Illuminati Bloodlines
Many researchers believe that St. Germain was the son of Francis II of Transylvania. Francis II's second wife was Charlotte Amalie of the House of Hesse. Princess Charlotte Amalie Wanfried-Hesse (German Prinzessin Charlotte Amalie von Hessen-Eschwege, Wanfried; Wanfried , 1679 . March 8 - Paris , 1722 . February 8 ), Transylvania Princess by marriage to II. Rákóczi, a nun after her husband's exile.
After his spying days were over, St. Germain took refuge with his cousin Karl von Hessen-Kassel. They were cousins through St. Germain's mother Princess Charlotte Amalie zu Hessen-Wanfried-Eschwege who married Prince Ferencz Rakoczy zu Transylvania, and gave birth to the incognito heir who was wanted by the Hungarians to prevent uprising. Francis II of Transylvania married sixteen-year-old Charlotte Amalie of Hessen-Reinfels on September 25, 1694 at the cathedral of Cologne in Germany.
St. Germain, whom Karl had called 'the greatest philosopher who ever lived.' He dies (27 Feb 1784) at Louisenland after catching pneumonia while conducting alchemical experiments in the tower pictured above. Louisenlund was built between 1772 and 1776 by Hermann von Motz. Apparently, it was a birthday gift from Karl to his wife Louise - that is, Louise Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark (1750-1831), the daughter of Frederik V Oldenburg (1723-1766), King of Denmark and Louisa Hanover (1724-51), Princess of Great Britain and Ireland. That would make them first-cousins (”blue bloods” to the core); Karl was the son of Friedrich II Landgrave von Hessen-Kassel (1720-1785) and Mary Hanover, Princess of Great Britain (1723-1772).
Perhaps the mansion itself was a gift, but it’s apparent that the forest surroundings served as Karl’s own occult-Masonic playground. Alessandro Tosi, “Stages of Knowledge, Settings for Brotherhood,” in Performance and Appropriation: Profane Rituals in Gardens and Landscapes, says “the park of Louisenlund comprised an initiation route that passed by an artificial lake and a cavern, before ending at a Gothic-cum-Masonic tower erected between 1779 and 1784″ (p. 60).
They built a masonic garden and temple together, and practiced initiations, rites and alchemy. Landgrave Karl was head of the Asiatic Bretheren. He married a Danish princess, Louise. His line married Danish royals who became the root of today's European seated families -- royal Red Dragon bloodlines. Louise of Hesse married Christian IX of Denmark, House of Oldenburg -- one of Europe's most influential houses. Both were grandchildren of Fredrick V of Denmark.
St. Germain, whom Karl had called 'the greatest philosopher who ever lived.' He dies (27 Feb 1784) at Louisenland after catching pneumonia while conducting alchemical experiments in the tower pictured above. Louisenlund was built between 1772 and 1776 by Hermann von Motz. Apparently, it was a birthday gift from Karl to his wife Louise - that is, Louise Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark (1750-1831), the daughter of Frederik V Oldenburg (1723-1766), King of Denmark and Louisa Hanover (1724-51), Princess of Great Britain and Ireland. That would make them first-cousins (”blue bloods” to the core); Karl was the son of Friedrich II Landgrave von Hessen-Kassel (1720-1785) and Mary Hanover, Princess of Great Britain (1723-1772).
Perhaps the mansion itself was a gift, but it’s apparent that the forest surroundings served as Karl’s own occult-Masonic playground. Alessandro Tosi, “Stages of Knowledge, Settings for Brotherhood,” in Performance and Appropriation: Profane Rituals in Gardens and Landscapes, says “the park of Louisenlund comprised an initiation route that passed by an artificial lake and a cavern, before ending at a Gothic-cum-Masonic tower erected between 1779 and 1784″ (p. 60).
They built a masonic garden and temple together, and practiced initiations, rites and alchemy. Landgrave Karl was head of the Asiatic Bretheren. He married a Danish princess, Louise. His line married Danish royals who became the root of today's European seated families -- royal Red Dragon bloodlines. Louise of Hesse married Christian IX of Denmark, House of Oldenburg -- one of Europe's most influential houses. Both were grandchildren of Fredrick V of Denmark.
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2nd Cousins
Her Gr-Grandfather Friedrich II was brother of Landgrave Karl von Hessen-Kassel
Her Gr-Grandfather Friedrich II was brother of Landgrave Karl von Hessen-Kassel
“The estate of (Illuminatus) Landgrave Karl von Hessen-Kassel (1744-1836) was an occult-masonic initiatory retreat. The world’s foremost expert on the 18th-Century Golden and Rosy Cross, Dr. Christopher McIntosh: The head of the Asiatic Brethren in the 1780s and 1790s was the Landgrave Carl von Hessen-Kassel, one of the most fascinating and influential figures at the time in the world of Masonry, Rosicrucianism and hermetic studies. He not only belonged to innumerable orders and rites, but he was a practicing alchemist and was a friend of the mysterious French alchemist, the Comte de St. Germain, whom he harbored during the last years of St. Germain’s life on his estate Louisenlund in what is now Schleswig-Holstein, which he turned into a great center of Masonic and esoteric activity.” (Sursa)
The obvious conclusion is St. Germain was the hidden source, which disappeared with his death in 1784.
Rothschild's wealth was largely achieved through his association with the family of Hesse-Kassel. Rothschild served a three year apprenticeship in Hanover at the Bank of Oppenheim, at the service to Lt. Gen. Baron von Estorff, who was the principal adviser to Landgrave Frederick II of Hesse-Kassel. Frederick II was a member of the Order of the Garter, as well as the wealthiest man in Europe, much of it inherited from his father, Wilhelm VIII, brother of the King of Sweden.
The House of Hesse is descended from Philip I the "Magnanimous" Landgrave of Hesse, who was a leading champion of the Protestant Reformation. In the early Middle Ages, Hesse was a part of Thuringia, but in the War of the Thuringian Succession, in the thirteenth century, Hesse gained its independence and became an Earldom within the Holy Roman Empire. The state existed until the death of Philip in 1567. Philip was a descendant of Margaret, the sister of Frederick I Margrave of Brandenburg, who had married Hermann Landgrave of Hessen.
Philip married Chistine of Saxony, whose mother was Barbara of Jagellon, a great- granddaughter of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. Despite Philip's intentions, Hessen was split among his four sons, but the only two to states to survive were Hessen-Kassel and Hessen-Darmstadt. Philip's daughter, Elizabeth, married Ludwig VI Elector of the Palatinate of the Rhine, grandfather of Frederick V. Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel was the great-grandson of Elizabeth Charlotte, the sister of Frederick V of the Palatinate.
Elizabeth Charlotte was also the grandmother to Frederick I King of Prussia. Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel was a direct descendant of "Maurice the Learned" of Hesse-Kassel, uncle to Frederick IV of the Palatine. Maurice had procured the services of prominent Rosicrucians and alchemists, like Michael Maier, while the town of Kassel itself, according to Francis Yates, was where the Rosicrucian Manifestos were first published. Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel married Maria Princess of Hanover, cousin of Frederick II the Great King of Prussia, and the daughter of George II King of England.
Karl Landgrave of Hessen-Kassell The Grand Master of the Asiatic Brethren, and leading member of the Illuminati, was Prince Karl, the brother of Wilhelm I of Hessen-KasselJ~ 1 Both were the sons of Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel, from his wife, Mary of Hanover, Princess of Great Britain, daughter of George II King of England, and therefore cousin to Frederick II the Great of Prussia. Karl married his first cousin, Louise, Princess of Denmark, of the Oldenberg dynasty that produced the Kings of Denmark, Norway, Greece, and the later Romanovs, Emperors of Russia. According to legend, the Oldenbergs are descended from Elgimar, a brother of Godfroi of Bouillon, from the Swan Knight and whose mother was Karl's mother's sister, Louise of Hanover, r 12 Princess of England }
Count St. Germain
Another member of the Asiatic Brethren, the Comte de St. Germain. St. Germain was a notorious charlatan and alchemist, whom many believed to be immortal. He was the supposed Grand Master of Freemasonry, and had become an acquaintance of Louis XV King of France and his mistress Madame de Pompadour. St. Germain was a permanent houseguest of Karl's, who called him "the greatest philosopher who ever lived," r 13_ and nicknamed him "Papa".L J
Cagliostro
St. Germain was in St Petersburg to conspire when the Russian army assisted Catherine the Great in usurping the throne from her husband Peter III of Russia. The Russian royal family was descended from the Babylonian Exilarch through John Paleologos, eponymous ancestor of the Palaeogan dynasty that married r l4 into the Byzantine Royal family. L J The Palaeologan dynasty began with Michael VIII Palaiologos, who became emperor in 1259, and his descendants ruled until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Because of their intermarriage with European families, the Palaeologans were the first Imperial family to have crests and coats-of-arms in the Western manner, using the Imperial double-headed eagle. Catherine was a German princess with a very remote Russian ancestry. She was from the House of Anhalt Zerbst from the House of Anhalt Zerbst, formed in the twelfth century, from the son of Albert I Margrave of Brandenburg, Bernard III Duke of Saxony, who married Judith of Poland, the daughter of Mieszko III, and Elizabeth Arpad, granddaughter Geza Arpad and of Vladimir I of Kiev.
Catherine the Great
Catherine the Great is remembered as one of the "Enlightened Monarchs", because she implemented several politcal and cultural reforms on behalf of the Illuminati. Voltaire, with whom she maintained regular correspondence, called her "Semiramis of Russia", in reference to the ancient Babylonian queen, on whom the worship of the goddess Astarte was based. Catherine was succeeded by her son Csar Paul I. In her memoirs, she strongly implies that his father was not r 15 her husband, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor, but her lover Sergei Saltykoff.L J One of many aliases, Saltykoff was the name assumed by Count St. Germain, when he served as a Russian General while they r 16_ were fighting the Turks } -I Csar Paul Paul himself was also a Mason, as well as Grand Master of the Knights of Malta }
The House of Hesse is descended from Philip I the "Magnanimous" Landgrave of Hesse, who was a leading champion of the Protestant Reformation. In the early Middle Ages, Hesse was a part of Thuringia, but in the War of the Thuringian Succession, in the thirteenth century, Hesse gained its independence and became an Earldom within the Holy Roman Empire. The state existed until the death of Philip in 1567. Philip was a descendant of Margaret, the sister of Frederick I Margrave of Brandenburg, who had married Hermann Landgrave of Hessen.
Philip married Chistine of Saxony, whose mother was Barbara of Jagellon, a great- granddaughter of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. Despite Philip's intentions, Hessen was split among his four sons, but the only two to states to survive were Hessen-Kassel and Hessen-Darmstadt. Philip's daughter, Elizabeth, married Ludwig VI Elector of the Palatinate of the Rhine, grandfather of Frederick V. Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel was the great-grandson of Elizabeth Charlotte, the sister of Frederick V of the Palatinate.
Elizabeth Charlotte was also the grandmother to Frederick I King of Prussia. Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel was a direct descendant of "Maurice the Learned" of Hesse-Kassel, uncle to Frederick IV of the Palatine. Maurice had procured the services of prominent Rosicrucians and alchemists, like Michael Maier, while the town of Kassel itself, according to Francis Yates, was where the Rosicrucian Manifestos were first published. Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel married Maria Princess of Hanover, cousin of Frederick II the Great King of Prussia, and the daughter of George II King of England.
Karl Landgrave of Hessen-Kassell The Grand Master of the Asiatic Brethren, and leading member of the Illuminati, was Prince Karl, the brother of Wilhelm I of Hessen-KasselJ~ 1 Both were the sons of Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel, from his wife, Mary of Hanover, Princess of Great Britain, daughter of George II King of England, and therefore cousin to Frederick II the Great of Prussia. Karl married his first cousin, Louise, Princess of Denmark, of the Oldenberg dynasty that produced the Kings of Denmark, Norway, Greece, and the later Romanovs, Emperors of Russia. According to legend, the Oldenbergs are descended from Elgimar, a brother of Godfroi of Bouillon, from the Swan Knight and whose mother was Karl's mother's sister, Louise of Hanover, r 12 Princess of England }
Count St. Germain
Another member of the Asiatic Brethren, the Comte de St. Germain. St. Germain was a notorious charlatan and alchemist, whom many believed to be immortal. He was the supposed Grand Master of Freemasonry, and had become an acquaintance of Louis XV King of France and his mistress Madame de Pompadour. St. Germain was a permanent houseguest of Karl's, who called him "the greatest philosopher who ever lived," r 13_ and nicknamed him "Papa".L J
Cagliostro
St. Germain was in St Petersburg to conspire when the Russian army assisted Catherine the Great in usurping the throne from her husband Peter III of Russia. The Russian royal family was descended from the Babylonian Exilarch through John Paleologos, eponymous ancestor of the Palaeogan dynasty that married r l4 into the Byzantine Royal family. L J The Palaeologan dynasty began with Michael VIII Palaiologos, who became emperor in 1259, and his descendants ruled until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Because of their intermarriage with European families, the Palaeologans were the first Imperial family to have crests and coats-of-arms in the Western manner, using the Imperial double-headed eagle. Catherine was a German princess with a very remote Russian ancestry. She was from the House of Anhalt Zerbst from the House of Anhalt Zerbst, formed in the twelfth century, from the son of Albert I Margrave of Brandenburg, Bernard III Duke of Saxony, who married Judith of Poland, the daughter of Mieszko III, and Elizabeth Arpad, granddaughter Geza Arpad and of Vladimir I of Kiev.
