in south-east County Longford, Ireland, on the River Inny and the Royal Canal.

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Abbeystead

Abbeystead is a small, picturesque hamlet located in the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, in Lancashire, England.

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Abbeytown

Abbeytown, also known as Holme Abbey, is a village and civil parish in Cumbria, England.

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Abbot

Abbot, meaning father, is an ecclesiastical title given to the male head of a monastery in various traditions, including Christianity.

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Abbot of Balmerino

The Abbot of Balmerino (later Commendator of Balmerino) was the head of the Cistercian monastic community and lands of Balmerino Abbey, Fife, founded in 1227 x 1229 by monks from Melrose Abbey with the patronage of Ermengarde de Beaumont and King Alexander II of Scotland.

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Abbot of Culross

The Abbot and then Commendator of Culross was the head of the monastic community of Culross Abbey, Fife, Scotland.

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Abbot of Deer

The Abbot of Deer (later Commendator of Deer), was the head of the Cistercian monastic community of Deer Abbey in Buchan.

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Abbot of Dundrennan

The Abbot of Dundrennan was the head of the Cistercian monastic community of Dundrennan Abbey, Galloway.

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Abbot of Kinloss

The Abbot of Kinloss (later Commendator of Kinloss) was the head of the property and Cistercian monastic community of Kinloss Abbey, Moray, founded by King David I of Scotland around 1151 by monks from Melrose Abbey.

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Abbot of Melrose

The Abbot and then Commendator of Melrose was the head of the monastic community of Melrose Abbey, in Melrose in the Borders region of Scotland.

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Abbot of Newbattle

The Abbot of Newbattle (later, Commendator of Newbattle) was the head of the Cistercian monastic community of Newbattle Abbey, Midlothian.

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Abbot of Saddell

The Abbot of Saddell was the head of the Cistercian monastic community of Saddell Abbey, in Argyll, Scotland.

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Abbot of Soulseat

The Abbot of Soulseat was the head of the Premonstratensian (originally Cistercian) monastic community of Soulseat Abbey in Galloway.

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Abbot of Sweetheart

The Abbot of Sweetheart (later Commendator of Sweetheart; also Abbot of New Abbey) was the head of the Cistercian monastic community of Sweetheart Abbey, Dumfries and Galloway, founded by monks from Dundrennan Abbey with the patronage of Derbhfhorghaill inghean Ailein (a.k.a. "Dervorguilla Balliol"), Lady of Galloway, about 1275.

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Abbot of Tongland

The Abbot of Tongland (later Commendator of Tongland) was the head of the Premonstratensian (originally Cistercian) monastic community of Tongland Abbey in Dumfries and Galloway.

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Abbot's Palace (Oliwa)

The Abbots' Palace in Oliwa (Pałac Opatów w Oliwie) is a rococo palace in Oliwa, a quarter of Gdańsk (Danzig).

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Aberarth

Aberarth, Ceredigion, Wales is a small seaside village situated towards the southern end of Cardigan Bay between Aberystwyth and Cardigan.

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Aberconwy Abbey

Aberconwy Abbey was a Cistercian foundation at Conwy, later transferred to Maenan near Llanrwst, and in the 13th century was the most important abbey in the north of Wales.

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Absalon

Absalon or Axel (21 March 1201) was a Danish archbishop and statesman, who was the Bishop of Roskilde from 1158 to 1192 and Archbishop of Lund from 1178 until his death.

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Abtweiler

Abtweiler is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Aby with Greenfield

Aby with Greenfield is a civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England.

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Acey Abbey

Acey Abbey (Abbaye d'Acey; Aceyum) is a Cistercian abbey founded in 1136, and occupied since 1873 by Trappist monks.

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Achstetten

Achstetten is the northernmost municipality in the district of Biberach, in the region of Upper Swabia in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Acton, Cheshire

Acton is a small village and civil parish lying immediately west of the town of Nantwich in the unitary authority of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England.

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Adam de la Halle

Adam de la Halle, also known as Adam le Bossu (Adam the Hunchback) (1245–50 – 1285–88?, or after 1306) was a French-born trouvère, poet and musician.

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Adam of Ebrach

Adam of Ebrach (late 11th century – 23 November 1161) was the first abbot of Ebrach Abbey in the area of Bamberg, Bavaria, Germany.

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Adam of Perseigne

Adam of Perseigne (1145 – 1221) was a French Cistercian, abbot of Perseigne Abbey in the Diocese of Le Mans.

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Adam of Ross

Adam of Ross was an Irish Cistercian monk who fl.

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Adam of Wągrowiec

Adam of Wągrowiec (also Adam from Wągrowiec) (Polish: Adam z Wągrowca) (died 27 August 1629), was a Polish composer and organist, as well as a Cistercian monk in the Wągrowiec cloister.

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Adel, Leeds

Adel is a suburb in North Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.

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Adolf of Germany

Adolf (c. 1255 – 2 July 1298) was Count of Nassau from about 1276 and elected King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1292 until his deposition by the prince-electors in 1298.

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Adolf of Osnabrück

Adolf of Osnabrück, O.Cist (also known as Adolphus, Adolph, Adolf of Tecklenburg), was born in Tecklenburg about 1185, a member of the family of the Counts of Tecklenburg in the Duchy of Westphalia.

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Adolf, Count Palatine of the Rhine

Adolf of the Rhine (Adolf der Redliche von der Pfalz) (27 September 1300, Wolfratshausen – 29 January 1327, Neustadt) from the house of Wittelsbach was formally Count Palatine of the Rhine in 1319–1327.

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Adoration in the Forest (Lippi)

"dark intensity and bursts of golden light" - Filippo Lippi's ''Adoration in the Forest'' Adoration in the Forest is a painting completed before 1459 by the Carmelite friar, Filippo Lippi, of the Virgin Mary and the newly born Christ Child lying on the ground, in the unusual setting of a steep, dark, wooded wilderness.

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Aduard

Aduard is a village in the municipality of Zuidhorn, in the Netherlands.

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Aduard Abbey

Aduard Abbey (Abdij van Aduard, Abdij Sint-Bernardus in Aduard) is a former Cistercian abbey in the village of Aduard about 8 kilometres to the north-west of Groningen in the Netherlands, founded in 1192 and dissolved in 1580.

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Advocatus

During the Middle Ages, the Latin word advocatus (in English, advocate; in French avoué; in German, Vogt) was a general term for any person called (ad vocatus) to defend another, such as a lawyer or an advocatus ecclesiae, usually a lay lord charged with the protecting a particular church.

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Aelred of Rievaulx

Aelred of Rievaulx (Aelredus Riaevallensis); also Ailred, Ælred, and Æthelred; (1110 – 12 January 1167) was an English Cistercian monk, abbot of Rievaulx from 1147 until his death, and known as a writer.

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Aesop's Fables

Aesop's Fables, or the Aesopica, is a collection of fables credited to Aesop, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece between 620 and 564 BCE.

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Affective piety

Affective piety is most commonly described as a style of highly emotional devotion to the humanity of Jesus, particularly in his infancy and his death, and to the joys and sorrows of the Virgin Mary.

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Afonso I of Portugal

Afonso IOr also Affonso (Archaic Portuguese-Galician) or Alphonso (Portuguese-Galician) or Alphonsus (Latin version), sometimes rendered in English as Alphonzo or Alphonse, depending on the Spanish or French influence.

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Agathonice

Agathonice was an Ancient city and bishopric in Roman Thrace, which remains a Latin Catholic titular see.

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Agivey Abbey

Agivey Monastery was an early monastic site in Northern Ireland.

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Agnès Arnauld

Mother Agnès Arnauld, S.O.Cist. (1593–1672), was the Abbess of the Abbey of Port-Royal, near Paris, and a major figure in French Jansenism.

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Agnes Blannbekin

Agnes Blannbekin (– March 10, 1315), was an Austrian Beguine and Christian mystic.

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Agnes of Antioch

Agnes of Antioch (1154 – c. 1184) was a Queen of Hungary from 1172 until 1184 as the first wife of Béla III.

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Agnes of Babenberg

Not to be confused with Agnes of Brandenburg Agnes of Babenberg (Agnes von Babenberg, Agnieszka Babenberg; b. ca. 1108/13 – d. 24/25 January 1163), was a German noblewoman, a scion of the Franconian House of Babenberg and by marriage High Duchess of Poland and Duchess of Silesia.

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Agnes of Bohemia

Agnes of Bohemia, O.S.C., (Svatá Anežka Česká, 20 June 1211 – 2 March 1282), also known as Agnes of Prague, was a medieval Bohemian princess who opted for a life of charity, mortification of the flesh and piety over a life of luxury and comfort.

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Agnes of Landsberg

Agnes of Landsberg (1192 or 1193 – 1266 in Wienhausen) was a German noblewoman.

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Agnolo Gaddi

Agnolo Gaddi (c.1350–1396) was an Italian painter.

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Agostino Trivulzio

Agostino Trivulzio (c. 1485–1548) was an Italian Cardinal and papal legate.

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Agriculture in Scotland in the Middle Ages

Agriculture in Scotland in the Middle Ages includes all forms of farm production in the modern boundaries of Scotland, between the departure of the Romans from Britain in the fifth century and the establishment of the Renaissance in the early sixteenth century.

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Ahrensburg

Ahrensburg is a town in the district of Stormarn, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

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Aiguebelle Abbey

Aiguebelle Abbey (Abbaye Notre-Dame d'Aiguebelle) is a Trappist monastery situated in the communes of Montjoyer and Réauville in the département of Drôme, on the borders of the Dauphiné and of Provence, France.

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Ain Zana

Ain Zana (Aïn-Zana) is a town and commune in Souk Ahras Province in north-eastern Algeria.

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Airdrie, North Lanarkshire

Airdrie (An t-Àrd Ruigh) is a town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland.

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Alain (bishop of Auxerre)

Alain (Alanus) (died 1185Alan Coates, et al., A Catalogue of Books Printed in the Fifteenth Century now in the Bodleian Library (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 81.) was a Cistercian abbot of La Rivour, and bishop of Auxerre from 1152 to 1167.

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Alan of Galloway

Alan of Galloway (born before 1199; died 1234), also known as Alan fitz Roland, was a leading thirteenth-century Scottish magnate.

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Alberic of Cîteaux

Alberic of Cîteaux, O.Cist. (died January 26, 1109), sometimes known as Aubrey of Cîteaux, was a French monk and abbot, one of the founders of the Cistercian Order.

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Alberic of Trois-Fontaines

Alberic of Trois-Fontaines (Aubri or Aubry de Trois-Fontaines; Albericus Trium Fontium) (died 1252) was a medieval Cistercian chronicler who wrote in Latin.

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Alberich Mazak

Alberich Mazak, also Alberik Mazák (1609 – 9 May 1661) was a 17th-century Czech-Austrian composer.

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Alberich Rabensteiner

Alberich Rabensteiner, born January 28, 1875, in Villanders, South Tyrol, was a Cistercian monk who practiced at Heiligenkreuz Abbey.

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Alberich Zwyssig

Father Alberich or Alberik Zwyssig (17 November 1808 – 18 November 1854) was a Cistercian monk who composed in 1841 the Swiss Psalm, the present Swiss national anthem.

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Albert I of Pietengau

Albert I Count of Pietengau (* around 1215; † 9 December 1260/62) was Bishop of Regensburg from 1246 to 1259.

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Albert I, Margrave of Meissen

Albert I (1158 – 24 June 1195), called the Proud (Albrecht der Stolze), a member of the House of Wettin, was the Margrave of Meissen from 1190 until his death.

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Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel

Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel (– between 19 November and 4 December 1300) was a Margrave of Brandenburg.

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Albert of Genoa

Albert of Genoa, also known as Lambert of Genoa, was a Cistercian hermit.

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Albert of Stade

Friar Albert of Stade, O.F.M., was a 13th-century chronicler, born before the end of the 12th century, most likely about 1187.

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Albert of Strzelce

Albert of Strzelce (Albert strzelecki; after 1300 – around 25 September 1375), was a Duke of Opole during 1313–1323 (with his brother as co-ruler) and Duke of Strzelce since 1323 until his death.

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Albigensian Crusade

The Albigensian Crusade or the Cathar Crusade (1209–1229) was a 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, in southern France.

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Albin O'Molloy

Albin O'Molloy (Ailbe Ua Maíl Mhuaidh) (died 1223) was the Irish bishop of Ferns.

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Albino, Lombardy

Albino is a comune in the province of Bergamo, in Lombardy, northern Italy.

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Alcácer do Sal

Alcácer do Sal is a municipality in Portugal, located in Setúbal District.

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Alcher of Clairvaux

Alcher of Clairvaux was a twelfth-century Cistercian monk of Clairvaux Abbey.

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Alcobaça Monastery

The Alcobaça Monastery (Mosteiro de Alcobaça, Mosteiro de Santa Maria de Alcobaça) is a Roman Catholic church located in the town of Alcobaça, in Oeste Subregion.

