Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Carlos; Karl; Carlo; Karel; Carolus; 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of both the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and the Spanish Empire (as Charles I of Spain) from 1516, as well as of the lands of the former Duchy of Burgundy from 1506. ^[1]

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A Coruña

A Coruña (is a city and municipality of Galicia, Spain. It is the second most populated city in the autonomous community and seventeenth overall in the country. The city is the provincial capital of the province of the same name, having also served as political capital of the Kingdom of Galicia from the 16th to the 19th centuries, and as a regional administrative centre between 1833 and 1982, before being replaced by Santiago de Compostela. A Coruña is a busy port located on a promontory in the Golfo Ártabro, a large gulf on the Atlantic Ocean. It provides a distribution point for agricultural goods from the region.

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A Man for All Seasons

A Man for All Seasons is a play by Robert Bolt based on the life of Sir Thomas More.

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A Mighty Fortress Is Our God

"A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" (German: "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott") is one of the best known hymns by the reformer Martin Luther, a prolific hymnodist.

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A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies

A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias) is an account written by the Spanish Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas in 1542 (published in 1552) about the mistreatment of and atrocities committed against the indigenous peoples of the Americas in colonial times and sent to then Prince Philip II of Spain.

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Aachen

Aachen or Bad Aachen, French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle, is a spa and border city.

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Aachen Cathedral Treasury

The Aachen Cathedral Treasury (Aachener Domschatzkammer) is a museum of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Aachen under the control of the Cathedral chapter, which houses one of the most important collections of medieval church artworks in Europe.

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Aalst, Belgium

Aalst (Alost, Brabantian: Oilsjt) is a city and municipality on the Dender River, northwest from Brussels.

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Abbeville

Abbeville is a commune in the Somme department and in Hauts-de-France region in northern France.

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Abbey of Saint-Arnould

The Abbey of Saint-Arnould, St.

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Abbey of Saint-Èvre de Toul

The Abbey of St.

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Abdet

Abdet is a small village in the Guadalest Valley of the Costa Blanca, Valencian Community in Spain.

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Abolitionism

Abolitionism is a general term which describes the movement to end slavery.

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Abravanel

The Abravanel family (אברבנאל), also spelled as Abarbanel, Abrabanel, Avravanel, Barbernell, or Barbanel, literally meaning Ab (father) Rabban (priest) El (of God) is one of the oldest and most distinguished Jewish families.

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Acireale

Acireale (Sicilian: Jaciriali; locally shortened to Jaci or Aci) is a coastal city and comune in the north-east of the Metropolitan City of Catania, Sicily, southern Italy, at the foot of Mount Etna, on the coast facing the Ionian Sea.

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Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain

The Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain or Queen Mary's Marriage Act (1 Mar. Sess. 3 c. 2) was passed by the Parliament of England in April 1554 to regulate the future marriage and joint reign of Queen Mary I and Philip, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Prince of Asturias.

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Act of Abjuration

The Act of Abjuration (Plakkaat van Verlatinghe, literally 'placard of abjuration'), is de facto the declaration of independence by many of the provinces of the Netherlands from Spain in 1581, during the Dutch Revolt.

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Adiaphora

Adiaphoron(plural: adiaphora from the Greek ἀδιάφορα, the negation of διάφορα - Latin differentia - meaning "not differentiable").

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Adolf III of Schauenburg

Adolf III of Schauenburg (Adolf von Schaumburg) (1511–1556) was the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne from 1547 to 1556.

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Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp

Adolf of Denmark or Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp (25 January 1526 – 1 October 1586) was the first Duke of Holstein-Gottorp from the line of Holstein-Gottorp of the House of Oldenburg.

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Adriaan van Meerbeeck

Adrianus or Adriaan van Meerbeeck (1563–1627) was a writer and translator from Antwerp.

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Adriaen Isenbrandt

Adriaen Isenbrandt or Adriaen Ysenbrandt (between 1480 and 1490 – July 1551) was a Northern Renaissance painter.

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Adrien Brody

Adrien Brody (born April 14, 1973) is an American actor and producer.

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Afro-Mexicans

Afro-Mexicans (afromexicanos; negros; afrodescendientes.), also known as Black Mexicans are Mexicans who have both a predominant heritage from Sub-Saharan Africa and identify as such.

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Age of Discovery

The Age of Discovery, or the Age of Exploration (approximately from the beginning of the 15th century until the end of the 18th century) is an informal and loosely defined term for the period in European history in which extensive overseas exploration emerged as a powerful factor in European culture and was the beginning of globalization.

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Agnes Dürer

Agnes Dürer née Frey (1475–1539) was the wife of the German artist Albrecht Dürer.

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Aguada, Puerto Rico

Aguada (Watered) is a municipality of Puerto Rico (U.S.), located in the western coastal valley region bordering the Atlantic Ocean, east of Rincón, west of Aguadilla and Moca; and north of Anasco and Mayaguez.

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Ainay

Ainay is an area within the Presqu'ile district in the 2nd arrondissement of Lyon, to the south of Place Bellecour and the north of Perrache.

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Alamanni (surname)

Alamanni is the name of a noble family of Florence.

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Albacete

Albacete (translit) is a city and municipality in the Spanish autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha, and capital of the province of Albacete.

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Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach

Albert II (Albrecht; 28 March 15228 January 1557) was the Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (Brandenburg-Bayreuth) from 1527 to 1553.

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Albert of Brandenburg

Cardinal Albert of Brandenburg (Albrecht von Brandenburg; 28 June 149024 September 1545) was Elector and Archbishop of Mainz from 1514 to 1545, and Archbishop of Magdeburg from 1513 to 1545.

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Albert VII, Archduke of Austria

Albert VII (Albrecht VII) (13 November 1559 – 13 July 1621) was the ruling Archduke of Austria for a few months in 1619 and, jointly with his wife, Isabella Clara Eugenia, sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands between 1598 and 1621.

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Albert, Duke of Prussia

Albert of Prussia (Albrecht von Preussen, 17 May 149020 March 1568) was the 37th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, who after converting to Lutheranism, became the first ruler of the Duchy of Prussia, the secularized state that emerged from the former Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights.

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Alberto de las Casas

Alberto de las Casas (died 1544) was the Master of the Order of Preachers from 1542 to 1544.

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Alberto III Pio, Prince of Carpi

Alberto III Pio, Prince of Carpi (23 July 1475 – 1531), was an Italian Renaissance prince.

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Albrecht Dürer

Albrecht Dürer (21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528)Müller, Peter O. (1993) Substantiv-Derivation in Den Schriften Albrecht Dürers, Walter de Gruyter.

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Alcamo

Alcamo (Sicilian: Àrcamu) is the fourth-largest town in the province of Trapani in Sicily, with a population of 45,307 inhabitants.

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Alcázar of Seville

The Alcázar of Seville (Reales Alcázares de Sevilla or "Royal Alcazars of Seville") is a royal palace in Seville, Spain, built for the Christian king Peter of Castile.

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Alcázar of Toledo

The Alcázar of Toledo (Alcázar de Toledo) is a stone fortification located in the highest part of Toledo, Spain.

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Alessandro Cesarini

Alessandro Cesarini (died February 13, 1542), bishop of Pistoia, was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence

Alessandro de' Medici (22 July 1510 – 6 January 1537) called "il Moro" ("the Moor") due to his dark complexion, Duke of Penne and also Duke of Florence (from 1532), was ruler of Florence from 1531 to his death in 1537.

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Alessandro Farnese (cardinal)

Alessandro Farnese (5 October 1520 – 2 March 1589), an Italian cardinal and diplomat and a great collector and patron of the arts, was the grandson of Pope Paul III (who also bore the name Alessandro Farnese), and the son of Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma, who was murdered in 1547.

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Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma

Alexander Farnese (Alessandro Farnese, Alejandro Farnesio) (27 August 1545 – 3 December 1592) was an Italian noble who was Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Castro from 1586 to 1592, as well as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592.

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Alexander of Roes

Alexander of Roes (died after 1288) was a German canon of St. Maria im Kapitol, Cologne, canon law jurist, and author on history and prophecy.

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Alexander Sauli

Alexander Sauli, C.R.S.P. (15 February 1534 – 11 October 1592) was an Italian priest who is called the "Apostle of Corsica".

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Alexander Utendal

Alexander Utendal (1543/45 – 7 May 1581) was a Flemish composer.

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Alexis Brimeyer

Alex Ceslaw Maurice Jean Brimeyer (1946–1995) was a false pretender who claimed connection to various European thrones.

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Alfonso de Castro

Alfonso de Castro (1495 in Zamora, Spain – 11 February 1558 in Brussels, Belgium), known also as Alphonsus a Castro, was a Franciscan theologian and jurist.

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Alfonso de Valdés

Alfonso de Valdés (c. 1490 – October 1532) was Spanish humanist, who became chancellor of the Emperor Charles V. He was the twin brother of Juan de Valdés.

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Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara

Alfonso d'Este (21 July 1476 – 31 October 1534) was Duke of Ferrara during the time of the War of the League of Cambrai.

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Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 5th Duke of Medina Sidonia

Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán y de Guzmán-Zúñiga, 5th Duke of Medina Sidonia (d. 1549) was the son of Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 3rd Duke of Medina Sidonia and became Duke of Medina Sidonia in 1512 when his half brother, Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, 4th Duke of Medina Sidonia died childless.

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Alfred Morel-Fatio

Alfred Paul Victor Morel-Fatio (9 January 1850 in Strasbourg, France – 10 October 1924 in Versailles, France) was the leading French Hispanist of his time, educated at École des chartes, Paris.

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Alfredo Alvar

Alfredo Alvar Ezquerra (Granada, 1960) is a Spanish historian, research professor at the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and modern history specialist.

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Alghero

Alghero (L'Alguer,,; S'Alighèra; La Liéra), is a town of about 44,000 inhabitants in the Italian insular province of Sassari in northwestern Sardinia, next to the Mediterranean Sea.

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Algiers

Algiers (الجزائر al-Jazā’er, ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻ, Alger) is the capital and largest city of Algeria.

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Algiers expedition (1541)

The 1541 Algiers expedition occurred when Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire attempted to lead a fleet against the Ottoman Empire's stronghold of Algiers, in modern Algeria.

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Alhambra

The Alhambra (الْحَمْرَاء, Al-Ḥamrā, lit. "The Red One",The "Al-" in "Alhambra" means "the" in Arabic, but this is ignored in general usage in both English and Spanish, where the name is normally given the definite articleالْحَمْرَاء, trans.; literally "the red one", feminine; in colloquial Arabic: the complete Arabic form of which was Qalat Al-Hamra)الْقَلْعَةُ ٱلْحَمْرَاءُ, trans.

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Aliprandi

The Aliprandi is an Italian family originally from Milan, descending from the Lombards.

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Almagro, Ciudad Real

Almagro is a town and municipality situated in Ciudad Real province, in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha, Spain.

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Almaraz

Almaraz is a town in Cáceres Province, Extremadura, Spain.

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Almuñécar

Almuñécar is a municipality in the Spanish Autonomous Region of Andalusia on the Costa Tropical between Nerja (Málaga) and Motril.

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Aloisio Gonzaga

Aloisio Gonzaga (20 April 1494, Luzzara - 19 July 1549, Castel Goffredo) was an Italian condottiero.

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Alonso Berruguete

Alonso González de Berruguete (Alonso Berruguete) (c. 1488 – 1561) was a Spanish painter, sculptor and architect.

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Alonso de Alvarado

Alonso de Alvarado Montaya González de Cevallos y Miranda (1508–1555) was a Spanish conquistador and knight of the Order of Santiago.

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Alonso de Aragón

Alonso de Aragón or Alfonso de Aragón (1468 – 24 February 1520) was Archbishop of Zaragoza, Archbishop of Valencia and Lieutenant General of Aragon.

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Alonso de Maldonado

Alonso de Maldonado Diez de Ledesma (1480 Salamanca, Spain-), was a Spanish lawyer and a member of the Second Audiencia of Mexico City, which governed New Spain from January 10, 1531 to April 16, 1535.

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Alonso de Mendoza

Alonso de Mendoza (Garrovillas de Alconétar, Spain, c. 1471–1476 – Tipuani, Bolivia, 1549) was a Spanish captain, conquistador, and the founder of the city of Nuestra Señora de La Paz, current capital city of Bolivia.

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Alonso de Montúfar

Alonso de Montúfar y Bravo de Lagunas, O.P., was a Spanish Dominican friar and prelate of the Catholic Church, who ruled as the second Archbishop of Mexico from 1551 to his death in 1572.

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Alonso de Orozco Mena

Saint Alonso de Orozco Mena (17 October 1500 – 19 September 1591) was a Spanish Roman Catholic priest from the Augustinian order.

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Alonso de Zuazo

Alonso de Zuazo (also spelled Suazo) (1466 – March 1539) was a Spanish lawyer and colonial judge and governor in New Spain and in Santo Domingo.

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Alonso Fernández de Lugo

Alonso Fernández de Lugo (died 1525) was a Spanish military man, conquistador, city founder, and administrator.

