___________________
______________________|___________________
_Vladimir II of Kiev Monomakh _|
| | ___________________
| |______________________|___________________
_Mstislav I (Harald) of Kiev _|
| | _Godwin of Wessex _
| | _Harold II Godwinson _|_Gytha ____________
| |_Gytha ________________________|
| | ___________________
| |_Eadgyth Swan-neck ___|___________________
|
|--Euphrosyne of Kiev
|
| ___________________
| ______________________|___________________
| _Dimitri Saviditsch ___________|
| | | ___________________
| | |______________________|___________________
|_Ljubava Saviditsch __________|
| ___________________
| ______________________|___________________
|_______________________________|
| ___________________
|______________________|___________________
_Richard Baldwin _+
_Henry Baldwin __|_Ellen Apuke _____
_Sylvester Baldwin _|
| | _William King ____
| |_Alice King _____|__________________
_Sylvester Baldwin _|
| | _Thomas Welles ___
| | _Robert Welles __|__________________
| |_Jane Welles _______|
| | __________________
| |_________________|__________________
|
|--Ruth Baldwin
|
| __________________
| _Robert Bryan ___|__________________
| _Thomas Bryan ______|
| | | __________________
| | |_________________|__________________
|_Sarah Bryan _______|
| __________________
| _Thomas Bowling _|__________________
|_Frances Bowling ___|
| __________________
|_________________|__________________
[711]
[S23]
Baldwin Genealogy Supplement
__
_John Bartlett _|__
_Robert Bartlett _|
| | __
| |________________|__
_Robert Bartlett _|
| | __
| | ________________|__
| |_Alice Prout _____|
| | __
| |________________|__
|
|--John Bartlett
|
| __
| ________________|__
| __________________|
| | | __
| | |________________|__
|_Alice Barker ____|
| __
| ________________|__
|__________________|
| __
|________________|__
__
__|__
_Sunyer of Barcelona _|
| | __
| |__|__
_Borrell II of Barcelona _|
| | __
| | __|__
| |______________________|
| | __
| |__|__
|
|--Raymond Borrell III Barcelona Berengar
|
| __
| __|__
| ______________________|
| | | __
| | |__|__
|__________________________|
| __
| __|__
|______________________|
| __
|__|__
[17431] Acceded 992.
__
__|__
__|
| | __
| |__|__
__|
| | __
| | __|__
| |__|
| | __
| |__|__
|
|--George Montgomery Boyd
|
| __
| __|__
| __|
| | | __
| | |__|__
|__|
| __
| __|__
|__|
| __
|__|__
[18377]
[S37]
Willson Family Tree
_Thomas Bulkeley _____+
_Edward Bulkeley _|_Elizabeth Grosvenor _
_Peter Bulkeley _|
| | _John Irby ___________+
| |_Olive Irby ______|_Rose Overton ________
_Thomas Bulkeley _|
| | ______________________
| | __________________|______________________
| |_Jane Allen _____|
| | ______________________
| |__________________|______________________
|
|--Rebecca Bulkeley
|
| ______________________
| __________________|______________________
| _John Jones _____|
| | | ______________________
| | |__________________|______________________
|_Sarah Jones _____|
| ______________________
| __________________|______________________
|_________________|
| ______________________
|__________________|______________________
[9541]
[S142]
Bulkeley Genealogy
__
__|__
__|
| | __
| |__|__
_Thomas Catlin _|
| | __
| | __|__
| |__|
| | __
| |__|__
|
|--John Catlin
|
| __
| __|__
| __|
| | | __
| | |__|__
|________________|
| __
| __|__
|__|
| __
|__|__
__
__|__
__|
| | __
| |__|__
__|
| | __
| | __|__
| |__|
| | __
| |__|__
|
|--John Chester
|
| __
| __|__
| __|
| | | __
| | |__|__
|__|
| __
| __|__
|__|
| __
|__|__
[4630] Son of Leonard and Mary (______) Chester.