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Alcobaça, Portugal

Alcobaça is a city and a municipality in Oeste Subregion, region Centro in Portugal, formerly included in the Estremadura Province.

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Aldersbach Abbey

Aldersbach Abbey (Kloster Aldersbach) is a former Cistercian monastery in the community of Aldersbach in the district of Passau in the valley of the Vils, Lower Bavaria, Germany.

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Alekna Sudimantaitis

Alekna Sudimantaitis (Алехна Судзімонтавіч, Olechno Sudymuntowicz; died in 1490/1491) was an influential Lithuanian noble of Trąby coat of arms, Grand Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1478–1490) and Voivode of Vilnius (1477–1490).

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Alexander of Lincoln

Alexander of Lincoln (died February 1148) was a medieval English Bishop of Lincoln, a member of an important administrative and ecclesiastical family.

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Alfonso II of Aragon

Alfonso II (1–25 March 1157Benito Vicente de Cuéllar (1995),, p. 630-631; in Hidalguía. XLIII (252) pp. 619–632."Alfonso II el Casto, hijo de Petronila y Ramón Berenguer IV, nació en Huesca en 1157;". Cfr. Josefina Mateu Ibars, María Dolores Mateu Ibars (1980).. Universitat Barcelona, p. 546.,.Antonio Ubieto Arteta (1987).. Zaragoza: Anúbar, § "El nacimiento y nombre de Alfonso II de Aragón".. – 25 April 1196), called the Chaste or the Troubadour, was the King of Aragon and, as Alfons I, the Count of Barcelona from 1164 until his death.

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Alfonso Téllez de Meneses el Viejo

Alfonso Téllez de Meneses (1161–1230), known as el Viejo ("the Old"), was a nobleman of Castile and a participant in the key Reconquista battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.

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Alfonso the Battler

Alfonso I (1073/10747 September 1134), called the Battler or the Warrior (el Batallador), was the king of Aragon and Pamplona from 1104 until his death in 1134.

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Alfonso VII of León and Castile

Alfonso VII (1 March 110521 August 1157), called the Emperor (el Emperador), became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King of León and Castile in 1126.

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Alhama de Aragón

Alhama de Aragón is a spa town located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain, situated on the river Jalón, a tributary of the Ebro.

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Alice Margaret Cooke

Alice Margaret Cooke (18 September 1867 – 26 January 1940) was a British historian and writer.

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Alice of Schaerbeek

Alice of Schaerbeek, O.Cist. (or Adelaide or Aleydis) (also known as Alice the Leper) (Sint Aleydis, Sainte Alix), (c. 1220–1250) was a Cistercian laysister who is venerated as the patron saint of the blind and paralyzed.

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All Saints Church, Poplar

All Saints' Church, Poplar, is a church in Newby Place, Poplar, London Borough of Tower Hamlets, and is the Church of England parish church of Poplar.

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Allar, Jerusalem

Allar (علار) or 'Allar el-Fawqa ("Upper Allar"), also known as 'Allar el Busl, was a Palestinian Arab village located southwest of the Old City of Jerusalem near Wadi Surar ("Valley of Pebbles"), along Wadi Tannur.

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Allegheny Mountains

The Allegheny Mountain Range, informally the Alleghenies and also spelled Alleghany and Allegany, is part of the vast Appalachian Mountain Range of the eastern United States and Canada and posed a significant barrier to land travel in less technologically advanced eras.

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Aller

The Aller is a long river in the states of Saxony-Anhalt and Lower Saxony in Germany.

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Alphorn

The alphorn or alpenhorn or alpine horn is a labrophone, consisting of a straight several-meter-long wooden natural horn of conical bore, with a wooden cup-shaped mouthpiece.

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Alps

The Alps (Alpes; Alpen; Alpi; Alps; Alpe) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe,The Caucasus Mountains are higher, and the Urals longer, but both lie partly in Asia.

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Altenberg (Bergisches Land)

Altenberg is an Ortsteil (area) in the municipality of Odenthal in the Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia and was formerly the seat of the Counts of Berg.

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Altenberg Abbey

Altenberg Abbey (Abtei Altenberg) (Vetus Mons) is a former Cistercian monastery in Altenberg, now a part of Odenthal in the Bergisches Land, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Altenberger Dom

The Altenberger Dom (or Bergischer Dom) is the former abbey church of Altenberg Abbey which was built from 1259 in Gothic style by Cistercians.

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Altmünster, Mainz

The Altmünster abbey near Mainz, Germany, was reputedly founded by Saint Bilihildis (d. 734), who served as the first abbess; however, it may well be a 7th-century foundation.

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Alton, Leicestershire

Alton is a deserted medieval village between Coalville and Ashby-de-la-Zouch, in North West Leicestershire, England.

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Altzella Abbey

Altzella Abbey, also Altzelle Abbey (Kloster Altzella or Altzelle, previously Cella or Cella Sanctae Mariae) is a former Cistercian monastery near Nossen in Saxony, Germany.

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Alvastra

Alvastra is a small village in Ödeshög Municipality in eastern Sweden.

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Alvastra Abbey

Alvastra Abbey was a Cistercian monastery located at Alvastra in Östergötland, Sweden.

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Alvingham Priory

Alvingham Priory was a Gilbertine priory in St.

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Amadeus de Bie

Gerardus Franciscus Amadeus de Bie, 1844-1920 was a Belgian abbot of Bornem Abbey (Common Observance).

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Amaro Averna

Amaro Averna is an Italian liqueur in the Amaro category produced in Caltanissetta, Sicily.

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Ambrose Lisle March Phillipps De Lisle

Ambrose Lisle March Phillipps de Lisle (17 March 1809 – 5 March 1878) was an English Catholic convert.

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Amelia, Umbria

Amelia is a town and comune of the province of Terni, in the Umbria region of central Italy.

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Amelungsborn Abbey

Amelungsborn Abbey, also Amelunxborn Abbey (Kloster Amelungsborn) near Negenborn and Stadtoldendorf, in the Landkreis of Holzminden in the Weserbergland, was the second oldest Cistercian foundation in Lower Saxony, Germany, after Walkenried Abbey.

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Amesbury Priory

Amesbury Priory was a Benedictine monastery at Amesbury in Wiltshire, England, belonging to the Order of Fontevraud, a Benedictine reform.

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Ancient Diocese of Hamar

The former Norwegian Catholic diocese of Hamar existed from 1152 to 1542, when the Protestant Reformation turned it into a bishopric of the Lutheran state church.

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Ancient Diocese of Ribe

The former Roman Catholic diocese of Ribe (29 deaneries, 278 parishes) consisted of the modern Danish Provinces of Ribe, Vejle and Ringkøbing, and part of Southern Jutland.

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Ancient Diocese of Viborg

The former Roman Catholic diocese of Viborg, in Denmark existed from 1065 to the Protestant Reformation.

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Ancient See of Aarhus

The Ancient See of Aarhus (Latin: Arusia, Arusiensis) was a pre-reformation Catholic diocese in Denmark.

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André Vingt-Trois

André Armand Vingt-Trois (born 7 November 1942) is a French cardinal of the Catholic Church.

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Andrea Negroni

Andrea Negroni (November 2, 1710 – January 17, 1789) was an Italian Cardinal who was Cardinal-Deacon of the titular Church of Santi Vito, Modesto e Crescenzio from 1765 to 1779.

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Andrew de Buchan

Andrew de Buchan (d. 1304?) was a Scottish Cistercian, bishop of Caithness from 1296.

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Andrzej Spot

Andrzej Spot was a 16th-century Catholic priest, Cistercian monk, Abbot, Canon, and Auxiliary Bishop of Kraków.

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Anglèse de Sagazan

Anglèse de Sagazan (died 1582) was a French shepherdess from Lannemezan who claimed she saw three Marian apparitions in Monléon (70 kilometers away from Lourdes) three times in 1515.

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Anglo-Normans

The Anglo-Normans were the medieval ruling class in England, composed mainly of a combination of ethnic Anglo-Saxons, Normans and French, following the Norman conquest.

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Aniconism in Christianity

Christianity has not generally practised aniconism, or the avoidance or prohibition of types of images, but has had an active tradition of making and venerating images of God and other religious figures.

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Anna of Greater Poland

Anna of Greater Poland (Anna wielkopolska; b. 1253 – d. aft. 26 June 1295), was a Greater Poland princess member of the House of Piast and abbess at Owińska.

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Annales Cambriae

Annales Cambriae (Latin for The Annals of Wales) is the name given to a complex of Cambro-Latin chronicles compiled or derived from diverse sources at St David's in Dyfed, Wales.

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Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn (1501 – 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII.

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Annibale Annibaldi

Annibale Annibaldi, also known as Annibaldo degli Annibaldi, (died 1 September 1271) was an Italian Catholic theologian,.

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Annibale Maria di Francia

St.

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Anselm Baker

Anselm Baker (1834–1885), was an English artist.

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Anselm of Canterbury

Anselm of Canterbury (1033/4-1109), also called (Anselmo d'Aosta) after his birthplace and (Anselme du Bec) after his monastery, was a Benedictine monk, abbot, philosopher and theologian of the Catholic Church, who held the office of archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109.

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Anselm van der Linde

Anselm van der Linde O.Cist., born 24 September 1970 in Roodepoort, is a Cistercian abbot of the common observance, he is the current Abbot praeses of the Congregatio Augiensis.

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António, Prior of Crato

António, Prior of Crato (153126 August 1595; sometimes called The Determined, The Fighter or The Independentist), was a grandson of King Manuel I of Portugal and claimant of the Portuguese throne during the 1580 dynastic crisis.

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Anthony Mary Claret

Saint Anthony Mary Claret, C.M.F. (Antoni Maria Claret i Clarà; Antonio María Claret y Clarà; December 23, 1807 – October 24, 1870) was a Spanish Roman Catholic archbishop and missionary, and was confessor of Isabella II of Spain.

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Anti-Catholicism

Anti-Catholicism is hostility towards Catholics or opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy and its adherents.

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Antiphonary

An Antiphonary is one of the liturgical books intended for use in choro (i. e. in the liturgical choir), and originally characterized, as its name implies, by the assignment to it principally of the antiphons used in various parts of the Roman liturgy. In current usage Antiphoner refers more narrowly to books containing the chants for the Divine Office in distinction to the Gradual (Graduale or more rarely antiphonarium Missarum), which contains the antiphons used for the Mass. The discussion below is almost entirely drawn from the 1908 article in the Catholic Encyclopedia. Subsequent developments have been the replacement of the Ratisbon editions with the Vatican edition of 1912 and the publication of the Antiphonale monasticum (1934) produced by the Benedictines of Solesmes, In 1971 the Office was substantially revised and renamed the Liturgy of the Hours (Liturgia Horarum) and new books appeared: the Psalterium monasticum (1981) and the Liber hymnarius (1982).

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Anton Egon, Prince of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg

Anton Egon (23 April 1656 – 10 October 1716), a member of the Swabian House of Fürstenberg, was Imperial Prince and Princely Landgrave of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg from 1674 until his death.

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Anton Wolfradt

Anton Franz Wolfradt, O.Cist., O.S.B. (9 July 1582, Cologne – 1 April 1639, Vienna) was a Cistercian and Benedictine, Abbot of Wilhering then Kremsmünster, Prince-Bishop of Vienna, and President of the Hofkammer.

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Apocalypse of Lorvão

The Apocalypse of Lorvão is an illuminated manuscript from Lorvão, Portugal containing the Commentary on the Apocalypse of Beatus of Liébana Monastery, Spain.

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Apologia ad Guillelmum

Bernard of Clairvaux's Apologia ad Guillelmum was written in 1125 at the ostensible request of his friend and fellow monastic reformer, William of Saint-Thierry, and is the key document in the early twelfth century controversy over art, the greatest controversy over art to occur in the West previous to the Reformation.

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Apostolic Prefecture of Lausitz

The Apostolic Prefecture of Lausitz (Lusatia) was a missionary pre-diocesan Latin Catholic jurisdiction in Lusatia (in German Lausitz, today in the northeastern German states of Saxony and Brandenburg and in western Poland).

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Arbanum

Arbanum is a town, former bishopric and present titular see in present Albania.

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Arboretum du Sarroudier

The Arboretum du Sarroudier (60 hectares) is a new arboretum now taking shape in the village of Le Mas, Alpes-Maritimes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France.

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Archaeologia Cambrensis

Archaeologia Cambrensis is an archaeological and historical scholarly journal that is published annually by the Cambrian Archaeological Association.

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Archbishop of Cashel

The Archbishop of Cashel (Ard-Easpag Chaiseal Mumhan) was an archiepiscopal title which took its name after the town of Cashel, County Tipperary in Ireland.

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Archbishopric of Bremen

The Archdiocese of Bremen (also Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen, Erzbistum Bremen, not to be confused with the modern Archdiocese of Hamburg, founded in 1994) is a historical Roman Catholic diocese (787–1566/1648) and formed from 1180 to 1648 an ecclesiastical state (continued under other names until 1823), named Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (Erzstift Bremen) within the Holy Roman Empire.