Catherine the Great
Catherine the Great is remembered as one of the "Enlightened Monarchs", because she implemented several politcal and cultural reforms on behalf of the Illuminati. Voltaire, with whom she maintained regular correspondence, called her "Semiramis of Russia", in reference to the ancient Babylonian queen, on whom the worship of the goddess Astarte was based. Catherine was succeeded by her son Csar Paul I. In her memoirs, she strongly implies that his father was not r 15 her husband, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor, but her lover Sergei Saltykoff.L J One of many aliases, Saltykoff was the name assumed by Count St. Germain, when he served as a Russian General while they r 16_ were fighting the Turks } -I Csar Paul Paul himself was also a Mason, as well as Grand Master of the Knights of Malta }
The Asiatic Brethren
http://surrenderingislam.com/surrendering-islam/asiatic-brethren
According to Albert Pike, a 33rd degree Scottish Rite Mason, and American Civil War general, the successors to the Illuminati were the Asiatic Brethren, a secret order created by Moses Dobrushka, Jacob Frank’s nephew and successor.62 The Asiatic Brethren, also known as the Fratres Lucis, or the Brotherhood of Light, comprised chiefly of Jews, Turks, Persians, and Armenians, and purportedly represented a survival of the same “Johannite Christians” rescued by the Templars, that is, the Sabians. Their full title was The Knights and Brethren of St. John the Evangelist.
The Grand Master of the Asiatic Brethren, and leading member of the Illuminati, was Prince Karl of Hessen-Kassel, the brother of Wilhelm, and cousin to Frederick II the Great of Prussia. Another member of the Asiatic Brethren was the Comte de St. Germain, a notorious charlatan and alchemist, whom many believed to be immortal. He continues to be regarded by many as the leading figure of modern occult history. St. Germain was a Grand Master of Freemasonry, and had become an acquaintance of Louis XV King of France and his mistress Madame de Pompadour. St. Germain was a permanent houseguest of Karl’s, who called him “the greatest philosopher who ever lived,” and nicknamed him “Papa”. 63
St. Germain was in St Petersburg, where he participated in a conspiracy when the Russian army assisted Catherine the Great in usurping the throne from her husband Peter III of Russia. Catherine the Great is remembered as one of the “Enlightened Monarchs”, because she implemented several political and cultural reforms on behalf of the Illuminati. Voltaire, with whom she maintained regular correspondence, called her “Semiramis of Russia”, in reference to the ancient Babylonian queen, on whom the worship of the goddess Astarte was based. Catherine was succeeded by her son Csar Paul I. In her memoirs, she strongly implies that his father was not her husband Peter III, but her lover Sergei Saltykoff, one of many aliases of the Comte St. Germain.64
Leading Illuminati like Saint-Martin, Swedenborg and Cagliostro, were all members of the Asiatic Brethren. Following the order’s demise, the title of Illuminati was given to the Martinists, founded by Saint-Martin. In 1771, an amalgamation of all the Masonic groups was effected at the new lodge of the Amis Réunis. A further development of the Amis Réunis was the Rite of the Philalethes, formed by Savalette de Langes in 1773, out of Swedenborgian, Martinist, and Rosicrucian mysteries.
Emmanuel Swedenborg became interested in the teachings of Dr. Samuel Jacob Falk, known as the “Baal Shem” of London, who was reputed to exercise miraculous powers through his supposed mastery of the magical names of God. Falk, according to Nesta Webster, was a crypto-Shabbatean, who collaborated with a network of Frankists in England, Holland, Poland, and Germany.65
In Secret Societies and Subversive Movements, Webster explained, “Falk indeed was far more than a Mason, he was a high initiate – the supreme oracle to which the secret socieites applied for guidance.” According to Savallete de Langes, “some people believe him to be the Chief of all the Jews and attribute to purely political schemes all that is marvelous and singular in his life and conduct.”66
Cagliostro, whose original name is thought to have been Giuseppe Balsamo, was a magician and charlatan who enjoyed enormous success in Parisian high society, in the years preceding the French Revolution. By to his own admission, Cagliostro’s mission “was to work so as to turn Freemasonry in the direction of Weishaupt’s projects”. According to famous revolutionary Louis Blanc, in his History of the French Revolution, 1848, Cagliostro was initiated into the Illuminati at Frankfort, 1781. From them he received instructions and funds to carry out their diabolical intrigues, through the famous “affair of the necklace” against Marie Antoinette, in preparation for their eventual seizure of power in 1789.
Just prior to the French Revolution, the Illuminati had been conspiring to bring about the American Revolution of 1776. Both Washington and Jefferson were ardent defenders of Adam Weishaupt, while Jefferson even referred to him as an “an enthusiastic philanthropist”.67 Finally, among the fifty-six American rebels who signed the Declaration of Independence, only six were not Masons. The American constitution itself was inspired by the French Revolution, and the ideals of Freemasonry. It enshrined “Liberty”, meaning freedom from the yoke of Christian morality, rules which it attempted to replace with “unalienable rights”, a concept originally discussed among the secret meetings of the Illuminati.
As part of the French Empire all restrictions against Jews had been lifted but with Napoleon’s defeat toleration ended and the Jewish Freemasons were again ostracised. With the withdrawal of Napoleon’s troops it was thought expedient not to be associated with anything French, so L’aurore Naissante immediately deleted any reference to the Grand Orient in its materials, changed its name to Loge zur aufgehenden Morgenrothe, and began to look for another obedience to associate with. They applied to Prince Carl von Hessen, himself a mason and one of the ‘movers and shakers’ of the ‘Asiatic Brethren’ which not only admitted both Jews and Gentiles but was also very involved in mystical, even occult, elements of Freemasonry and kaballah. Negotiations eventually broke down. Eventually in 1817 Morgenrothe found the full recognition it was seeking through August Frederick, Duke of Sussex, the Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England, who empowered the lodge to operate as a Masonic lodge without any restrictions, with the added assurance that ‘parallel degrees would be instituted for them’[4]. . Morgenrothe eventually left UGLE for membership in the Eclectic Covenant of Frankfurt in 1870.
One of the great points of significance in the history of the Morgenrothe is the desire for an alternative to the Scottish Rite accessible to Jewish members. It is possible that the Chabrath Zereh Boqer Aour was created to replace the Scot Rite and from this desire a set of rituals were drafted and discussed but never used. This possibility is made more intriguing by the fact Westcott gave the name of the German ‘Mother Temple’ of the Golden Dawn as Lichte, Liebe, Leben or in English ‘Light, Love, Life’, which is also the motto of the 18º of the Scot Rite of Freemasonry[5]. It is also perhaps significant that in English Masonry the Scot Rite is know as the Rose Croix, or Rose Cross, degrees. It is also worth noting that many of the foundation members were associated with both Baron von Hund’s Strict Observance Freemasonry as well as the Asiatic Brethren, both systems were full of mystical speculation. http://www.mastermason.com/luxocculta/golden.htm
For a thorough study of the Asiatic Brethren, and the role of Karl von Hessen ("Landgrave Carl von Hessen"), see Jacob Katz's Jews and Freemasons in Europe
http://surrenderingislam.com/surrendering-islam/asiatic-brethren
According to Albert Pike, a 33rd degree Scottish Rite Mason, and American Civil War general, the successors to the Illuminati were the Asiatic Brethren, a secret order created by Moses Dobrushka, Jacob Frank’s nephew and successor.62 The Asiatic Brethren, also known as the Fratres Lucis, or the Brotherhood of Light, comprised chiefly of Jews, Turks, Persians, and Armenians, and purportedly represented a survival of the same “Johannite Christians” rescued by the Templars, that is, the Sabians. Their full title was The Knights and Brethren of St. John the Evangelist.
The Grand Master of the Asiatic Brethren, and leading member of the Illuminati, was Prince Karl of Hessen-Kassel, the brother of Wilhelm, and cousin to Frederick II the Great of Prussia. Another member of the Asiatic Brethren was the Comte de St. Germain, a notorious charlatan and alchemist, whom many believed to be immortal. He continues to be regarded by many as the leading figure of modern occult history. St. Germain was a Grand Master of Freemasonry, and had become an acquaintance of Louis XV King of France and his mistress Madame de Pompadour. St. Germain was a permanent houseguest of Karl’s, who called him “the greatest philosopher who ever lived,” and nicknamed him “Papa”. 63
St. Germain was in St Petersburg, where he participated in a conspiracy when the Russian army assisted Catherine the Great in usurping the throne from her husband Peter III of Russia. Catherine the Great is remembered as one of the “Enlightened Monarchs”, because she implemented several political and cultural reforms on behalf of the Illuminati. Voltaire, with whom she maintained regular correspondence, called her “Semiramis of Russia”, in reference to the ancient Babylonian queen, on whom the worship of the goddess Astarte was based. Catherine was succeeded by her son Csar Paul I. In her memoirs, she strongly implies that his father was not her husband Peter III, but her lover Sergei Saltykoff, one of many aliases of the Comte St. Germain.64
Leading Illuminati like Saint-Martin, Swedenborg and Cagliostro, were all members of the Asiatic Brethren. Following the order’s demise, the title of Illuminati was given to the Martinists, founded by Saint-Martin. In 1771, an amalgamation of all the Masonic groups was effected at the new lodge of the Amis Réunis. A further development of the Amis Réunis was the Rite of the Philalethes, formed by Savalette de Langes in 1773, out of Swedenborgian, Martinist, and Rosicrucian mysteries.
Emmanuel Swedenborg became interested in the teachings of Dr. Samuel Jacob Falk, known as the “Baal Shem” of London, who was reputed to exercise miraculous powers through his supposed mastery of the magical names of God. Falk, according to Nesta Webster, was a crypto-Shabbatean, who collaborated with a network of Frankists in England, Holland, Poland, and Germany.65
In Secret Societies and Subversive Movements, Webster explained, “Falk indeed was far more than a Mason, he was a high initiate – the supreme oracle to which the secret socieites applied for guidance.” According to Savallete de Langes, “some people believe him to be the Chief of all the Jews and attribute to purely political schemes all that is marvelous and singular in his life and conduct.”66
Cagliostro, whose original name is thought to have been Giuseppe Balsamo, was a magician and charlatan who enjoyed enormous success in Parisian high society, in the years preceding the French Revolution. By to his own admission, Cagliostro’s mission “was to work so as to turn Freemasonry in the direction of Weishaupt’s projects”. According to famous revolutionary Louis Blanc, in his History of the French Revolution, 1848, Cagliostro was initiated into the Illuminati at Frankfort, 1781. From them he received instructions and funds to carry out their diabolical intrigues, through the famous “affair of the necklace” against Marie Antoinette, in preparation for their eventual seizure of power in 1789.
Just prior to the French Revolution, the Illuminati had been conspiring to bring about the American Revolution of 1776. Both Washington and Jefferson were ardent defenders of Adam Weishaupt, while Jefferson even referred to him as an “an enthusiastic philanthropist”.67 Finally, among the fifty-six American rebels who signed the Declaration of Independence, only six were not Masons. The American constitution itself was inspired by the French Revolution, and the ideals of Freemasonry. It enshrined “Liberty”, meaning freedom from the yoke of Christian morality, rules which it attempted to replace with “unalienable rights”, a concept originally discussed among the secret meetings of the Illuminati.
As part of the French Empire all restrictions against Jews had been lifted but with Napoleon’s defeat toleration ended and the Jewish Freemasons were again ostracised. With the withdrawal of Napoleon’s troops it was thought expedient not to be associated with anything French, so L’aurore Naissante immediately deleted any reference to the Grand Orient in its materials, changed its name to Loge zur aufgehenden Morgenrothe, and began to look for another obedience to associate with. They applied to Prince Carl von Hessen, himself a mason and one of the ‘movers and shakers’ of the ‘Asiatic Brethren’ which not only admitted both Jews and Gentiles but was also very involved in mystical, even occult, elements of Freemasonry and kaballah. Negotiations eventually broke down. Eventually in 1817 Morgenrothe found the full recognition it was seeking through August Frederick, Duke of Sussex, the Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England, who empowered the lodge to operate as a Masonic lodge without any restrictions, with the added assurance that ‘parallel degrees would be instituted for them’[4]. . Morgenrothe eventually left UGLE for membership in the Eclectic Covenant of Frankfurt in 1870.
One of the great points of significance in the history of the Morgenrothe is the desire for an alternative to the Scottish Rite accessible to Jewish members. It is possible that the Chabrath Zereh Boqer Aour was created to replace the Scot Rite and from this desire a set of rituals were drafted and discussed but never used. This possibility is made more intriguing by the fact Westcott gave the name of the German ‘Mother Temple’ of the Golden Dawn as Lichte, Liebe, Leben or in English ‘Light, Love, Life’, which is also the motto of the 18º of the Scot Rite of Freemasonry[5]. It is also perhaps significant that in English Masonry the Scot Rite is know as the Rose Croix, or Rose Cross, degrees. It is also worth noting that many of the foundation members were associated with both Baron von Hund’s Strict Observance Freemasonry as well as the Asiatic Brethren, both systems were full of mystical speculation. http://www.mastermason.com/luxocculta/golden.htm
For a thorough study of the Asiatic Brethren, and the role of Karl von Hessen ("Landgrave Carl von Hessen"), see Jacob Katz's Jews and Freemasons in Europe
The Hesse-Kassel mercenary blood-money, in turn, became the catalyst for the beginning of the Rothschild family fortune. The Jewish Encyclopedia informs us that Nathan Rothschild was on such good terms with (Illuminati) Prince Dalberg, that Napoleon had made him a member of the Electoral College of Darmstadt in 1810. Meanwhile, the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel (William IX) had already fled to Denmark after the battle of Jena in 1806. He sent his money "to Nathan in London, who in 1808 utilized it to purchase £800,000 worth of gold from the East India Company, knowing that it would be needed for Wellington's Peninsular campaign. He made no less than four profits on this: (1) on the sale of Wellington's paper, (2) on the sale of the gold to Wellington, (3) on its repurchase, and (4) on forwarding it to Portugal. This was the beginning of the great fortunes of the house, and its early transactions may be divided into three stages, in each of which Nathan was the guiding spirit: namely, (1) from 1808 to 1815, mainly the transmission of bullion from England to the Continent for the use of the British armies and for subventions to the allies; (2) from 1816 to 1818, 'bearing' operations on the stock exchange on the loans needed for the reconstruction of Europe after Napoleon's downfall; and (3) from 1818 to 1848, the undertaking of loans and of refunding operations, which were henceforth to be the chief enterprises of the house."
Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel Landgrafschaft Hessen-KasselHouse of Lorraine-Brabant The Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (German: Landgrafschaft Hessen-Kassel) was a state in the Holy Roman Empire under Imperial immediacy that came into existence when the Landgraviate of Hesse was divided in 1567 upon the death of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse. His eldest son William IV inherited the northern half and the capital of Kassel. The other sons received the Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Rheinfels and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt. The Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel was elevated to Prince-elector during the reorganization of the Empire in 1803, in the midst of the Napoleonic wars, and later occupied by French troops and became part of the Kingdom of Westphalia, which was a French satellite state. History of Hesse-Kassel
The line of Landgraves was founded by William IV, surnamed the Wise, eldest son of Philip I. On his father's death in 1567 he received one half of the Landgraviate of Hesse, with Kassel as his capital; and this formed the Landgraviate. In 1604 additions were made when Maurice, inherited the Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg from his childless uncle, Louis IV. In 1605 turned Protestant, became involved later in the Thirty Years' War, and, after being forced to cede some of his territories to the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, abdicated in favour of his son William V, his younger sons receiving apanages which created several cadet lines of the house, of which that of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Rotenburg survived till 1834. On the death of William V, whose territories had been conquered by the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire, his widow Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt, as regent for her son William VI, reconquered the country and, with the aid of the French and Swedes, held it, together with part of Westphalia. At the Peace of Westphalia, accordingly, Hesse-Kassel was augmented by the larger part of the County of Schaumburg and by the Hersfeld Abbey, secularized as a principality of the Empire.
The Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt introduced the rule of primogeniture. William VI, who came of age in 1650, was an enlightened patron of learning and the arts. He was succeeded by his son William VII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, an infant, who died in 1670, and was succeeded by his brother Charles I. Charles's, chief claim to remembrance is that he was the first ruler to adopt the system of hiring his soldiers out to foreign powers as mercenaries, as a means of improving the national finances. Frederick I of Sweden, the next landgrave, had become by marriage King of Sweden, and on his death was succeeded in the landgraviate by his brother William VIII, who fought as an ally of Kingdom of Great Britain during the Seven Years' War. From his successor Frederick II, who had become a Catholic, 22,000 Hessian troops were hired by Kingdom of Great Britain for about £3,191,000, to assist in the war against the Thirteen Colonies. This action, often bitterly criticized, has of late years found apologists . It is argued that the troops were in any case mercenary, and that the practice was quite common. Whatever opinion may be held as to this, it is certain that Frederick II spent the money well: he did much for the development of the economic and intellectual improvement of the country.
Since the early years of the Reformation the House of Hesse was clearly Protestant, with only a few exceptions. Landgraves Philip I, William V, and Maurice married descendants of King George of Bohemia. From William VI onwards, mothers of the heads of Hesse-Kassel were always descended from William the Silent, the leader of the Dutch to independence on basis of Calvinism. The Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel expanded in 1604 when Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, inherited the Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg from his childless uncle, Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg (1537-1604). During the Thirty Years' War, Calvinist Hesse-Kassel proved to be Sweden's most loyal German ally. Landgrave William V and, after his death in 1637, his widow Amelia of Hanau, a granddaughter of William the Silent, as regent supported the Protestant cause and the French and Swedes throughout the war and maintained an army, garrisoning many strongholds, while Hesse-Kassel itself was occupied by Imperial troops.
William V was succeeded by Landgraves William VI and William VII. Under King Frederick I of Sweden, Hesse-Kassel was in personal union with Sweden from 1730-51. But in fact the King's younger brother, Prince William, ruled in Kassel as regent until he succeeded his brother, reigning as William VIII until 1760. Although it was a fairly widespread practice at the time to rent out troops to other princes, it was the Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel who became infamous for hiring out contingents of their army as mercenaries during the 17th and 18th centuries. Hesse-Kassel maintained 7% of its entire population under arms throughout the eighteenth century. This force served as a source of mercenaries for other European states. Frederick II, notably, hired out so many troops to his nephew King George III of Great Britain for use in the American War of Independence, that "Hessian" has become an American slang term for all German soldiers deployed by the British in the War. One of these regiments that saw service in America was the Musketeer Regiment Prinz Carl.
During the 17th century, the landgraviate was internally divided for dynastic purposes, without allodial rights, into:
Aftermath
Following the reorganization of the German states during the German mediatisation of 1803, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel was raised to the Electorate of Hesse and Landgrave William IX was elevated to Imperial Elector, taking the title William I, Elector of Hesse. The principality thus became known as Kurhessen, although still usually referred to as Hesse-Kassel.
In 1806, William I was dispossessed by Napoleon Bonaparte for his support of the Kingdom of Prussia, and Kassel became the capital of a new Kingdom of Westphalia with Napoleon's brother Jérôme Bonaparte as king. The elector was restored following Napoleon's defeat in 1813, and although the Holy Roman Empire was now defunct, William retained his title of Elector, as it gave him pre-eminence over his cousin, the Grand Duke of Hesse. From 1813 onwards, the Electorate of Hesse was an independent country and, after 1815, a member of the German Confederation.
William's grandson, Elector Frederick William, sided with the Austrian Empire in the Austro-Prussian War, and after the Prussian victory his lands were annexed by Prussia in 1866. Along with the annexed Duchy of Nassau and Free City of Frankfurt, Hesse-Kassel became part of the new Province of Hesse-Nassau of the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1918, Hesse-Nassau became part of the Free State of Prussia until 1944. From 1944-45 as part of Nazi Germany, it was divided into the Prussian provinces of Kurhessen and Nassau. From 1945-46, it was renamed Greater Hesse (German: Großhessen) and was part of the US occupation zone in Germany. From 1946 onwards, it was reorganised into the State of Hesse, a federal state of West Germany.
The line of Landgraves was founded by William IV, surnamed the Wise, eldest son of Philip I. On his father's death in 1567 he received one half of the Landgraviate of Hesse, with Kassel as his capital; and this formed the Landgraviate. In 1604 additions were made when Maurice, inherited the Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg from his childless uncle, Louis IV. In 1605 turned Protestant, became involved later in the Thirty Years' War, and, after being forced to cede some of his territories to the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, abdicated in favour of his son William V, his younger sons receiving apanages which created several cadet lines of the house, of which that of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Rotenburg survived till 1834. On the death of William V, whose territories had been conquered by the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire, his widow Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt, as regent for her son William VI, reconquered the country and, with the aid of the French and Swedes, held it, together with part of Westphalia. At the Peace of Westphalia, accordingly, Hesse-Kassel was augmented by the larger part of the County of Schaumburg and by the Hersfeld Abbey, secularized as a principality of the Empire.
The Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt introduced the rule of primogeniture. William VI, who came of age in 1650, was an enlightened patron of learning and the arts. He was succeeded by his son William VII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, an infant, who died in 1670, and was succeeded by his brother Charles I. Charles's, chief claim to remembrance is that he was the first ruler to adopt the system of hiring his soldiers out to foreign powers as mercenaries, as a means of improving the national finances. Frederick I of Sweden, the next landgrave, had become by marriage King of Sweden, and on his death was succeeded in the landgraviate by his brother William VIII, who fought as an ally of Kingdom of Great Britain during the Seven Years' War. From his successor Frederick II, who had become a Catholic, 22,000 Hessian troops were hired by Kingdom of Great Britain for about £3,191,000, to assist in the war against the Thirteen Colonies. This action, often bitterly criticized, has of late years found apologists . It is argued that the troops were in any case mercenary, and that the practice was quite common. Whatever opinion may be held as to this, it is certain that Frederick II spent the money well: he did much for the development of the economic and intellectual improvement of the country.
Since the early years of the Reformation the House of Hesse was clearly Protestant, with only a few exceptions. Landgraves Philip I, William V, and Maurice married descendants of King George of Bohemia. From William VI onwards, mothers of the heads of Hesse-Kassel were always descended from William the Silent, the leader of the Dutch to independence on basis of Calvinism. The Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel expanded in 1604 when Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, inherited the Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg from his childless uncle, Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg (1537-1604). During the Thirty Years' War, Calvinist Hesse-Kassel proved to be Sweden's most loyal German ally. Landgrave William V and, after his death in 1637, his widow Amelia of Hanau, a granddaughter of William the Silent, as regent supported the Protestant cause and the French and Swedes throughout the war and maintained an army, garrisoning many strongholds, while Hesse-Kassel itself was occupied by Imperial troops.
William V was succeeded by Landgraves William VI and William VII. Under King Frederick I of Sweden, Hesse-Kassel was in personal union with Sweden from 1730-51. But in fact the King's younger brother, Prince William, ruled in Kassel as regent until he succeeded his brother, reigning as William VIII until 1760. Although it was a fairly widespread practice at the time to rent out troops to other princes, it was the Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel who became infamous for hiring out contingents of their army as mercenaries during the 17th and 18th centuries. Hesse-Kassel maintained 7% of its entire population under arms throughout the eighteenth century. This force served as a source of mercenaries for other European states. Frederick II, notably, hired out so many troops to his nephew King George III of Great Britain for use in the American War of Independence, that "Hessian" has become an American slang term for all German soldiers deployed by the British in the War. One of these regiments that saw service in America was the Musketeer Regiment Prinz Carl.
During the 17th century, the landgraviate was internally divided for dynastic purposes, without allodial rights, into:
- the Landgraviate of Hesse-Rotenburg (1627-1834)
- the Landgraviate of Hesse-Wanfried-(Rheinfels) (1649-1755)
- the Landgraviate of Hesse-Philippsthal
- Landgraviate of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld
Aftermath
Following the reorganization of the German states during the German mediatisation of 1803, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel was raised to the Electorate of Hesse and Landgrave William IX was elevated to Imperial Elector, taking the title William I, Elector of Hesse. The principality thus became known as Kurhessen, although still usually referred to as Hesse-Kassel.
In 1806, William I was dispossessed by Napoleon Bonaparte for his support of the Kingdom of Prussia, and Kassel became the capital of a new Kingdom of Westphalia with Napoleon's brother Jérôme Bonaparte as king. The elector was restored following Napoleon's defeat in 1813, and although the Holy Roman Empire was now defunct, William retained his title of Elector, as it gave him pre-eminence over his cousin, the Grand Duke of Hesse. From 1813 onwards, the Electorate of Hesse was an independent country and, after 1815, a member of the German Confederation.
William's grandson, Elector Frederick William, sided with the Austrian Empire in the Austro-Prussian War, and after the Prussian victory his lands were annexed by Prussia in 1866. Along with the annexed Duchy of Nassau and Free City of Frankfurt, Hesse-Kassel became part of the new Province of Hesse-Nassau of the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1918, Hesse-Nassau became part of the Free State of Prussia until 1944. From 1944-45 as part of Nazi Germany, it was divided into the Prussian provinces of Kurhessen and Nassau. From 1945-46, it was renamed Greater Hesse (German: Großhessen) and was part of the US occupation zone in Germany. From 1946 onwards, it was reorganised into the State of Hesse, a federal state of West Germany.
Their theft from Dublin Castle in 1907 remains in the Royal Castle in Dresden, Germany. Search Hesse Crown Jewels Court-Martial original documents and images. to the “Hesse Crown Jewels Case“, 1944-1952. Grand Duke Karl II of Baden was given a crown by Hesse. Kronberg Castle, famous for Hesse Jewel theft, in Frankfurt, Germany. Grand Duke Karl II of Baden was given a crown by Hesse. Hesse Crown Jewels Investigative into the theft of the Hesse Crown Jewels from Hesse Kronberg castle and other items during the Allied occupation of Germany.
The House of Hesse
House of Hesse is descended from Philip I the “Magnanimous” Landgrave of Hesse, who was a leading champion of the Protestant Reformation. In the early Middle Ages, Hesse was a part of Thuringia, but in the War of the Thuringian Succession, in the thirteenth century, Hesse gained its independence and became an Earldom within the Holy Roman Empire. The state existed until the death of Philip in 1567. Philip was a descendant of Margaret, the sister of Frederick I Margrave of Brandenburg, who had married Hermann Landgrave of Hessen. Philip married Chistine of Saxony, whose mother was Barbara of Jagellon, a great-granddaughter of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. Despite Philip’s intentions, Hessen was split among his four sons, but the only two to states to survive were Hessen-Kassel and Hessen-Darmstadt. Philip’s daughter, Elizabeth, married Ludwig VI Elector of the Palatinate of the Rhine, grandfather of Frederick V.
Rothschild coat of arms
Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel was the great-grandson of Elizabeth Charlotte, the sister of Frederick V of the Palatinate. Elizabeth Charlotte was also the grandmother to Frederick I King of Prussia. Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel was a direct descendant of “Maurice the Learned” of Hesse-Kassel, uncle to Frederick IV of the Palatine. Maurice had procured the services of prominent Rosicrucians and alchemists, like Michael Maier, while the town of Kassel itself, according to Francis Yates, was where the Rosicrucian Manifestos were first published. Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel married Maria Princess of Hanover, cousin of Frederick II the Great King of Prussia, and the daughter of George II King of England.
Baron von Estorff advised the Landgrave that Mayer Amschel showed an exceptional ability to increase wealth through his investments. Mayer Amschel arranged to hire 16,800 Hessian soldiers to assist the nephew of Federick’s wife, King George III of England, in suppressing the American Rebellion. When Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel died in 1785, Rothschild obtained total influence over his successor, Karl’s brother Elector Wilhelm IX, who he managed to make one of the wealthiest monarchs of his time.
In 1773, Mayer Rothschild had invited twelve other wealthy and influential men, representing in all the thirteen bloodlines of the Illuminati, to convince them to pool their resources in a plot to bring about a new world order. Thus was Adam Weishaupt commissioned to establish the Illuminati. Though born Jewish, as a young boy, Weishaupt was educated by the Jesuits. On May 1, 1776, three years after the Jesuit order was disbanded by the Church, Weishaupt announced the foundation of the Order of Perfectibilists, which later became more widely known as the Illuminati.
The Asiatic Brethren; Karl Landgrave of Hessen-Kassell
Jacob Frank’s nephew and successor was Moses Dobruschka, who converted to Christianity, and entered the Habsburg nobility with the name of Franz Thomas von Schoenfeld. As Franz, he entered into Austrian Freemasonry, and became involved with Ecker von Eckhoffen. During the early 1780s, Eckhoffen became disgruntled with the Gold and Rosy Cross of 1777, and, with Dobruschka and members of the Habsburg nobility, formed what became known as the Asiatic Brethren.[10]
The basis of the Asiatic Brethren, also known as the Fratres Lucis, or the Brotherhood of Light, was the Rosicrucianism, Martinism and the Illuminati. They purportedly represented a survival of the Sabians, though they were comprised chiefly of Jews, Turks, Persians, and Armenians. The full title of the organization was The Knights and Brethren of St. John the Evangelist.