[4631]
[S62]
Hale, House and Related Families
_______________
______________________|_______________
________________|
| | _______________
| |______________________|_______________
_John Cook _____|
| | _______________
| | ______________________|_______________
| |________________|
| | _______________
| |______________________|_______________
|
|--Daniel Cook
|
| _______________
| _Thomas Harris _______|_______________
| _Daniel Harris _|
| | | _______________
| | |______________________|_______________
|_Hannah Harris _|
| _Edmund Weld __
| _Joseph Weld _________|_Ame Brewster _
|_Mary Weld _____|
| _______________
|_Elizabeth Shatswell _|_______________
_Nathaniel Cowles _+
_Timothy Cowles _____|_Phoebe Woodruff __
_Asa Cowles _________|
| | _Isaac Johnson ____+
| |_Content Johnson ____|_Margaret Miller __
_Timothy Cowles ____|
| | ___________________
| | _____________________|___________________
| |_____________________|
| | ___________________
| |_____________________|___________________
|
|--Josiah Cowles
|
| _Joseph Woodworth _+
| _Jedediah Woodworth _|___________________
| _Constant Woodworth _|
| | | _William Torrey ___
| | |_Margaret Torrey ____|_Margaret Buck ____
|_Abigail Woodworth _|
| ___________________
| _____________________|___________________
|_Rebecca Hutchinson _|
| ___________________
|_____________________|___________________
[19523]
[S33]
Cowles Genealogy
__
__|__
__|
| | __
| |__|__
__|
| | __
| | __|__
| |__|
| | __
| |__|__
|
|--Robert de Ferrers
|
| __
| __|__
| __|
| | | __
| | |__|__
|__|
| __
| __|__
|__|
| __
|__|__
[3204]
[S14]
Ancestral Roots of Americans
_John Dow ___
_Thomas Dow _________|_Johan Coop _
_Henry Dow _______|
| | _____________
| |_Margaret England ___|_____________
_Henry Dow _|
| | _____________
| | _Christopher Marche _|_____________
| |_Elizabeth March _|
| | _____________
| |_Frances Farrer _____|_____________
|
|--Thomas Dow
|
| _____________
| _____________________|_____________
| __________________|
| | | _____________
| | |_____________________|_____________
|____________|
| _____________
| _____________________|_____________
|__________________|
| _____________
|_____________________|_____________
[3377]
[S44]
Maine and New Hampshire Genealogical Dictionary
__
__|__
__|
| | __
| |__|__
_John Foster _|
| | __
| | __|__
| |__|
| | __
| |__|__
|
|--John Foster
|
| __
| __|__
| __|
| | | __
| | |__|__
|______________|
| __
| __|__
|__|
| __
|__|__
__
__|__
__|
| | __
| |__|__
__|
| | __
| | __|__
| |__|
| | __
| |__|__
|
|--Mary Gates
|
| __
| __|__
| __|
| | | __
| | |__|__
|__|
| __
| __|__
|__|
| __
|__|__
[19437]
[S170]
Little Compton Families
____________________
__________________|____________________
_William Gribben _|
| | ____________________
| |__________________|____________________
_Leonard Gribben _|
| | _Samuel Scott ______
| | _John Scott ______|_Elizabeth Willson _
| |_Esther Scott ____|
| | ____________________
| |_Esther Phillips _|____________________
|
|--Ruth Margarite Gribben
|
| ____________________
| __________________|____________________
| __________________|
| | | ____________________
| | |__________________|____________________
|_Ada Barr ________|
| ____________________
| __________________|____________________
|__________________|
| ____________________
|__________________|____________________
[13498]
[S37]
Willson Family Tree
_Alexander Henderson _
_Alexander Henderson _|______________________
_Andrew Henderson __|
| | ______________________
| |______________________|______________________
_Alexander Henderson _|
| | _John McConnell ______+
| | _Alexander McConnell _|______________________
| |_Martha McConnell __|
| | _James Wilson ________
| |_Martha Wilson _______|______________________
|
|--James Henderson
|
| ______________________
| ______________________|______________________
| _William Hawthorne _|
| | | ______________________
| | |______________________|______________________
|_Hannah Hawthorne ____|
| ______________________
| ______________________|______________________
|_Hannah Bigham _____|
| ______________________
|______________________|______________________
[357]
He was Captain of Company G, 170th Reg., Ohio Vol. Inf., and was
wounded at the battle of Snicker's Gap 18 July, 1864.