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Archdeacon of Wells

The Archdeacon of Wells is a senior clergy position in the Church of England Diocese of Bath and Wells.

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Archdiocese of Uppsala

The Archdiocese of Uppsala (Uppsala ärkestift) is one of the thirteen dioceses of the Church of Sweden and the only one having the status of an archdiocese.

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Architecture of cathedrals and great churches

The architecture of cathedrals, basilicas and abbey churches is characterised by the buildings' large scale and follows one of several branching traditions of form, function and style that all ultimately derive from the Early Christian architectural traditions established in the Constantinian period.

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Architecture of Italy

Italy has a very broad and diverse architectural style, which cannot be simply classified by period or region, due to Italy's division into several city-states until 1861.

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Architecture of Leeds

The architecture of Leeds, a city and metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England, encompasses a wide range of architectural styles and notable buildings.

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Architecture of Portugal

Architecture of Portugal refers to the architecture practiced in the territory of present-day Portugal since before the foundation of the country in the 12th century.

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Architecture of Provence

The Architecture of Provence includes a rich collection of monuments from the Roman Empire; Cistercian monasteries from the Romanesque Period, medieval palaces and churches; fortifications from the time of Louis XIV, as well as numerous hilltop villages and fine churches.

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Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England

The medieval cathedrals of England, which date from between approximately 1040 and 1540, are a group of twenty-six buildings that constitute a major aspect of the country’s artistic heritage and are among the most significant material symbols of Christianity.

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Archpoet

The Archpoet (1130 – c. 1165), or Archipoeta (in Latin and German),Jeep 2001: 21.

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Arcos de Valdevez

Arcos de Valdevez is a municipality along the northern frontier of Portugal and Galicia (Spain).

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Ardchattan Priory

The Ardchattan Priory was a Valliscaulian monastic community in Ardchattan, Argyll, Scotland.

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Ards Peninsula

The Ards Peninsula is a peninsula in County Down, Northern Ireland, that separates Strangford Lough from the North Channel of the Irish Sea on the north-east coast of Ireland.

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Ariosophy

Armanism and Ariosophy are the names of ideological systems of an esoteric nature, pioneered by Guido von List and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels respectively, in Austria between 1890 and 1930.

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Arlon

Arlon (Arel,; Aarlen,; Arel; Årlon) is a Walloon municipality of Belgium located in and capital of the province of Luxembourg.

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Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé

Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé (January 9, 1626 ParisOctober 27, 1700 Soligny-la-Trappe), abbot and founder of the Trappist Cistercians.

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Arn – The Knight Templar

Arn – The Knight Templar (Arn - Tempelriddaren) is an epic film based on Jan Guillou's trilogy about the fictional Swedish Knight Templar Arn Magnusson.

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Arnaud Amalric

Arnaud Amaury (Arnoldus Amalricus; died 1225) was a Cistercian abbot who played a prominent role in the Albigensian Crusade.

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Arnauld family

The Arnauld or Arnaud family Lord de la Mothe, de Bessac, de la Besse, de Villeneuve, de Ronzière et d'Artonne, then d'Andilly, de Corbeville and Marquess de Pomponne is a noble French family prominent in the 17th century, and closely associated with Jansenism, associating frequently with the Jansenist religious communities in Port-Royal de Paris and Port-Royal des Champs.

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Arnold I of Cologne

Arnold I (c. 1100 – 3 April 1151) was Archbishop of Cologne from 1137 to 1151.

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Arnold I of Vaucourt

Arnold I of Vaucourt (Arnaud, Arnaut de Vaucort, Arnold von Valcourt, Valancourt, Walecourt) (circa 1120 – May 25, 1183 in Trier), was the Archbishop of Trier from 1169 to 1183.

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Arnold I, Lord of Egmond

Arnold I of Egmond, in Dutch Arnoud, Arend, or Arent van Egmond, (– 9 April 1409) was Lord of Egmond and IJsselstein.

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Arnsburg Abbey

Arnsburg Abbey (German: Kloster Arnsburg) is a former Cistercian monastery near Lich in the Wetterau, Hesse, Germany.

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Arnsburger

Arnsburger is a white variety of grape used for wine.

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Arnulf of Leuven

Arnulf of Leuven (c. 1200–1250) was the abbot of the Cistercian abbey in Villers-la-Ville.

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Arrentières

Arrentières is a French commune in the Aube department in the Grand Est region of north-central France.

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Arrouaise Abbey

The Abbey of Arrouaise was the centre of a form of the canonical life known as the Arrouaisian Order, which was popular among the founders of canonries during the decade of the 1130s.

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Arsuz

Arsuz (أرسوز, Αρσούς), also known as Uluçınar is a city in Hatay Province, southern Anatolia (Asian Turkey), and under its Ancient name Rhosus (Ῥῶσός) a former bishopric and titular see.

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Ascelina

Ascelina (1121-1195), was a French Cistercian nun and mystic.

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Askam and Ireleth

Askam and Ireleth is a civil parish close to Barrow-in-Furness in the county of Cumbria, in North West England.

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Askeby Abbey

Askeby Abbey (Swedish: Askeby kloster), was a Cistercian nunnery in Sweden, in operation from the late 12th century until 1529.

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Askrigg

Askrigg is a small village and civil parish in Wensleydale in the Yorkshire Dales National Park.

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Assarting

Assarting is the act of clearing forested lands for use in agriculture or other purposes.

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Assen

Assen is a municipality and a city in the northeastern Netherlands, and is the capital of the province of Drenthe.

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Astikai

Astikai (Astikus, Ościk, Ościkowicze or Ostik) was a Lithuanian noble family, that prospered in late 14th and early 17th centuries.

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Aubazine

Aubazine (Obasina in Occitan) is the official name (incorrectly spelt Aubazines on many maps and notably in the INSEE database) of a commune in the Corrèze department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of central France.

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Augustin de Lestrange

Augustin de Lestrange (secular name Louis-Henri de Lestrange) (born in 1754, in the Château de Colombier-le-Vieux, Ardèche, France; died at Lyon, 16 July 1827) was a French Trappist abbot, an exile from France after the French Revolution.

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Augustine Grimaldi

Augustine Grimaldi (1482 – 14 April 1532) was Regent of Monaco (1523–1532), Bishop of Grasse, Abbot of Lérins, and founder of the village of Valbonne.

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Augustinians

The term Augustinians, named after Augustine of Hippo (354–430), applies to two distinct types of Catholic religious orders, dating back to the first millennium but formally created in the 13th century, and some Anglican religious orders, created in the 19th century, though technically there is no "Order of St.

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Aulne Abbey

Aulne Abbey was a Cistercian monastery between Thuin and Landelies on the Sambre in the Bishopric of Liège in Belgium.

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Aulps Abbey

Aulps Abbey is a former Cistercian monastery located at an altitude of 810 metres in the village of Saint-Jean-d'Aulps in the Aulps Valley, Haute-Savoie, French Alps.

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Aunay-sur-Odon

Aunay-sur-Odon is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

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Aunis

Aunis is a historical province of France, situated in the north-west of the department of Charente-Maritime.

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Auriac, Corrèze

Auriac is a commune in the Corrèze department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of central France.

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Aylesby

Aylesby is a village and civil parish in North East Lincolnshire, England.

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Áed Ua hOissín

Áed Ua hOissín (Hugh O'Hession), first Archbishop of Tuam, died 1161.

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Álvaro Rodríguez

Álvaro Rodríguez (fl. 1129–1166, died January 1167) was a Galician magnate during the reigns of Alfonso VII and Ferdinand II.

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Ángel de Maldonado

Angel de Maldonado, O. Cist. (1660–1728) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Antequera (1700–1728).

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Ås Abbey

Ås Abbey (Ås Kloster; Asylum) was a Cistercian monastery situated near the mouth of the River Viskan into the Kattegat in Halland, formerly part of Denmark but now in Sweden, near the present hamlet of Åskloster about 14 km north of Varberg, in Varberg Municipality.

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Échourgnac

Échourgnac is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

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Époisses de Bourgogne

Époisses de Bourgogne is a legally demarcated cheese made in the village Époisses and its environs, in the département of Côte-d'Or, about halfway between Dijon and Auxerre, in the former duchy of Burgundy, France, from agricultural processes and resources traditionally found in that region.

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Île Saint-Honorat

The Île Saint-Honorat is the second largest of the Lérins Islands, about a mile off shore from the French Riviera town of Cannes.

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Îlot Saint-Michel

Îlot Saint-Michel (Saint Michael Island) is an uninhabited island in the English Channel off the coast of Brittany in Côtes-d'Armor, France, near the resort of Sables-d'Or-les-Pins.

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Óláfr Guðrøðarson (died 1153)

Óláfr Guðrøðarson (died 29 June 1153) was a twelfth-century King of the Isles.

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Øm Abbey

Øm Abbey was a Cistercian monastery founded in 1172 in the Diocese of Aarhus near the town of Rye, between the lakes of Mossø and Gudensø in central Jutland, Denmark.

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Ústí nad Orlicí

Ústí nad Orlicí (Wildenschwert) is a city in the Ústí nad Orlicí District, Pardubice Region in Eastern Bohemia in the Czech Republic.

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Überlingen

Überlingen is a German city on the northern shore of Lake Constance (Bodensee).

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Łęczyca

Łęczyca (in full The Royal Town of Łęczyca; Królewskie Miasto Łęczyca; לונטשיץ) is a town of 14,362 inhabitants in central Poland.

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Łodygowice

Łodygowice is a village in Żywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Łuczyna

Łuczyna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobroszyce, within Oleśnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Šentjernej

Šentjernej (or; in older sources also Šent Jernej,Leksikon občin kraljestev in dežel zastopanih v državnem zboru, vol. 6: Kranjsko. 1906. Vienna: C. Kr. Dvorna in Državna Tiskarna, p. 72. Sankt Bartlmä) is a small town and a municipality in southeastern Slovenia.

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Żarnowiec

Żarnowiec (Żarnówc, German Zarnowitz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krokowa, within Puck County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

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Żyrosław I

Żyrosław I (Latin: Siroslaus) was Bishop of Wrocław from, 1112 to 1120.

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Babylon 5

Babylon 5 is an American science fiction television series created by writer and producer J. Michael Straczynski, under the Babylonian Productions label, in association with Straczynski's Synthetic Worlds Ltd.

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Bad Doberan

Bad Doberan is a town in the district of Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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Bad Doberan (district)

Bad Doberan is a former district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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Bad Herrenalb

Bad Herrenalb is a municipality in the district of Calw, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Bad Sobernheim

Bad Sobernheim is a town in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Baddiley

Baddiley is a scattered settlement and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England.

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Baden, Switzerland

Baden (German for "Baths"), sometimes unofficially, to distinguish it from other Badens, called Baden bei Zürich ("Baden near Zürich") or Baden im Aargau ("Baden in Aargau"), is a municipality in Switzerland.

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Badia a Settimo

The Badia a Settimo or Abbazia dei Santi Salvatore e Lorenzo a Settimo is a Cluniac Benedictine abbey in the comune of Scandicci, near Florence in Tuscany, Italy.

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Baldwin (archbishop of Pisa)

Baldwin (died 6 October 1145) was a Cistercian monk and later Archbishop of Pisa, a correspondent of Bernard of Clairvaux, and a reformer of the Republic of Pisa.

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Baldwin II of Jerusalem

Baldwin II, also known as Baldwin of Bourcq or Bourg (Baudouin; died 21 August 1131), was Count of Edessa from 1100 to 1118, and King of Jerusalem from 1118 until his death.

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Baldwin of Forde

Baldwin of Forde or FordSharpe Handlist of Latin Writers pp.

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Ballymascanlan

Ballymascanlan, otherwise Ballymascanlon, is a small village and townland in County Louth, Ireland, situated 4 km north-east of Dundalk on the Cooley Peninsula, on the road to Carlingford.

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Balmerino Abbey

Balmerino Abbey, or St Edward's Abbey, in Balmerino, Fife, Scotland, was a Cistercian monastic community which has been ruinous since the 16th century.

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Baltasar de Figueroa

Baltasar de Figueroa, O. Cist. (1634–1684) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Santiago de Cuba (1683–1684).

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Baltinglass Abbey

Baltinglass Abbey is a former Cistercian abbey founded in 1148 and located in Baltinglass, Ireland.

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Bamberg Cathedral

The Bamberg Cathedral (Bamberger Dom, official name Bamberger Dom St. Peter und St. Georg) is a church in Bamberg, Germany, completed in the 13th century.

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Banat in the Middle Ages

The Middle Ages in the Banat (a historical region in Central Europe which is now divided among Romania, Serbia and Hungary) started around 900.

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Banzendorf

Banzendorf is a village in the state of Brandenburg, Germany.

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Barbegal aqueduct and mill

The Barbegal aqueduct and mill is a Roman watermill complex located on the territory of the commune of Fontvieille, near the town of Arles, in southern France.