Cagliostro
The Grand Master of the Asiatic Brethren, and leading member of the Illuminati, was Prince Karl, the brother of Wilhelm I of Hessen-Kassel.[11] Both were the sons of Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel, from his wife, Mary of Hanover, Princess of Great Britain, daughter of George II King of England, and therefore cousin to Frederick II the Great of Prussia. Karl married his first cousin, Louise, Princess of Denmark, of the Oldenberg dynasty that produced the Kings of Denmark, Norway, Greece, and the later Romanovs, Emperors of Russia. According to legend, the Oldenbergs are descended from Elgimar, a brother of Godfroi of Bouillon, from the Swan Knight and whose mother was Karl’s mother’s sister, Louise of Hanover, Princess of England.[12]
Another member of the Asiatic Brethren, the Comte de St. Germain. St. Germain was a notorious charlatan and alchemist, whom many believed to be immortal. He was the supposed Grand Master of Freemasonry, and had become an acquaintance of Louis XV King of France and his mistress Madame de Pompadour. St. Germain was a permanent houseguest of Karl’s, who called him “the greatest philosopher who ever lived,” and nicknamed him “Papa”.[13]
Csar Paul I of Russia
St. Germain was in St Petersburg to conspire when the Russian army assisted Catherine the Great in usurping the throne from her husband Peter III of Russia. The Russian royal family was descended from the Babylonian Exilarch through John Paleologos, eponymous ancestor of the Palaeogan dynasty that married into the Byzantine Royal family.[14] The Palaeologan dynasty began with Michael VIII Palaiologos, who became emperor in 1259, and his descendants ruled until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Because of their intermarriage with European families, the Palaeologans were the first Imperial family to have crests and coats-of-arms in the Western manner, using the Imperial double-headed eagle.
Catherine was a German princess with a very remote Russian ancestry. She was from the House of Anhalt Zerbst from the House of Anhalt Zerbst, formed in the twelfth century, from the son of Albert I Margrave of Brandenburg, Bernard III Duke of Saxony, who married Judith of Poland, the daughter of Mieszko III, and Elizabeth Arpad, granddaughter Geza Arpad and of Vladimir I of Kiev.
Catherine the Great is remembered as one of the “Enlightened Monarchs”, because she implemented several politcal and cultural reforms on behalf of the Illuminati. Voltaire, with whom she maintained regular correspondence, called her “Semiramis of Russia”, in reference to the ancient Babylonian queen, on whom the worship of the goddess Astarte was based.
Catherine was succeeded by her son Csar Paul I. In her memoirs, she strongly implies that his father was not her husband, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor, but her lover Sergei Saltykoff.[15] One of many aliases, Saltykoff was the name assumed by Count St. Germain, when he served as a Russian General while they were fighting the Turks.[16] Csar Paul Paul himself was also a Mason, as well as Grand Master of the Knights of Malta.[17]
Leading Illuminati like Pasquales, Saint-Martin and Swedenborg were all members of the Asiatic Brethren. Following the order’s demise, the title of Illuminati was given to the Martinists, founded by Saint-Martin.[18] The origin of the Ordre Martiniste et Synarchique is found in French mystic, Martinez Pasquales, born in 1727. He organized a movement which he named the Ordre des Chevalier Maçons Elus-Coën de L'Univers, or “Order of the Knight Masons, Elected Priests of the Universe”, though his work was carried on by his pupil, Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin, who later founded the order known as the Martinists, or the French Illuminés. In 1771, an amalgamation of all the Masonic groups was effected at the new lodge of the Amis Réunis. A further development of the Amis Réunis was the Rite of the Philalethes, formed by Savalette de Langes in 1773, out of Swedenborgian, Martinist, and Rosicrucian mysteries.
Emmanuel Swedenborg
Emmanuel Swedenborg became interested in the teachings of Dr. Samuel Jacob Falk, known as the “Baal Shem” of London, who was reputed to exercise miraculous powers through his supposed mastery of the magical names of God. Falk was a crypto-Shabbatean, who collaborated with a network of fellow Zoharits in England, Holland, Poland, and Germany.[19] Nesta Webster, in Secret Societies and Subversive Movements, explained, “Falk indeed was far more than a Mason, he was a high initiate the supreme oracle to which the secret socieites applied for guidance.” Finally, according to Savallete de Langes, “some people believe him to be the Chief of all the Jews and attribute to purely political schemes all that is marvellous and singular in his life and conduct.”[20]
Webster also suggests that Falk would have been the source for the “Egyptian Rite” Count Cagliostro created in London. Cagliostro, whose original name is thought to have been Giuseppe Balsamo, was a magician and charlatan who enjoyed enormous success in Parisian high society, in the years preceding the French Revolution. According to his own fraudulent account, however, he was born an orphan on the Island of Malta. His earliest memories, he claimed, are of the holy city of Medina in Arabia, where he was called “Acharat”, and where he lived in the palace of the Mufti Salahaym. Four persons were attached to his service, the chief of whom was an Eastern Adept named Althotas, who instructed him in the various sciences and made him proficient in several Oriental languages. Though both teacher and pupil conformed outwardly to the religion of Islam, Cagliostro later wrote, “the true religion was imprinted in our hearts.”[21]
Historians, however, believe Balsamo was the son of poor parents, and grew up as an urchin in the streets of Palermo. Escaping from Sicily after a series of minor crimes, he traveled through Greece, Egypt, Persia, Arabia, and Rhodes and apparently studied alchemy. He eventually assumed the title of count, and in 1768 married the Roman beauty Lorenza Feliciani, called Serafina. He traveled all the major European cities, selling elixirs of youth and potions, and posing as an alchemist, soothsayer, medium, and miracle healer. His séances had become popular in fashionable society in Paris by 1785.
According to his own admission, Cagliostro’s mission “was to work so as to turn Freemasonry in the direction of Weishaupt’s projects”.[22] Louis Blanc, in his History of the French Revolution, 1848, reported that Cagliostro was initiated into the Illuminati at Frankfort, 1781, under the authority of “the Grand Masters of the Templars”. From them he received instructions and funds to carry out their diabolical intrigues, through the famous “affair of the necklace” against Marie Antoinette, in preparation for their eventual seizure of power. As a consequence, he spent nine months in the Bastille prison, until he was finally banished from France. In 1789 he was arrested in Rome after his wife had denounced him to the Inquisition as a heretic, magician, conjuror, and Freemason. He was finally tried and sentenced to death, but his sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment in the fortress of San Leo in the Apennines, where he eventually died.
House of Hesse is descended from Philip I the “Magnanimous” Landgrave of Hesse, who was a leading champion of the Protestant Reformation. In the early Middle Ages, Hesse was a part of Thuringia, but in the War of the Thuringian Succession, in the thirteenth century, Hesse gained its independence and became an Earldom within the Holy Roman Empire. The state existed until the death of Philip in 1567. Philip was a descendant of Margaret, the sister of Frederick I Margrave of Brandenburg, who had married Hermann Landgrave of Hessen. Philip married Chistine of Saxony, whose mother was Barbara of Jagellon, a great-granddaughter of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. Despite Philip’s intentions, Hessen was split among his four sons, but the only two to states to survive were Hessen-Kassel and Hessen-Darmstadt. Philip’s daughter, Elizabeth, married Ludwig VI Elector of the Palatinate of the Rhine, grandfather of Frederick V.
Rothschild coat of arms
Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel was the great-grandson of Elizabeth Charlotte, the sister of Frederick V of the Palatinate. Elizabeth Charlotte was also the grandmother to Frederick I King of Prussia. Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel was a direct descendant of “Maurice the Learned” of Hesse-Kassel, uncle to Frederick IV of the Palatine. Maurice had procured the services of prominent Rosicrucians and alchemists, like Michael Maier, while the town of Kassel itself, according to Francis Yates, was where the Rosicrucian Manifestos were first published. Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel married Maria Princess of Hanover, cousin of Frederick II the Great King of Prussia, and the daughter of George II King of England.
Baron von Estorff advised the Landgrave that Mayer Amschel showed an exceptional ability to increase wealth through his investments. Mayer Amschel arranged to hire 16,800 Hessian soldiers to assist the nephew of Federick’s wife, King George III of England, in suppressing the American Rebellion. When Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel died in 1785, Rothschild obtained total influence over his successor, Karl’s brother Elector Wilhelm IX, who he managed to make one of the wealthiest monarchs of his time.
In 1773, Mayer Rothschild had invited twelve other wealthy and influential men, representing in all the thirteen bloodlines of the Illuminati, to convince them to pool their resources in a plot to bring about a new world order. Thus was Adam Weishaupt commissioned to establish the Illuminati. Though born Jewish, as a young boy, Weishaupt was educated by the Jesuits. On May 1, 1776, three years after the Jesuit order was disbanded by the Church, Weishaupt announced the foundation of the Order of Perfectibilists, which later became more widely known as the Illuminati.
The Asiatic Brethren; Karl Landgrave of Hessen-Kassell
Jacob Frank’s nephew and successor was Moses Dobruschka, who converted to Christianity, and entered the Habsburg nobility with the name of Franz Thomas von Schoenfeld. As Franz, he entered into Austrian Freemasonry, and became involved with Ecker von Eckhoffen. During the early 1780s, Eckhoffen became disgruntled with the Gold and Rosy Cross of 1777, and, with Dobruschka and members of the Habsburg nobility, formed what became known as the Asiatic Brethren.[10]
The basis of the Asiatic Brethren, also known as the Fratres Lucis, or the Brotherhood of Light, was the Rosicrucianism, Martinism and the Illuminati. They purportedly represented a survival of the Sabians, though they were comprised chiefly of Jews, Turks, Persians, and Armenians. The full title of the organization was The Knights and Brethren of St. John the Evangelist.
Cagliostro
The Grand Master of the Asiatic Brethren, and leading member of the Illuminati, was Prince Karl, the brother of Wilhelm I of Hessen-Kassel.[11] Both were the sons of Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel, from his wife, Mary of Hanover, Princess of Great Britain, daughter of George II King of England, and therefore cousin to Frederick II the Great of Prussia. Karl married his first cousin, Louise, Princess of Denmark, of the Oldenberg dynasty that produced the Kings of Denmark, Norway, Greece, and the later Romanovs, Emperors of Russia. According to legend, the Oldenbergs are descended from Elgimar, a brother of Godfroi of Bouillon, from the Swan Knight and whose mother was Karl’s mother’s sister, Louise of Hanover, Princess of England.[12]
Another member of the Asiatic Brethren, the Comte de St. Germain. St. Germain was a notorious charlatan and alchemist, whom many believed to be immortal. He was the supposed Grand Master of Freemasonry, and had become an acquaintance of Louis XV King of France and his mistress Madame de Pompadour. St. Germain was a permanent houseguest of Karl’s, who called him “the greatest philosopher who ever lived,” and nicknamed him “Papa”.[13]
Csar Paul I of Russia
St. Germain was in St Petersburg to conspire when the Russian army assisted Catherine the Great in usurping the throne from her husband Peter III of Russia. The Russian royal family was descended from the Babylonian Exilarch through John Paleologos, eponymous ancestor of the Palaeogan dynasty that married into the Byzantine Royal family.[14] The Palaeologan dynasty began with Michael VIII Palaiologos, who became emperor in 1259, and his descendants ruled until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Because of their intermarriage with European families, the Palaeologans were the first Imperial family to have crests and coats-of-arms in the Western manner, using the Imperial double-headed eagle.
Catherine was a German princess with a very remote Russian ancestry. She was from the House of Anhalt Zerbst from the House of Anhalt Zerbst, formed in the twelfth century, from the son of Albert I Margrave of Brandenburg, Bernard III Duke of Saxony, who married Judith of Poland, the daughter of Mieszko III, and Elizabeth Arpad, granddaughter Geza Arpad and of Vladimir I of Kiev.
Catherine the Great is remembered as one of the “Enlightened Monarchs”, because she implemented several politcal and cultural reforms on behalf of the Illuminati. Voltaire, with whom she maintained regular correspondence, called her “Semiramis of Russia”, in reference to the ancient Babylonian queen, on whom the worship of the goddess Astarte was based.
Catherine was succeeded by her son Csar Paul I. In her memoirs, she strongly implies that his father was not her husband, the Grand Duke Peter, later Emperor, but her lover Sergei Saltykoff.[15] One of many aliases, Saltykoff was the name assumed by Count St. Germain, when he served as a Russian General while they were fighting the Turks.[16] Csar Paul Paul himself was also a Mason, as well as Grand Master of the Knights of Malta.[17]
Leading Illuminati like Pasquales, Saint-Martin and Swedenborg were all members of the Asiatic Brethren. Following the order’s demise, the title of Illuminati was given to the Martinists, founded by Saint-Martin.[18] The origin of the Ordre Martiniste et Synarchique is found in French mystic, Martinez Pasquales, born in 1727. He organized a movement which he named the Ordre des Chevalier Maçons Elus-Coën de L'Univers, or “Order of the Knight Masons, Elected Priests of the Universe”, though his work was carried on by his pupil, Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin, who later founded the order known as the Martinists, or the French Illuminés. In 1771, an amalgamation of all the Masonic groups was effected at the new lodge of the Amis Réunis. A further development of the Amis Réunis was the Rite of the Philalethes, formed by Savalette de Langes in 1773, out of Swedenborgian, Martinist, and Rosicrucian mysteries.