[358]
[S25]
Belmont County Centennial History
[359]
[S5]
Henderson Family History
[360]
[S129]
Harrison County History
[362]
[S171]
Ohio Valley Genealogies
__
__|__
__|
| | __
| |__|__
__|
| | __
| | __|__
| |__|
| | __
| |__|__
|
|--Edith Hiscox
|
| __
| __|__
| __|
| | | __
| | |__|__
|__|
| __
| __|__
|__|
| __
|__|__
[20519]
[S98]
RootsWeb WorldConnect Project
_________________
_John Kimball ____|_________________
_John Kimball _____|
| | _Francis Jordan _
| |_Mary Jordan _____|_Jane Wilson ____
_John Kimball ___|
| | _________________
| | _Nathaniel Gould _|_________________
| |_Hannah Gould _____|
| | _________________
| |__________________|_________________
|
|--Martha Kimball
|
| _________________
| __________________|_________________
| _John Greeley _____|
| | | _________________
| | |__________________|_________________
|_Martha Greeley _|
| _________________
| __________________|_________________
|_Mary Ann Collins _|
| _________________
|__________________|_________________
[18467] Died young.
[18468]
[S98]
RootsWeb WorldConnect Project
____________________
________________________|____________________
_George Kreiner __|
| | ____________________
| |________________________|____________________
_Frederick Kreiner _|
| | ____________________
| | ________________________|____________________
| |_Catherine Wycke _|
| | ____________________
| |________________________|____________________
|
|--George Kreiner
|
| _Johann Georg Fath _+
| _Johann Christian Fath _|_Anna Maria Rein ___
| _Christian Fath __|
| | | _David Schutz ______
| | |_Salomea Schutz ________|_Rosina Hahn _______
|_Rosina Fath _______|
| ____________________
| _Andras Keizer _________|____________________
|_Rosina Keizer ___|
| ____________________
|_Maria Salomea Rittman _|____________________
[530]
[S100]
Hayes-Wiederrecht Families
__
__|__
__|
| | __
| |__|__
__|
| | __
| | __|__
| |__|
| | __
| |__|__
|
|--Upton Flenner Lybarger
|
| __
| __|__
| __|
| | | __
| | |__|__
|__|
| __
| __|__
|__|
| __
|__|__
[13589] He was a Tanner.
[13590]
[S120]
McConnell Genealogy Page
__
__|__
____________________|
| | __
| |__|__
_Alexander McClure _________|
| | __
| | __|__
| |____________________|
| | __
| |__|__
|
|--Walter McClure
|
| __
| __|__
| _William I. Wilson _|
| | | __
| | |__|__
|_Dolly (Deborah) J. Wilson _|
| __
| __|__
|_Hannah Clark ______|
| __
|__|__
[19348]
[S58]
1880 U. S. census
Tuscarora, Juniata county, Pennsylvania
p. 498B
_Adam McConnell _+
_Robert McConnell _|_________________
_Adam McConnell _|
| | _________________
| |_Nancy Boyd _______|_________________
_Robert McConnell _|
| | _________________
| | ___________________|_________________
| |_Elly Moore _____|
| | _________________
| |___________________|_________________
|
|--Andrew McConnell
|
| _________________
| ___________________|_________________
| _________________|
| | | _________________
| | |___________________|_________________
|_Dinah Boyd _______|
| _________________
| ___________________|_________________
|_________________|
| _________________
|___________________|_________________
[13779] Married _____ Allen, daughter of David Allen.