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Barbery, Calvados

Barbery is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

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Bardo, Poland

Bardo (Wartha) is a town in Ząbkowice Śląskie County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Barefoot

Barefoot is the most common term for the state of not wearing any footwear.

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Barnim VIII, Duke of Pomerania

Barnim VIII, Duke of Pomerania (between 1405 and 1407 – between 15 and 19 December 1451) at www.ruegenwalde.com' was Duke of Pomerania–Wolgast–Barth.

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Barnoldswick

Barnoldswick is a town and civil parish in Lancashire, England, near the county border with North Yorkshire, just outside the Yorkshire Dales National Park and the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

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Baroness Mary Vetsera

Baroness Marie Alexandrine von Vetsera (19 March 1871 – 30 January 1889) was a member of Austrian "second society" (new nobility) and one of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria's mistresses.

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Barony (Ireland)

In Ireland, a barony (barúntacht, plural barúntachtaí) is a historical subdivision of a county, analogous to the hundreds into which the counties of England were divided.

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Barrow-in-Furness

Barrow-in-Furness, commonly known as Barrow, is a town and borough in Cumbria, England.

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Basílica de Santa Maria de Castelló d'Empúries

The Santa Maria Basilica (the Basílica de Santa Maria de Castelló d'Empúries, or the Catedral de l'Empordà or the Catedral de Castelló d'Empúries), located in the municipality of Castelló d'Empúries in Girona, Catalonia, Spain, has for centuries been regarded as the Empordà Cathedral, although papal authorities have never grant it this rank.

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Basedale Priory

Basedale Priory or Baysdale Priory was a priory in North Yorkshire, England located East from the parish church of Stokesley.

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Basilica di Sant'Andrea

The Basilica di Sant'Andrea is the church of a monastery in Vercelli, Piedmont, northern Italy, founded in 1219 by Cardinal Guala Bicchieri and completed in 1227.

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Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption and St. Nicholas

The Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption and St.

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Basilica of St Giles

Basilica of St Giles in Bardejov, Slovakia, is a Gothic sacral building, which is situated in the northern part of the Town-Hall square (in Slovak Radničné námestie).

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Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers

The Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers (German: Basilika Vierzehnheiligen) is a church located near the town of Bad Staffelstein near Bamberg, in Bavaria, southern Germany.

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Basingwerk Abbey

Basingwerk Abbey (Abaty Dinas Basing) is a Grade I listed ruined abbey near Holywell, Flintshire, Wales.

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Battle of Ourique

The Battle of Ourique (25 July 1139: St. James Day) saw the forces of Portuguese Prince Afonso Henriques (of the House of Burgundy) defeat the Almoravid led by Ali ibn Yusuf.

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Battle of Pwll Melyn

The Battle of Pwll Melyn, also known as the Battle of Usk, was part of the Welsh War of Independence against English rule that lasted from 1400 to 1415.

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Battle of Strėva

Battle of Strėva, Strebe, or Strawe was fought on 2 February 1348 between the Teutonic Order and the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the banks of the Strėva River, a right tributary of the Neman River, near present-day Žiežmariai.

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Béla III of Hungary

Béla III (III., Bela III, Belo III; 114823 April 1196) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1172 and 1196.

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Béla IV of Hungary

Béla IV (1206 – 3 May 1270) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1235 and 1270, and Duke of Styria from 1254 to 1258.

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Bélapátfalva

Bélapátfalva is a town in Heves county, in Hungary, located north of the city of Eger.

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Březová (Uherské Hradiště District)

Březová is a village and municipality (obec) in Uherské Hradiště District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic.

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Beatrice of Nazareth

Blessed Beatrice of Nazareth or in Dutch Beatrijs van Nazareth (c. 1200 in Tienen – 1268) was a Flemish Cistercian nun.

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Beatrice of Silva

Beatrice of Silva, O.I.C., also known (in Spanish) as Beatriz da Silva y de Menezes and (in Portuguese) as Beatriz de Menezes da Silva, (Campo Maior, Portugal ca. 1424 – Toledo, Castile, 9 August 1492) was a noblewoman of Portugal, who became the foundress of the monastic Order of the Immaculate Conception of Our Lady in Spain.

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Beatrice of Swabia

Beatrice or Beatrix of Swabia (April/June 1198 – 11 August 1212), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was Holy Roman Empress and German Queen in 1212 as the first wife of the Welf emperor Otto IV.

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Beaulieu Abbey

Beaulieu Abbey,, was a Cistercian abbey located in Hampshire, England.

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Beaulieu-en-Rouergue Abbey

Beaulieu-en-Rouergue Abbey is a former Cistercian monastery in south-west France, founded in 1144.

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Beauly Priory

Beauly Priory was a Valliscaulian monastic community located at "Insula de Achenbady", now Beauly, Inverness-shire.

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Beaupré Abbey (Picardy)

Beaupré Abbey (Abbaye de Beaupré; Bellum pratum) is a former Cistercian monastery in the commune of Achy, department of Oise and region of Picardy, France.

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Bebenhausen Abbey

Bebenhausen Abbey, also known as Bebenhausen Monastery and Palace, was a Cistercian monastery located in the village of Bebenhausen (now a district of Tübingen), in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Bective Abbey

Bective Abbey (Mainistir Bheigthí) is a Cistercian abbey on the River Boyne in Bective, County Meath, Ireland.

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Bective, County Meath

Bective (sometimes known as Bective Bridge or Ballina) is a small hamlet and townland in County Meath, Ireland.

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Beheading of St John the Baptist

The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist, also known as the Decollation of Saint John the Baptist or the Beheading of the Forerunner, is a holy day observed by various Christian churches that follow liturgical traditions.

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Beinwil (Freiamt)

Beinwil (Freiamt) is a municipality in the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

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Belleau Abbey

Belleau Abbey, later Belleau Priory (otherwise Belle Eau or Belle-Eau) (Abbaye de Belleau, Prieuré de Belleau; Bella Aqua) was a Cistercian monastery in Villeneuve-la-Lionne, Marne, France, about 15 kilometres south-west of Montmirail.

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Bellebranche Abbey

Bellebranche Abbey (Abbaye de Bellebranche) is a former Cistercian monastery located in Saint-Brice, Mayenne, France, founded in 1152 and suppressed during the French Revolution.

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Belleperche Abbey

Belleperche Abbey (bella pertica) is a former Cistercian abbey in Tarn-et-Garonne, Occitanie, in France, about 7 kilometres south of Castelsarrasin and 20 kilometres west of Montauban, situated on the Garonne.

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Bellevaux Abbey

Bellevaux Abbey was a Cistercian monastery, founded in 1120 by Pons de Morimond, near the present-day Cirey, Haute-Saône, France.

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Belmont Abbey, Herefordshire

Belmont Abbey, in Herefordshire, England is a Catholic Benedictine monastery that forms part of the English Benedictine Congregation.

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Benedict Joseph Labre

Saint Benedict Joseph Labre, T.O.S.F., (Benoît-Joseph Labre) (25 March 1748 – 16 April 1783) was a French mendicant, Franciscan tertiary, and Catholic saint.

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Benedict Neefs

dom Benedictus Neefs, (French: Benoit Neefs) OCist.

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Benedict XVI Philosophical-Theological University

The Pope Benedict XVI Philosophical-Theological University (German: Philosophisch-Theologische Hochschule Benedikt XVI. Heiligenkruez), colloquially referred to as Hochschule Heiligenkreuz, is a private, Roman Catholic pontifical university located in Heiligenkreuz, Austria.

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Bergen auf Rügen Abbey

Bergen auf Rügen Abbey (Kloster Bergen auf Rügen) was a monastery for Cistercian nuns established on the Baltic Sea island of Rügen.

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Bergische Kräher

The Bergische Kräher is a German breed of domestic chicken from the Bergisches Land, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in western Germany.

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Bermond d'Anduze (bishop of Sisteron)

Bermond Anduze (born, unknown — June 11, 1214) was an important Catholic cleric and bishop in 12th century France.

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Bermudo Pérez de Traba

Bermudo Pérez de Traba (died 1168), the eldest son of Count Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and his first wife Urraca Fróilaz, was a member of the most important medieval lineage in Galicia.

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Bernard de Montgaillard

Bernard de Montgaillard (1563–1628) was a French Cistercian preacher and abbot of Orval Abbey.

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Bernard de Périgord

Bernard de Périgord (died 1149) was the first bishop of the restored diocese of Zamora from 1121 until his death.

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Bernard of Alzira

Bernard of Alzira (born Ahmet Ibn Al-Mansur in 1135, Carlet, Valencia, Spain - Alzira, Valencia, Spain, 1181) was a Andalusian prince and diplomat, later turned from Islam to become a religious brother of the Cistercian Order.

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Bernard of Clairvaux

Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist (Bernardus Claraevallensis; 109020 August 1153) was a French abbot and a major leader in the reform of Benedictine monasticism that caused the formation of the Cistercian order.

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Bernard of Valdeiglesias

Bernard of Valdeiglesias (or "of Candeleda") was a Benedictine Cistercian monk at Valdeiglesias, province of Avila, Spain.

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Bernardine Cemetery

The Bernardine Cemetery (Bernardinų kapinės, Cmentarz Bernadyński), is one of the three oldest cemeteries in Vilnius, Lithuania.

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Bernardine Cistercians of Esquermes

The Bernardine Cistercians of Esquermes are a small branch of the Cistercian Order.

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Bernardines

Bernardines may refer to.

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Bernardino of Siena

Bernardino of Siena, (also known as Bernardine; 8 September 138020 May 1444) was an Italian priest and Franciscan missionary.

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Bernardo de Brito

Friar Bernardo de Brito (20 August 1569 – 27 February 1617) was a Portuguese monk and historian.

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Bernardyńska Street in Bydgoszcz

Bernardyńska street is an historic axis of Bydgoszcz Old Town.

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Bernat Calbó

Bernat Calbó (or Calvó) (c. 1180 – 26 October 1243), sometimes called Bernard of Calvo, was a Catalan jurist, bureaucrat, monk, bishop, and soldier.

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Bernhard Boll

Bernhard Boll (7 June 1756 in Stuttgart – 6 March 1836 in Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German Roman Catholic priest, Cistercian monk and the first Archbishop of Freiburg.

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Bernhard of Prambach

Bistumswappen of Passau.Bernard von Prambach, also known as Wernhard (around 1220 - 27 July 1313) was the 42nd Bishop of Passau from 1285 to 1313.

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Bernhard von Spanheim

Bernhard von Spanheim (or Sponheim; 1176 or 1181 – 4 January 1256), a member of the noble House of Sponheim, was Duke of Carinthia for 54 years from 1202 until his death.

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Berno, Apostle of the Obotrites

Berno, Bishop of Schwerin, also known as the Apostle of the Obotrites or Berno of Amelungsborn (died 14 January 1191) was a pre-eminent missionary to the Obotrites in the territory of Mecklenburg, Germany, and the first Bishop of Schwerin.

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Berthold of Hanover

Berthold of Hanover (died 24 July 1198) was a German Cistercian and Bishop of Livonia, who met his death in a crusade against the pagan Livonians.

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Berthold Schwarz

Berthold Schwarz (sometimes spelled Schwartz), also known as Berthold the Black and der Schwartzer, was a legendary German (or in some accounts Danish or Greek) alchemist of the late 14th century, credited with the invention of gunpowder by 15th- through 19th-century European literature.

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Bertran de Born

Bertran de Born (1140s – by 1215) was a baron from the Limousin in France, and one of the major Occitan troubadours of the twelfth century.

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Bethel Strict Baptist Chapel, Robertsbridge

Bethel Strict Baptist Chapel (also described as Bethel Calvinist Chapel) is a former place of worship for Reformed Baptists#Strict Baptists in Robertsbridge, a village in the district of Rother in the English county of East Sussex.

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Biddlesden

Biddlesden is a village and civil parish in Aylesbury Vale district in north-west Buckinghamshire, England on the boundary with Northamptonshire.

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Biddlesden Abbey

Biddlesden was a Cistercian abbey founded in 1147 by Arnold de Bosco (de Bois), steward to the Earl of Leicester.

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Bierzo (DO)

Bierzo is a Spanish Denominación de Origen (DO) for wines located in the northwest of the province of León (Castile and León, Spain) and covers about 3,000 km².

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Bindon Abbey

Bindon Abbey (Bindonium) was a Cistercian monastery, of which only ruins remain, on the River Frome about half a mile east of Wool in the Purbeck District, Dorset, England.

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Binningen, Rhineland-Palatinate

Binningen is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Cochem-Zell district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Birchgrove, Swansea

Birchgrove (Y Gellifedw) is a community and large village in the City and County of Swansea, Wales.

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Bishop of Achonry

The Bishop of Achonry is an episcopal title which takes its name after the village of Achonry in County Sligo, Ireland.

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Bishop of Ardagh

The Bishop of Ardagh was a separate episcopal title which took its name after the village of Ardagh, County Longford in the Republic of Ireland.