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Alonso Hernández Puertocarrero

Alonso Hernández Puertocarrero (before 1495–1523) was a Spanish conquistador.

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Alonso III Fonseca

Alonso III Fonseca (Santiago de Compostela, 1475–1534) was a Galician archbishop and politician.

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Alonso Luján de Medina

Alonso Luján de Medina (1580s – 26 January 1647) was a Spanish nobleman, notary, and alcalde of Córdoba during the Viceroyalty of Peru.

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Alonso Mudarra

Alonso Mudarra (c. 1510 – April 1, 1580) was a Spanish composer of the Renaissance, and also played the vihuela, a guitar-shaped string instrument.

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Alonso Pita da Veiga

Alonso Pita da Veiga, born in Ferrol in 15th century Galicia, Spain, was one of the most remarkable officers of the Spanish Tercios fighting under the orders of Count Fernando de Andrade in the Battle of Pavia (Italy), and in other battles of the Italian Wars between the years 1513-1525.

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Alonso Quijano

Alonso Quijano (spelled Quixano in English and Early Modern Spanish) is the personal name of the famous fictional hidalgo or knight better known as Don Quijote, the leading character of the novel Don Quijote de la Mancha, written by Miguel de Cervantes.

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Alonso Sánchez Coello

Alonso Sánchez Coello (15318 August 1588) was a Spanish portrait painter of the Spanish Renaissance.

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Alonzo de Santa Cruz

Alonzo de Santa Cruz (or Alonso, Alfonso) (1505 – 1567) was a Spanish cartographer, mapmaker, instrument maker, historian and teacher.

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Alte Brücke (Frankfurt)

Alte Brücke (German: "old bridge") is a bridge in Frankfurt.

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Altenstein Castle (Lower Franconia)

Altenstein Castle (Burg Altenstein) is a ruined castle in Altenstein (Markt Maroldsweisach) in the district of Haßberge in Lower Franconia, Germany.

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Altmünster Abbey

Altmünster Abbey was a Benedictine monastery on the Plateau Altmünster, between the Fishmarket and Clausen areas of Luxembourg City, founded in 1083 by Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg, as a private monastery and a religious centre of his county.

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Alvise Gritti

Alvise Gritti (born 29 September 1480, died 1534), whose first name may also be spelled Aloisio, Lodovico, Ludovico, Luigi or Louis (Hungarian Lajos), was a Venetian politician.

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Alvise I Mocenigo

There were three Doges, and many other prominent Venetians, called Alvise Mocenigo.

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Amatrice

Amatrice (Sabino: L'Amatrici) is a town and comune in the province of Rieti, in northern Lazio (central Italy), and the center of the food-agricultural area of Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park.

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Ambras Castle

Ambras Castle (Schloss Ambras Innsbruck) is a Renaissance castle and palace located in the hills above Innsbruck, Austria.

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Ambrosius Blarer

Ambrosius Blarer (sometimes Ambrosius Blaurer; April 4, 1492 – December 6, 1564) was an influential Protestant reformer in southern Germany and north-eastern Switzerland.

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Ambrosius Pelargus

Ambrosius Pelargus (c.1493 – 5 July 1561) was a German Dominican theologian.

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Ami Perrin

Ami Perrin (died 1561) was a Swiss Libertine and one of the most powerful figures in Geneva in the 16th century as chief opponent of religious reformer John Calvin's rule of the city.

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Amicable Grant

The Amicable Grant was a tax imposed on England in 1525 by the Lord Chancellor Thomas Wolsey.

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Amico Aspertini

Amico Aspertini (c. 1474 – 1552), also called Amerigo Aspertini, was an Italian Renaissance painter whose complex, eccentric, and eclectic style anticipates Mannerism.

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Ampass

Ampass is a municipality in the Innsbruck-Land District, Tyrol (Austria) situated at an altitude of 651 m, has an area of 7.9 km2 and 1793 inhabitants as January 2015.

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Ancient Diocese of Mâcon

The former bishopric of Mâcon was located in Burgundy.

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Ancient Diocese of Saint-Omer

The former French Catholic diocese of Saint-Omer existed from 1559 until the French Revolution.

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Ancient Diocese of Thérouanne

The former French diocese of Thérouanne (Lat. Moriniensis) controlled a large part of the left bank of the river Scheldt during the Middle Ages.

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Andalusian horse

The Andalusian, also known as the Pure Spanish Horse or PRE (Pura Raza Española), is a horse breed from the Iberian Peninsula, where its ancestors have lived for thousands of years.

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Andlau

Andlau is a French commune in the Bas-Rhin department in the Alsace region of northeastern France.

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Andrés de Olmos

Andrés de Olmos (c.1485 – 8 October 1571), Franciscan priest and extraordinary grammarian and ethno-historian of Mexico's Indians, was born in Oña, Burgos, Spain, and died in Tampico in New Spain (modern-day Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico).

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Andrés de Urdaneta

Friar Andrés de Urdaneta, OSA, (November 30, 1498 – June 3, 1568) was a Spanish Basque circumnavigator, explorer and Augustinian friar.

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Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza, 3rd Marquis of Cañete

Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza y Cabrera, 3rd Marquis of Cañete (c. 1500 – March 30, 1561) was a Spanish military officer and, from June 29, 1556 to his death on March 30, 1561, the fifth Viceroy of Peru.

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Andrés Laguna

Andrés Laguna de Segovia (1499–1559) was a Spanish humanist physician, pharmacologist, and botanist.

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Andrea Doria

Andrea Doria (30 November 146625 November 1560) was an Italian condottiero and admiral of the Republic of Genoa.

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Andrea Gritti

Andrea Gritti (1455 – December 1538) was the Doge of Venice from 1523 to 1538, following a distinguished diplomatic and military career.

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Andrea Matteo Palmieri

Andrea Matteo Palmieri (1493–1537) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

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Andreas de Vega

Andreas de Vega (died c. 1560) was a Spanish theologian and Franciscan Observantine.

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Andreas Vesalius

Andreas Vesalius (31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564) was a 16th-century Flemish anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body).

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Andrew Baynton

Sir Andrew Baynton (c. 1516–1564), was an English scholar.

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Andrew Dudley

Sir Andrew Dudley, KG (c. 1507 – 1559) was an English soldier, courtier, and diplomat.

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Andrew Windsor, 1st Baron Windsor

Sir Andrew Windsor, 1st Baron Windsor (Wyndsore, Wyndesor) (1467–1543) was an English peer, M.P. and Keeper of the wardrobe, knight banneret and military commander.

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Angelo Nicolini

Angelo Nicolini (1505–1567) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

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Angora goat

The Angora goat is a breed of domesticated goat, historically known as Angora.

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Anhalt-Köthen

Anhalt-Köthen was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the House of Ascania.

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Ankara

Ankara (English; Turkish Ottoman Turkish Engürü), formerly known as Ancyra (Ἄγκυρα, Ankyra, "anchor") and Angora, is the capital of the Republic of Turkey.

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Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain

Anna of Austria (2 November 1549 – 26 October 1580) was Queen of Spain by marriage to her uncle, King Philip II of Spain.

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Annappes

Annappes is a village and former commune of the Nord Department of France, on the Mark River.

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Anne Askew

Anne Askew (née Ayscough, Ascue; married name Anne Kyme; 152116 July 1546) was an English writer, poet, and Protestant martyr who was condemned as a heretic in England in the reign of Henry VIII of England.

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Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn (1501 – 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII.

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Anne Brandon, Baroness Grey of Powys

Lady Anne Brandon, Baroness Grey of Powys (c. 1507 – January 1558) was an English noblewoman, and the eldest daughter of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk by his second wife, Anne Browne.

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Anne d'Alençon

Anne d'Alençon (Italian: Anna d'Alençon) (30 October 1492 – 18 October 1562), Lady of La Guerche, was a French noblewoman and a Marquise of Montferrat as the wife of William IX, Marquis of Montferrat.

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Anne de Montmorency

Anne, Duke of Montmorency, Honorary Knight of the Garter (15 March 1493, Chantilly, Oise12 November 1567, Paris) was a French soldier, statesman and diplomat.

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Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly

Anna Jeanne de Pisseleu d'Heilly, Duchess of Étampes (15081580), was a chief mistress of Francis I of France.

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Anne of Austria

Anne of Austria (22 September 1601 – 20 January 1666), a Spanish princess of the House of Habsburg, was queen of France as the wife of Louis XIII, and regent of France during the minority of her son, Louis XIV, from 1643 to 1651.

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Anne of Bohemia and Hungary

Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (Buda, Hungary, 23 July 1503 – Prague, Bohemia, 27 January 1547), sometimes known as Anna Jagellonica, Queen of the Romans (Germany), Bohemia and Hungary as the wife of King Ferdinand I, later Holy Roman Emperor.

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Anne of Brittany

Anne of Brittany (25/26 January 1477 – 9 January 1514) was Duchess of Brittany from 1488 until her death, and queen consort of France from 1491 to 1498 and from 1499 to her death.

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Anne of Cleves

Anne of Cleves (Anna von Kleve; 22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557) was Queen of England from 6 January to 9 July 1540 as the fourth wife of King Henry VIII.

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Annibale Bozzuti

Annibale Bozzuti (1521–1565) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

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Antártica Chilena Province

Antártica Chilena Province (Provincia de la Antártica Chilena) is the southernmost and one of four provinces in Chile's southernmost region, Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region (XII).

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Anthony I, Count of Oldenburg

Anthony I, Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst (1505 – 22 January 1573, Oldenburg) was a member of the House of Oldenburg and was the Imperial Count of the Counties of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst within the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation.

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Antinori

Marchesi Antinori Srl is an Italian wine company that can trace its history back to 1385.

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Antoine de Castelnau

Antoine de Castelnau, (died 1539), Bishop of Tarbes, was a French diplomat, who served as an ambassador to England and Spain during the reign of Francis I.

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Antoine of Lalaing, 1st Count of Hoogstraeten

Antoine I de Lalaing (1480–1540), 1st count of Hoogstraten and of Culemborg, was a Hainautese nobleman who held various offices in the court of the Dukes of Burgundy.

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Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle

Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle (20 August 151721 September 1586), Comte de La Baume Saint Amour, was a Burgundian statesman, made a cardinal, who followed his father as a leading minister of the Spanish Habsburgs, and was one of the most influential European politicians during the time which immediately followed the appearance of Protestantism in Europe; "the dominating Imperial statesman of the whole century".

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Antoine Sanguin

Antoine Sanguin (1493 – 25 November 1559, Paris) was a French cleric, courtier and Cardinal.

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Antoine, Duke of Lorraine

Antoine (4 June 1489 – 14 June 1544), known as the Good, was Duke of Lorraine from 1508 until his death in 1544.

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Antoine-Jean Gros

Antoine-Jean Gros (16 March 177125 June 1835), titled as Baron Gros in 1824, was a French painter.

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Anton Fugger

Anton Fugger (June 10, 1493 – September 14, 1560) was a German merchant and member of the Fugger family.

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Anton Margaritha

"Anton Margaritha" (also known as Antony Margaritha, Anthony Margaritha, Antonius Margarita, Antonius Margaritha) (born ca. 1500) was a sixteenth-century Jewish Hebraist and convert to Christianity.

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Antonio Cappello

Antonio Cappello (1494-1565) was a Venetian noble, a member of the San Polo branch of the Cappello family.

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Antonio da Correggio

Antonio Allegri da Correggio (August 1489 – March 5, 1534), usually known as Correggio, was the foremost painter of the Parma school of the Italian Renaissance, who was responsible for some of the most vigorous and sensuous works of the 16th century.

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Antonio de Cabezón

Antonio de Cabezón (30 March 1510 – 26 March 1566) was a Spanish Renaissance composer and organist.

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Antonio de Guevara

Antonio de Guevara (c. 1481 – 3 April 1545) was a Spanish chronicler and moralist.

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Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova

Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova, Prince of Ascoli (1480–1536) was a Spanish general during the Italian Wars.

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Antonio de Mendoza

Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco (1495 – July 21, 1552) was the first Viceroy of New Spain, serving from November 14, 1535 to November 25, 1550, and the third Viceroy of Peru, from September 23, 1551, until his death on July 21, 1552.

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Antonio del Duca

Antonio del Duca or Lo Duca (Cefalù 1491 — Rome 1564) was the Sicilian friar whose persistent campaign for an official veneration of the "Seven Angelic Princes" was partly answered in the dedication of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri, constructed to the orders of Pope Pius IV within the ruins of the Baths of Diocletian.

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Antonio Ferramolino

Antonio Ferramolino was a 16th-century Italian architect and military engineer.

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Antonio Grimani

Antonio Grimani (28 December 1434 – 7 May 1523) was the Doge of Venice from 1521 to 1523.

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Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera

Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera (died 13 December 1535) was a Spanish noble and military leader, and Viceroy of Navarre between 1516 and 1521.

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Antonio Maria Ciocchi del Monte

Antonio Maria Ciocchi del Monte (died 20 September 1533) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

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Antonio Musa Brassavola

Antonio Musa Brassavola (variously spelled Brasavoli, Brasavola, or Brasavoli; 16 January 1500 – 1555) was an Italian physician and one of the most famous of his time.