[13780]
[S37]
Willson Family Tree
__
_Alexander McConnell _|__
_James McConnell _|
| | __
| |______________________|__
_William McConnell _|
| | __
| | ______________________|__
| |__________________|
| | __
| |______________________|__
|
|--Esther McConnell
|
| __
| ______________________|__
| __________________|
| | | __
| | |______________________|__
|____________________|
| __
| ______________________|__
|__________________|
| __
|______________________|__
[13902]
[S124]
Toni Richard Turk
___________________
_John Merritt ______|___________________
_Thomas Merritt ____|
| | ___________________
| |_Elizabeth Pinson __|___________________
_Thomas Merritt _|
| | _Walter Woodworth _
| | _Joseph Woodworth __|___________________
| |_Abigail Woodworth _|
| | _John Stockbridge _
| |_Sarah Stockbridge _|_Elizabeth Hatch __
|
|--Jane Merritt
|
| ___________________
| ____________________|___________________
| ____________________|
| | | ___________________
| | |____________________|___________________
|_Jane Nichols ___|
| ___________________
| ____________________|___________________
|____________________|
| ___________________
|____________________|___________________
[15960]
[S75]
Woodworth Family of America
__
__|__
__|
| | __
| |__|__
__|
| | __
| | __|__
| |__|
| | __
| |__|__
|
|--Esther Osborne
|
| __
| __|__
| __|
| | | __
| | |__|__
|__|
| __
| __|__
|__|
| __
|__|__
[8398]
[S75]
Woodworth Family of America
__
_Fulk IV _________________________|__
_Fulk V ______________________|
| | __
| |_Bertrada de Montfort ____________|__
_Geoffrey V Plantagenet _|
| | __
| | _Helias __________________________|__
| |_Ermengard of Maine __________|
| | __
| |__________________________________|__
|
|--Henry II Curtmantle Plantagenet
|
| __
| _William I the Conqueror _________|__
| _Henry I Beauclerc ___________|
| | | __
| | |_Matilda of Flanders _____________|__
|_Matilda the Empress ____|
| __
| _Malcolm III Caenmor of Scotland _|__
|_Matilda (Edith) of Scotland _|
| __
|_Margaret the Exile Atheling _____|__
[17251]
byname HENRY OF ANJOU, HENRY PLANTAGENET, HENRY FITZEMPRESS, or HENRY
CURTMANTLE (Short Mantle). Duke of Normandy (from 1150), count of
Anjou (from 1151), duke of Aquitaine (from 1152), and king of England
(from 1154), who greatly expanded his Anglo-French domains and
strengthened the royal administration in England. His quarrels with
Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, and with members of his
family (his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and such sons as Richard the
Lion-Heart and John Lackland) ultimately brought about his defeat.
Early life.
After receiving a good literary education, part of it in England,
Henry became duke of Normandy in 1150 and count of Anjou on the death
of his father, Geoffrey Plantagenet, in 1151. Although the claim of
his mother, Matilda, daughter of Henry I, to the English crown had
been set aside by her cousin, King Stephen, in 1152, Henry advanced
his fortunes by marrying the beautiful and talented Eleanor, recently
divorced from King Louis VII of France, who brought with her hand the
lordship of Aquitaine. Henry invaded England in 1153, and King Stephen
agreed to accept him as coadjutor and heir. When Stephen died the
following year Henry succeeded without opposition, thus becoming lord
of territories stretching from Scotland to the Pyrenees.
The young king lacked visible majesty. Of stocky build, with freckled
face, close-cut tawny hair, and gray eyes, he dressed carelessly and
grew to be bulky; but his personality commanded attention and drew men
to his service. He could be a good companion, with ready repartee in a
jostling crowd, but he displayed at times the ungovernable temper of a
furious animal and could be heartless and ruthless when necessary.
Restless, impetuous, always on the move, regardless of the convenience
of others, he was at ease with scholars, and his administrative
decrees were the work of a cool realist. In his long reign of 34 years
he spent an aggregate of only 14 in England.
Reign.
His career may be considered in three aspects: the defense and
enlargement of his dominions, the involvement in two lengthy and
disastrous personal quarrels, and his lasting administrative and
judicial reforms.
His territories are often called the Angevin Empire. This is a
misnomer, for Henry's sovereignty rested upon various titles, and
there was no institutional or legal bond between different regions.