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Bishop of Ardfert and Aghadoe

The Bishop of Ardfert and Aghadoe (usually simply referred to as the Bishop of Ardfert) was an episcopal title which took its name after the village of Ardfert and townland of Aghadoe, both in County Kerry, Republic of Ireland.

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Bishop of Bangor

The Bishop of Bangor is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of Bangor.

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Bishop of Clogher

The Bishop of Clogher is an episcopal title which takes its name after the village of Clogher in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.

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Bishop of Clonmacnoise

Bishop of Clonmacnoise was the ordinary of the Roman Catholic episcopal see based at Clonmacnoise, County Offaly, Ireland.

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Bishop of Cloyne

The Bishop of Cloyne is an episcopal title that takes its name after the small town of Cloyne in County Cork, Republic of Ireland.

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Bishop of Connor

The Bishop of Connor is an episcopal title which takes its name after the village of Connor in County Antrim, Northern Ireland.

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Bishop of Derry

The Bishop of Derry is an episcopal title which takes its name after the city of Derry in Northern Ireland.

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Bishop of Elphin

The Bishop of Elphin is an episcopal title which takes its name after the village of Elphin, County Roscommon, Ireland.

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Bishop of Exeter

The Bishop of Exeter is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Exeter in the Province of Canterbury.

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Bishop of Kilmore

The Bishop of Kilmore is an episcopal title which takes its name after the parish of Kilmore, County Cavan in Ireland.

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Bishop of Lismore, Ireland

The Bishop of Lismore was a separate episcopal title which took its name after the town of Lismore in County Waterford, Republic of Ireland.

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Bishop of Meath

The Bishop of Meath is an episcopal title which takes its name after the ancient Kingdom of Meath.

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Bishop of Norwich

The Bishop of Norwich is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Norwich in the Province of Canterbury.

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Bishop of Ossory

The Bishop of Ossory is an episcopal title which takes its name after the ancient of Kingdom of Ossory in the Province of Leinster, Ireland.

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Bishop of Raphoe

The Bishop of Raphoe is an episcopal title which takes its name after the town of Raphoe in County Donegal, Ireland.

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Bishop of Salisbury

The Bishop of Salisbury is the ordinary of the Church of England's Diocese of Salisbury in the Province of Canterbury.

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Bishop of Sodor and Man

The Bishop of Sodor and Man is the Ordinary of the Diocese of Sodor and Man in the Province of York in the Church of England.

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Bishop of St Asaph

The Bishop of St Asaph heads the Church in Wales diocese of St Asaph.

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Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek

The Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek (Saare-Lääne piiskopkond; Bistum Ösel–Wiek; Low German: Bisdom Ösel–Wiek; contemporary Ecclesia Osiliensis) was a Roman Catholic diocese and semi-independent prince-bishopric (parto of Terra Mariana, i.e. Livonia) in the Holy Roman Empire, covering what are now Saare, Hiiu and Lääne counties of Estonia.

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Bishopric of Dorpat

The Bishopric of Dorpat (Tartu piiskopkond; Bisdom Dorpat; Ecclesia Tarbatensis) was a medieval prince-bishopric, i;e; both a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church and a temporal principality ruled by the bishop of the diocese.

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Bishopric of Pomesania

The Bishopric of Pomesania (Bistum Pomesanien; Diecezja pomezańska) was a Catholic diocese in the Prussian regions of Pomesania and Pogesania, in northern modern Poland until the 16th century, then shortly a Lutheran diocese, and became a Latin titular see.

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Bjälbo

Bjälbo is a small village in Mjölby Municipality, Östergötland, Sweden.

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Black

Black is the darkest color, the result of the absence or complete absorption of visible light.

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Black Worcester pear

The Black Worcester pear (also known as 'Parkinson's Warden') is a cultivar of the European Pear (Pyrus communis), it may have come to UK via the Romans, but also has been used in Heraldry and around the city of Worcester.

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Blackdown Hills

The Blackdown Hills are a range of hills along the Somerset-Devon border in south-western England, which were designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) in 1991.

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Blanche of Navarre, Countess of Champagne

Blanche of Navarre (?–1229) was Countess of Champagne, then Regent of Champagne, and finally also regent of her native kingdom of Navarre.

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Blast furnace

A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper.

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Bledzew

Bledzew (Blesen) is a village in Międzyrzecz County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.

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Blessed Gerard of Clairvaux

Blessed Gerard of Clairvaux (Gerardus de Clara Valle, Gérard de Clairvaux) (born c. 1120; died in 1177) was the sixth abbot of Clairvaux.

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Bloemkamp Abbey

Bloemkamp Abbey (Abdij Bloemkamp, also Oldeklooster; Floridus campus) is a former Cistercian abbey in the Netherlands, located in Hartwerd in the municipality of Wûnseradiel to the north-east of Bolsward, in the province of Friesland.

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Blood of Jesus Christ (military order)

Blood of Jesus Christ, or Blood of Christ, was a military order instituted at Mantua by Vincenzo I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, approved on 25 May 1608 by Pope Paul V. The motto of the order was Domine probasti me, or that Nihil hoc triste recepto.

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Bogoriowie

Jarosław z Bogorii i Skotnik The Bogoriowie was a family of Polish knights.

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Bogumilus

Bogumilus, in Polish Bogumił Piotr, (also known as Bogimilus and Theophilus) was Archbishop of Gniezno and a hermit.

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Boitzenburger Land

Boitzenburger Land is a municipality in the Uckermark district, in Brandenburg, Germany.

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Bokrijk

Bokrijk is a park and museum complex in the municipality of Genk in the Province of Limburg, Belgium.

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Bolków Castle

Bolków Castle - a castle located in Bolków on the Castle Hill (Wzgórze Zamkowe, Polish), with a 396 metres, where the hillside is cut by the Nysa Szalona river, with a sharp precipice (with a sudden drop of 90 metres); the eastern side of the hill gradually lowers, taken up by the town.

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Bolko I of Opole

Bolko I of Opole (Bolko I Opolski; before 21 October 1258 – 14 May 1313), was a Duke of Opole from 1282 (until 1284 with his brother as co-ruler), Niemodlin and Strzelce Opolskie until his death.

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Bolko I the Strict

Bolko I the Strict also known as the Raw or of Jawor (Bolko I Surowy or Srogi or Jaworski; 1252/56 – 9 November 1301), was a Duke of Lwówek (Löwenberg) during 1278–81 (with his brother as co-ruler) and Jawor (Jauer) since 1278 (with his brother as co-ruler until 1281), sole Duke of Lwówek since 1286, Duke of Świdnica-Ziębice since 1291.

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Bombarral

Bombarral is a Portuguese municipality in the Oeste Subregion, region Centro.

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Bommenede

Bommenede or Bommenee is a former island, village, and municipality in the Netherlands, located about 5 km east of the city of Brouwershaven.

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Boneffe Abbey

Boneffe Abbey was, from the early 13th century until the end of the 18th century, a Cistercian monastery on the banks of the Mehaigne in what is now the municipality of Éghezée in Belgium.

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Bonfilh

Bonfilh's stanzas (2, 6 and 8) Guiraut, I sing to make my heart rejoice And for love of one who keeps me happy, And because I like honor and joy and youth; But I'd never sing only for money, Nor do I seek it; I'd rather give it to you, For I give generously, all for the love of my lady, Who is clever and worthy and pretty and gay.

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Boniface of Savoy (bishop)

Boniface of Savoy (c. 1217 – 18 July 1270) was a medieval Bishop of Belley in France and Archbishop of Canterbury in England.

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Bonmont Abbey

Bonmont Abbey (Abbaye de Bonmont) is a former Cistercian monastery in the municipality of Chéserex in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

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Bonnes Mares

Bonnes Mares is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) and Grand Cru vineyard for red wine in the Côte de Nuits subregion of Burgundy, with Pinot noir as the main grape variety.

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Bonneval Abbey (Aveyron)

Bonneval Abbey (Abbaye de Bonneval) was founded as a monastery of Cistercian monks in Le Cayrol, in the department of Aveyron, in the south of France.

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Bonnevaux Abbey (Dauphiné)

Bonnevaux Abbey (Abbaye de Bonnevaux; Bonae Valles) is a former Cistercian monastery in Lieudieu near Villeneuve-de-Marc in the Isère department of France, in the region of the Dauphiné, 25 kilometres east of Vienne and about 6 kilometres south-east of Saint-Jean-de-Bournay on the northern edge of the Forêt de Bonnevaux.

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Book of Deer

The Book of Deer (Leabhar Dhèir in Gaelic) (Cambridge University Library, MS. Ii.6.32) is a 10th-century Latin Gospel Book with early 12th-century additions in Latin, Old Irish and Scottish Gaelic.

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Book of Henryków

The Book of Henryków (Księga henrykowska, Liber fundationis claustri Sancte Marie Virginis in Heinrichau) is a Latin chronicle of the Cistercian abbey in Henryków in Lower Silesia.

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Bordesley Abbey

Bordesley Abbey was a 12th-century Cistercian abbey near the town of Redditch, in Worcestershire, England.

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Bornem Abbey

Bornem Abbey is the only Cistercian abbey of Common Observance in the Archdiocese of Malines-Brussels.

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Borough of Waverley

The Borough of Waverley is a local government district with borough status in Surrey, England.

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Bottenbroich Abbey

Bottenbroich Abbey, later Bottenbroich Priory (Kloster Bottenbroich), was a former Cistercian religious house located in Bottenbroich, now in Frechen, about three kilometres north-east of Kerpen, in the present Rhein-Erft-Kreis of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Bourras Abbey

Bourras Abbey (Abbaye de Bourras; Bonus radius) is a former Cistercian monastery in the commune of Saint-Malo-en-Donziois in Nièvre, Burgundy, France.

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Boxley Abbey

Boxley Abbey in Boxley, Kent, England was a Cistercian monastery founded c.1146 by William of Ypres, leader of King Stephen's Flemish mercenaries, and colonised by monks from Clairvaux Abbey in France.

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Boyle Abbey

Boyle Abbey (Mainistir na Búille) was the first successful foundation in Connacht of the Cistercian order which had opened its first Irish house at Mellifont, County Louth, in 1142.

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Boyle, County Roscommon

Boyle is a town in County Roscommon, Ireland.

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Brahetrolleborg

Brahetrolleborg is a castle about 10 kilometres north-west of Fåborg on the island of Fyn, near the present Korinth.

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Braunschweig

Braunschweig (Low German: Brunswiek), also called Brunswick in English, is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz mountains at the farthest navigable point of the Oker river which connects it to the North Sea via the Aller and Weser rivers.

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Brecht Abbey

Brecht Abbey, also known as the Abbey of Our Lady of Nazareth, is an abbey of Trappistine nuns located in Brecht, in the Campine region of the province of Antwerp (Flanders, Belgium).

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Brenhinoedd y Saeson

Brenhinoedd y Saeson (English: The Kings of the English) is the medieval title of three Middle Welsh annalistic chronicles known from three 14th-century manuscripts (referred to as P, R, and S) recording events from 682 to the English conquest of Wales in 1282 (P was subsequently continued to 1332, S ultimately to 1461).

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Brick Gothic

Brick Gothic (Backsteingotik, Gotyk ceglany, Baksteengotiek) is a specific style of Gothic architecture common in Northwest and Central Europe especially in the regions in and around the Baltic Sea, which do not have resources of standing rock, but in many places a lot of glacial boulders.

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Bridget of Sweden

Bridget of Sweden (1303 – 23 July 1373); born as Birgitta Birgersdotter, also Birgitta of Vadstena, or Saint Birgitta (heliga Birgitta), was a mystic and saint, and founder of the Bridgettines nuns and monks after the death of her husband of twenty years.

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Brightley Priory

Brightley Priory was founded in 1133 as a Cistercian monastery.

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Brother Robert

Brother Robert was a cleric working in Norway who adapted several French literary works into Old Norse during the reign of King Haakon IV of Norway (1217–1263).

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Bruce campaign in Ireland

The Bruce campaign was a three-year military campaign by Edward Bruce, brother of the Scottish king Robert the Bruce, in Ireland.

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Bruern

Bruern or Bruern Abbey is a hamlet and civil parish on the River Evenlode about north of Burford in West Oxfordshire.

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Brunaille

A Brunaille is a painting executed entirely or primarily in shades of brown.

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Bruno of Cologne

Bruno of Cologne (c. 1030 – 6 October 1101) was the founder of the Carthusian Order, he personally founded the order's first two communities.

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Buch Abbey

Buch Abbey, in German Kloster Buch, is a former Cistercian monastery near Leisnig in Saxony.

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Buckfast Abbey

Buckfast Abbey forms part of an active Benedictine monastery at Buckfast, near Buckfastleigh, Devon, England.

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Buckfastleigh

Buckfastleigh is a small market town and civil parish in Devon, England situated beside the Devon Expressway (A38) at the edge of the Dartmoor National Park.