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Antonio Osorio de Acuña

Don Antonio Osorio de Acuña (1459 in Valladolid – 23 March 1526) was a Spanish bishop of Zamora, appointed 4 January 1507, during the reigns of Ferdinand II and Charles V. He filled that see in 1519, when the civil war broke out in Spain.

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Antonio Pérez (statesman)

Antonio Pérez (1534–1611) was a Spanish statesman, secretary of king Philip II of Spain.

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Antonio Pigafetta

Antonio Pigafetta (c. 1491 – c. 1531) was an Italian scholar and explorer from the Republic of Venice.

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Antonio Rincon

Antonio Rincon (died 1541), also Antoine de Rincon, was a Spanish-born diplomat in the service of France An influential envoy from the King of France to Sultan Soleyman I of the Ottoman Empire, he made various missions to Constantinople between 1530 and 1541.

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Apology of the Augsburg Confession

The Apology of the Augsburg Confession was written by Philipp Melanchthon during and after the 1530 Diet of Augsburg as a response to the Pontifical Confutation of the Augsburg Confession, Charles V's commissioned official Roman Catholic response to the Lutheran Augsburg Confession of June 25, 1530.

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Apostolic Nunciature to Germany

The Apostolic Nunciature to Germany is an ecclesiastical office of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany.

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Appaloosa

The Appaloosa is an American horse breed best known for its colorful spotted coat pattern.

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Appanage

An appanage or apanage (pronounced) or apanage is the grant of an estate, title, office, or other thing of value to a younger male child of a sovereign, who would otherwise have no inheritance under the system of primogeniture.

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Appiani family

Coat of arms of the House of Appiani. The Appiani (also Appiano or d'Appiano) is an Italian noble family, originally from Al Piano or Appiano, a now disappeared toponym identified with the modern La Pieve in the comune of Ponsacco.

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April 16

No description.

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April 23

No description.

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April 24

No description.

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April 5

No description.

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Arahal

Arahal is a municipality in Seville, Andalusia, Spain.

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Arbëreshë people

The Arbëreshë (Arbëreshët e Italisë or Shqiptrarët e Italisë), also known as Albanians of Italy or Italo-Albanians, are an Albanian ethnic and linguistic group in Southern Italy, mostly concentrated in scattered villages in the region of Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Molise and Sicily.

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Archdiocese of Utrecht (695–1580)

The historic Archdiocese of Utrecht (695–1580) was a Roman Catholic diocese and (from 1559) archdiocese in the Low Countries before and during the Protestant Reformation.

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Archducal hat

The archducal hat (Erzherzogshut) is the insignia of the Archduchy of Austria, mostly apparently symbolic and used in the heraldry and some portraits of Austrian archdukes rather than routinely worn.

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Archduchess Anna of Austria

Anna of Austria (7 July 1528 – 16 October 1590), a member of the Imperial House of Habsburg, was Duchess of Bavaria from 1550 until 1579, by her marriage with Duke Albert V.

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Archduchess Margaret of Austria (1567–1633)

Archduchess Margaret of Austria (25 January 1567 – 5 July 1633), was a German princess member of the House of Habsburg.

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Archduchy of Austria

The Archduchy of Austria (Erzherzogtum Österreich) was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire and the nucleus of the Habsburg Monarchy.

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Archduke Ernest of Austria

Archduke Ernest of Austria (Ernst von Österreich; 15 June 1553 – 20 February 1595) was an Austrian prince, the son of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria of Spain.

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Archduke Wenceslaus of Austria

Archduke Wenceslaus of Austria (9 March 1561 – 22 September 1578), was a German prince and member of the House of Habsburg and since 1577 Grand Prior of the Order of Malta in Castile.

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Archibald Douglas of Kilspindie

Sir Archibald Douglas of Kilspindie (c.1475 – c.1536), also known as Greysteil, was a Scottish nobleman and courtier, who served as Treasurer of Scotland, and Provost of Edinburgh.

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Archiepiscopal Palace of Alcalá de Henares

The Archiepiscopal Palace of Alcalá de Henares (Spanish: Palacio Arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares) is a palace located in Alcalá de Henares, in the Community of Madrid, Spain.

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Archivo General de Simancas

The General Archive of Simancas (also known by its acronym, AGS) is an official archive located in the castle of Simancas, province of Valladolid, Castile and León, Spain.

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Arcis-le-Ponsart

Arcis-le-Ponsart is a commune in the Marne department in northeastern France.

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Arco de Santa María

Arco de Santa María in Burgos, Spain, is to one of the 12 medieval doors the city had during the middle ages.

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Arequipa

Arequipa is the capital and largest city of the Arequipa Region and the seat of the Constitutional Court of Peru.

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Aretino and Charles V's Ambassador

Aretino and Charles V's Ambassador is a painting by the French artist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, produced in an 1815 and an 1848 version.

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Arlon

Arlon (Arel,; Aarlen,; Arel; Årlon) is a Walloon municipality of Belgium located in and capital of the province of Luxembourg.

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Armada de Molucca

The Armada de Molucca was the name of the Spanish fleet led by Ferdinand Magellan in the first expedition to sail to the Spice Islands from Europe and the first world circumnavigation.

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Armada Portrait

The Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I of England is the name of any of three surviving versions of an allegorical panel painting depicting the Tudor queen surrounded by symbols of imperial majesty against a backdrop representing the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588.

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Armor of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

The Armor of Emperor Ferdinand I is a suit of plate armor created by the Nuremberg armorer Kunz Lochner in 1549 for the future Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor.

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Army of the Holy Roman Empire

The Army of the Holy Roman Empire (German Reichsarmee, Reichsheer or Reichsarmatur; Latin exercitus imperii) was created in 1422 and came to an end when the Holy Roman Empire dissolved in 1806 as the result of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Arnhem

Arnhem (or; Arnheim, Frisian: Arnhim, South Guelderish: Èrnem) is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands.

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Arnold von Bruck

Arnold von Bruck (also Arnold de Pruck, Arnoldus Brugensis, indicating his origin) (c. 1500 – 6 February 1554) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance, active in several Habsburg courts.

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Artificio de Juanelo

The Artificio de Juanelo was the name of two devices built in Toledo in the 16th century by Juanelo Turriano.

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Artus Court

The Artus Court, formerly also Junkerhof, (Polish: Dwór Artusa, German: Artushof) is a building in the centre of Gdańsk, Poland (Danzig), at Długi Targ 44, which used to be the meeting place of merchants and a centre of social life.

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Arumer Zwarte Hoop

The Arumer Zwarte Hoop, meaning "Black Heap of Arum" (Swarte Heap) was an army of peasant rebels and mercenaries in Friesland fighting against the Habsburg authorities from 1515 to 1523.

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Ascanio

Ascanio is a grand opera in five acts and seven tableaux by composer Camille Saint-Saëns.

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Ascanio Parisani

Ascanio Parisani (died 1549) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

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Asiento

The asiento was the license issued by the Spanish crown, they were included in some peace treaties, by which a set of merchants received the monopoly on a trade route or product, an example of it was the payment of a fee, granting legal permission to sell a fixed number of African slaves in the Spanish colonies.

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Assumption of the Virgin (Titian)

The Assumption of the Virgin or Frari Assumption is a large altarpiece panel painting in oils by the Italian Renaissance artist Titian, painted in 1515–18.

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Asti

Asti is a city and comune of 76 164 inhabitants (1-1-2017) located in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy, about east of Turin in the plain of the Tanaro River.

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Atocha (Madrid)

Atocha is a central ward (barrio) of Madrid belonging to the district of Arganzuela.

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Augmentation of honour

In heraldry, an augmentation (often termed augmentation of honour or sometimes augmentation of arms) is a modification or addition to a coat of arms, typically given by a monarch as either a mere mark of favour, or a reward or recognition for some meritorious act.

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Augsburg Confession

The Augsburg Confession, also known as the Augustan Confession or the Augustana from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation.

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Augsburg Interim

The Augsburg Interim ("Declaration of His Roman Imperial Majesty on the Observance of Religion Within the Holy Empire Until the Decision of the General Council") was an imperial decree ordered on 15 May 1548 at the 1548 Diet of Augsburg by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who had just defeated the forces of the Protestant Schmalkaldic League in the Schmalkaldic War of 1546/47.

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August 13

No description.

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August von Druffel

August von Druffel (21 August 1841, in Koblenz – 23 October 1891, in Munich) was a German historian.

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Augustin Hirschvogel

Augustin Hirschvogel (1503 – February 1553) was a German artist, mathematician, and cartographer known primarily for his etchings.

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Augustine Grimaldi

Augustine Grimaldi (1482 – 14 April 1532) was Regent of Monaco (1523–1532), Bishop of Grasse, Abbot of Lérins, and founder of the village of Valbonne.

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Augustino de Cazalla

Augustino de Cazalla (1510-1559), or Dr.

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Aunis

Aunis is a historical province of France, situated in the north-west of the department of Charente-Maritime.

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Austria–Prussia rivalry

Austria and Prussia had a long-standing conflict and rivalry for supremacy in Central Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries, termed Deutscher Dualismus (German dualism) in the German language area.

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Austrian colonial policy

From the 17th century through to the 19th century, the Habsburg Monarchy, Austrian Empire, and Austro-Hungarian Empire attempted to profit from colonial trade and to establish their own colonies abroad.

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Austrian–Hungarian War (1477–88)

The Austrian–Hungarian War was a military conflict between the Kingdom of Hungary under Mathias Corvinus and the Habsburg Archduchy of Austria under Frederick V (also Holy Roman Emperor as Frederick III).

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Automaton

An automaton (plural: automata or automatons) is a self-operating machine, or a machine or control mechanism designed to automatically follow a predetermined sequence of operations, or respond to predetermined instructions.

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Auxonne

Auxonne is a French commune in the Côte-d'Or department in the Burgundy region of eastern France.

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Aztec (novel)

Aztec is a 1980 historical fiction novel by Gary Jennings.

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Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (Jerez de la Frontera, 1488/1490/1492"Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Núñez (1492?-1559?)." American Eras. Vol. 1: Early American Civilizations and Exploration to 1600. Detroit: Gale, 1997. 50-51. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.Seville, 1557/1558/1559/1560"Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.) was a Spanish explorer of the New World, and one of four survivors of the 1527 Narváez expedition.

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Álvaro Cervantes

Álvaro Cervantes (born 12 September 1989) is a Spanish actor.

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Álvaro de Bazán the Elder

Don Álvaro de Bazán, called the Elder (1506–1558) was a Spanish naval commander from an old navarrese noble family who received several nobilary titles such as the rank of Admiral of Castile, Marquis del Viso, and General-Captain of the Galleys of Spain.

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Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquess of Santa Cruz

Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz de Mudela (12 December 15269 February 1588), was a Spanish admiral.

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Álvaro de la Quadra

Álvaro de la Quadra (? – 1564) was a Spanish churchman and diplomat.

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Álvaro of Braganza

Álvaro of Braganza (1440 – 1504, Toledo) was the 4th son of Ferdinand I, 2nd Duke of Braganza and his wife, Dona Joana de Castro.

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Ángel de Villafañe

Ángel de Villafañe (b. c. 1504) was a Spanish conquistador of Florida, Mexico, and Guatemala, and was an explorer, expedition leader, and ship captain (with Hernán Cortés), who worked with many 16th-century settlements and shipwrecks along the Gulf of Mexico.

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Ávila, Spain

Ávila (Latin: Abula) is a Spanish town located in the autonomous community of Castile and León, and is the capital of the Province of Ávila.

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Íñigo López de Mendoza y Quiñones

Íñigo López de Mendoza y Quiñones, (1440 – 20 July 1515) was the first Marqués de Mondéjar, and second Conde de Tendilla.

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Íñigo López de Mendoza y Zúñiga

Don Íñigo López de Mendoza y Zúñiga (1476 in Aranda de Duero – 9 June 1535), cardinal, archbishop of Burgos and bishop of Coria, was a Castilian clergyman and diplomat in the service of Emperor Charles V.

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Úbeda

Úbeda (from Arabic Ubbada al-`Arab and this from Iberian Ibiut) is a town in the province of Jaén in Spain's autonomous community of Andalusia, with some 36,025 inhabitants.

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Überlingen

Überlingen is a German city on the northern shore of Lake Constance (Bodensee).

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Backnang Abbey

The Abbey of Saint Pancras of Backnang, better known as Backnang Abbey (Stift Backnang), was a German monastery of canons regular founded around AD 1100 in Backnang, in the Duchy of Swabia.

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Baeza

Baeza, formerly also written as Baéza, is an Andalusian town in the province of Jaén in southern Spain.

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Bagno di Romagna

Bagno di Romagna (Bagnese: Bagne ed Romàgna; Bagn d'Rumàgna) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Forlì-Cesena in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about southeast of Bologna and about south of Forlì.

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Bahía Blanca

Bahía Blanca (English: White Bay) is a city in the southwest of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, by the Atlantic Ocean, and is the seat of government of Bahía Blanca Partido.