Emmanuel Swedenborg
Emmanuel Swedenborg became interested in the teachings of Dr. Samuel Jacob Falk, known as the “Baal Shem” of London, who was reputed to exercise miraculous powers through his supposed mastery of the magical names of God. Falk was a crypto-Shabbatean, who collaborated with a network of fellow Zoharits in England, Holland, Poland, and Germany.[19] Nesta Webster, in Secret Societies and Subversive Movements, explained, “Falk indeed was far more than a Mason, he was a high initiate the supreme oracle to which the secret socieites applied for guidance.” Finally, according to Savallete de Langes, “some people believe him to be the Chief of all the Jews and attribute to purely political schemes all that is marvellous and singular in his life and conduct.”[20]
Webster also suggests that Falk would have been the source for the “Egyptian Rite” Count Cagliostro created in London. Cagliostro, whose original name is thought to have been Giuseppe Balsamo, was a magician and charlatan who enjoyed enormous success in Parisian high society, in the years preceding the French Revolution. According to his own fraudulent account, however, he was born an orphan on the Island of Malta. His earliest memories, he claimed, are of the holy city of Medina in Arabia, where he was called “Acharat”, and where he lived in the palace of the Mufti Salahaym. Four persons were attached to his service, the chief of whom was an Eastern Adept named Althotas, who instructed him in the various sciences and made him proficient in several Oriental languages. Though both teacher and pupil conformed outwardly to the religion of Islam, Cagliostro later wrote, “the true religion was imprinted in our hearts.”[21]
Historians, however, believe Balsamo was the son of poor parents, and grew up as an urchin in the streets of Palermo. Escaping from Sicily after a series of minor crimes, he traveled through Greece, Egypt, Persia, Arabia, and Rhodes and apparently studied alchemy. He eventually assumed the title of count, and in 1768 married the Roman beauty Lorenza Feliciani, called Serafina. He traveled all the major European cities, selling elixirs of youth and potions, and posing as an alchemist, soothsayer, medium, and miracle healer. His séances had become popular in fashionable society in Paris by 1785.
According to his own admission, Cagliostro’s mission “was to work so as to turn Freemasonry in the direction of Weishaupt’s projects”.[22] Louis Blanc, in his History of the French Revolution, 1848, reported that Cagliostro was initiated into the Illuminati at Frankfort, 1781, under the authority of “the Grand Masters of the Templars”. From them he received instructions and funds to carry out their diabolical intrigues, through the famous “affair of the necklace” against Marie Antoinette, in preparation for their eventual seizure of power. As a consequence, he spent nine months in the Bastille prison, until he was finally banished from France. In 1789 he was arrested in Rome after his wife had denounced him to the Inquisition as a heretic, magician, conjuror, and Freemason. He was finally tried and sentenced to death, but his sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment in the fortress of San Leo in the Apennines, where he eventually died.
Denmark had a period, when it went from using the Strict Observance to the Rectified Rite (before finally landing on Swedish Rite). But this “interim” period is not very well covered, and I have been wondering why it doesn’t seem to match the descriptions I have encountered of the Rectified Scottish Rite (as the two should be synonymous).
Well, yesterday I attented a meeting of the Danish Lodge of Research, Friederich Münter (I am a corresponding member), on this very subject. The presented lecture was written by one of the original founders of the lodge, who is also a member of Chevalier bienfaisant de la Cite Sainte in Belgium. It was a very thorough paper focusing on the historical spread of the rite and the masonic climate in Europe in which it proliferated, and later diminished (or consolidated), up until today.
The convent at Wilhelmsbad, 1782, agreed that the Strict Observance (SO) had outlived itself, and that Willermoz’ Rectified Scottish Rite should take its stead. But the SO was capitulated before agreement had been reached on how exactly to implement the higher degrees of the new system. So the Danish freemasons simply decided to bring home the three Craft-degrees and skip the higher degrees (and the managerial aspects of the order) until the next convent could agree on their design. Unfortunately Prince Ferdinand von Braunschweig, who was the head of SO and took charge of the renewal, died before this could happen. But there was already an existing Grand Chapter in Denmark, and some of its members were loath to give up their status, and others had been promised positions under the new, rectified system; so this institution carried on and handled the leadership (as a grand lodge of Denmark), as the newly imported rite didn’t come as a fully fledged organisation, and it had been decided not to take on Willermoz’ high degrees. Not until 1817 and 1819 did Prince Carl von Hessen-Kassel, the ruler of the Danish freemasons, start Scots (St. Andrew’s) lodges in Denmark, and in 1819 he also instituted a Masonic Directorate to handle the ruling of Masonic affairs. But the faulty system that was introduced in 1782 was never really repaired, because Denmark and Germany ran afoul in political matters. And instead, the Swedish Rite found its way here in 1853 and marked a new beginning.
So, things might have been very different, had the issues at Wilhelmsbad been resolved; imagine: a national regular grand lodge working the full vision of Willermoz (rather than the priories that exist today) … It also explains why Denmark ended up being, by some, considered the last remaining vestige of Strict Observance in Europe (even if that was only due to bad luck and/or lack of leadership).
Well, yesterday I attented a meeting of the Danish Lodge of Research, Friederich Münter (I am a corresponding member), on this very subject. The presented lecture was written by one of the original founders of the lodge, who is also a member of Chevalier bienfaisant de la Cite Sainte in Belgium. It was a very thorough paper focusing on the historical spread of the rite and the masonic climate in Europe in which it proliferated, and later diminished (or consolidated), up until today.
The convent at Wilhelmsbad, 1782, agreed that the Strict Observance (SO) had outlived itself, and that Willermoz’ Rectified Scottish Rite should take its stead. But the SO was capitulated before agreement had been reached on how exactly to implement the higher degrees of the new system. So the Danish freemasons simply decided to bring home the three Craft-degrees and skip the higher degrees (and the managerial aspects of the order) until the next convent could agree on their design. Unfortunately Prince Ferdinand von Braunschweig, who was the head of SO and took charge of the renewal, died before this could happen. But there was already an existing Grand Chapter in Denmark, and some of its members were loath to give up their status, and others had been promised positions under the new, rectified system; so this institution carried on and handled the leadership (as a grand lodge of Denmark), as the newly imported rite didn’t come as a fully fledged organisation, and it had been decided not to take on Willermoz’ high degrees. Not until 1817 and 1819 did Prince Carl von Hessen-Kassel, the ruler of the Danish freemasons, start Scots (St. Andrew’s) lodges in Denmark, and in 1819 he also instituted a Masonic Directorate to handle the ruling of Masonic affairs. But the faulty system that was introduced in 1782 was never really repaired, because Denmark and Germany ran afoul in political matters. And instead, the Swedish Rite found its way here in 1853 and marked a new beginning.
So, things might have been very different, had the issues at Wilhelmsbad been resolved; imagine: a national regular grand lodge working the full vision of Willermoz (rather than the priories that exist today) … It also explains why Denmark ended up being, by some, considered the last remaining vestige of Strict Observance in Europe (even if that was only due to bad luck and/or lack of leadership).
Landgrave Karl von Hessen-Kassel Quelle: Terry Melanson
The estate of (Illuminatus) Landgrave Karl von Hessen-Kassel (1744-1836) was an occult-masonic initiatory retreat. The world’s foremost expert on the 18th-Century Golden and Rosy Cross, Dr. Christopher McIntosh:
The head of the Asiatic Brethren in the 1780s and 1790s was the Landgrave Carl von Hessen-Kassel, one of the most fascinating and influential figures at the time in the world of Masonry, Rosicrucianism and hermetic studies. He not only belonged to innumerable orders and rites, but he was a practicing alchemist and was a friend of the mysterious French alchemist, the Comte de St. Germain, whom he harbored during the last years of St. Germain’s life on his estate Louisenlund in what is now Schleswig-Holstein, which he turned into a great center of Masonic and esoteric activity. The park at Louisenlund (about an hour’s drive northwest of Kiel) was laid out in the form of an initiatic journey that involved the candidate passing through a dense wood finding his way through a labyrinth and encountering various alchemical and allegorical images along the way.
In the park was an alchemist’s tower with a laboratory and a room where Masonic rituals were conducted. There was also a pond with a secret grotto concealed behind a waterfall, in which the most solemn rituals were held. Over the years, unfortunately, most of these symbolic features have disappeared. All that remains of the alchemist’s tower, for example, is this Egyptian stone doorway which was moved to a different position, and cemented into the wall of a stable building where it stands completely out of context. Today this property belongs to a private school.
According to the official site, Louisenlund was built between 1772 and 1776 by Hermann von Motz. Apparently, it was a birthday gift from Karl to his wife Louise - that is, Louise Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark (1750-1831), the daughter of Frederik V Oldenburg (1723-1766), King of Denmark and Louisa Hanover (1724-51), Princess of Great Britain and Ireland. That would make them first-cousins (”blue bloods” to the core); Karl was the son of Friedrich II Landgrave von Hessen-Kassel (1720-1785) and Mary Hanover, Princess of Great Britain (1723-1772).
Perhaps the mansion itself was a gift, but it’s apparent that the forest surroundings served as Karl’s own occult-Masonic playground. Alessandro Tosi, “Stages of Knowledge, Settings for Brotherhood,” in Performance and Appropriation: Profane Rituals in Gardens and Landscapes, says “the park of Louisenlund comprised an initiation route that passed by an artificial lake and a cavern, before ending at a Gothic-cum-Masonic tower erected between 1779 and 1784″ (p. 60).
The remnants of Karl’s obsession - though fleeting - are still apparent here and there. Most obvious is the Masonic pillar (apparently dedicated to his wife), and an obelisk. According to the tour guides for the park, the gardens of Louisenlund is in a traditional baroque style. The main avenue begins in the Northeast and leads to the forest. In front of Mansion there is an armillary sphere, representing the cosmos - a common device utilized by astrologers and alchemists.
The guides recommend visitors stroll through the park in the manner intended by Karl: on the “path to enlightenment.” The tour should start from the Nordic House [Nordische Haus] in front of the lake, which, they say, resembles an eye, and hence was dubbed the “magic eye” [magische Auge]. This magic eye reflects the sky (Hermetic symbolism: as above, so below) and the lake overflows into a waterfall which at one point was regulated by a ram (bringer of spring), suggesting more Egyptian influence. The “magic eye” of the lake, they further speculate, might also allude to Horus.
Karl was an incorrigible mystic, a Mason, an Illuminatus, an alchemist, a spiritualist and practicioner of all manner of “occult sciences.” That he chose this place to conduct his activities is no wonder. What probably attracted him in the first place, is what is known today as Louisenlund grove: a collection of standing stones on Bornholm island. Karl, no doubt, wanted to harness the same energies as the ancient mystics who had, long ago, in a forgotten past, practised a tradition he longed for, and sought all his life to reintegrate.
The estate of (Illuminatus) Landgrave Karl von Hessen-Kassel (1744-1836) was an occult-masonic initiatory retreat. The world’s foremost expert on the 18th-Century Golden and Rosy Cross, Dr. Christopher McIntosh:
The head of the Asiatic Brethren in the 1780s and 1790s was the Landgrave Carl von Hessen-Kassel, one of the most fascinating and influential figures at the time in the world of Masonry, Rosicrucianism and hermetic studies. He not only belonged to innumerable orders and rites, but he was a practicing alchemist and was a friend of the mysterious French alchemist, the Comte de St. Germain, whom he harbored during the last years of St. Germain’s life on his estate Louisenlund in what is now Schleswig-Holstein, which he turned into a great center of Masonic and esoteric activity. The park at Louisenlund (about an hour’s drive northwest of Kiel) was laid out in the form of an initiatic journey that involved the candidate passing through a dense wood finding his way through a labyrinth and encountering various alchemical and allegorical images along the way.
In the park was an alchemist’s tower with a laboratory and a room where Masonic rituals were conducted. There was also a pond with a secret grotto concealed behind a waterfall, in which the most solemn rituals were held. Over the years, unfortunately, most of these symbolic features have disappeared. All that remains of the alchemist’s tower, for example, is this Egyptian stone doorway which was moved to a different position, and cemented into the wall of a stable building where it stands completely out of context. Today this property belongs to a private school.
According to the official site, Louisenlund was built between 1772 and 1776 by Hermann von Motz. Apparently, it was a birthday gift from Karl to his wife Louise - that is, Louise Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark (1750-1831), the daughter of Frederik V Oldenburg (1723-1766), King of Denmark and Louisa Hanover (1724-51), Princess of Great Britain and Ireland. That would make them first-cousins (”blue bloods” to the core); Karl was the son of Friedrich II Landgrave von Hessen-Kassel (1720-1785) and Mary Hanover, Princess of Great Britain (1723-1772).
Perhaps the mansion itself was a gift, but it’s apparent that the forest surroundings served as Karl’s own occult-Masonic playground. Alessandro Tosi, “Stages of Knowledge, Settings for Brotherhood,” in Performance and Appropriation: Profane Rituals in Gardens and Landscapes, says “the park of Louisenlund comprised an initiation route that passed by an artificial lake and a cavern, before ending at a Gothic-cum-Masonic tower erected between 1779 and 1784″ (p. 60).
The remnants of Karl’s obsession - though fleeting - are still apparent here and there. Most obvious is the Masonic pillar (apparently dedicated to his wife), and an obelisk. According to the tour guides for the park, the gardens of Louisenlund is in a traditional baroque style. The main avenue begins in the Northeast and leads to the forest. In front of Mansion there is an armillary sphere, representing the cosmos - a common device utilized by astrologers and alchemists.
The guides recommend visitors stroll through the park in the manner intended by Karl: on the “path to enlightenment.” The tour should start from the Nordic House [Nordische Haus] in front of the lake, which, they say, resembles an eye, and hence was dubbed the “magic eye” [magische Auge]. This magic eye reflects the sky (Hermetic symbolism: as above, so below) and the lake overflows into a waterfall which at one point was regulated by a ram (bringer of spring), suggesting more Egyptian influence. The “magic eye” of the lake, they further speculate, might also allude to Horus.
Karl was an incorrigible mystic, a Mason, an Illuminatus, an alchemist, a spiritualist and practicioner of all manner of “occult sciences.” That he chose this place to conduct his activities is no wonder. What probably attracted him in the first place, is what is known today as Louisenlund grove: a collection of standing stones on Bornholm island. Karl, no doubt, wanted to harness the same energies as the ancient mystics who had, long ago, in a forgotten past, practised a tradition he longed for, and sought all his life to reintegrate.