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Buckland Abbey

Buckland Abbey is a 700-year-old house in Buckland Monachorum, near Yelverton, Devon, England, noted for its connection with Sir Richard Grenville the Younger and Sir Francis Drake and presently in the ownership of the National Trust.

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Buckow

Buckow (Märkische Schweiz) is a town in the Märkisch-Oderland district, in Brandenburg, Germany.

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Buda, Kortrijk

Buda is a historical neighbourhood in the Belgian city of Courtray.

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Budaörs

Budaörs (Wudersch, Jerša, Erša or Vundeš) is a town in Pest county, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary.

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Buildwas Abbey

Buildwas Abbey is located along the banks of the River Severn in Buildwas, Shropshire, England, about two miles west of Ironbridge.

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Burgundy wine

Burgundy wine (Bourgogne or vin de Bourgogne) is wine made in the Burgundy region in eastern France, in the valleys and slopes west of the Saône, a tributary of the Rhône.

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Burgwindheim

Burgwindheim is a community with market rights in the west of the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg and a member of the administrative community (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) of Ebrach.

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Burial sites of European monarchs and consorts

This list contains all European emperors, kings and regent princes and their consorts as well as well-known crown princes since the Middle Ages, whereas the lists are starting with either the beginning of the monarchy or with a change of the dynasty (e.g. England with the Norman king William the Conqueror, Spain with the unification of Castile and Aragon, Sweden with the Vasa dynasty, etc.). In addition, it contains the still-existing principalities of Monaco and Liechtenstein and the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg.

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Burkardroth

Burkardroth is a municipality in the district of Bad Kissingen in Bavaria in Germany.

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Burleydam

Burleydam is a small English village in the civil parish of Dodcott cum Wilkesley in the unitary authority of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, near the border with Shropshire.

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Burstock

Burstock is a village and civil parish in west Dorset, England, south of Crewkerne.

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Burtscheid Abbey

Burtscheid Abbey (Abtei Burtscheid) was a house of the Benedictine Order, after 1220 a Cistercian nunnery, located at Burtscheid, near Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, in Germany.

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Bygdøy

Bygdøy or Bygdø is a peninsula situated on the western side of Oslo, Norway.

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Bygdøy Royal Estate

Bygdøy Royal Estate (Bygdøy kongsgård) is a Kongsgård estate that occupies a large part of the northwestern part of the Bygdøy peninsula in Oslo, Norway.

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Byland Abbey

Byland Abbey is a ruined abbey and a small village in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire, England, in the North York Moors National Park.

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Bzovík

Bzovík (Bozók) is a village and municipality in the Krupina District of the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.

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Cadouin Abbey

Cadouin Abbey (Abbaye de Cadouin or Abbaye Notre-Dame de la Nativité de Cadouin) was a Cistercian monastery founded as a hermitage in 1115 by Gerald of Salles, in the name of Robert of Arbrissel, in what is now the commune of Le Buisson-de-Cadouin in the Dordogne, south-west France.

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Cadwgan of Llandyfai

Cadwgan also known as Cadwgan of Llandyfái or Martin (died 11 April 1241) was a Welsh cleric who was Bishop of Bangor from 1215 to 1236.

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Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius.

"Caedite eos.

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Caesarius of Heisterbach

Caesarius of Heisterbach (ca. 1180 – ca. 1240) (sometimes erroneously called in English Caesar of Heisterbach) was the prior of the former Cistercian monastery Heisterbach Abbey, in the Siebengebirge near the little town of Oberdollendorf, Germany.

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Calatrava la Vieja

Calatrava la Vieja (formerly just Calatrava) is a medieval site and original nucleus of the Order of Calatrava.

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Calatrava, Romblon

, officially the, (formerly Andagao), is a settlement_text in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.

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Calder Abbey

Calder Abbey in Cumbria was a Savigniac monastery founded in 1134 by Ranulph de Gernon, 2nd Earl of Chester, and moved to this site following a refoundation in 1142.

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Caldey Abbey

Caldey Abbey is an abbey and monastery of the Cistercian order of the Strict Observance (commonly called Trappists), situated on the island of Caldey off the coast of Pembrokeshire, Wales, south of Tenby.

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Caldey Island

Caldey (Welsh:Ynys Bŷr) is a small island off the southwest coast of mainland Wales, near Tenby in Pembrokeshire. With a recorded history going back over 1,500 years, it is known as one of the holy islands of Britain. A number of traditions inherited from Celtic times are observed by the Cistercian monks, who are the chief inhabitants and owners of the island today. At its closest point, Caldey lies south of the mainland, though the usual access to the island is by small boat from the town of Tenby, some to the north. The island's population consists of 40 permanent residents and a varying number of Cistercian monks, known as Trappists. The monks' predecessors migrated there from Belgium in the early 20th century, taking over from Anglican Benedictines who had bought the island in 1906 and built the extant monastery and abbey but later got into financial difficulties. Today, the monks of Caldey Abbey farm the island, chiefly raising dairy cattle, and make a range of items including cheese, shortbread, perfumes, chocolate and toiletries. In the spring and summer, visitors are ferried to Caldey, not only to visit the sacred sanctuary but also to view the island's rich wildlife.

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Caldey Lighthouse

Caldey Lighthouse is located on the south end of Caldey Island, three miles (5 km) off the south Pembrokeshire, Wales coastline, a small island inhabited by a Cistercian monastery.

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Caldwell Priory

Caldwell Priory was a priory of Canons of the Holy Sepulchre in Bedfordshire, England, from circa 1154 to 1536.

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Camargue

The Camargue (Provençal Camarga) is a natural region located south of Arles, France, between the Mediterranean Sea and the two arms of the Rhône delta.

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Cambrian Archaeological Association

The Cambrian Archaeological Association (Cymdeithas Hynafiaethau Cymru) was founded in 1846 to examine, preserve and illustrate the ancient monuments and remains of the history, language, manners, customs, arts and industries of Wales and the Welsh Marches and to educate the public in such matters.

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Cambron Abbey

Cambron Abbey (Abbaye de Cambron; Camberona) is a former Cistercian abbey in Belgium, located in Cambron-Casteau in the municipality of Brugelette in Hainaut.

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Cammeringham

Cammeringham is a village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England.

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Cammeringham Priory

Cammeringham Priory was a priory in Cammeringham, Lincolnshire, England.

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Campile

Campile ((officially spelt Ceann Poill)) is a small village situated in the south of County Wexford, Ireland.

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Campo de Borja (DO)

Campo de Borja is a Spanish Denominación de Origen (DO) for wines located in the Campo de Borja comarca, northwest of the province of Zaragoza (Aragon, Spain).

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Canons regular

Canons regular are priests in the Western Church living in community under a rule ("regula" in Latin), and sharing their property in common.

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Canton of Bern

The canton of Bern (Bern, canton de Berne) is the second largest of the 26 Swiss cantons by both surface area and population.

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Capital of Wales

The current capital of Wales is Cardiff, which was first referred to as such in 1955, when Gwilym Lloyd-George, then Minister for Welsh Affairs commented in a Parliamentary written answer that "no formal measures are necessary to give effect to this decision".

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Carcastillo

Carcastillo is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, in the north of Spain.

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Cardinals created by Francis

Pope Francis (r. 2013–present) has created cardinals at five consistories held at roughly annual intervals beginning in 2014.

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Carlisle Cathedral

The Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, otherwise called Carlisle Cathedral, is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Carlisle.

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Carlo Giuseppe Imbonati

Carlo Giuseppe Imbonati ("Imbonatus") was a Cistercian scholar who was active during the last half of the 17th century.

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Carmagnola

Carmagnola is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located south of Turin.

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Carmelite Priory, Copenhagen

The Carmelite Priory, Copenhagen, was a small Carmelite college in Copenhagen, Denmark, in existence between 1497 and 1529, with connections to the University of Copenhagen.

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Carmelo Domênico Recchia

Carmelo Domênico Recchia, O. Cist, (14 December 1921 – 26 August 2015) was an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Carmyle

Carmyle (An Càrn Maol) is a suburb in the east end of Glasgow, north of the River Clyde.

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Carrickbrennan Churchyard

Carrickbrennan Churchyard located on Carrickbrennan Road, Monkstown, County Dublin, Ireland is a graveyard that can still be seen today, but is no longer in use.

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Carrizo Christ

The Carrizo Christ is an 11th-century ivory carving and is conserved in the Museo de León, León (Spain).

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Carrizo de la Ribera

Carrizo de la Ribera is a town and municipality in the Province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Carse Loch

Carse Loch is situated (NX 926 849) in a low-lying area, surrounded by woodland, close to the A76 at Friar's Carse, in Dumfries and Galloway, Parish of Dunscore.

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Carucage

Carucage was a medieval English land tax introduced by King Richard I in 1194, based on the size—variously calculated—of the estate owned by the taxpayer.

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Casalvolone

Casalvolone is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Novara in the Italian region Piedmont, located about northeast of Turin and about southwest of Novara.

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Casamari Abbey

Casamari Abbey is a Cistercian abbey in the Province of Frosinone, Lazio, Italy, about 10 kilometers (6 miles) east-south-east of Veroli.

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Casbas Monastery

The Casbas Monastery, also known as the Monastery of Santa Maria de la Gloria, is in Casbas de Huesca, a municipality in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain.

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Cashel, County Tipperary

Cashel is a town in County Tipperary in Ireland.

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Caspe

TheoCaspe or Casp is a historic town and municipality in the province of Zaragoza, in the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain.

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Cassian Haid

Cassian Haid, born Josef was the 75th General Abbot of the Common observance between 1920–1927.

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Castagniers Abbey

Castagniers Abbey (Abbaye Notre-Dame de la Paix de Castagniers) is a Cistercian nunnery, in Castagniers, 12 km from Nice in the Alpes-Maritimes departement in southwestern France.

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Castle Hotel, Conwy

Castle Hotel is in High Street, opposite to the entrance to Llewelyn Street, in Conwy, Wales.

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Castle of Racconigi

The Royal Castle of Racconigi is a palace and landscape park in Racconigi, province of Cuneo, Italy.

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Catesby Priory

Catesby Priory was a priory of Cistercian nuns at Lower Catesby, Northamptonshire, England.

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Catesby, Northamptonshire

Catesby is a civil parish in the Daventry district of Northamptonshire, England.

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Catharism

Catharism (from the Greek: καθαροί, katharoi, "the pure ") was a Christian dualist or Gnostic revival movement that thrived in some areas of Southern Europe, particularly northern Italy and what is now southern France, between the 12th and 14th centuries.

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Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption, Pelplin

The Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption or Pelplin Abbey (Polplinum) is a former Cistercian abbey, located in Pelplin, Poland, to the south of Gdańsk.

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Catholic Church art

Catholic art consists of all visual works produced in an attempt to illustrate, supplement and portray in tangible form the teachings of the Catholic Church.

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Catholic Church in Australia

The Catholic Church in Australia is part of the worldwide Catholic Church under the spiritual and administrative leadership of the Holy See.

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Catholic Church in Norway

The Catholic Church in Norway is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope, the Curia in Rome and the Scandinavian Bishops Conference.

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Catholic Church in Sweden

The Catholic Church in Sweden was established by Archbishop Ansgar in Birka in 829, and further developed by the Christianization of Sweden in the 9th century.

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Catholic novitiate

A novice in Catholic law and tradition, is a prospective member of a religious institute who is being tried and being proven for suitability of admission to a religious order of brothers, sisters or monks.

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Catholic religious order

Catholic religious order is a religious order of the Catholic Church.

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Cârța Monastery

The Cârța Monastery is a former Cistercian (Benedictine) monastery in the Țara Făgărașului region in southern Transylvania in Romania, currently a Lutheran Evangelical church belonging to the local Saxon community.

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Cîteaux Abbey

Cîteaux Abbey (French: Abbaye de Cîteaux) is a Roman Catholic abbey located in Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux, south of Dijon, France.

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Cîteaux Moralia in Job

The Cîteaux Moralia in Job (Dijon, Bibliothèque municipale, ms 168, 169, 170, and 173) is an illuminated copy of Gregory the Great's Moralia in Job made at the famous reform monastery of Cîteaux in Burgundy around 1111.

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Côte de Nuits

The Côte de Nuits is a French wine region located in the northern part of the Côte d'Or, the limestone ridge that is at the heart of the Burgundy wine region.

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Côte-d'Or

Côte-d'Or (literally, "golden slope") is a department in the eastern part of France.

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Cecilia Eusepi

Blessed Cecilia Eusepi (17 February 1910 – 1 October 1928) was an Italian Roman Catholic and a professed member from the Secular Servites.

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Cedynia

Cedynia (Zehden) is a small town in Poland, the administrative seat of Gmina Cedynia in Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship.

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Celestines

The Celestines were a Roman Catholic monastic order, a branch of the Benedictines, founded in 1244.

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Centering prayer

Centering Prayer is a method of meditation used by Christians placing a strong emphasis on interior silence.

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Central heating

A central heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a building (or portion of a building) from one point to multiple rooms.