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Baldachin

A baldachin, or baldaquin (from baldacchino), is a canopy of state typically placed over an altar or throne.

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Baldassare Castiglione

Baldassare Castiglione (December 6, 1478 – February 2, 1529),Dates of birth and death, and cause of the latter, from, Italica, Rai International online.

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Balearic Islands

The Balearic Islands (Illes Balears,; Islas Baleares) are an archipelago of Spain in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias

Balthasar Charles (17 October 1629 – 9 October 1646), Prince of Asturias, Prince of Girona, Duke of Montblanc, Count of Cervera, and Lord of Balaguer, Prince of Viana was heir apparent to all the kingdoms, states and dominions of the Spanish monarchy until his death.

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Bank of Saint George

The Bank of Saint George (Casa delle compere e dei banchi di San Giorgio or informally as Ufficio di San Giorgio or Banco) was a financial institution of the Republic of Genoa.

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Bank van Lening, Haarlem

The Haarlem Bank van Lening is a former city Bank van Lening that has been converted to a restaurant in Haarlem, the Netherlands.

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Banknotes of the Spanish peseta

The banknotes of the Spanish peseta were emitted by the Bank of Spain in 1874–2001 until the introduction of euro.

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Bapaume

Bapaume is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

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Bar-sur-Aube

Bar-sur-Aube is a French commune and a sub-prefecture in the Aube department in the Grand Est region of France.

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Barbara Blomberg

Barbara Blomberg (1527 – 18 December 1597) was the mother of Don John of Austria.

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Barbara Radziwiłłówna (film)

Barbara Radziwiłłówna is a Polish historical film.

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Barbaro family

The Barbaro family was a patrician family of Venice.

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Barcelona Cathedral

The Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia (Catedral de la Santa Creu i Santa Eulàlia, Catedral de la Santa Cruz y Santa Eulalia), also known as Barcelona Cathedral, is the Gothic cathedral and seat of the Archbishop of Barcelona, Spain.

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Barcelonnette

Barcelonnette is a commune of France and a subprefecture in the department of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.

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Barletta

Barletta is a city, comune and capoluogo together with Andria and Trani of Apulia, in south eastern Italy.

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Barnim XI, Duke of Pomerania

Barnim XI (1501 – 1573; by some accounts Barnim IX), son of Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania, became duke on his father's death in 1523.

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Barrême

Barrême is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of south-eastern France.

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Barthel Beham

Barthel Beham (or Bartel) (1502–1540) was a German engraver, miniaturist and painter.

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Bartholomäus Sastrow

Bartholomäus Sastrow, sometimes anglicised Bartholomew, (21 August 1520 – 7 February 1603) was a German official, notary, and mayor of Stralsund.

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Bartholomeus V. Welser

Prince Bartholomeus Welser (25 June 1484 in Memmingen – 28 March 1561 in "Amberg im Unterallgäu") was a German banker.

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Bartolomé Carranza

Bartolomé Carranza (15032 May 1576, sometimes called de Miranda or de Carranza y Miranda) was a priest of the Dominican Order, theologian and Archbishop of Toledo.

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Bartolomé de la Cueva y Toledo

Bartolomé de la Cueva y Toledo (1499–1562) was a Spanish Roman Catholic Roman Catholic cardinal and bishop.

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Bartolomé de las Casas

Bartolomé de las Casas (1484 – 18 July 1566) was a 16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar.

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Bartolomé Ordóñez

Bartolomé Ordóñez (c. 1480 – 6 December 1520) was a Spanish Renaissance sculptor.

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Bartolomé Ruiz

Bartolomé Ruiz (c. 1482 in Moguer, Spain – c. 1532 in Cajamarca, Peru) was a Spanish conquistador.

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Bartolommeo Bandinelli

Bartolommeo (or Baccio) Bandinelli, actually Bartolommeo Brandini (17 October 1493 – shortly before 7 February 1560), was a Renaissance Italian sculptor, draughtsman and painter.

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Basilica Cathedral of Santa María la Menor

The Cathedral of Santa María la Menor in the Colonial Zone of Santo Domingo is dedicated to St.

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Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption

The Basilica of Our Lady's Assumption (also called mother church) is a 14th-century basilica in Alcamo, province of Trapani, Sicily, southern Italy.

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Basilica of San Gaudenzio

The Basilica of San Gaudenzio is a church in Novara, Piedmont, northern Italy.

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Basilicata

Basilicata, also known with its ancient name Lucania, is a region in Southern Italy, bordering on Campania to the west, Apulia (Puglia) to the north and east, and Calabria to the south.

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Bastogne

Bastogne (Dutch: Bastenaken, German: Bastnach or Bastenach, Luxembourgish: Baaschtnech) is a Walloon municipality of Belgium located in the province of Luxembourg in the Ardennes.

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Bat (heraldry)

The bat as a heraldic symbol is primarily represented in the coats of arms of certain important towns of the former Crown of Aragon.

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Battista Agnese

Battista Agnese (c. 1500 – 1564) was a cartographer from the Republic of Genoa, who worked in the Venetian Republic.

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Battle of Añaquito

After his unheard claims as governor of New Castile (Peru) following the death of his brother, Gonzalo Pizarro pressed claims to be recognized as the ruler of the land he and his brothers had conquered.

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Battle of Alborán

The battle of Alboran (batalla de Alborán) took place on 1 October 1540 off the isle of Alboran during the Ottoman-Habsburg struggle for the control of the Mediterranean when a Spanish fleet under the command of Bernardino de Mendoza destroyed an Ottoman fleet commanded by Ali Hamet, sinking a galley and capturing 10 other ships.

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Battle of Alcácer Quibir

The Battle of Alcácer Quibir (also known as "Battle of Three Kings" (معركة الملوك الثلاثة) or "Battle of Oued al-Makhazin" (معركة وادي المخازن) in Morocco) was fought in northern Morocco, near the town of Ksar-el-Kebir (variant spellings: Ksar El Kebir, Alcácer-Quivir, Alcazarquivir, Alcassar, etc.) and Larache, on 4 August 1578.

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Battle of Almaraz

The Battle of Almaraz was a battle of the Peninsular War which took place on 18/19 May 1812, in which the Anglo-Portuguese Army under Lord Hill destroyed a French pontoon bridge across the River Tagus, in Almaraz, Spain.

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Battle of Bicocca

The Battle of Bicocca or La Bicocca (Battaglia della Bicocca) was fought on 27 April 1522, during the Italian War of 1521–26.

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Battle of Bonchurch

The Battle of Bonchurch took place in late July 1545 at Bonchurch on the Isle of Wight.

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Battle of Borgerhout

The Battle of Borgerhout was a battle during the Eighty Years' War, of the Spanish Army of Flanders led by Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, upon a fortified camp at the village of Borgerhout, near Antwerp, where several thousand French, English, Scottish and Walloon soldiers in service of the recently created Union of Utrecht were stationed.

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Battle of Cajamarca

The 'Battle' of Cajamarca was the unexpected ambush and seizure of the Inca ruler Atahualpa by a small Spanish force led by Francisco Pizarro, on November 16, 1532.

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Battle of Capo d'Orso

The Battle of Capo d'Orso, sometimes known as the Battle of Cava and the Battle of Amalfi was a naval engagement taking place over two days, on April 28 and April 29, 1528 when a French fleet inflicted a crushing defeat on the fleet of the Kingdom of Naples under Spanish control in the Gulf of Salerno, where the Spanish forces sailing southwards from their naval station in Naples trying to break the French blockade of the city meet the French fleet.

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Battle of Carpi

The Battle of Carpi was a series of manoeuvres in the summer of 1701, and the first battle of the War of the Spanish Succession that took place on 9 July 1701 between France and Austria.

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Battle of Ceresole

The Battle of Ceresole (or Cérisoles) took place on 11 April 1544, during the Italian War of 1542–46, outside the village of Ceresole d'Alba in the Piedmont region of Italy.

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Battle of Djerba

The Battle of Djerba (Cerbe) took place in May 1560 near the island of Djerba, Tunisia.

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Battle of Drakenburg

The Battle of Drakenburg (Schlacht bei Drakenburg) took place on 23 May 1547 to the north of Nienburg, between the Protestant army of the Schmalkaldic League and the imperial troops of Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Calenberg.

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Battle of Formentera

The Battle of Formentara occurred on 28 October 1529 when an Ottoman fleet under Aydın Reis routed a small Spanish fleet of eight galleys off the island of Formentera near Ibiza.

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Battle of Gavere

The Battle of Gavere was fought near Semmerzake in the County of Flanders (now Belgium) on July 23, 1453, between an army under the Philip the Good of Burgundy and the rebelling city of Ghent.

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Battle of Girolata

The Battle of Girolata was a naval action fought between Genoese, Spanish and Ottoman ships on 15 June 1540 in the Gulf of Girolata, on the west coast of the island of Corsica, amidst the war between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Suleiman the Magnificent. A Spanish squadron of 21 galleys led by the Genoese Gianettino Doria and the Spaniard Berenguer de Requesens surprised an Ottoman squadron of 11 galleys, anchored at Girolata, led by the Ottoman admiral Dragut, whom the commander of the Ottoman Navy, Hayreddin Barbarossa, had committed to raid the Italian coast after his victories in the Adriatic sea the year before. As the crews of the Ottoman warships were ashore, distributing the booty from recent raids, the Spanish-Genoese fleet easily overtook them, taking all 11 Ottoman galleys and making 1,200 prisoners, among them Dragut, who was carried to Genoa and put, together with his captains, to row in Andrea Doria's galleys.

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Battle of Jaquijahuana

The Battle of Jaquijahuana was fought between the forces of Gonzalo Pizarro and Pedro de la Gasca, on April 9, 1548, during the Conquest of the Inca Empire by the Spanish conquistadores.

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Battle of Landriano

The Battle of Landriano took place on 21 June 1529, between the French army under Francis de Bourbon, Comte de St. Pol and the Imperial–Spanish army commanded by Don Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova in the context of the War of the League of Cognac.

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Battle of Las Salinas

The Battle of Las Salinas was a military conflict and decisive confrontation between the forces of Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro against those of rival conquistador Diego de Almagro, on April 26, 1538, during the Conquest of Peru.

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Battle of Lepanto

The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, of which the Venetian Empire and the Spanish Empire were the main powers, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras, where Ottoman forces sailing westward from their naval station in Lepanto (the Venetian name of ancient Naupactus Ναύπακτος, Ottoman İnebahtı) met the fleet of the Holy League sailing east from Messina, Sicily.

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Battle of Mactan

The Battle of Mactan (Gubat sa Mactan; Labanan sa Mactan; Spanish: Batalla de Mactán) was fought in the Philippines on 27 April 1521, prior to Spanish colonization.

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Battle of Marciano

The Battle of Marciano (also known as the Battle of Scannagallo) occurred in the countryside of Marciano della Chiana, near Arezzo, Tuscany, on August 2, 1554, during the Italian War of 1551.

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Battle of Mühlberg

The Battle of Mühlberg was a large battle at Mühlberg in the Electorate of Saxony in 1547, as part of the Schmalkaldic War.

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Battle of Mohács

The Battle of Mohács (Mohácsi csata, Mohaç Meydan Muharebesi) was one of the most consequential battles in Central European history.

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Battle of Montemurlo

On 1 or 2 August 1537 (both dates are given in sources), near the Tuscan village of Montemurlo, the forces of the newly installed Duke Cosimo I of Florence defeated a hastily organized army of those who wished to overthrow the Medici and restore the Republic of Florence.

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Battle of Muros Bay

The Battle of Muros Bay (Spanish: Batalla de Muros) took place on 25 July 1543, during the Italian War of 1542–1546, between the French fleet under Jean de Clamorgan, Lord of Soane and the Spanish fleet commanded by Don Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Viso, father of Don Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz, who was also present at the battle being no more than 18 years old.

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Battle of Pavia

The Battle of Pavia, fought on the morning of 24 February 1525, was the decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1521–26.

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Battle of Ponza (1552)

The Battle of Ponza (1552) was a naval battle that occurred near the Italian island of Ponza.

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Battle of Preveza

The Battle of Preveza was a naval battle that took place on 28 September 1538 near Preveza in northwestern Greece between an Ottoman fleet and that of a Christian alliance assembled by Pope Paul III in which the Ottoman fleet defeated the allies.

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Battle of Renty

The Battle of Renty was fought on 12 August 1554, between France and the Holy Roman Empire at Renty, a northern French secondary theatre of the Italian Wars.

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Battle of Serravalle (1544)

The Battle of Serravalle took place on June 2–4, 1544, at Serravalle, in the Apennine Mountains, San Marino, between the Imperial-Spanish army commanded by Don Alfonso d'Avalos, Marquis del Vasto, and a force of freshly raised Italian mercenaries in French service, led by Pietro Strozzi, member of the rich and famous Florentine family of the Strozzi, and Giovan Francesco Orsini, Count of Pitigliano, during the Italian War of 1542–1546.