Some, indeed, were under the feudal overlordship of the king of
France. By conquest, through diplomacy, and through the marriages of
two of his sons, he gained acknowledged possession of what is now the
west of France from the northernmost part of Normandy to the Pyrenees,
near Carcassonne. During his reign, the dynastic marriages of three
daughters gave him political influence in Germany, Castile, and
Sicily. His continental dominions brought him into contact with Louis
VII of France, the German emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), and, for
much of the reign, Pope Alexander III. With Louis the relationship was
ambiguous. Henry had taken Louis's former wife and her rich heritage.
He subsequently acquired the Vexin in Normandy by the premature
marriage of his son Henry to Louis's daughter, and during much of his
reign he was attempting to outfight or outwit the French king, who,
for his part, gave shelter and comfort to Henry's enemy, Thomas
Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury. The feud with Louis implied
friendly relations with Germany, where Henry was helped by his
mother's first marriage to the emperor Henry V but hindered by
Frederick's maintenance of an antipope, the outcome of a disputed
papal election in 1159. Louis supported Alexander III, whose case was
strong, and Henry became arbiter of European opinion. Though
acknowledging Alexander, he continued throughout the Becket
controversy to threaten transference of allegiance to Frederick's
antipope, thus impeding Alexander's freedom of action. (see also
Index: papacy)
Early in his reign Henry obtained from Malcolm III of Scotland homage
and the restoration of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmorland,
and later in the reign (1174) homage was exacted from William the
Lion, Malcolm's brother and successor. In 1157 Henry invaded Wales and
received homage, though without conquest. In Ireland, reputedly
bestowed upon him by Pope Adrian IV, Henry allowed an expedition of
barons from South Wales to establish Anglo-Norman supremacy in
Leinster (1169), which the King himself extended in 1171.
His remarkable achievements were impaired, however, by the stresses
caused by a dispute with Becket and by discords in his own family.
The quarrel with Becket, Henry's trusted and successful chancellor
(1154-62), broke out soon after Becket's election to the archbishopric
of Canterbury (May 1162; see Becket, Saint Thomas). It led to a
complete severance of relations and to the Archbishop's voluntary
exile. Besides disrupting the public life of the church, this
situation embroiled Henry with Louis VII and Alexander III; and,
though it seemingly did little to hamper Henry's activities, the time
and service spent in negotiations and embassies was considerable, and
the tragic denouement in Becket's murder earned for Henry a good deal
of damaging opprobrium.
More dangerous were the domestic quarrels, which thwarted Henry's
plans and even endangered his life and which finally brought him down
in sorrow and shame.
Throughout his adult life Henry's sexual morality was lax; but his
relations with Eleanor, 11 years his senior, were for long tolerably
harmonious, and, between 1153 and 1167, she bore him eight children.
Of these, the four sons who survived infancy--Henry, Geoffrey,
Richard, and John--repaid his genuine affection with resentment toward
their father and discord among themselves. None was blameless, but the
cause of the quarrels was principally Henry's policy of dividing his
dominions among his sons while reserving real authority for himself.
In 1170 he crowned his eldest son, Henry, as co-regent with himself;
but in fact the young king had no powers and resented his nonentity,
and in 1173 he opposed his father's proposal to find territories for
the favoured John (Lackland) at the expense of Geoffrey. Richard
joined the protest of the others and was supported by Eleanor. There
was a general revolt of the baronage in England and Normandy,
supported by Louis VII in France and William the Lion in Scotland.
Henry's prestige was at a low ebb after the murder of Becket and
recent taxation, but he reacted energetically, settled matters in
Normandy and Brittany, and crossed to England, where fighting had
continued for a year. On July 12, 1174, he did public penance at
Canterbury. The next day the King of Scots was taken at Alnwick, and
three weeks later Henry had suppressed the rebellion in England. His
sons were pardoned, but Eleanor was kept in custody until her husband
died.
A second rebellion flared up in 1181 with a quarrel between his sons
Henry and Richard over the government of Aquitaine, but young Henry
died in 1183. In 1184 Richard quarrelled with John, who had been
ordered to take Aquitaine off his hands. Matters were eased by the
death of Geoffrey (1186), but the King's attempt to find an
inheritance for John led to a coalition against him of Richard and the
young Philip II Augustus, who had succeeded his father, Louis VII, as
king of France. Henry was defeated and forced to give way, and news
that John also had joined his enemies hastened the King's death near
Tours in 1189.