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Cerenzia

Cerenzia is a town, comune (municipality), former bishopric and Latin titular see with a population of 1000 people in the province of Crotone, in Calabria region, southernmost peninsular Italy.

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Certosa di Pavia

The Certosa di Pavia is a monastery and complex in Lombardy, northern Italy, situated near a small town of the same name in the Province of Pavia, 8 km north of Pavia.

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Cestui que

Cestui que (also cestuy que, "cestui a que") is a shortened version of cestui a que use le feoffment fuit fait, literally, "The person for whose use the feoffment was made." It is a Law French phrase of medieval English invention, which appears in the legal phrases cestui que trust, cestui que use, or cestui que vie.

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Chaalis Abbey

Chaalis Abbey (Abbaye de Chaalis) was a French Cistercian abbey north of Paris, at Fontaine-Chaalis, near Ermenonville, now in Oise.

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Chablis wine

The Chablis region is the northernmost wine district of the Burgundy region in France.

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Chalford

Chalford is a large village in the Frome Valley of the Cotswolds in Gloucestershire, England.

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Cham, Switzerland

Cham is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

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Chanel No. 5

Chanel No.

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Chardonnay

Chardonnay is a green-skinned grape variety used in the production of white wine.

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Charles de Foucauld

Charles Eugene Vicomte de Foucauld de Pontbriand (15 September 1858 – 1 December 1916) was a French Catholic religious and priest living among the Tuareg in the Sahara in Algeria.

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Charles de Visch

Carolus or Charles de Visch (1596–1666) was a Cistercian bibliographer, and prior of the Abbey of Dunes.

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Charles Maurice Le Tellier

Charles-Maurice Le Tellier (1642 in Turin – 1710 in Reims) was a French Archbishop of Reims.

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Charles Plumier

Charles Plumier (20 April 1646 – 20 November 1704) was a French botanist, after whom the Frangipani genus Plumeria is named.

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Charlotte de Rothschild

Charlotte de Rothschild (May 6, 1825 – July 20, 1899) was a French socialite, painter, and a member of the prominent Rothschild banking family of France.

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Charon's obol

Charon's obol is an allusive term for the coin placed in or on the mouth of a dead person before burial.

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Charwelton

Charwelton is a village and civil parish about south of Daventry in Northamptonshire, England.

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Château Clarke

Château Clarke is a wine property of Bordeaux of based in the Listrac-Médoc AOC and classified as Cru Bourgeois.

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Cheadle, Staffordshire

Cheadle is a small market town near Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England, with a population of 12,165.

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Cherlieu Abbey

Cherlieu Abbey (Abbaye de Cherlieu; Carus locus) is a former Cistercian monastery in the commune of Montigny-lès-Cherlieu in Haute-Saône, France, about 37 kilometres west-north-west of Vesoul and about 6 kilometres south-east of Vitrey-sur-Mance in the Forest of Cherlieu (Forêt de Cherlieu).

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Chiaravalle (district of Milan)

Chiaravalle (Ceravall) is a district (quartiere) of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 5 administrative division of the city.

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Chiaravalle Abbey

The Abbey of Santa Maria di Rovegnano (Latin: Sanctæ Mariæ Clarævallis Mediolanensis) is a Cistercian monastic complex in the comune of Milan, Lombardy, northern Italy.

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Chiaravalle Abbey, Fiastra

Chiaravalle Abbey, Fiastra (Abbazia di Chiaravalle di Fiastra) is a Cistercian abbey situated between Tolentino and Urbisaglia, in the Marche.

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Chiddingfold

Chiddingfold is a village and civil parish in the Weald in the Waverley district of Surrey, England.

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Chief Chronicler of the Kingdom of Portugal

Chief Chronicler of the Kingdom (Cronista-Mor do Reino) was a courtly position in the Kingdom of Portugal, formally instituted in 1434 by King Edward I.

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Chimay Abbey

Chimay Abbey has been the name of two or three different religious houses in Chimay in Hainaut, Belgium.

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Chorin Abbey

Chorin Abbey (German - Kloster Chorin) is a former Cistercian abbey near the village of Chorin in Brandenburg, Germany.

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Choszczno

Choszczno (Arnswalde) is a town (population around 16,173) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland.

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Christian de Chergé

Charles-Marie Christian de Chergé, O.C.S.O (Colmar, 18 January 1937 - 21 May 1996), was a French Roman Catholic Cistercian monk.

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Christian Feurstein

Christian Feurstein, (born Georg Maria Feurstein; 14 October 1958 – 12 March 2017) was an Austrian Roman Catholic priest and Cistercian monk at Heiligenkreuz Abbey, Stiepel Priory, Rein Abbey in Gratwein-Straßengel, Styria.

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Christian humanism

Christian humanism is a philosophy that combines Christian ethics and humanist principles.

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Christian mission

A Christian mission is an organized effort to spread Christianity.

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Christian monasticism

Christian monasticism is the devotional practice of individuals who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship.

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Christian monasticism before 451

Eastern Christian monasticism developed for around a century and a half as a spontaneous religious movement, up to the time of the Council of Chalcedon, which took place in 451.

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Christian of Oliva

Christian of Oliva (Christian z Oliwy), also Christian of Prussia (Christian von Preußen) (died 4 December(?) 1245) was the first missionary bishop of Prussia.

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Christian of Whithorn

Christian of Whithorn was Bishop of Whithorn (1154–1186), the second incumbent of that Episcopal See since it had been resurrected by King Fergus of Galloway earlier in the 12th century.

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Christian vegetarianism

Christian vegetarianism is a Christian practice based on effecting the compassionate teachings of Jesus, the twelve apostles, and the early church to all sentient or living beings through vegetarianism or, ideally, veganism.

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Christianity

ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός Khristós (Latinized as Christus), translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one", with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas.

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Christianity in Australia

Christianity is the largest Australian religion according to the national census.

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Christianity in Medieval Scotland

Christianity in Medieval Scotland includes all aspects of Christianity in the modern borders of Scotland in the Middle Ages.

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Christianity in the 11th century

Christianity in the 11th century is marked primarily by the Great Schism of the Church, which formally divided the State church of the Roman Empire into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches.

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Christianity in the 12th century

Christianity in the 12th century was marked by a continuation of the Crusades, namely with the Second Crusade in the Holy Land.

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Christianity in the 13th century

Bibliothèque Nationale de France --> The Eastern Roman (Byzantine) imperial church headed by Constantinople continued to assert its universal authority.

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Christianization of Pomerania

Medieval Pomerania was converted from Slavic paganism to Christianity by Otto von Bamberg in 1124 and 1128 (Duchy of Pomerania), and in 1168 by Absalon (Principality of Rügen).

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Christmas tree

A Christmas tree is a decorated tree, usually an evergreen conifer such as spruce, pine, or fir or an artificial tree of similar appearance, associated with the celebration of Christmas.

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Christoforo Borri

Christoforo Borri (Milan, 1583 – Rome, 24 May 1632), also called Christopher Borrus in older English sources, was a Jesuit missionary in Vietnam, a mathematician, and an astronomer.

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Chronicles of Mann

The Chronicles of the Kings of Mann and the Isles – British Library (Chronica Regum Manniæ et Insularum) or Manx Chronicle is a medieval Latin manuscript relating the early history of the Isle of Man.

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Chronicon Holtzatiae

The Chronicon Holtzatiae auctore presbytero Bremensi is a Latin universal chronicle from the year 1448, but concentrating on the County of Holstein (the terra Holsacie) and written by an anonymous presbyter of Bremen originally from Holstein.

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Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum

Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum (Kronika polsko-śląska, Polish-Silesian Chronicle) is a medieval Polish chronicle based on Wincenty Kadłubek's Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae and the anonymous poem Carmen Mauri, with additional information on History of Silesia.

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Chrysogonus Waddell

Chrysogonus Waddell (1930–2008) was an American Roman Catholic convert and theologian.

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Chrysostomus Hanthaler

Chrysostomus Hanthaler (b. Ried, Upper Austria, 14 February 1690; d. in the Cistercian monastery of Lilienfeld in Lower Austria, 2 September 1754) was a Cistercian historian and numismatist.

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Church architecture in Scotland

Church architecture in Scotland incorporates all church building within the modern borders of Scotland, from the earliest Christian structures in the sixth century until the present day.

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Church of All Saints, Helmsley

The Church of All Saints is an Anglican parish church serving the town of Helmsley in North Yorkshire, England.

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Church of San Bernardo, Mexico City

The Church of San Bernardo (Iglesia de San Bernardo) stands at the corner of Avenida 20 de Noviembre and Venustiano Carranza Street just south of the Zocalo or main plaza of Mexico City.

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Church of Santo André (Melgaço)

The Church of Santo André (Mosteiro de Fiães/Igreja Paroquial de Fiães/Igreja de Santo André) is a Romanesque and Baroque era Portuguese religious building located in the civil parish of Fiães, municipality of Melgaço, in the northern Portuguese district of Viana do Castelo.

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Church of St Illtyd, Penrice

The Church of St Illtyd is Grade II* Listed Building in the city and county of Swansea in south Wales.

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Church of St Leonard, Marston Bigot

The Church of St Leonard in Marston Bigot, Somerset, England, was built on the site of an older one and was opened to the public in 1789.

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Church of St Leonard, Old Warden

The Abbey Church of St Leonard of Old Warden is a Grade I listed church in Old Warden, Bedfordshire, England.

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Church of St Mary & All Saints, Conwy

The Church of St Mary's & All Saints is the parish church of Conwy, Wales in the United Kingdom.

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Church of St Nicholas, Bradfield

The Church of St.

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Church of St. Stephen Harding in Apátistvánfalva

The Church of St.

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Church of the Assumption of Our Lady and Saint John the Baptist

The Church of the Assumption of Our Lady and Saint John the Baptist is a Gothic and Baroque Gothic church north-east of Kutná Hora in the Czech Republic and is listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List together with the Church of St. Barbara and other monuments in Kutná Hora.

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Church of the Holy Ghost, Copenhagen

The Church of the Holy Spirit (Danish: Helligåndskirken) in Copenhagen, Denmark, is one of the city's oldest churches.

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Church of the Holy Spirit, Palermo

The church of the Holy Spirit (Italian: Chiesa dello Spirito Santo) is a Norman church in Palermo, Sicily, southern Italy.

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Cist (disambiguation)

A cist is a small stone-built coffin-like box or ossuary used to hold the bodies of the dead.

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Cistercian architecture

Cistercian architecture is a style of architecture associated with the churches, monasteries and abbeys of the Roman Catholic Cistercian Order.

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Cistercian College, Roscrea

Cistercian College, Roscrea or Roscrea College is a private boarding school in Ireland.

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Cistercian Hymnal

The Cistercian Hymnal is a compilation of the ancient texts and melodies sung by Cistercian monks during the Liturgy of the Hours.

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Cistercian nuns

Cistercian nuns are female members of the Cistercian Order, a religious order belonging to the Roman Catholic branch of the Catholic Church.

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Cistercian Preparatory School

Cistercian Preparatory School is a Roman Catholic school for young men located in Irving, Texas, in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas.

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Cistercian Rite

The Cistercian Rite is the liturgical rite, distinct from the Roman Rite and specific to the Cistercian Order of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Cistercian Way (Wales)

The Cistercian Way is a waymarked, circular, long-distance trail which circumnavigates Wales, linking the Cistercian historic sites of Wales.

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Clairmarais

Clairmarais is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

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Clairvaux Abbey

Clairvaux Abbey (Latin: Clara Vallis) is a Cistercian monastery in Ville-sous-la-Ferté, 15 km from Bar-sur-Aube, in the Aube department in northeastern France.

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Claraval

Claraval is a Brazilian municipality located in the southwest of the state of Minas Gerais.

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Clare Island Abbey

Clare Island Abbey, officially St.

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Clarus Mag Máilin

Clarus Mag Máilin, Irish monk, fl.

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Clas (ecclesiastical settlement)

A clas (Welsh clasau) was a native Christian church in early medieval Wales.

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Claude Fleury

Claude Fleury (6 December 1640, Paris – 14 July 1723, Paris), was a French ecclesiastical historian.

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Cleeve Abbey

Cleeve Abbey is a medieval monastery located near the village of Washford, in Somerset, England.

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Clement of Dunblane

Clement (died 1258) was a 13th-century Dominican friar who was the first member of the Dominican Order in Britain and Ireland to become a bishop.

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Clos (vineyard)

A clos (French 'enclosure') is a walled vineyard.

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Clos de Tart

Clos de Tart is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) and Grand Cru vineyard for red wine in the Côte de Nuits subregion of Burgundy, with Pinot noir as the main grape variety.

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Clos de Vougeot

Clos de Vougeot, also known as Clos Vougeot, is a wall-enclosed vineyard, a clos, in the Burgundy wine region, and an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) for red wine from this vineyard.

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Cluniac Reforms

The Cluniac Reforms (also called the Benedictine Reform) were a series of changes within medieval monasticism of the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor.