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Battle of Sievershausen

The Battle of Sievershausen occurred on 9 July 1553 near the village of Sievershausen (today part of Lehrte in present-day Germany), where the forces of the Hohenzollern margrave Albert Alcibiades of Brandenburg-Kulmbach fought against the united troops of Elector Maurice of Saxony and Duke Henry V of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.

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Battle of Soltau

The Battle of Soltau (Schlacht bei Soltau) took place on 28 June 1519 and was the military climax of the Hildesheim Diocesan Feud which lasted from 1519–1523.

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Battle of the Sesia (1524)

The Battle of the Sesia or Battle of the Sesia River, took place near the Sesia River (Latin: Sesites or Sessite), situated in north-western Italy, Lombardy, on 30 April 1524, where the Imperial–Spanish forces commanded by Don Carlos de Lannoy, inflicted a decisive defeat to the French forces under the Admiral Guillaume Gouffier, Lord of Bonnivet and Francis de Bourbon, Comte de St. Pol, during the Italian War of 1521–1526.

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Battle of Villalar

The Battle of Villalar was a battle in the Revolt of the Comuneros fought on April 23, 1521 near the town of Villalar in Valladolid province, Spain.

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Battle of Wurzach

The Battle of Wurzach (Gefecht bei Wurzach or Schlacht am Leprosenberg), was a battle during the German Peasants' War that took place near Bad Wurzach in the present-day county of Ravensburg in Upper Swabia.

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Bavay

Bavay (pronounced) is a commune in the Nord department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

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Bayonne

Bayonne (Gascon: Baiona; Baiona; Bayona) is a city and commune and one of the two sub-prefectures of the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.

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Bchira Ben Mrad

Bchira Ben Mrad (بشيرة بن مراد;1993–1913) was a Tunisian women's rights activist.

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Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy

Infanta Beatrice of Portugal) (31 December 1504 – 8 January 1538) was Duchess of Savoy by marriage to Charles III, Duke of Savoy. She was the Sovereign Countess of Asti from 1531 to 1538.

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Beatriz de la Cueva

Beatriz de la Cueva de Alvarado (1498 – 11 September 1541) was a Spanish noblewoman from Úbeda in Andalucia who became the governor of the Spanish colony of Guatemala for a few days in September 1541.

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Beeldenstorm

Beeldenstorm in Dutch, roughly translatable to "statue storm", or Bildersturm in German ("image/statue storm"), also the Great Iconoclasm or Iconoclastic Fury, is a term used for outbreaks of destruction of religious images that occurred in Europe in the 16th century.

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Beerwolf

A Beerwolf (Bärwolf, Werwolf) is a German folk-tale monster commonly known as a werewolf.

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Belfry of Ghent

The 91-metre-tall belfry of Ghent is one of three medieval towers that overlook the old city centre of Ghent, Belgium, the other two belonging to Saint Bavo Cathedral and Saint Nicholas' Church.

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Belgitude

Belgitude is a term used to express the Belgian soul and identity.

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Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.

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Benvenuto Cellini

Benvenuto Cellini (3 November 150013 February 1571) was an Italian goldsmith, sculptor, draftsman, soldier, musician, and artist who also wrote a famous autobiography and poetry.

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Bernard van Orley

Bernard van Orley (between 1487 and 1491 – 6 January 1541), also called Barend or Barent van Orley, Bernaert van Orley or Barend van Brussel, was a leading artist in Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, though he was at least as active as a leading designer of Brussels tapestry and, at the end of his life, stained glass.

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Bernardino de Laredo

Fray Bernardino de Laredo (Seville, 1482 - San Francisco del Monte, Sevilla, 1540) was a physician and Franciscan mystical writer.

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Bernardo Antonio de' Medici

Bernardo Antonio de' Medici (1476 – 1552) was an Italian bishop and diplomat.

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Bernardo Cappello

Bernardo Cappello (1498, Venice - 8 March 1565, Rome) was a Venetian humanist, writer and pupil of Pietro Bembo.

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Bernardo Navagero

Bernardo Navagero (Venice 1507- Verona 1565) was a Venetian ambassador and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Bernardo Salviati

Bernardo Salviati (17 February 1508 – 6 May 1568) was an Italian condottiero and Roman Catholic Cardinal.

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Bernhard VIII, Count of Lippe

Bernhard VIII, Count of Lippe (6 December 1527 in Detmold – 15 April 1563 in Detmold) was from 1547 until his death in 1563 ruling the County of Lippe.

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Besançon

Besançon (French and Arpitan:; archaic Bisanz, Vesontio) is the capital of the department of Doubs in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

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Bianca Riario

Bianca Riario (March 1478 – 1522) was an Italian noble and regent, Marchioness of San Secondo by marriage to Troilo I de' Rossi, and regent of the marquisate and county of San Secondo for her son Pier Maria during his minority between 1521 and 1522.

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Bicocca (district of Milan)

Bicocca is a district ("quartiere") of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 9 administrative division.

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Biescas

Biescas is a municipality of northeastern Spain close to the border with France, in the midst of the Pyrenees in the province of Huesca.

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Binche

Binche (Bince) is a Walloon city and municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

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Bindo Altoviti

Bindo Altoviti of the House of Altoviti was one of the most influential papal banker of his generation and patron to the arts cultivating close friendships with artists as Vasari, Cellini, Raphael and Michelangelo His father was Antonio Altoviti was the papal Master of the Mint and his mother La Papessa Dianora Altoviti, niece of Giambattista Cabo, Pope Innocent VIII.

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Biscay

Biscay (Bizkaia; Vizcaya) is a province of Spain located just south of the Bay of Biscay.

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Bishop's Waltham Palace

Bishop's Waltham Palace is a moated Bishop's Palace ruin in Bishop's Waltham, Hampshire, England.

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Bishopric of Trent

The Prince-Bishopric of Trent or Bishopric of Trent for short is a former ecclesiastical principality roughly corresponding to the present-day Northern Italian autonomous province of Trentino.

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Bizerte

Bizerte (بنزرت); historically: Phoenician: Hippo Acra, Hippo Diarrhytus and Hippo Zarytus), also known in English as Bizerta, is a town of Bizerte Governorate in Tunisia. It is the northernmost city in Africa, located 65 km (40mil) north of the capital Tunis. The city had 142,966 inhabitants in 2014.

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Black

Black is the darkest color, the result of the absence or complete absorption of visible light.

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Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition

The Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition is the hypothesis of the existence of a series of myths and fabrications about the Spanish Inquisition used as propaganda against the Spanish Empire in a time of strong military, commercial and political rivalry between European powers, starting in the 16th century.

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Blackfriars, London

Blackfriars is an area of central London, which lies in the south-west corner of the City of London.

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Blasco de Garay

Blasco de Garay (1500–1552) was a Spanish navy captain and inventor.

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Blasco Núñez Vela

Blasco Núñez Vela y Villalba (c. 1490 – January 18, 1546) was the first Spanish viceroy of Peru.

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Blessed sword and hat

The blessed sword (ensis benedictus, stocco benedetto or stocco pontificio) and the blessed hat (also: ducal hat, pileus or capellus, berrettone pontificio or berrettone ducale) were a gift offered by popes to Catholic monarchs or other secular recipients in recognition of their defence of Christendom.

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Bloater (herring)

Bloaters are a type of whole cold-smoked herring.

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Blossom's Inn

Blossom's Inn was a tavern which stood in Lawrence Lane in the City of London from the 14th century until 1855.

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Božidar Vuković

Božidar Vuković (Божидар Вуковић, Dionisio della Vecchia, Dionisius a Vetula; c. 1460 — c. 1539) was one of the first printers of Serbian books in Montenegro.

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Bodo VIII, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode

Count Bodo VIII of Stolberg-Wernigerode (nicknamed the Blissful; 4 January 1467 − 22 June 1538) was Count of Stolberg and Hohnstein and Lord of Wernigerode from 1511 until his death.

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Bogotá

Bogotá, officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santafé de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, administered as the Capital District, although often thought of as part of Cundinamarca.

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Bogumil Dawison

Bogumil Dawison (May 15, 1818February 1, 1872) was a German actor.

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Bologna

Bologna (Bulåggna; Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna Region in Northern Italy.

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Book of Concord

The Book of Concord or Concordia (often, Lutheran Confessions is appended to or substituted for the title) (1580) is the historic doctrinal standard of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century.

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Borgo (rione of Rome)

Borgo (sometimes called also I Borghi), is the 14th historic district (rione) of Rome, Italy.

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Botafogo (galleon)

The São João Baptista (Saint John the Baptist), commonly known as the Botafogo (Spitfire), was a Portuguese galleon warship built in the 16th century, around 1534, considered the biggest and most powerful warship in the world at the time.

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Bouillon

Bouillon (Bouyon) is a municipality in Belgium.

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Bourbon claim to the Spanish throne

After the death of the last Habsburg monarch of Spain in 1700, the childless Charles II, the Spanish throne was up for grabs between the various dynasties of Europe despite Charles having left a will naming his heir.

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Brabant Revolution

The Brabant Revolution or Brabantine Revolution (Révolution brabançonne, Brabantse Omwenteling), sometimes referred to as the Belgian Revolution of 1789–90 in older writing, was an armed insurrection that occurred in the Austrian Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) between October 1789 and December 1790.

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Brenz an der Brenz

Brenz an der Brenz is a borough of the village of Sontheim in the Heidenheim District of Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

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Brenz Castle

Brenz Castle is Renaissance castle located in the Brenz an der Brenz borough of Sontheim in Heidenheim district of Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

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Bridge castle

A bridge castle (Brückenburg) is a type of castle that was built to provide military observation and security for a river crossing.

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Bridget Wiltshire

Bridget Wiltshire (later, Wingfield, then Hervey, then Tyrwhitt; died January 1534) was a neighbour, close friend and lady-in-waiting to Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII of England.

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Broeksittard

Broeksittard is a former village in the Dutch province of Limburg.

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Bronte, Sicily

Bronte is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Catania, in Sicily, southern Italy.

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Bronze sculpture

Bronze is the most popular metal for cast metal sculptures; a cast bronze sculpture is often called simply a "bronze".

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Brotherhoods of Mallorca

The Brotherhoods of Mallorca (Catalan: Germanies de Mallorca) was a revolt against the urban middle-class and the high nobility, in part influenced by the Revolt of the Brotherhoods in the Kingdom of Valencia, which occurred in 1521 as a consequence of the imprisonment of seven artisans.

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium.

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Brussels massacre

The Brussels massacre was an anti-Semitic episode in Brussels in 1370 in connection with an alleged host desecration at the Brussels synagogue.

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Brussels Privy Council

The Privy Council or Secret Council (Geheime Raad, Conseil Privé) in Brussels was one of the three "collateral councils" (along with the Council of Finance and Council of State) that together formed the highest government institutions of the Habsburg Netherlands.

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Brussels tapestry

Brussels tapestry workshops produced tapestry from at least the 15th century, but the city's early production in the Late Gothic International style was eclipsed by the more prominent tapestry-weaving workshops based in Arras and Tournai.

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Brussels–Charleroi Canal

The Brussels–Charleroi Canal, also known as the Charleroi Canal amongst other similar names, (canal Bruxelles-Charleroi, kanaal Brussel-Charleroi) is an important canal in Belgium.

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Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal

The Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal (commonly named in various ways including Willebroek Canal and Brussels-Willebroek canal), is a canal in Belgium linking Brussels with the Scheldt river and ultimately the sea.

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Buß- und Bettag

Buß- und Bettag (Day of Repentance and Prayer) was a public holiday in Germany, and is still a public holiday in Saxony.

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Burgerlijk Wetboek

The Burgerlijk Wetboek (or BW) is the Civil Code of the Netherlands.

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Burgos

Burgos is a city in northern Spain and the historic capital of Castile.

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Burgundian Circle

The Burgundian Circle (Burgundischer Kreis, Bourgondische Kreits, Cercle de Bourgogne) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire created in 1512 and significantly enlarged in 1548.

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Burgundian Netherlands

In the history of the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands (Pays-Bas Bourguignons., Bourgondische Nederlanden, Burgundeschen Nidderlanden, Bas Payis borguignons) were a number of Imperial and French fiefs ruled in personal union by the House of Valois-Burgundy and their Habsburg heirs in the period from 1384 to 1482.

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Burgundian treaty of 1548

The Burgundian treaty of 1548 (ratified on 26 June) settled the status of the Habsburg Netherlands within the Holy Roman Empire.

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Burial sites of European monarchs and consorts

This list contains all European emperors, kings and regent princes and their consorts as well as well-known crown princes since the Middle Ages, whereas the lists are starting with either the beginning of the monarchy or with a change of the dynasty (e.g. England with the Norman king William the Conqueror, Spain with the unification of Castile and Aragon, Sweden with the Vasa dynasty, etc.). In addition, it contains the still-existing principalities of Monaco and Liechtenstein and the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg.

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Burning of Edinburgh

The Burning of Edinburgh in 1544 by an English sea-borne army was the first major action of the war of the Rough Wooing.