In striking contrast to the checkered pattern of Henry's wars and
schemes, his governance of England displays a careful and successful
adaptation of means to a single end--the control of a realm served by
the best administration in Europe. This success was obscured for
contemporaries and later historians by the varied and often dramatic
interest of political and personal events, and not until the 19th
century--when the study of the public records began and when legal
history was illuminated by the British jurist Frederic William
Maitland and his followers--did the administrative genius of Henry and
his servants appear in its true light.
At the beginning of his reign Henry found England in disorder, with
royal authority ruined by civil war and the violence of feudal
magnates. His first task was to crush the unruly elements and restore
firm government, using the existing institutions of government, with
which the Anglo-Norman monarchy was well provided. Among these was the
King's council of barons, with its inner group of ministers who were
both judges and accountants and who sat at the Exchequer, into which
the taxes and dues of the shires were paid by the King's local
representative, the sheriff (shire-reeve). The council contained an
unusually able group of men--some of them were great barons, such as
Richard de Lucy and Robert de Beaumont, earl of Leicester; others
included civil servants, such as Nigel, bishop of Ely, Richard
Fitzneale, and his son, Richard of Ilchester. Henry took a personal
interest in the technique of the Exchequer, which was described at
length for posterity in the celebrated Dialogus de scaccario, whose
composition seemed to Maitland "one of the most wonderful things of
Henry's wonderful reign." How far these royal servants were
responsible for the innovations of the reign cannot be known, though
the development in practice continued steadily, even during the King's
long absences abroad.
In the early months of the reign the King, using his energetic and
versatile chancellor Becket, beat down the recalcitrant barons and
their castles and began to restore order to the country and to the
various forms of justice. It was thus, a few years later, that he came
into conflict with the bishops, then led by Becket, over the alleged
right of clerics to be tried for crime by an ecclesiastical court. A
result of this was the celebrated collection of decrees--the
Constitutions of Clarendon (1164)--which professed to reassert the
ancestral rights of the King over the church in such matters as
clerical immunity, appointment of bishops, custody of vacant sees,
excommunication, and appeals to Rome. The Archbishop, after an initial
compliance, refused to accept these, and they were throughout the
controversy a block to an agreement. The quarrel touched what was to
be the King's chief concern--the country's judicial system. (see also
Index: Clarendon, Constitutions of)
Anglo-Saxon England had two courts of justice--that of the hundred, a
division of the shire, for petty offenses, and that of the shire,
presided over by the sheriff. The feudal regime introduced by the
Normans added courts of the manor and of the honour (a complex of
estates). Above all stood the royal right to set up courts for
important pleas and to hear, either in person or through his
ministers, any appeal. Arrest was a local responsibility, usually hard
upon a flagrant crime. A doubt of guilt was settled by ordeal by
battle; the accused in the shire underwent tests held to reveal God's
judgment. Two developments had come in since William the Conqueror's
day: the occasional mission of royal justices into the shires and the
occasional use of a jury of local notables as fact finders in cases of
land tenure. (see also Index: criminal court, procedural law, common
law, shire court, feudalism)
Henry's first comprehensive program was the Assize of Clarendon
(1166), in which the procedure of criminal justice was established; 12
"lawful" men of every hundred, and four of every village, acting as a
"jury of presentment," were bound to declare on oath whether any local
man was a robber or murderer. Trial of those accused was reserved to
the King's justices, and prisons for those awaiting trial were to be
erected at the King's expense. This provided a system of criminal
investigation for the whole country, with a reasonable verdict
probable because the firm accusation of the jury entailed exile even
if the ordeal acquitted the accused. In feudal courts the trial by
battle could be avoided by the establishment of a concord, or fine.