Suny Series in Western Esoteric Traditions: Rose Cross and the Age of Reason ... By Christopher McIntosh
Order of the Asiatic Brethren
The head of the Asiatic Brethren in the 1780s and 1790s was the Landgrave Carl von Hessen-Kassel
The Order of the Asiatic Brethren were also know as the Die Ritter des Lichts (Knights of the Light) AKA Order of Knights and Brothers of the Light ; Die Brueder St. Johannes des Evangelisten aus Asien in Europa (the Asiatic Brethren of St. John the Evangelist in Europe) banned 1785
An Advanced group of Freemasonry specialty Lodges which integrated Qabalistic teachings as well as true Masonic Brotherhood without regard to Religion. While one of the basic tenants of Freemasonry is the Brotherhood of Man under the All-Seeing Eye of God, " Let a man’s religion or mode of worship be what it may, he is not excluded from the Order, provided he believe in the glorious Architect of heaven and earth, and practice the sacred duties of morality. Freemasons unite with the virtuous of every persuasion in the firm and pleasing bond of fraternal love"
In practice, social divisions of Race, Creed, Nation and Religion have all been barriers to be overcome, and in every age new barriers are identified and torn down that Masons may meet On The Level, as Equals.
The Order of the Asiatic Brethren was specifically set up as German conservatism waned and the American Revolution set the stage for a new world order where all would be equal in opportunity, regardless of the accident of Birth. At the same time, Moses Mendelssohn was reforming the tribal attitudes of the Jews of Europe and a more "European" cultured Jew was appearing in the cities. This social upheaval was influenced by the French Revolution, it's Reign of Terror, Neopoleon's invasion of Germany, the establishment of Masonic Lodges under the Grand Orient of France Grand Lodge.
While the (all too brief) lesson of Religious Tolerance in Germany is of social significance, it's influence on Magickal thought in Europe immense. Under the organizational guidance of Hans Heinrich von Ecker und von Eckihoffem such Qabalistic scholars as Baron Thomas von Schoenfeld (born a Jew, Moses Dobruška later to become a Monk, Junius Frey), Ephraim Joseph Hirschfeld and his technically better brother Pascal translated many Qabalistic texts by hand, and assisted von Eker with creating advanced Masonic Rites based on those teachings. These were shared with Esoteric Freemasons in France, Russia and England. Carried by Traveling Men such as Count Apponyi and Johann Friedrich Falk to Magicians in both England ( Frederick Hockley, Kenneth R. H. Mackenzie) and the Continent Eliphas Levi and through him to Papus. When the American Magician P. B. Randolph brings it to the New World in the mid 1800's it has already been mixed with the Magic of Cornelius Agrippa and Francis Barrett into an Occult Philosophy recognizable today. The Order of the Asiatic Brethren was the Masonic side of the academically minded Magical Order of the Golden and Rosy Cross (Orden des Gold- und Rosenkreutz)in Germany. It's influence on the Fraternitas Rosae Crucis AKA the Fraternity of the Rosy Cross in it's various disguises in France seems recognizable in it's degree system and mix of teachings. Both seem likely influences on the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and all it's descendants. That the French and English Orders that follow are more focused on Qabalah and Solomanic (Ceremonial) Magick than practical alchemy indicates their primary source was the Asiatic Brethren than the Golden and Rosy Cross itself, where practical, medicinal results in laboratory experiments and patenting the results was the focus.
It organized Melchisedeck lodges to perform the 1st 3 degrees of Freemasonry for non Christians so they could join this advanced Freemason society. In addition to Alchemy, these Qabalists studied instructions how to rule spirits, by breaking the seven seals. Although mixing Christian and Jewish symbolism, 3rd degree initiates were called “True Rosicrucians.”
It was structured with two Informational degrees, the Seekers received lectures, then 2nd degree “Sufferers” did physical experiments in Alchemy. The First Chief Degree of “Knights and Brother-Initiates from Asia in Europe" has many Masonic elements and an oath of Secrecy. The Second Chief Degree, Wise Masters taught qabalistic secrets. The Third, or Chief Degree was called the Royal Priests, or True Rosicrucians, or the Degree of Melchisedeck. Hints indicate it may have been instructions on the Holy Names of God and their uses in both Meditation and Magick. The highest degree, the Sanhedrim, a term taken from Rabbinical literature, ran the Order.
The head of the Asiatic Brethren in the 1780s and 1790s was the Landgrave Carl von Hessen-Kassel
The Order of the Asiatic Brethren were also know as the Die Ritter des Lichts (Knights of the Light) AKA Order of Knights and Brothers of the Light ; Die Brueder St. Johannes des Evangelisten aus Asien in Europa (the Asiatic Brethren of St. John the Evangelist in Europe) banned 1785
An Advanced group of Freemasonry specialty Lodges which integrated Qabalistic teachings as well as true Masonic Brotherhood without regard to Religion. While one of the basic tenants of Freemasonry is the Brotherhood of Man under the All-Seeing Eye of God, " Let a man’s religion or mode of worship be what it may, he is not excluded from the Order, provided he believe in the glorious Architect of heaven and earth, and practice the sacred duties of morality. Freemasons unite with the virtuous of every persuasion in the firm and pleasing bond of fraternal love"
In practice, social divisions of Race, Creed, Nation and Religion have all been barriers to be overcome, and in every age new barriers are identified and torn down that Masons may meet On The Level, as Equals.
The Order of the Asiatic Brethren was specifically set up as German conservatism waned and the American Revolution set the stage for a new world order where all would be equal in opportunity, regardless of the accident of Birth. At the same time, Moses Mendelssohn was reforming the tribal attitudes of the Jews of Europe and a more "European" cultured Jew was appearing in the cities. This social upheaval was influenced by the French Revolution, it's Reign of Terror, Neopoleon's invasion of Germany, the establishment of Masonic Lodges under the Grand Orient of France Grand Lodge.
While the (all too brief) lesson of Religious Tolerance in Germany is of social significance, it's influence on Magickal thought in Europe immense. Under the organizational guidance of Hans Heinrich von Ecker und von Eckihoffem such Qabalistic scholars as Baron Thomas von Schoenfeld (born a Jew, Moses Dobruška later to become a Monk, Junius Frey), Ephraim Joseph Hirschfeld and his technically better brother Pascal translated many Qabalistic texts by hand, and assisted von Eker with creating advanced Masonic Rites based on those teachings. These were shared with Esoteric Freemasons in France, Russia and England. Carried by Traveling Men such as Count Apponyi and Johann Friedrich Falk to Magicians in both England ( Frederick Hockley, Kenneth R. H. Mackenzie) and the Continent Eliphas Levi and through him to Papus. When the American Magician P. B. Randolph brings it to the New World in the mid 1800's it has already been mixed with the Magic of Cornelius Agrippa and Francis Barrett into an Occult Philosophy recognizable today. The Order of the Asiatic Brethren was the Masonic side of the academically minded Magical Order of the Golden and Rosy Cross (Orden des Gold- und Rosenkreutz)in Germany. It's influence on the Fraternitas Rosae Crucis AKA the Fraternity of the Rosy Cross in it's various disguises in France seems recognizable in it's degree system and mix of teachings. Both seem likely influences on the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and all it's descendants. That the French and English Orders that follow are more focused on Qabalah and Solomanic (Ceremonial) Magick than practical alchemy indicates their primary source was the Asiatic Brethren than the Golden and Rosy Cross itself, where practical, medicinal results in laboratory experiments and patenting the results was the focus.
It organized Melchisedeck lodges to perform the 1st 3 degrees of Freemasonry for non Christians so they could join this advanced Freemason society. In addition to Alchemy, these Qabalists studied instructions how to rule spirits, by breaking the seven seals. Although mixing Christian and Jewish symbolism, 3rd degree initiates were called “True Rosicrucians.”
It was structured with two Informational degrees, the Seekers received lectures, then 2nd degree “Sufferers” did physical experiments in Alchemy. The First Chief Degree of “Knights and Brother-Initiates from Asia in Europe" has many Masonic elements and an oath of Secrecy. The Second Chief Degree, Wise Masters taught qabalistic secrets. The Third, or Chief Degree was called the Royal Priests, or True Rosicrucians, or the Degree of Melchisedeck. Hints indicate it may have been instructions on the Holy Names of God and their uses in both Meditation and Magick. The highest degree, the Sanhedrim, a term taken from Rabbinical literature, ran the Order.
ASIATIC BRETHREN
http://www.hermetics.org/rose+cross.html
281. Origin of the Order—This Order originated probably about the year 1780, though its chiefs were not known in 1788; it was, however, suspected that Baron Ecker and Eckhofen was one of them. He resided at first at Vienna, but afterwards settled at Sleswick; he distinguished himself by his writings, but the superstitious proclaimed him a terrible Cacomagus [note: Gr. black magician] . The order spread from Italy to Russia. Its basis was Rosicrucian, its meetings were called Melchisedeck lodges, and Jews, Turks, Persians, and Armenians might be received as members. The masters were called the Worshipful Chiefs of the Seven Churches of Asia. The full title of the Order was "Order of the Knights and Brethren of St. John the Evangelist from Asia in Europe." The teaching of the Order was partly moral, that is to say, it instructed how to rule spirits, by breaking the seven seals; and partly physical, by showing how to prepare miraculous medicines and to make gold. It inculcated cabalistic doctrines. The names of the degrees were taken from the Hebrew, and were symbolical of their characteristics. The Order did not profess Rosicrucianism, yet in the Third Chief Degree the members were styled “True Rosicrucians.” The results of the scientific researches of the masters were not communicated to aspirants; these had to discover them as they could. The fact seemed to be that the masters had nothing to communicate, but this admission would have been fatal to the Order its secrets appearing to exist in the credulity of outsiders only.
282. Divisions of the Order—The Order was divided into five degrees viz., two probationary and three chief degrees. The first probationary degree, that of the "Seekers”, never consisted of more than ten members. The period of probation was fourteen months. They had lectures delivered to them every fortnight, and the costume they wore at their meetings consisted of a round black hat with black feathers, a black cloak, a black sash with three buttons in the shape of roses, white gloves, and sword with a black tassel, a black ribbon, from which was suspended a double triangle, which symbol was also embroidered on the left side of the cloak.
The second probationary degree, consisting of ten members, was called that of the “Sufferers.” Its duration was seven months. Whilst the “Seekers” were theorists only, the “Sufferers” were supposed to make practical researches in physical science. They wore round black hats with black and white feathers, black cloaks with white linings and collars, on which double triangles were embroidered in gold, black sashes with white edging and three rosettes, white gloves, and swords with black and white tassels.
The First Chief Degree styled its members “Knights and Brother-Initiates from Asia in Europe [note: Asian Minor/Anatolia, the Asian part of Turkey ].” They wore round black hats with white, black, yellow, and red feathers, black cloaks with white linings and collars and gold lace; on the left breast of the cloak there was a red cross with four green roses, having in their centre a green shield with the monogram M and A. The same cross, of gold, and enamelled, was worn on a red ribbon; the member further wore a pink sash round the body edged with green and with three red roses, white gloves with a red cross and four green roses; the tassels of the swords displayed the four colours of the feathers.
283. Initiation into this Degree—On the reception of a “Sufferer” into this degree he was led into a room hung with black; the floor and furniture were covered with black cloth. The room was lit up with seven golden candlesticks, six of which had five branches each, whilst the seventh, standing in the centre, represented a human figure in a white dress and golden girdle. The chair of the master stood in the centre of the room on a dais of three steps, under a square black canopy; the back wall was partly open, but held back with seven tassels, and behind it was the Holiest of Holies, consisting of a balustrade of ten columns, on the basement of which was a picture of the sun in a triangle, surrounded by the divine fire. Under the centre candlestick was the carpet of the three masonic degrees, surrounded by nine lights, a tenth light standing a little further off at the foot of the throne. There stood, on the right, a small table, on which were placed a flaming sword, with the number 56 engraved thereon, and a green rod, with two red ends; to the left lay the Book of the Law.
The “Sufferer,” being then in an adjoining room, was asked three times if he desired to be initiated. His answer being in the affirmative, the Grand Master ordered him to be introduced, after having read the inscription on a red shield in letters of gold over the door: “Here is the Door of the Eternal; the just enter here.” The introducer then rang a bell twice, the Grand Master rang once, and the door was opened. The candidate stepped up to the table, and thrice made the Master’s sign. He was then told that he was accepted, and had to sign an obligation never to reveal the secrets of the Chapter. After a few other childish ceremonies, he was led to the Table of Purification, on which stood three lights on as many columns. The one represented a man with the triangle, the other a woman with the triangle reversed; the central one a man with a double triangle. In the centre of the table stood a crystal cup, filled with water, in which salt had been dissolved, another cup with salt, a spoon, a bundle of cedar-wood bound with hyssop and pink and green silk. The candidate had his coat and waistcoat taken off, the collar of his shirt opened, and his right arm bared. Having knelt down, the Grand Master sprinkled his neck thrice with the water, saying, “May the Merciful One give thee the knowledge of thy weapons, of thy lance, and of the number Four [which with Rosicrucians is the root and beginning of all numbers]. Then touching his right arm be said, “May the Almighty give thee strength in battle;” and touching his breast, “May the Just One give thee as a conqueror rest in the centre.” The “Sufferer” was then dressed again, the Grand Master opened the Holiest of Holies, and the candidate having taken the oath, the Grand Master dabbed him a Knight. Touching his right shoulder he said, “May the Infinite give thee strength, beauty, and wisdom for the fight;" and touching the left shoulder, “We receive thee, in the name of the most worshipful and wisest seven Fathers and Rulers of the seven Unknown Churches in Asia, as a Knight and initiated Brother.” Touching him on the head, he said, "May the Eternal One give thee the light of the number Four, and thou shalt be delivered from the Eternal Death.” Then there ensued mutual embracing, a little more speechifying by the Grand Master, and then the servants brought in salt, bread, wine, lamb and pork, the latter being symbolical of the Old and the New Covenant!