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Buxheim Charterhouse

Buxheim Charterhouse (Reichskartause Buxheim) was formerly a monastery of the Carthusians (in fact, the largest charterhouse in Germany) and is now a monastery of the Salesians.

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Caballerizo mayor

The Caballerizo major (Great Equerry) was the Officer of the Royal Household and Heritage of the Crown of Spain in charge of the trips, the mews and the hunt of the King of Spain.

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Calcio Fiorentino

Calcio fiorentino (also known as calcio storico "historic football") is an early form of football that originated in 16th-century Italy.

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Calshot Castle

Calshot Castle is an artillery fort constructed by Henry VIII on the Calshot Spit, Hampshire, England, between 1539 and 1540.

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Calusa

The Calusa were a Native American people of Florida's southwest coast.

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Camarera mayor de Palacio

The Camarera mayor de Palacio (First Lady of the Bedchamber) was the Official of the Royal Household and Heritage of the Crown of Spain, who was in charge of the person and the rooms of the Queen of Spain.

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Camões family

The Camões family were descendants of the 14th-century Portuguese nobleman Vasco Pires de Camões.

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Cambrai

Cambrai (Kimbré; Kamerijk; historically in English Camerick and Camericke) is a commune in the Nord department and in the Hauts-de-France region of France on the Scheldt river, which is known locally as the Escaut river.

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Canon of Dutch History

The Canon of Dutch History is a list of fifty topics that aims to provide a chronological summary of Dutch history to be taught in primary schools and the first two years of secondary school in the Netherlands.

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Cansino family

The (Cancino) family was a Spanish-Jewish family, famous in history for its wealth and influence, its scholars and poets.

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Capilla Flamenca

Capilla Flamenca is a vocal and instrumental early music consort based in Leuven, Belgium.

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Capilla flamenca (Spain)

The Flemish chapel (Spanish: capilla flamenca) was one of two choirs employed by Philip II of Spain, the other being the Spanish chapel (or capilla española).

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Capital punishment in Germany

Capital punishment is prohibited in Germany by constitution.

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Capitán Pastene

Capitán Pastene is a town founded by Italian immigrants, located in the commune of Lumaco in the Araucanía Region of Chile.

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Capitoline Hill

The Capitoline Hill (Mōns Capitōlīnus; Campidoglio), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the Seven Hills of Rome.

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Capitulation of Wittenberg

The Capitulation of Wittenberg (Wittenberger Kapitulation) was a treaty in 1547 by which John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, was compelled to resign the electoral dignity.

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Capolona

Capolona is a small town and comune in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the River Arno.

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Cappel family

The Cappel family was a French family which produced distinguished jurists and theologians in the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Capri

Capri (usually pronounced by English speakers) is an island located in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Sorrentine Peninsula, on the south side of the Gulf of Naples in the Campania region of Italy.

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Captain from Castile

Captain from Castile is a historical adventure film released by 20th Century Fox in 1947.

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Captaincy General of Chile

The General Captaincy of Chile (Capitanía General de Chile) or Gobernación de Chile, was a territory of the Spanish Empire, from 1541 to 1818.

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Capture of Gibraltar

The Capture of Gibraltar by Anglo-Dutch forces of the Grand Alliance occurred between 1–3 August 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession.

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Capture of Mahdiye (1550)

The capture of Mahdia was an amphibious military operation that took place from June to September, 1550, during the struggle between the Ottoman Empire and the Spanish Habsburgs for the control of the Mediterranean.

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Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)

The Capture of Peñón of Algiers was accomplished when the beylerbey of Algiers Hayreddin Barbarossa took a forteress (called Peñón of Algiers) in a small islet facing the Algerian city of Algiers from the Habsburg Spaniards and their Kabyles allies in 1529.

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Carajicomedia

Carajicomedia (Prick Comedy) is a 16th-century Spanish poetic work of 117 stanzas composed of eight 12-syllable verses.

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Cardinal protector of England

The Cardinal protector of England was an appointed crown-cardinal of England from 1492 until 1539.

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Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria

Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand (also known as Don Fernando de Austria, Cardenal-Infante Fernando de España and as Ferdinand von Österreich; May 1609 or 1610 – 9 November 1641) was Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, Cardinal of the Holy Catholic Church, Infante of Spain, Infante of Portugal (until 1640), Archduke of Austria, Archbishop of Toledo (1619–41), and military commander during the Thirty Years' War.

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Carl von Noorden

Carl Friedrich Johannes von Noorden (11 September 1833 – 25 December 1883) was a German historian who was a native of Bonn.

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Carl Wilhelm Welser von Neunhof

Carl Wilhelm Welser von Neunhof (31 December 1663 - 1 February 1711 Nuremberg), was a mayor of Nuremberg.

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Carlentini

Carlentini (Sicilian: Carruntini) is a town and comune in the Province of Syracuse, Sicily (Italy).

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Carlina

Carlina is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae.

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Carlos (given name)

Carlos is a masculine given name.

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Carlos I

Carlos I may refer to.

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Carlos V (chocolate bar)

Carlos V is a brand of Mexican chocolate bar, produced since the 1970s in Mexico and launched in 2005 in the United States by Nestlé.

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Carlos, Prince of Asturias

Carlos, Prince of Asturias, also known as Don Carlos (8 July 154524 July 1568), was the eldest son and heir-apparent of King Philip II of Spain.

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Carlos, rey emperador

Carlos, rey emperador (Charles, King Emperor) is a Spanish historical fiction television series, directed by Oriol Ferrer and produced by Diagonal TV for Televisión Española.

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Carmelite Monastery Church of the Annunciation

The Carmelite Monastery Church of the Annunciation (Karmeliter-Klosterkirche Mariä Verkündigung, Pfälzisch: Kloschder Härschhorn) at Hirschhorn in Hesse, Germany dates from 1406, when the Lord of Hirschhorn established a Carmelite monastery there.

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Carolus (coin)

Carolus is the name given to a number of gold coins.

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Casa consistorial de Sevilla

The Casa consistorial de Sevilla is a Plateresque-style building in Plaza Nueva in Seville (Andalusia, Spain), currently home of the city's government (ayuntamiento).

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Casa Consistorial de Tarazona

The Casa Consistorial de Tarazona, in Aragonese: Casa d'a Villa de Tarazona (Town Hall of Tarazona) is a building that houses the offices of the Council of the town of Tarazona, in Aragon, Spain.

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Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth

Casimir (or Kasimir) of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (27 December 1481 – 21 September 1527) was Margrave of Bayreuth or Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach from 1515 to 1527.

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Caspar Aquila

Caspar Aquila (sometimes Kaspar or Gaspar Aquila; 7 August 1488 – 12 November 1560), born Johann Kaspar Adler, was a German Lutheran theologian and reformer.

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Caspar Röist

Caspar Röist (13 July 1478 – 6 May 1527) was a Swiss papal official and commander of the papacy's Swiss Guard.

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Cassine

Cassine (Piedmontese: Cassèine) is a town and commune of the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont.

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Castaway

A castaway is a person who is cast adrift or ashore.

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Castel Capuano

Castel Capuano is a castle in Naples, southern Italy.

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Castel Lagopesole

Castel Lagopesole, or simply Lagopesole, is a village and civil parish (frazione) of the municipality (comune) of Avigliano, in Basilicata, southern Italy.

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Castel Nuovo

Castel Nuovo (Italian: "New Castle"), often called Maschio Angioino (Italian: "Angevin Keep"), is a medieval castle located in front of Piazza Municipio and the city hall (Palazzo San Giacomo) in central Naples, Italy.

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Castel Sant'Angelo

The Mausoleum of Hadrian, usually known as Castel Sant'Angelo (English: Castle of the Holy Angel), is a towering cylindrical building in Parco Adriano, Rome, Italy.

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Castel Sant'Elmo

Castel Sant'Elmo is a medieval fortress located on a hilltop near the Certosa di San Martino, overlooking Naples, Italy.

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Castell de la Trinitat

Castell de la Trinitat is located on the Gulf of Roses, Alt Empordà comarca, Province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain.

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Castellane

Castellane (Provençal: Castelana) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

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Castello Baradello

The Castello Baradello is a military fortification located on a high hill next to the city of Como, northern Italy.

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Castello di Montesegale

The Castello di Montesegale or Castle of Montesegale is a rural hilltop medieval fortress in the hamlet of Montesegale, Province of Pavia, region of Lombardy, Italy.

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Castilblanco

Castilblanco is a municipality located in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain.

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Castile (historical region)

Castile is a vaguely defined historical region of Spain.

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Castile and León Day

Castile and León Day (Día de Castilla y León) is a holiday celebrated on April 23 in the autonomous community of Castile and León, a subdivision of Spain.

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Castillo San Felipe del Morro

Castillo San Felipe del Morro also known as Fuerte San Felipe del Morro or Castillo del Morro, is a 16th-century citadel located in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

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Castle of Charles V

The Castle of Charles V (Italian: Castello Carlo quinto; Leccese: Castellu Carlu Quintu), also known as the Castello di Lecce, is a castle in Lecce, Italy.

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Castle of Freÿr

The castle of Freÿr with its gardens in the style of Le Nôtre is located on the left bank of the Meuse, between Waulsort and Dinant (province of Namur, Belgium).

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Castle of Melfi

The Castle of Melfi in Basilicata is a monument owned by the Italian State and one of the most important medieval castles in Southern Italy.

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Castle of the Counts of Modica (Alcamo)

The Castle of the Counts of Modica (or Castle of Alcamo) is a medieval castle situated in the town centre of Alcamo, in the province of Trapani, Sicily, southern Italy.

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Cat organ

A cat organ or cat piano (Katzenorgel or Katzenklavier, orgue à chats or piano à chats/piano chats) is a hypothetical musical instrument which consists of a line of cats fixed in place with their tails stretched out underneath a keyboard so that they cry out when a key is pressed.

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Catalan Courts

The Catalan Courts or General Court of Catalonia (Corts Catalanes or Cort General de Catalunya) was the policymaking and parliamentary body of the Principality of Catalonia from the 13th to the 18th century.

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Catalonia

Catalonia (Catalunya, Catalonha, Cataluña) is an autonomous community in Spain on the northeastern extremity of the Iberian Peninsula, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.

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Catanzaro

Catanzaro (Catanzarese: Catanzaru;, or Κατασταρίοι Λοκροί, Katastarioi Lokroi; Catacium), also known as the city of the two seas, is an Italian city of 91,000 inhabitants (2013) and the capital of the Calabria region and of its province.

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Catharina van Hemessen

Caterina, or Catharina van Hemessen (1528 – after 1565) was a Flemish Renaissance painter.

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Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp)

The Cathedral of Our Lady (Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Antwerp, Belgium.

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Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula

The Cathedral of St.

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Cathedral of the Savior of Zaragoza

The Cathedral of the Savior (Catedral del Salvador) or La Seo de Zaragoza is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Zaragoza, in Aragon, Spain.

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Catherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk

Catherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk, suo jure 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (22 March 1519 – 19 September 1580), was an English noblewoman living at the courts of King Henry VIII, King Edward VI and Queen Elizabeth I. She was the fourth wife of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, who acted as her legal guardian during his third marriage to Henry VIII's sister Mary.

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Catherine de' Medici

Catherine de Medici (Italian: Caterina de Medici,; French: Catherine de Médicis,; 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589), daughter of Lorenzo II de' Medici and Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne, was an Italian noblewoman who was queen of France from 1547 until 1559, by marriage to King Henry II.

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Catherine de' Medici's building projects

Catherine de' Medici's building projects included the Valois chapel at Saint-Denis, the Tuileries Palace, and the Hôtel de la Reine in Paris, and extensions to the château of Chenonceau, near Blois.

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Catherine of Aragon

Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536), was Queen of England from June 1509 until May 1533 as the first wife of King Henry VIII; she was previously Princess of Wales as the wife of Henry's elder brother Arthur.

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Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal

Catherine of Austria (Catarina; 14 January 1507 – 12 February 1578) was Queen of Portugal as wife of King John III, and regent during the minority of her grandson, King Sebastian, from 1557 until 1562.

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Catholic (term)

The word catholic (with lowercase c; derived via Late Latin catholicus, from the Greek adjective καθολικός (katholikos), meaning "universal") comes from the Greek phrase καθόλου (katholou), meaning "on the whole", "according to the whole" or "in general", and is a combination of the Greek words κατά meaning "about" and ὅλος meaning "whole".

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Catholic Church and slavery

The issue of slavery was one that was historically treated with concern by the Catholic Church.

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Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery

The Catholic Church during the Age of Discovery inaugurated a major effort to spread Christianity in the New World and to convert the Native Americans and other indigenous people.

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Catholic Church art

Catholic art consists of all visual works produced in an attempt to illustrate, supplement and portray in tangible form the teachings of the Catholic Church.

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Catholic Church in Germany

The Catholic Church in Germany (Katholische Kirche in Deutschland) is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Pope, assisted by the Roman Curia, and of the German bishops.

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Catholic Monarchs

The Catholic Monarchs is the joint title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon.