This system presupposed regular visits by the King's justices on
circuit (or, in the technical phrase, "on eyre"), and these tours
became part of the administration of the country. The justices formed
three groups: one on tour, one "on the bench" at Westminster, and one
with the King when the court was out of London. Those at Westminster
dealt with private pleas and cases sent up from the justices on eyre.
Equally effective were the "possessory assizes." In the feudal world,
especially in times of turmoil, violent ejections and usurpations were
common, with consequent vendettas and violence. Pleas brought to
feudal courts could be delayed or altogether frustrated. As a remedy
Henry established the possessory writ, an order from the Exchequer,
directing the sheriff to convene a sworn local jury at petty assize to
establish the fact of dispossession, whereupon the sheriff had to
reinstate the defendant pending a subsequent trial at the grand assize
to establish the rights of the case. This was the writ of Novel
Disseisin (i.e., recent dispossession). This writ was returnable; if
the sheriff failed to achieve reinstatement, he had to summon the
defendant to appear before the King's justices and himself be present
with the writ. A similar writ of Mort d'Ancestor decided whether the
ancestor of a plaintiff had in fact possessed the estate, whereas that
of Darrein Presentment (i.e., last presentation) decided who in fact
had last presented a parson to a particular benefice. All these writs
gave rapid and clear verdicts subject to later revision. The fees
enriched the treasury, and recourse to the courts both extended the
King's control and discouraged irregular self-help. Two other
practices developed by Henry became permanent. One was scutage, the
commutation of military service for a money payment; the other was the
obligation, put on all free men with a property qualification by the
Assize of Arms (1181), to possess arms suitable to their station. (see
also Index: property law)
The ministers who engaged upon these reforms took a fully professional
interest in the business they handled, as may be seen in Fitzneale's
writing on the Exchequer and that of the chief justiciar, Ranulf de
Glanville, on the laws of England; and many of the expedients adopted
by the King may have been suggested by them. In any case, the
long-term results were very great. By the multiplication of a class of
experts in finance and law Henry did much to establish two great
professions, and the location of a permanent court at Westminster and
the character of its business settled for England (and for much of the
English-speaking world) that common law, not Roman law, would rule the
courts and that London, and not an academy, would be its principal
nursery. Moreover, Henry's decrees ensured that the judge-and-jury
combination would become normal and that the jury would gradually
supplant ordeal and battle as being responsible for the verdict.
Finally, the increasing use of scutage, and the availability of the
royal courts for private suits, were effective agents in molding the
feudal monarchy into a monarchical bureaucracy before the appearance
of Parliament.
Significance.
Henry II lived in an age of biographers and letter writers of genius.
John of Salisbury, Thomas Becket, Giraldus Cambrensis, Walter Map,
Peter of Blois, and others knew him well and left their impressions.
All agreed on his outstanding ability and striking personality and
also recorded his errors and aspects of his character that appear
contradictory, whereas modern historians agree upon the difficulty of
reconciling its main features. Without deep religious or moral
conviction, Henry nevertheless was respected by three contemporary
saints, Aelred of Rievaulx, Gilbert of Sempringham, and Hugh of
Lincoln. Normally an approachable and faithful friend and master, he
could behave with unreasonable inhumanity. His conduct and aims were
always self-centred, but he was neither a tyrant nor an odious egoist.
Both as man and ruler he lacked the stamp of greatness that marked
Alfred the Great and William the Conqueror. He seemed also to lack
wisdom and serenity; and he had no comprehensive view of the country's
interest, no ideals of kingship, no sympathetic care for his people.
But if his reign is to be judged by its consequences for England, it
undoubtedly stands high in importance, and Henry, as its mainspring,
appears among the most notable of English kings.
[17252]
[S19]
Directory of Royal Genealogical Data
[17253]
[S14]
Ancestral Roots of Americans
[17254]
[S82]
Britannica Encyclopedia
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[13678]
[S120]
McConnell Genealogy Page
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|_Mary Buckett _|
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[9447] Killed in King Phillip's War.