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Cluny Abbey

Cluny Abbey (formerly also Cluni, or Clugny) is a former Benedictine monastery in Cluny, Saône-et-Loire, France.

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Coatbridge

Coatbridge (Cotbrig or Coatbrig, Drochaid a' Chòta) is a town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland, about east of Glasgow city centre, set in the central Lowlands.

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Codex Gigas

The Codex Gigas (Giant Book) is the largest extant medieval illuminated manuscript in the world, at long.

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Codex Runicus

The Codex Runicus is a codex of 202 pages written in medieval runes around the year 1300 which includes the oldest preserved Nordic provincial law, Scanian Law (Skånske lov) pertaining to the Danish land Scania (Skåneland).

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Coggeshall

Coggeshall is a small town of 4,727 residents (in 2011) in Essex, England, between Colchester and Braintree on the Roman road of Stane Street, and intersected by the River Blackwater.

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Coggeshall Abbey

Coggeshall Abbey, situated south of the town of Coggeshall in Essex, was founded in 1140 by King Stephen of England and Matilda of Boulogne, as a Savigniac house but became Cistercian in 1147 upon the absorption of the order.

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Colico

Colico is a city in the province of Lecco, Lombardy, Italy.

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Collège des Bernardins

The Collège of Bernardins, or Collège Saint-Bernard, located no 20, rue de Poissy in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, is a former Cistercian college of the historic University of Paris.

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Collections of ancient canons

Collections of ancient canons contain collected bodies of canon law that originated in various documents, such as papal and synodal decisions, and that can be designated by the generic term of canons.

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College of the Neophytes

The College of the Neophytes, in Italian Collegio dei Neofiti (Latin Collegium Ecclesiasticum Adolescentium Neophytorum or Pia Domus Neophytorum) was a Roman Catholic college in Rome founded in 1577 by Gregory XIII for education of young men, in an institution for converts from Judaism and Islam that itself been started in 1543 by Pope Paul III.

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Collegiate church

In Christianity, a collegiate church is a church where the daily office of worship is maintained by a college of canons; a non-monastic or "secular" community of clergy, organised as a self-governing corporate body, which may be presided over by a dean or provost.

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Collon

Collon is a village and townland in the south west corner of County Louth, Ireland, on the N2 national primary road.

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Comber

Comber is a small town in County Down, Northern Ireland.

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Combermere Abbey

Combermere Abbey is a former monastery, later a country house, near Burleydam, between Nantwich and Whitchurch in Cheshire, England, near the border with Shropshire.

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Community of St. John

The Community of St.

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Como

Como (Lombard: Còmm, Cómm or Cùmm; Novum Comum) is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy.

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Compton, Waverley

Compton is a former village and today a semi-rural suburb centred ESE of Farnham in the Waverley district of Surrey, England and connected to Farnham by two direct urban single carriageways and green space footpaths along the Wey (North Branch) which in part marks the northern boundary of the area together with the A31.

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Conception of Our Lady

Conception of Our Lady is an order of nuns founded in Portugal in 1484.

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Conceptionists

The Order of the Immaculate Conception (Ordo Inmaculatae Conceptionis), also known as the Conceptionists, are a contemplative religious order of nuns.

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Congregation (Catholic)

In the Roman Catholic Church, the term "congregation" is used not only in the senses that it has in other contexts (to indicate, for instance, a gathering for worship or some other purpose), but also to mean specifically either a type of department of the Roman Curia, or a type of religious institute, or certain organized groups of Augustinian, Benedictine, and Cistercian houses.

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Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life

The Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life (Congregatio pro Institutis Vitae Consecratae et Societatibus Vitae Apostolicae) is the congregation of the Roman Curia responsible for everything which concerns Institutes of Consecrated Life (orders and religious congregations, both of men and of women, as well as secular institutes) and Societies of Apostolic Life, regarding their government, discipline, studies, goods, rights, and privileges.

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Congregation of Savigny

The monastic Congregation of Savigny (Savigniac Order) started in the abbey of Savigny, situated in northern France, on the confines of Normandy and Brittany, in the Diocese of Coutances.

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Congregation of the Feuillants

The Feuillants were a Roman Catholic congregation, originating in the 1570s as a reform of the Cistercian life in Les Feuillants Abbey in France but soon after declared an independent order, which in 1630 separated into the French branch (the Congregation of Notre-Dame des Feuillants) and the Italian branch (the Reformed Bernardines or Bernardoni).

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Congregation of the Immaculate Conception

There are a number of Roman Catholic religious orders or congregations with Immaculate Conception in their name.

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Connections (TV series)

Connections is a 10-episode documentary television series and 1978 book (Connections, based on the series) created, written, and presented by science historian James Burke.

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Conrad (bishop of Sodor and Man)

Conrad O.Cist. was a pre-Reformation cleric who was appointed the Bishop of Sodor and Man in the early 15th century.

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Conrad of Bavaria

Conrad of Bavaria (Konrad von Bayern; Corrado di Baviera) (c. 1105 – 17 March 1126 or 1154) was a Cistercian monk, the son of Henry the Black, Duke of Bavaria.

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Conrad of Leonberg

Conrad of Leonberg, or Leontorius, or his real name was Konrad Töritz.

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Conrad of Urach

Conrad of Urach (Konrad von Urach, also known as Konrad or Kuno von Zähringen) (born in the 1170s; died 29 September 1227, probably in Bari) was a Cistercian monk and abbot, and Cardinal Bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina; he declined the papacy.

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Conrad V, Count of Rietberg

Count Conrad V of Rietberg (died 31 October 1472) was Count of Rietberg from 1428 until his death.

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Consecrated life

Consecrated life, in the canon law of the Catholic Church, is a stable form of Christian living by those faithful who are called to follow Jesus Christ in a more exacting way recognized by the Church.

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Consecration and entrustment to Mary

For centuries, Marian devotions among Roman Catholics have included many examples of personal or collective acts of consecration and entrustment to the Virgin Mary, with the Latin terms oblatio, servitus, commendatio and dedicatio having been used in this context.

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Constance of Greater Poland

Constance of Greater Poland (also known as of Poznań) (Konstancja wielkopolska (poznańska)) (1245/46 – 8 October 1281) was a princess of Greater Poland, a member of the House of Piast, and by marriage a Margravine of Brandenburg–Stendal.

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Conwy Castle

Conwy Castle (Castell Conwy, Conway Castle) is a medieval fortification in Conwy, on the north coast of Wales.

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Conwy town walls

Conwy's town walls are a medieval defensive structure around the town of Conwy in North Wales.

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Conza della Campania

Conza della Campania (or Conza di Campania; formerly called Compsa, commonly known as Conza (Campanian: Cònze)) is a comune (municipality) and former Latin Catholic (arch)bishopric in the province of Avellino in the region of Campania in southern Italy.

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Corcomroe Abbey

Corcomroe Abbey (Irish: Mainistir Chorco Modhruadh) is an early 13th-century Cistercian monastery located in the north of the Burren region of County Clare, Ireland, a few miles east of the village of Ballyvaughan in the Barony of Burren.

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Cornelius Johannes Barchman Wuytiers

Cornelius Johannes Barchman Wuytiers (died May 13, 1733 at Rhynwyck, Netherlands) served as the Old Catholic Archbishop of Utrecht from 1725 to 1733.

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Corpus Christi (feast)

The Feast of Corpus Christi (Latin for "Body of Christ") is a Catholic liturgical solemnity celebrating the real presence of the body and blood of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, in the Eucharist—known as transubstantiation.

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Cottisford

Cottisford is a village and civil parish in Oxfordshire, about south of Brackley in neighbouring Northamptonshire.

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Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648).

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Countess Palatine Irmengard of the Rhine

Countess Palatine Irmengard of the Rhine, also known as Irmengard of Baden (– 24 February 1260) was Margravine of Baden by her marriage to Herman V, Margrave of Baden-Baden.

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Counthorpe

Counthorpe is a hamlet in the civil parish of Counthorpe and Creeton in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England.

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County Kilkenny

County Kilkenny (Contae Chill Chainnigh) is a county in Ireland.

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County Laois

County Laois (Contae Laoise) is a county in Ireland.

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County Longford

County Longford (Contae an Longfoirt) is a county in Ireland.

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County of Loon

The County of Loon was a province of the ancien regime Holy Roman Empire, which by 1190 came under the overlordship of the Prince-bishop of Liège.

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County of Schaunberg

The County of Schaunberg (Grafschaft Schaunberg; also Schaumberg) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire, located in present-day Upper Austria.

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Coupar Angus

Coupar Angus (Gaelic: Cùbar Aonghais) is a town in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, situated four miles south of Blairgowrie.

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Coupar Angus Abbey

Coupar Angus Abbey was a Cistercian monastery near Coupar Angus, in central Scotland, on the boundary between Angus and Gowrie.

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Couvent des Bernardines

The Couvent des Bernardines is a historic building in the 1st arrondissement of Marseille, France.

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Couvent et Basilique Saint-Bernard

The Couvent et Basilique Saint-Bernard (Saint Bernard's Convent and Basilica) is a group of buildings in Fontaine-lès-Dijon, France, including a convent, basilica and church set in a public park.

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Cowl

The cowl (from the Latin cuculla, meaning "a hood") is an item of clothing consisting of a long, hooded garment with wide sleeves.

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Creeton

Creeton is a hamlet in the civil parish of Counthorpe and Creeton in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England.

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Crisóstomo Henríquez

Crisóstomo Henríquez (1594 – 23 December 1632) was a Spanish Cistercian monk and scholar of church history, who belonged to the Spanish Congregation of that Order, and who worked in the Spanish Netherlands.

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Cristóbal de Castillejo

Cristóbal de Castillejo (1491 – June 12, 1556) was a Spanish poet, a contemporary of Garcilaso de la Vega and Juan Boscán, who championed the use of traditional forms of Spanish poetry and criticized the use of Italianate forms such as the sonnet.

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Cristóbal Pérez Lazarraga y Maneli Viana

Cristóbal Pérez Lazarraga y Maneli Viana, O. Cist. (1599 – 18 February 1649) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Cartagena in Colombia (1640–1649) and Bishop of Chiapas (1639–1640).

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Crouy-Saint-Pierre

Crouy-Saint-Pierre is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

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Crowfield, Northamptonshire

Crowfield is a hamlet of some two dozen houses in the civil parish of Syresham in that part of the English county of Northamptonshire popularly known as Banburyshire.

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Croxden

Croxden is a village in the county of Staffordshire, England, south of Alton and north of Uttoxeter.

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Croxden Abbey

Croxden Abbey, also known as "Abbey of the Vale of St.

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Cru (wine)

Cru is "a vineyard or group of vineyards, especially one of recognized quality".

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Culdees

The Culdees (Céilí Dé, "Companions of God") were members of ascetic Christian monastic and eremitical communities of Ireland, Scotland, and England in the Middle Ages.

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Culross

Culross (/ˈkurəs/) (Gaelic: Cuileann Ros) is a village and former royal burgh, and parish, in Fife, Scotland.

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Culross Abbey

Culross Abbey is a former Cistercian abbey in Culross, Scotland, headed by the Abbot or Commendator of Culross.

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Culture of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages

See also History of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages Culture and Society in Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages refers to a period in the History of Wales spanning the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries (AD 1000–1300).

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Culture of Somerset

Somerset is a county in the south west of England.

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Cwmbran

Cwmbran (Cwmbrân, also in use as an alternative spelling in English) is a new town in Wales.

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Cwmfelin Mynach

Cwmfelin Mynach is a tiny Carmarthenshire village.

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Cwmhir Abbey

Cwmhir Abbey (Abaty Cwm Hir), near Llandrindod Wells in Powys, is a Welsh Cistercian monastery founded in 1176 by Cadwallon ap Madog.

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Cymer Abbey

Cymer Abbey (Welsh: Abaty Cymer) is a ruined Cistercian abbey near the village of Llanelltyd, just north of Dolgellau, Gwynedd, in north-west Wales, United Kingdom.

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Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi

Blessed Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi (born in Aguleri, Anambra State, Nigeria in September 1903 – died in Leicester, England, 20 January 1964) was an Igbo Nigerian ordained a Roman Catholic priest of the Archdiocese of Onitsha, Nigeria on 19 December 1937.

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Czech Gothic architecture

Czech Gothic architecture refers to the architectural period primarily of the Late Middle Ages in the area of the present-day Czech Republic (former Crown of Bohemia, primarily consisting of the Kingdom of Bohemia and Margraviate of Moravia).

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Czudec

Czudec is a town in Strzyżów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland.

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Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd

Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd (– 1203) was Prince of Gwynedd from 1170 to 1195.

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Dafydd ap Gwilym

Dafydd ap Gwilym (c. 1315/1320 – c. 1350/1370) is regarded as one of the leading Welsh poets and amongst the great poets of Europe in the Middle Ages.

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Dalhem Church

Dalhem Church (Dalhems kyrka) is a medieval Lutheran church in Dalhem on the Swedish island of Gotland, in the Diocese of Visby.

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Dallas

Dallas is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.