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Catholicity

Catholicity (from Greek καθολικότητα της εκκλησίας, "catholicity of the church"), or catholicism (from Greek καθολικισμός, "universal doctrine") is a concept that encompasses the beliefs and practices of numerous Christian denominations, most notably those that describe themselves as Catholic in accordance with the Four Marks of the Church, as expressed in the Nicene Creed of the First Council of Constantinople in 381: " in one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church." While catholicism is most commonly associated with the faith and practices of the Catholic Church led by the Pope in Rome, the traits of catholicity, and thus the term catholic, are also claimed and possessed by other denominations such as the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East.

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Causes of the Dutch Revolt

The causes of the Dutch Revolt and the ensuing Eighty Years War, considered to have started in June 1568, were a number of incidents and frictions had accumulated between the Dutch provinces and their Habsburg overlord.

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Cavalry Regiment El Rey

The Cavalry Regiment El Rey (Regimiento de Caballería El Rey is the oldest cavalry regiment in the Spanish Army, distinguishing itself on several occasions during the Peninsular War. They are known bestn for there charge at the Battle of Talavera where they dealt the decissive blow against General Jean François Leval's German Division.

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Cebu

Cebu (Lalawigan sa Sugbu; Lalawigan ng Cebu) is a province of the Philippines located in the region, and consisting of a main island and 167 surrounding islands and islets.

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Ceh Pech

Ceh Pech (pronounced Keh Pech, 'Ceh (deer): patronymic, perhaps Ah Ceh; Pech (tick), perhaps also a patronymic composed of the union of two family names') is the name of a post-classic Maya ruling family and a province, or kuchkabal of the northern Yucatán Peninsula.

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CEIP San Ildefonso

CEIP San Ildefonso is the second oldest school in Madrid, Spain.

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Censorship in Portugal

Censorship was a fundamental element of Portuguese national culture throughout the country's history up until the Carnation Revolution in 1974.

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Certosa di Bologna

The Certosa di Bologna is a former Carthusian monastery (or charterhouse) in Bologna, northern Italy, which was founded in 1334 and suppressed in 1797.

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Certosa di Padula

Padula Charterhouse, in Italian Certosa di Padula (or Certosa di San Lorenzo di Padula), is a large Carthusian monastery, or charterhouse, located in the town of Padula, in the Cilento National Park (near Salerno) in Southern Italy.

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Cervara Abbey

Cervara Abbey (Abbazia della Cervara or Abbazia di San Gerolamo al Monte di Portofino) is a former abbey in Santa Margherita Ligure, Liguria region, northern Italy.

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Cesare Hercolani

Cesare Hercolani (1499–1534) was an Italian condottiero, or mercenary leader.

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Chafing dish

A chafing dish (from the French chauffer, "to make warm") is a kind of portable grate raised on a tripod, originally heated with charcoal in a brazier, and used for foods that require gentle cooking, away from the "fierce" heat of direct flames.

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Champagne (wine region)

The Champagne wine region (archaic Champany) is a wine region within the historical province of Champagne in the northeast of France.

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Champmol

The Chartreuse de Champmol, formally the Chartreuse de la Sainte-Trinité de Champmol, was a Carthusian monastery on the outskirts of Dijon, which is now in France, but in the 15th century was the capital of the Duchy of Burgundy.

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Chancellor of Austria

The Chancellor of Austria, officially the Federal Chancellor of the Republic of Austria (Bundeskanzler der Republik Österreich, sometimes shortened to Kanzler) is the head of government of the Austrian Republic.

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Chancery of Navarre

When the Kingdom of Navarre was united with France by the marriage of Philip IV of France with Joan I Queen Regnant of Navarre and Countess of Champagne on 16 August 1284, it kept the long existing Chancery of Navarre (French: Chancellerie de Navarre).

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Chapel of D. Fradique

The Chapel of D. Fradique (Capela de D. Fradique) is a chapel located in the Convent of São Francisco, in the civil parish of Estremoz (Santa Maria e Santo André), in the municipality of Estremoz, in the Portuguese district of Évora.

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Chapultepec

Chapultepec, more commonly called the "Bosque de Chapultepec" (Chapultepec Forest) in Mexico City, is one of the largest city parks in the Western Hemisphere, measuring in total just over 686 hectares (1,695 acres).

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Chapultepec aqueduct

The Chapultepec aqueduct (in Spanish: acueducto de Chapultepec) was built to provide potable water to Tenochtitlan, now known as Mexico City.

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Charles

Charles is a masculine given name from the French form Charles of a Germanic name Karl.

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Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk

Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, 1st Viscount Lisle, (22 August 1545) was the son of Sir William Brandon and Elizabeth Bruyn.

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Charles de Gaulle

Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the French Resistance against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 in order to reestablish democracy in France.

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Charles de Lannoy, 1st Prince of Sulmona.

Charles de Lannoy (c. 1487 – 23 September 1527) was a soldier and statesman from the Low Countries in service of the Habsburg Emperors Maximilian I and Charles V.

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Charles de Solier, comte de Morette

Charles de Solier, comte de Morette (1480 – 1 February 1552), the son of Aubertin de Solier, comte de Morette (1465–1545), was a French soldier and diplomat as well as a long-serving gentilhomme de la chambre to Francis I. He acted as ambassador to England on a number of occasions from October 1526 to June 1535.

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Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy

Charles Emmanuel II (Carlo Emanuele II di Savoia); 20 June 1634 – 12 June 1675) was the Duke of Savoy from 1638 to 1675 and under regency of his mother Christine of France until 1648. He was also Marquis of Saluzzo, Count of Aosta, Geneva, Moriana and Nice, as well as claimant king of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia. At his death in 1675 his second wife Marie Jeanne of Savoy acted as Regent for their nine-year-old son.

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Charles I

Charles I may refer to: In Kings and Emperors.

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Charles I de Croÿ

Charles I de Croÿ (1455–1527), Count and later 1st Prince of Chimay, was a nobleman and politician from the Low Countries in the service of the House of Habsburg.

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Charles I de Lalaing

Charles de Lalaing, baron and later 1st count of Lalaing, lord of Escornaix (1466 – Oudenaarde, July 18, 1525).

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Charles II de Lalaing

Charles II of Lalaing (Lallaing? 1506 – Brussels, 23 November 1558) was Count of Lalaing, Lord of Escornaix and stadtholder of the County of Hainaut.

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Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans

Charles II of Orléans (22 January 1522 – 9 September 1545) was the third son of Francis I and Claude of France.

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Charles II, Duke of Guelders

Charles II (9 November 1467 – 30 June 1538) was a member of the House of Egmond who ruled as Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen from 1492 until his death.

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Charles III, Duke of Bourbon

Charles III, Duke of Bourbon (17 February 1490 – 6 May 1527) was a French military leader, the Count of Montpensier, Clermont and Auvergne, and Dauphin of Auvergne from 1501 to 1523, then Duke of Bourbon and Auvergne, Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, Forez and La Marche, and Lord of Beaujeu from 1505 to 1521.

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Charles III, Duke of Savoy

Charles III of Savoy (10 October 1486 – 17 August 1553), often called Charles the Good, was Duke of Savoy from 1504 to 1553, although most of his lands were ruled by the French between 1536 and his death.

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Charles IV

Charles IV may refer to.

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Charles Morison (MP for Tavistock)

Sir Charles Morrison (or Morison) (1549 – 31 March 1599) was an English politician in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and heir to the Estate of Cassiobury in Watford, Hertfordshire.

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Charles of Habsburg

Charles of Habsburg may refer to.

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Charles of Navarre

Charles of Navarre or Charles d'Albret (12 December 1510, Pau - September 1528, Naples) was a prince of Navarre.

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Charles Reynolds (cleric)

Charles Reynolds (c. 1496July 1535) was an Irish-born Catholic cleric.

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Charles the Bold

Charles the Bold (also translated as Charles the Reckless).

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Charles V

Charles V may refer to.

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Charles V European Award

The Charles V European Award is awarded by the European Academy of Yuste Foundation.

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Charles V Wall

The Charles V Wall is a 16th-century defensive curtain wall that forms part of the fortifications of the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar.

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Charles, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon

Charles de Bourbon, Prince de la Roche-sur-Yon, born 1515, died in 1565 in Beaupré, was a prince of the blood of the House of Bourbon.

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Charolais, France

Charolais (also Charollais) is a historic region of France, named after the central town of Charolles, and located in today's Saône-et-Loire département, in Burgundy.

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Château d'If

The Château d'If is a fortress (later a prison) located on the island of If, the smallest island in the Frioul archipelago situated in the Mediterranean Sea about offshore in the Bay of Marseille in southeastern France.

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Château d'Olhain

The Château d'Olhain is a 15th-century castle located in Olhain, Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen, Pas-de-Calais, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France.

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Château de Chambord

The Château de Chambord at Chambord, Loir-et-Cher, France, is one of the most recognisable châteaux in the world because of its very distinctive French Renaissance architecture which blends traditional French medieval forms with classical Renaissance structures.

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Château de Verteuil, Charente

The Château de Verteuil is a historical building in Charente, France.

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Château du Grand Jardin

The Château du Grand Jardin was a maison de plaisance attached to the seat at Joinville, Haute-Marne of Claude de Lorraine, duc de Guise, who built it between 1533 and 1546 as a grand pavilion designed for fêtes and entertainments.

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Château Royal de Collioure

The Château Royal de Collioure (Catalan: Castell Reial de Cotlliure) is a massive French royal castle in the town of Collioure, a few kilometers north of the Spanish border in the French département of Pyrénées-Orientales.

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Chièvres

Chièvres is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

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Child sacrifice

Child sacrifice is the ritualistic killing of children in order to please or appease a god or supernatural beings in order to achieve a desired result.

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Chilean Antarctic Territory

The Chilean Antarctic Territory or Chilean Antarctica (Spanish: Territorio Chileno Antártico, Antártica Chilena) is the territory in Antarctica claimed by Chile.

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Chilean art

Chilean art refers to all kinds of visual art developed in Chile, or by Chileans, from the arrival of the Spanish conquerors to the modern day.

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Chilean literature

Chilean literature refers to all written or literary work produced in Chile or by Chilean writers.

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Chile–United Kingdom relations

British–Chile relations are foreign relations between the United Kingdom and Chile.

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Chivalry

Chivalry, or the chivalric code, is an informal, varying code of conduct developed between 1170 and 1220, never decided on or summarized in a single document, associated with the medieval institution of knighthood; knights' and gentlewomen's behaviours were governed by chivalrous social codes.

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Chodkiewicz

The Chodkiewicz (Хадкевіч, Chodkiewiczowie, Chodkevičius, Kadkevičius, Katkevičius, Katkus) family was one of the most influential noble families of Ruthenian descent in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th–17th centuries.

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Cholula, Puebla

Cholula (Spanish) is a city and district located in the center west of the state of Puebla, next to the city of Puebla de Zaragoza, in central Mexico.

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Christian Beyer

Christian Beyer (1482, Kleinlangheim – October 21, 1535, Weimar) was a Saxon Chancellor, international lawyer and Protestant reformer.

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Christian Church

"Christian Church" is an ecclesiological term generally used by Protestants to refer to the whole group of people belonging to Christianity throughout the history of Christianity.

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Christian Goller

Christian Goller (18 January 1943 – 13 November 2017) was a German painter and trained art restorer who was under investigation by German authorities regarding a number of paintings attributed to Lucas Cranach the Elder.

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Christian II of Denmark

Christian II (1 July 1481 – 25 January 1559) was a Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union.

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Christian III of Denmark

Christian III (12 August 1503 – 1 January 1559) reigned as King of Denmark from 1534 until his death, and King of Norway from 1537 until his death.

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Christian monasticism

Christian monasticism is the devotional practice of individuals who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship.

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Christian Walls of Madrid

The Christian Walls of Madrid, also known as Medieval Walls, were built in the Spanish city of Madrid between the 11th and 12th centuries, once the city passed to the Crown of Castile.

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Christianity in the 16th century

In 16th-century Christianity, Protestantism came to the forefront and marked a significant change in the Christian world.

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Christina of Denmark

Christina of Denmark (Christine af Danmark; November 1521 – 10 December 1590) was a Danish princess, the younger surviving daughter of King Christian II of Denmark and Norway and Isabella of Austria.

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Christina, Queen of Sweden

Christina (– 19 April 1689) reigned as Queen of Sweden from 1632 until her abdication in 1654.

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Christoph Amberger

Christoph Amberger (c. 1505 – 1562) was a painter of Augsburg in the 16th century, a disciple of Hans Holbein, his principal work being the history of Joseph in twelve pictures.

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Christoph Langenmantel

Christoph Langenmantel or Christoph Langenmantel vom Sparren (1488, Augsburg - 17 May 1538, Ingolstadt) was a nobleman, Carmelite monk, canon of Freising and a supporter of Martin Luther.

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Christoph, Duke of Württemberg

Christoph of Württemberg, Duke of Württemberg (12 May 1515 – 28 December 1568) ruled as Duke of Württemberg from 1550 until his death in 1568.

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Christopher Báthory

Christopher Báthory (Báthory Kristóf; 1530 – 27 May 1581) was voivode of Transylvania from 1576 to 1581.