284. Second Chief Degree, Wise Masters.—This degree could only be obtained from the Sanhedrim, which constituted the highest authority, for in this degree began the revelation of secrets. What they were has never become known to outsiders. We may assume them to have been wonderful, considering the wonderful costume the knights were entitled to wear in this degree, viz., a red hat with stripes of the four different colours mentioned, in a red cloak, with a green cross and roses, having in their centre the monogram J and C embroidered in gold on a red field; the same cross in gold, and enamelled in the same four colours, attached to a green ribbon, edged with red, and three green roses; white gloves, decorated with red crosses and green roses inside and out;. sword, with green and red tassel.
285. Their Chief Degree, or Royal Priests, or True Rosicrucians, or the Degree of Melchisedeck.—This degree also could be obtained from the Sanhedrim only. The number of its members was restricted to seventy-two. Solomon in all his glory was nothing compared with the True Rosicrucians in their official costume. Here it is: a hat, gold, pink, and green, the brim turned up in front, and the name Jehovah embroidered thereon in gold, and surmounted with white, red, yellow, black, and green feathers; a long pink undergarment, fitting closely to the body, the cuffs of the sleeves being made of materials similar to those composing the hat, as also the sash, worn round the waist, whereon were embroidered three roses, one white, one red, and the centre one the colours of the sash; the stockings or hose and shoes were of pink silk. The cloak consisted of materials similar to those of the hat, and was lined with green; on the left breast was seen a point with many rays issuing from it. Round the neck the knight wore a gold chain, having alternately between the ordinary links shields with the monograms M and A and J and C, and the representation of a tree, having on the right hand a man, and on the left a woman, who with one hand cover the pudenda, and touch the tree with the other; to the end of the chain the Urim and Thummim were attached. White gloves, decorated with green and red roses within and without, completed this gorgeous apparel. 286. Organisation of the Order - The Sanhedrim exercised the highest authority, which it could delegate to committees. appointed from among its members. The authority next under the Sanhedrim was the General Chapter, after which came the Provincial Chapters. All these various departments had every one their own officials, with high-sounding titles, which need not be given here—the reader will find enough of them among the Freemasons; but on reading a list of them, one cannot help exclaiming--
"And every one is Knighted,
And every one is Grand,
Who would not be delighted
To join in such a band?"
But to join in this band was somewhat expensive; the Order was a fee-trap of no mean order, something like a few of the spurious degrees in Masonry. On his initiation into the order of the Asiatic Brethren the candidate paid a fee of two ducats; when he took it into his head to found a Master Lodge, he had to pay seven ducats for the privilege, and two ducats for the carpet; for every folio of the Rules of the Lodge, ten kreuzer, or about twopence-halfpenny. The foundation of a Superior Master Lodge cost twelve ducats; of a Provincial Chapter, twenty-five ducats; of a General Chapter, fifty ducats. Evety Brother paid to the Superior Master Lodge a monthly contribution of eightpence, and for extraordinary expenses and correspondence a fee proportionate to his means on the days of John the Baptist and John the Evangelist. These fees and subscriptions must annually have amounted to a goodly sum. What became of it? Rolling, a member, in 1787, published the laughable secrets of the Order.
* * *
287. Rosicrucian Adventurers.--In 1781 there appeared at Vienna “An Address to the Rosicrucians of the Ancient System.” The Order seems to have been revived about that time by Fraxinus—evidently a fictitious name—who was Provincial Grand Master of the four united Masonic Lodges at Hamburg. The Masons did not know that Fraxinus was a Rosicrucian, but he evidently knew how to fleece his dupes. We learn from one Cedrinus, who was a member of one of the Hamburg lodges, that for the initiation into the Rosicrucian degrees he was by installments mulcted in the sum of nearly 150 dollars. When Cedrinus began to express dissatisfaction at these continual extortions, Fraxinus, to quiet him, made Cedrinus keeper of the Great Seal of the Hamburg lodges. This gave the latter an opportunity of gaining an insight into the way in which degrees were manufactured, and how Masonry was corrupted by them. He fell out with Fraxinus, and everywhere proclaimed the machinations of the Rosicrucians. Fraxinus expelled him as a perjured brother.
Another Rosicrucian who obtained notoriety at about the same time was Brother Gordianus, who resided at Tübingen. He was supposed to be a Rosicrucian and an alchymist, since he lived well without having any visible means of subsistence. A schoolmaster, known by the initial L. only, had long desired to become a Rosicrucian; he consequently paid Gordianus a visit, who informed him, amongst other matters, that the object of the Order was to carry out the intentions of Valentine Andrea; that certain conditions were imposed on every member, viz., eternal silence on all concerning the Order, the introduction within six weeks of another member, to show that he was capable of winning the confidence of his fellowmen, and the payment of an initiation fee of fifty dollars. The poor schoolmaster after a time raised the money, and received the subjoined receipt, on a small blue card
SUB RATIFICATIONE VENERAND
SUPERIOR
TETTAra Receptionis in minum Gradum
Ordinis Philosophorum icogritorum, Fratr.
A. LL et R.C. Systematis antiquioris
A 4077.s. 8 I. GORDINAUS
M.L.3 - + -C. Fr. Inspector
- l - g. - + -b Circuli II
On the back of the card was the following :
+
Prævia sancta promisionne religiosæ
Ad impletionis Articuli fundamentalis.
I. et II. et rite ad impleto
Articulo III
Giorianus then proposed to L. that he should translate hermetical and magical writings from Latin into German, which L. did. Gordianus published these translations in a periodical he was then the editor of, without, however, remunerating L., but keeping his faith alive by repeated promises shortly to introduce him to the heads of the Order, who would communicate to him great and valuable secrets. But it seems L. became impatient. He and friends of his made inquiries, and ascertained that Gordianus had boasted that he intended to form a society of cheats and dupes. One of L.’s friends charged Gordianus with it. The latter, in 1785, in writing to L. tried to justify himself, but eventually disappeared from Tübingen, when L. made known the above facts as a warning to others.
288. Theoretical Brethren.—According to the book, “The Theoretical Brethren, or Second Degree of Rosicrucians,” published in 1785, the Rosicrucian ritual was as follows:— The candidate must have been initiated into the Scotch rite; he is led into a large room lighted with candelabra; at the upper end is a square with a black cloth, on which lie an open Bible, the Laws of the Order, and a black embroidered apron. On the carpet there is a globe, surrounded by two rings; from the outer one rays proceed into a circle of cloud, in which are seen the seven planets. A cubical stone is placed above Mars, and the Blazing Star above the globe. An unhewn stone stands opposite to Saturn. The planets promote the growth of the seven metals; the Blazing Star represents Nature; the two circles typify the agens and patiens, the male and female principles. The unhewn stone is the materia prima philosophorum; the cubical stone, the patiens philosophorum. The globe signifies the lodge. The oath is confined to promising fidelity to the Order, secrecy and devotion to the study of nature. The apron is white lined with black, and embroidered. The jewel is of gilt brass, and consists of two triangles with rays issuing therefrom, the name of Jehovah in Hebrew letters, and on the reverse the signs . It is attached to a black ribbon.
Sign: raising the right hand, with the thumb and two forefingers extended, which is answered by placing the thumb and two fore-fingers on the heart. The grip is given by taking the brother with the right hand round the waist. The word is Chaos. In Hamburg the initiation fee was forty gold marks, about £23; monthly contributions amounted to about eighteen shillings. There are nine degrees. We need not go through the whole of them; a few may suffice.
The third degree is called Bracheus, in which the word is Majim, the answer to which is Brocha. The next degree is that of Philosophus; the word, Ruachhiber; initiation fee of about twenty dollars. There is a ninth degree, the initiation fee to which is ninety-nine gold marks, for which the member becomes a true Magus, knowing all the secrets of nature, with power over all angels, devils, and men; the philosopher’s stone is the least of his possessions. 289. Spread of Rosicrucianism.— These Rosicrucians assert that they had lodges in various countries. Vienna, according to their statements, was the seat of the Grand Master of the eighth degree(2); Königsberg, Stettin, Berlin, and Danzig, meeting places of the Brethren of the fifth degree; at Breslau and Leipzic the Brethren of the fourth degree assembled; at Hamburg the Brethren of the sixth degree had a lodge, which cost nine thousand marks. The Order, moreover, had lodges at Nuremherg, Augsburg, Innsbruek, Prague, Paris, Venice, Naples, Malta, Lisbon, Bergen-op-Zoom, Cracow, Warsaw, Basle, Zurich in Europe, and at Smyrna and Ispahan in Asia. The sect was also known in Sweden and Scotland, where it bad its own traditions, claiming to be descended from the Alexandrian priesthood of Ormuzd, who embraced Christianity in consequence of the preaching of St. Mark, founding the society of Ormuzd, or of the "Sages of Light.” This tradition is founded on the Manichænism preserved among the Coptic priests, and explains the seal impressed on the ancient parchments of the Order, representing a lion placing his paw on a paper, on which is written the famous sentence, "Pax tibi, Marce Evangelista meus," from which we might infer that Venice had some connection with the spreading of that tradition. In fact, Nicolai tells us that at Venice and Mantua there were Rosicrucians, connected with those of Erfurt, Leipzic, and Amsterdam. And we also know that at Venice congresses of Alchymists were held; and the connection between these latter and the Rosicrucians has already been pointed out. Nevertheless the Scotch and Swedish Rosicrucians called themselves the most ancient, and asserted Edward, the son of Henry III., to have been initiated into the Order in 1191, by Raymond Lully, the alchymist. The Fraternity of the Rosy Cross is still flourishing in England (see below).
290. Transitions to Freemasons.—From the Templars and Rosicrucians the transition to the Freemasons is easy. With these latter alchyrny receives a wholly symbolical explanation; the philosopher’s stone is a figure of human perfectibility. In the Masonic degree called the “Key of Masonry,” or “Knight of the Sun,” and the work “The Blazing Star,” by Tshudi we discover the parallel aims of the two societies. From the “Blazing Star” I extract the following portion of the ritual: “When the hermetic philosophers speak of gold and silver, do they mean common gold and silver? “—“No, because common gold and silver are dead, whilst the gold and silver of the philosophers are full of life.” “What is the object of Masonic inquiries?“—“ The art of knowing how to render perfect what Nature has left imperfect in man.” “What is the object of philosophic inquiry? “—“ The art of knowing how to render perfect what Nature has left imperfect in minerals, and to increase the power of the philosopher’s stone.” “Is it the same stone whose symbol distinguishes our first degrees? “—“ Yes, it is the same stone which the Freemasons seek to polish.” So also the Phoenix is common to Hermetic and Masonic initiation, and the emblem of the new birth of the neophyte. Now, we have already seen the meaning of this figure, and its connection with the sun. We might multiply comparisons to strengthen the parallelism between hidden arts and secret societies, and trace back the hermetic art to the mysteries of Mithras, where man is said to ascend to heaven through seven steps or gates of lead, brass, copper, iron, bronze, silver, and gold.
291. Progress and Extinction of Rosicrucians.— After having excited much attention throughout Germany, the Rosicrucians endeavoured to spread their doctrines in France, but with little success. In order to attract attention, they in 1623 secretly posted certain notices in the streets of Paris to this effect: “We, the deputies of the College of the Rosy Cross, visibly and invisibly dwell in the city. We teach without books or signs every language that can draw men from mortal error,” &c. &c. A work by Gabriel Naudé gave them the final blow. Peter Mormio, not having succeeded in reviving the society in Holland, where it existed in 1622, published at Leyden in 1630, a work entitled “Arcana Naturæ Secretissima,” wherein he reduced the secrets of the brethren to three—viz., perpetual motion, the transmutation of metals, and the universal medicine.
Ephraim Joseph Hirschfeld AKA Ephraim Joseph Hirschel
Germany 1758 - 1820
Teachers: Franz Joseph Molitor;
Students: the Landgraf Carl von Hessen-Kassel; Hans Heinrich von Ecker und von Eckihoffem;
Friends: Johann Georg Schlosser , the brother of Goethe; David Friedlander; Moses Mendelssohn;
Enemies: rivals, not enemies, Baron Thomas von Schoenfeld, Qabalist;
Organizations: The Order of the Asiatic Brethren; Die Ritter des Lichts (Knights of the Light) AKA Order of Knights and Brothers of the Light ; Die Brueder St. Johannes des Evangelisten aus Asien in Europa (the Asiatic Brethren of St. John the Evangelist in Europe) banned 1785, helped create the Melchizedek Jewish Lodges;
Author: Ephraim Joseph Hirschfeld, & Hirschfeld, Pascal: Biblical Organon real or translation of the Bible with the mystical guidance and critical comments: Genesis, Chapter 1, verses 1-5, 1796
Comments: Freemason; Jewish; Qabalist; Ceremonial Magick; Qabalisitc partner to Hans Heinrich von Ecker und von Eckihoffem's various Masonic endeavors, with his brother Pascal providing better Hebrew than Ephram was capable of understanding and writing. Somewhat in competition with Baron Thomas von Schoenfeld who was also finding Qabalistic elements to incorporate in their Advanced Masonic degrees and their Magickal practices.
Resources: Jews and Freemasons in Europe, Kacob Katz, 1970 ; Gershom Scholem : A-lost Jewish mystics of the Enlightenment: EJ Hirschfeld. In: Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 7 (1962), pp. 247-279. Jacob Katz: Moses Mendelssohn and EJ Hirschfeld. In: Bulletin of the Leo Baeck Institute 28 (1964), pp. 295-311.; Christoph Schulte: The Jewish Enlightenment. Philosophy, religion, history of Munich; Catherine Cook: Franz Joseph Molitor and the Jewish tradition. Studies on the kabbalistic sources of the philosophy of history. With an appendix of unpublished letters by F. Baader, E. J. Hirschfeld, FJ Molitor and FWJ Schelling;
http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim_Joseph_Hirschfeld&prev=/search%3Fq%3DEphraim%2BJoseph%2BHirschfeld%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DAQK%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26prmd%3Dimvnsbo&sa=X&ei=VzopUJLuN8a36QGJuICoDA&ved=0CE0Q7gEwAQ;
Illuminati of Bavaria • The degrees and rituals should be revised to enable the Illuminati to take over Freemasonry. • Illuminism must strictly be a fourth grade superimposed on top of the standard three degrees of Freemasonry. The papers of the Illuminati seized by Bavarian police reveal that all these proposals were adopted by the Areopagite Council. 36 Knigge now redoubled his efforts. By his influence, through 1781 as many as 500 new members were added to the Illuminati. Knigge's impact in time grew to be quite important. He could then report, "Of all the legitimate [Freemason] lodges in Germany, there is only one that has not coalesced with our superiors, and this lodge has been obliged to suspend its labours." 37 A main headquarters of the Order was established in his hometown, Frankfurt-am-Main, a large city-state outside Bavaria. 38 In recognition of Knigge's growing importance, Weishaupt wrote: "Philo does more than we all expected and he is the man who alone will carry it all through." 39 Knigge then appointed national superiors (Nation- alobere) who reported directly to Weishaupt. These were: Count Johann Martin zu Stolberg-Rossla for most of Germany; Prince Karl von Hesse-Cassel (who was serving as Danish governor of Holstein) for the northern part of Germany.