[9448]
[S18]
Great Migration Begins
[9449]
[S26]
Mayflower Increasings
[9450]
[S18]
Great Migration Begins
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_Myles Standish _|
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_Josiah Standish _|
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|--Martha Standish
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| _Samuel Allen ___|
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|_Sarah Allen _____|
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[16255]
[S26]
Mayflower Increasings
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[5802]
[S26]
Mayflower Increasings
[5803]
[S98]
RootsWeb WorldConnect Project
[5804]
[S98]
RootsWeb WorldConnect Project
_Walter Woodworth __
_Isaac Woodworth _|____________________
_Isaac Woodworth _|
| | _Richard Standlake _
| |_Lydia Standlake _|____________________
_Nathan Woodworth _|
| | ____________________
| | _Robert Douglas __|____________________
| |_Ruth Douglas ____|
| | ____________________
| |_Mary Hempstead __|____________________
|
|--Isaac Woodworth
|
| ____________________
| __________________|____________________
| _Ebenezer Mack ___|
| | | ____________________
| | |__________________|____________________
|_Deborah Mack _____|
| ____________________
| __________________|____________________
|_Hannah Huntley __|
| ____________________
|__________________|____________________
[18273]
[S75]
Woodworth Family of America
_Silas Woodworth _+
_Solomon Woodworth _|_Sarah English ___
_Charles Woodworth _|
| | _Moses Dewey _____
| |_Hannah Dewey ______|_Mary English ____
_Charles Woodworth _|
| | __________________
| | _Titus Thornton ____|__________________
| |_Sarah Thornton ____|
| | __________________
| |_Mary Harper _______|__________________
|
|--Isreal Thornton Woodworth
|
| __________________
| ____________________|__________________
| ____________________|
| | | __________________
| | |____________________|__________________
|_Harriet Brewster __|
| __________________
| ____________________|__________________
|____________________|
| __________________
|____________________|__________________
[18182]
[S150]
Harold E. Harriman
____________________
_Walter Woodworth _|____________________
_Benjamin Woodworth _|
| | ____________________
| |___________________|____________________
_Ebenezer Woodworth _|
| | ____________________
| | _John Damon _______|____________________
| |_Hannah Damon _______|
| | _Arthur Howland ____+
| |_Martha Howland ___|____________________
|
|--John Woodworth
|
| ____________________
| ___________________|____________________
| _Benjamin Smalley ___|
| | | ____________________
| | |___________________|____________________
|_Rebecca Smalley ____|
| _Nicholas Snow _____
| _John Snow ________|_Constance Hopkins _
|_Rebecca Snow _______|
| _John Smalley ______
|_Mary Smalley _____|_Ann Walden ________
[21404] Colchester Church gives date as 13 May 1753.
[16065]
[S75]
Woodworth Family of America
_Ichabod Woodworth _+
_Silas Woodworth __|_Sarah Bass ________
_John Woodworth ___|
| | _Richard English ___
| |_Sarah English ____|_Mary Hinksman _____
_Ira Woodworth ___|
| | _Simon Newcomb _____+
| | _Benjamin Newcomb _|____________________
| |_Submit Newcomb ___|
| | _William Clarke ____+
| |_Hannah Clark _____|_Bethiah Williams __
|
|--John Woodworth
|
| ____________________
| ___________________|____________________
| _Benjamin Sanford _|
| | | ____________________
| | |___________________|____________________
|_Deborah Sanford _|
| ____________________
| ___________________|____________________
|___________________|
| ____________________
|___________________|____________________
[16978]
[S75]
Woodworth Family of America
_Walter Woodworth _
_Benjamin Woodworth _|___________________
_Ichabod Woodworth _|
| | _John Damon _______
| |_Hannah Damon _______|_Martha Howland ___
_Reuben Woodworth _|
| | ___________________
| | _John Bass __________|___________________
| |_Sarah Bass ________|
| | ___________________
| |_Elizabeth Neale ____|___________________
|
|--Olive Woodworth
|
| ___________________
| _____________________|___________________
| ____________________|
| | | ___________________
| | |_____________________|___________________
|_Elizabeth McGee __|
| ___________________
| _____________________|___________________
|____________________|
| ___________________
|_____________________|___________________
[17067]
[S75]
Woodworth Family of America