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Christopher de Haro

Christopher de Haro (in Portuguese, Cristóvão de Haro) was a Lisbon-based merchant of Flemish origin.

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Christopher Morris (Master of the Ordnance)

Sir Christopher Morris (c. 1490 – 3 September 1544), also known as Morice or Mores, was an English soldier and military administrator during the reign of Henry VIII.

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Church of England

The Church of England (C of E) is the state church of England.

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Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción (Meco)

The Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción (Spanish: Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción) is a church and parish in Meco, Spain.

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Church of Our Lady of Victories, Valletta

The Our Lady of Victories Church, formerly known as the Saint Anthony the Abbot Church, was the first church and building completed in Valletta, Malta.

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Cipriano de Rore

Cipriano de Rore (occasionally Cypriano) (1515 or 1516 – between 11 and 20 September 1565) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance, active in Italy.

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Ciutadella de Roses

Ciutadella de Roses ("Citadel of Roses"; Spanish, Ciudadela de Rosas) is a ruined fortification in the municipality of Roses, Alt Empordà comarca, Province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain.

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Civilization IV: Colonization

Sid Meier's Civilization IV: Colonization is a remake (a total conversion using Civilization IV engine) of the 1994 turn-based strategy game Sid Meier's Colonization.

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Clara Gonzaga

Clara Gonzaga, Countess of Montpensier, Dauphine of Auvergne, Duchess of Sessa (1 July 1464 – 2 June 1503)Charles Cawley, Medieval Lands, Dukes of Bourbon was an Italian noblewoman of the House of Gonzaga.

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Claude Chappuys

Claude Chappuys (c. 1500 – 17 November 1575) was a 16th-century French poet.

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Claude de la Sengle

Fra' Claude de la Sengle (1494 – 18 August 1557) was the 48th Grand Master of the Order of Malta, from 1553 his death.

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Claude de Longwy de Givry

Claude de Longwy de Givry (1481–1561) was a French bishop and Cardinal, from an aristocratic background.

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Claude of France

Claude of France (13 October 1499 – 20 July 1524) was a queen consort of France by marriage to Francis I. She was also ruling Duchess of Brittany from 1514.

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Claudio Pari

Claudio Pari (1574 – after 1619) was an Italian composer, of Burgundian birth, of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras.

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Clerical celibacy

Clerical celibacy is the requirement in certain religions that some or all members of the clergy be unmarried.

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Climate of Chile

The climate of Chile comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale, extending across 38 degrees in latitude, making generalizations difficult.

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Clockwork

Clockwork refers to the inner workings of either mechanical machines clocks (where it is also called a movement) or other mechanisms that works similarly, with a complex series of gears.

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Coat of arms of Bogotá

The official coat of arms of the Capital District of Bogotá, the capital of Colombia, was granted by the Emperor Charles V to the New Kingdom of Granada on December 3, 1548 in Valladolid.

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Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, or Charles I of Spain, was the heir of four of Europe's leading royal houses.

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Coat of arms of Galicia (Spain)

The coat of arms of Galicia is described in the Spanish Law 5 of May 29, 1984, the Law of the symbols of Galicia.

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Coat of arms of La Rioja

The Spanish autonomous community and province of La Rioja has a coat of arms, which was assigned to the former province of Logroño in 1957, and to the present autonomous community on its foundation in 1982.

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Coat of arms of Lima

The Coat of arms of Lima was granted by the Spanish Crown on December 7, 1537, by Royal Decree signed in Valladolid by Emperor Charles V and his mother Queen Joanna of Castile, endowing the city with the shield.

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Coat of arms of Madrid

The Coat of arms of Madrid, the capital of Spain, has its origin in the Middle Ages, but was redesigned in 1967.

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Coat of arms of Spain

The coat of arms of Spain represents Spain and the Spanish nation.

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Coat of arms of the King of Spain

The coat of arms of the King of Spain is the heraldic symbol representing the monarch of Spain.

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Coat of arms of the Netherlands

The coat of arms of the Kingdom of the Netherlands was originally adopted in 1815 and later modified in 1907.

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Coat of arms of the Prince of Asturias

The blazon of the coat of arms of the Princess of Asturias is given by a Royal Decree 979 on 30 October 2015 which was an amendment of the Royal Decree 1511 dated Madrid 21 January 1977, which also created her guidon (military personal ensign) and her standard.

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Coat of arms of Toledo (Spain)

The coat of arms of Toledo may refer to the City of Toledo and for the Province of Toledo.

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Coat of arms of Wrocław

The coat of arms of the City of Wrocław is divided into quarters.

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Coats of arms of Spanish monarchs in Italy

The Spanish monarchs of the House of Habsburg and Philip V used separate versions of their royal arms as sovereigns of the Kingdom of Naples-Sicily, Sardinia and the Duchy of Milan with the arms of these territories.

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Coats of arms of the Holy Roman Empire

Over its long history, the Holy Roman Empire used many different heraldic forms, representing its numerous internal divisions.

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Cobán

Cobán, fully Santo Domingo de Cobán, is the capital of the department of Alta Verapaz in central Guatemala.

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Cocktail shaker

A cocktail shaker is a device used to mix beverages (usually alcoholic) by shaking.

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Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545-1548

Between 1545-1548 A.D., a mysterious illness, which was characterized by high fevers and bleeding, ravished the Mexican highlands in epidemic proportions.

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Codex Mendoza

The Codex Mendoza is an Aztec codex, created between 1529 and 1553 and perhaps circa 1541.

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Codex Tlatelolco

Codex Tlatelolco is a colonial-era Aztec codex written on amatl, around 1565.

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Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I

Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I, also known as Codex Vindobonensis C, or Codex Mexicanus I is an accordion-folded pre-Columbian piece of Mixtec writing.

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Colegio Imperial de Madrid

Colegio Imperial de Madrid (also known as the Colegio Imperial de la Compañía de Jesús or El Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo de la Compañía de Jesús en la Corte) nowadays Instituto San Isidro, was the name of a Jesuit educational institution in Madrid (Spain).

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Collegio di Spagna

The Collegio di Spagna (Royal Spanish College or Royal College of Spain in Bologna) (officially Real Colegio Mayor de San Clemente de los Españoles) is a college for Spanish students at the University of Bologna, Italy, which has been functioning since the 14th century.

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Cologne War

The Cologne War (1583–88) devastated the Electorate of Cologne, a historical ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, within present-day North Rhine-Westphalia, in Germany.

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Colonial Chile

In Chilean historiography, Colonial Chile (la colonia) is the period from 1600 to 1810, beginning with the Destruction of the Seven Cities and ending with the onset of the Chilean War of Independence.

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Colonial Venezuela

Spanish expeditions led by Columbus and Pepito Perez reached the coast of present-day Venezuela in 1498 and 1499.

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Colonna family

The Colonna family, also known as Sciarrillo or Sciarra, is an Italian noble family.

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Columbian Viceroyalty

The Columbian Viceroyalty, Viceroyalty of India or First Viceroyalty in the Indies is the name that designates the number of titles and rights granted to Christopher Columbus by the Catholic Monarchs in 1492 on the lands discovered and undiscovered, before embarking on his first trip that culminated in the discovery of America.

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Commercy

Commercy is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

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Community of Madrid

The Community of Madrid (Comunidad de Madrid) is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain.

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Competition law

Competition law is a law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies.

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Compromise of Nobles

The Compromise of Nobles ('''Eedverbond der Edelen'''.; '''Compromis des Nobles'''.) was a covenant of members of the lesser nobility in the Habsburg Netherlands who came together to submit a petition to the Regent Margaret of Parma on 5 April 1566, with the objective of obtaining a moderation of the placards against heresy in the Netherlands.

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Condesa

Condesa or La Condesa is an area in the Cuauhtémoc Borough of Mexico City, south of the Zona Rosa and 4 to 5 km west of the Zócalo, the city's main square.

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Condottieri

Condottieri (singular condottiero and condottiere) were the leaders of the professional military free companies (or mercenaries) contracted by the Italian city-states and the Papacy from the late Middle Ages and throughout the Renaissance.

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Confutatio Augustana

The Confutatio Augustana was the Roman Catholic refutation (confutation) of the Augsburg Confession, often referred to in the theological literature as simply the Confutatio.

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Conquest of Tunis (1534)

The conquest of Tunis occurred on 16 August 1534 when Hayreddin Barbarossa captured the city from the Hafsid ruler Muley Hasan.

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Conquest of Tunis (1535)

The Conquest of Tunis in 1535 was an attack on Tunis, then under the control of the Ottoman Empire, by the Habsburg Empire of Charles V and its allies.

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Conquest of Tunis (1574)

The Conquest of Tunis in 1574 marked the final conquest of Tunis by the Ottoman Empire over the Spanish Empire.

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Conquistador

Conquistadors (from Spanish or Portuguese conquistadores "conquerors") is a term used to refer to the soldiers and explorers of the Spanish Empire or the Portuguese Empire in a general sense.

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Conrad Ferdinand Meyer

Conrad Ferdinand Meyer (11 October 1825 – 28 November 1898) was a Swiss poet and historical novelist, a master of realism chiefly remembered for stirring narrative ballads like "Die Füße im Feuer" (The Feet in the Fire).

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Conrad Meit

Conrad Meit or (usual in German) Conrat Meit (1480s in Worms; 1550/1551 in Antwerp) was a German-born Late Gothic and Renaissance sculptor, who spent most of his career in the Low Countries.

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Constitutio Criminalis Carolina

The Constitutio Criminalis Carolina (sometimes shortened to Carolina) is recognised as the first body of German criminal law (Strafgesetzbuch).

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Constitutional history of Colombia

The constitutional history of Colombia is the process of formation and evolution of the different constitutions that Colombia has had since its formation.

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Contarini

Contarini is one of the founding families of Venicehttps://archive.org/details/teatroaraldicose02tett, Leone Tettoni.

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Contrade of Siena

A contrada (plural: contrade) is a district, or a ward, within an Italian city.

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Convent of Las Descalzas Reales

The Convent of Las Descalzas Reales (Monasterio de las Descalzas Reales) is a royal monastery situated in Madrid, Spain, administered by the Patrimonio Nacional.

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Convento de San Antonio de Padua, Toledo

The Convento de San Antonio de Padua is a Franciscan convent located in Toledo, Castile-La Mancha, Spain.

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Convento de San Esteban, Salamanca

The Convento de San Esteban is a Dominican monastery situated in the Plaza del Concilio de Trento (Council of Trent) in the city of Salamanca.

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Convento de San Felipe el Real

The now defunct Convento de San Felipe el Real (English: Convent of Saint Philip the Royal) (briefly called as San Felipe el Real) was a former Madrilenian convent of Calced Augustinian monks, located at the beginning of Calle Mayor in Madrid, next to the Puerta del Sol.

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Convento de Santa Isabel de los Reyes, Toledo

The Convento de Santa Isabel de los Reyes is a convent located in the city of Toledo, in Castile-La Mancha, Spain.

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Copertino Castle

View of the bastions. The Copertino Castle is a castle in Apulia, southern Italy.

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Cornelis Anthonisz.

Cornelis Anthonisz., Anthonisz.

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Cornelis Boel

Cornelis Boel (c. 1576 – c. 1621) was a Flemish draughtsman and engraver.

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Cornelis de Hooghe

Cornelis de Hooghe (1541, The Hague – 1583, The Hague) was a 16th-century engraver and mapmaker from the Northern Netherlands.

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Cornelius Canis

Cornelius Canis (also de Hondt, d'Hondt) (between 1500 and 1510 – 15 February 1562) was a Franco-Flemish composer, singer, and choir director of the Renaissance, active for much of his life in the Grande Chapelle, the imperial Habsburg music establishment during the reign of Emperor Charles V. He brought the compositional style of the mid-16th century Franco-Flemish school, with its elaborate imitative polyphony, together with the lightness and clarity of the Parisian chanson, and he was one of the few composers of the time to write chansons in both the French and Franco-Flemish idioms.

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Cornelius de Schepper

Cornelius de Schepper (1503?-1555) was a Flemish counsellor and ambassador for the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Ferdinand I of Austria and Mary of Hungary, governor of the Netherlands.

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Coro, Venezuela

Coro is the capital of Falcón State and the oldest city in the west of Venezuela.

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Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor

The Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor was a ceremony in which the ruler of Europe's then-largest political entity received the Imperial Regalia at the hands of the Pope, symbolizing both the pope's alleged right to crown Christian sovereigns and also the emperor's role as protector of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Coronations in Europe

Coronations in Europe were previously held in the monarchies of Europe.

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Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Cosimo I de' Medici (12 June 1519 – 21 April 1574) was the second Duke of Florence from 1537 until 1569, when he became the first Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title he held until his death.

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Costa Grande of Guerrero

Costa Grande of Guerrero is a sociopolitical region located in the Mexican state of Guerrero, along the Pacific Coast.

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Costanza d'Avalos Piccolomini

Costanza d'Avalos Piccolomini (died 1560) was a duchess of Amalfi.

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