Spread of llluminati After Wilhemsbad Count Johann Martin zu Stolberg-Rossla. The branches in the most northern German territories as well as Sweden, Norway, and Prussia were under the supervision of Prince Karl von Hesse of Kassel. He was governor for the Dutch over Holstein. Other members in these territories were the Duke of Weimar, Karl August; the writers Goethe and Herder at Weimar; the merchant prince Sieverking of Hambourg whose home in 1790 was the site of a famous celebration of the attack on the Bastille; and Karl von Hardenberg of Hannover, a later Prussian reformer. The llluminati' s two most important recruits in this region were: • Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, living at Braunsch- weig; and • Jacob Mauvillon (1743-1794) at Kassell, an engineer and military officer who later became a liason to Mirabeau at Paris.
In 1782, Ecker obtained the cooperation of Karl von Hesse to support the Asiatic Brethren. By no later than 1783, Karl von Hesse was an active member of Weishaupt's lllumi- nati. By 1786, Hesse was the Grand Master of the Asiatic Brethren. From 1786-1787, Karl von Hesse gave special pro- tection of the Asiatic Brethren in Schleswig. Up until 1790, he remained the Grand Master of the order. 141 A librar- ian to the Hesse family, De Luchet, exposed the Asiatic Brethren as an llluminati front in his 1789 work, Essai sur la secte des Illumines. His source was likely Karl von Hesse. De Luchet explained the Asiatic Brethren's structure {e.g., the Sanhedrin, the membership dues, the grades, etc.). He also set forth how each initiate had to promise "a perfect submission and a veritable and inalienable obedience to the laws of the Order" and to bind all other Freemason systems to their own. 143 De Luchet revealed that its secret goal was to unite Europe into one political union. "This Order's goal is that Europe is destined to form one grand union ." 1 44
The garden symbolism actually strengthens your theory about the initiatory aspect of the movie. Masonic gardens are a well established fact. There’s a scholar called James Stevens Curl who has written a couple of books on it as well as academic papers; Rosicrucian expert Christopher McIntosh also wrote a book on it; and I actually have a scholarly book here that is solely dedicated to the subject (from a conference) which I’m mining for a future article. Illuminatus Landgrave Karl von Hessen-Kassel (1744-1836) had a garden for initiatic purposes, the French and English masonic aristocrats had famous ones in the 17th and 18th centuries as well.
In 1776 or shortly thereafter, the Comte de St. Germain settled in a house at Eckernförde as the guest of Prince Karl, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (Dec. 19, 1744 - Aug. 17, 1836). Landgrave Karl was, among other things, Governor of Schleswig-Holstein in Prussia. Possibly, some very important clues to the true identity/genealogy of the physical body of the "Comte de St. Germain" are given in Landgrave Karl's book titled Mémoires de Mon Temps. Dictés par S. A. le Landgrave Charles, Prince de Hesse (Copenhagen, 1861). On p. 133 of this book, Landgrave Karl states the following:
"He [Comte de St. Germain] told me that he was eighty-eight years of age when he came here [about the year 1776], and that he was the son of Prince Ragoczy of Transylvania by his first wife, a Tékéll. He was placed, when quite young, under the care of the last Duc de Medici (Gian Gastone) [Gian Gastone de Medici, 7th Grand Duke of Tuscany (May 24, 1671 - July 9, 1737) - 7th Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1723-1737], who made him sleep while still a child in his own room. When M. de St. Germain learned that his two brothers, sons of the Princess of Hesse-Wahnfried (Rheinfels), had become subject to the Emperor Charles VI, and had received the titles and names of St. Karl and St. Elizabeth, he said to himself: 'Very well, I will call myself Sanctus Germano, the Holy Brother.' I [Landgrave Karl of Hesse-Kassel] cannot in truth guarantee his [Comte de St. Germain's] birth, but that he was tremendously protected by the Duc de Medici I have learnt from another source."
What we can deduce from this statement by Landgrave Karl of Hesse-Kassel is the following:
In the will, 3 men are appointed executors of the will. Two of these men were illegitimate sons of Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715), who were both eventually legitimized, namely:
If Landgrave Karl's statement concerning the genealogy of the Comte de St. Germain is only partially true, then we can envision 2 different scenarios which might fit the information he gave:
(1) Searching the history of Hungary, we find Ilona Zrínyi (born: Jelena Zrínska) (1643 - Feb. 18, 1703), whose first husband was Ferenc-Leopold I Rákóczi (Feb. 24, 1645 - July 8, 1676) (they were married on March 1, 1666), and whose second husband was Imre Thököly [de Kesmarkium] (variant spelling: Imrich Tököli) (April 25, 1657 - Sept. 13, 1705) (they were married in June 1682). This would make Ilona Zrínyi a Tékéll (or Thököly) by her 2nd marriage (remember, here, that Landgrave Karl stated that the Comte de St. Germain's mother was a Tékéll). Imre Thököly was King of Upper Hungary from 1682-1685, and Prince of Transylvania from Sept. 22, 1690 - Oct. 25, 1690. It is possible that Ferenc-Leopold II Rákóczi (1676-1735) had an incestuous affair with his mother Ilona Zrínyi sometime around 1688 or somewhat prior thereto (she would have been a "Tékéll" at that time, since she married Imre Thököly in June 1682). Ferenc-Leopold II would only have been about 12 years old at that time (Please note that we are not advocating this shocking idea or saying that it was the case - we are merely pointing out that, based on the evidence at hand, it is a remote possibility.) The offspring of this incestuous union possibly could be the "Comte de St. Germain."
(2) On the other hand, it's possible that the "Comte de St. Germain" was an unrecorded son of Ilona Zrínyi and Imre Thököly, born sometime in the period 1688-1691. It is known that Ilona Zrínyi and Imre Thököly had a daughter Erzsébet (Nov. 26, 1683 - April 3, 1688). Erzsébet lived at her mother's side through the siege of Palanok Castle at Munkács, and after Ilona surrendered Palanok Castle on Jan. 17, 1688 Erzsébet was taken with her mother and Ferenc-Leopold II to Vienna, where she died on April 3, 1688. The siege of Palanok Castle by Imperial forces led by General Antonio Caraffa (1646/1647 - 1693) lasted from near the end of 1685 until Jan. 17, 1688 (a little over 2 years). After the arrival of Ilona and her children in Vienna, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I (1640-1705) (Holy Roman Emperor: 1658-1705) appointed Cardinal Lipót Károly Kolonič (Leopold Karl von Kollonich) (1631-1707) to serve as the Rákóczi children's guardian and as trustee of the Rákóczi estates. Cardinal Kolonič attempted to transform Ferenc-Leopold II into a meek loyalist by sending him to be re-educated at the Jesuit College at Jindřichův Hradec, Bohemia (German: Neuhaus, Bohemia). Ferenc-Leopold II reluctantly left for Jindřichův Hradec on March 30, 1688 (shortly after his 12th birthday on March 27, 1688). Therefore, if an incestuous affair between Ferenc-Leopold II Rákóczi and his mother really did occur, it would seem that it occurred on or before March 30, 1688! At age 15 Ferenc-Leopold II became a student at the University of Prague under the supervision of a Jesuit priest.
On the other hand, if the "Comte de St. Germain" was the son of Imre Thököly, it's possible that he was born during the short time that Thököly was Prince of Transylvania (Sept. 22, 1690 - Oct. 25, 1690). This would make Landgrave Karl's statement partially true: the "Comte de St. Germain" would be the son of the Prince of Transylvania and a "Tékéll," but the part of Landgrave Karl's statement identifying the Transylvanian prince as being a member of the Rákóczi family would be untrue.
"He [Comte de St. Germain] told me that he was eighty-eight years of age when he came here [about the year 1776], and that he was the son of Prince Ragoczy of Transylvania by his first wife, a Tékéll. He was placed, when quite young, under the care of the last Duc de Medici (Gian Gastone) [Gian Gastone de Medici, 7th Grand Duke of Tuscany (May 24, 1671 - July 9, 1737) - 7th Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1723-1737], who made him sleep while still a child in his own room. When M. de St. Germain learned that his two brothers, sons of the Princess of Hesse-Wahnfried (Rheinfels), had become subject to the Emperor Charles VI, and had received the titles and names of St. Karl and St. Elizabeth, he said to himself: 'Very well, I will call myself Sanctus Germano, the Holy Brother.' I [Landgrave Karl of Hesse-Kassel] cannot in truth guarantee his [Comte de St. Germain's] birth, but that he was tremendously protected by the Duc de Medici I have learnt from another source."
What we can deduce from this statement by Landgrave Karl of Hesse-Kassel is the following:
- If the "Comte de St. Germain" was 88 years old in 1776 or thereabouts, then he was born in 1688 or perhaps a few years later.
- The "Comte de St. Germain's" mother was a "Tékéll."
In the will, 3 men are appointed executors of the will. Two of these men were illegitimate sons of Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715), who were both eventually legitimized, namely:
- Louis Auguste de Bourbon, Duc du Maine [et d'Aumâle] (1670-1736) (legitimized on Dec. 19, 1673)
- Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, Comte de Toulouse (1678-1737) (legitimized on Nov. 22, 1681).
If Landgrave Karl's statement concerning the genealogy of the Comte de St. Germain is only partially true, then we can envision 2 different scenarios which might fit the information he gave:
(1) Searching the history of Hungary, we find Ilona Zrínyi (born: Jelena Zrínska) (1643 - Feb. 18, 1703), whose first husband was Ferenc-Leopold I Rákóczi (Feb. 24, 1645 - July 8, 1676) (they were married on March 1, 1666), and whose second husband was Imre Thököly [de Kesmarkium] (variant spelling: Imrich Tököli) (April 25, 1657 - Sept. 13, 1705) (they were married in June 1682). This would make Ilona Zrínyi a Tékéll (or Thököly) by her 2nd marriage (remember, here, that Landgrave Karl stated that the Comte de St. Germain's mother was a Tékéll). Imre Thököly was King of Upper Hungary from 1682-1685, and Prince of Transylvania from Sept. 22, 1690 - Oct. 25, 1690. It is possible that Ferenc-Leopold II Rákóczi (1676-1735) had an incestuous affair with his mother Ilona Zrínyi sometime around 1688 or somewhat prior thereto (she would have been a "Tékéll" at that time, since she married Imre Thököly in June 1682). Ferenc-Leopold II would only have been about 12 years old at that time (Please note that we are not advocating this shocking idea or saying that it was the case - we are merely pointing out that, based on the evidence at hand, it is a remote possibility.) The offspring of this incestuous union possibly could be the "Comte de St. Germain."
(2) On the other hand, it's possible that the "Comte de St. Germain" was an unrecorded son of Ilona Zrínyi and Imre Thököly, born sometime in the period 1688-1691. It is known that Ilona Zrínyi and Imre Thököly had a daughter Erzsébet (Nov. 26, 1683 - April 3, 1688). Erzsébet lived at her mother's side through the siege of Palanok Castle at Munkács, and after Ilona surrendered Palanok Castle on Jan. 17, 1688 Erzsébet was taken with her mother and Ferenc-Leopold II to Vienna, where she died on April 3, 1688. The siege of Palanok Castle by Imperial forces led by General Antonio Caraffa (1646/1647 - 1693) lasted from near the end of 1685 until Jan. 17, 1688 (a little over 2 years). After the arrival of Ilona and her children in Vienna, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I (1640-1705) (Holy Roman Emperor: 1658-1705) appointed Cardinal Lipót Károly Kolonič (Leopold Karl von Kollonich) (1631-1707) to serve as the Rákóczi children's guardian and as trustee of the Rákóczi estates. Cardinal Kolonič attempted to transform Ferenc-Leopold II into a meek loyalist by sending him to be re-educated at the Jesuit College at Jindřichův Hradec, Bohemia (German: Neuhaus, Bohemia). Ferenc-Leopold II reluctantly left for Jindřichův Hradec on March 30, 1688 (shortly after his 12th birthday on March 27, 1688). Therefore, if an incestuous affair between Ferenc-Leopold II Rákóczi and his mother really did occur, it would seem that it occurred on or before March 30, 1688! At age 15 Ferenc-Leopold II became a student at the University of Prague under the supervision of a Jesuit priest.
On the other hand, if the "Comte de St. Germain" was the son of Imre Thököly, it's possible that he was born during the short time that Thököly was Prince of Transylvania (Sept. 22, 1690 - Oct. 25, 1690). This would make Landgrave Karl's statement partially true: the "Comte de St. Germain" would be the son of the Prince of Transylvania and a "Tékéll," but the part of Landgrave Karl's statement identifying the Transylvanian prince as being a member of the Rákóczi family would be untrue.
Prince William of Hesse-Hanau was tied into the Illuminati. He was the son of Landgrave Frederick or Hesse-Cassel, of the royal family of Hesse. Prince William was a Freemason, and his younger brother Karl, was according to JEWS AND FREEMASONS IN EUROPE, 1723-1939, ‘accepted as the head of all German Freemasons.’ Members of the Hesse dynasty have been described as the leaders of the Strict Observance (in 1782 a Masonic Congress in Wilhelmsbad, a city in the Hesse province, dropped the name ‘Strict Observance’ and changed it to "Beneficent Knights of the Holy City"). The Hesse dynasty is totally connected to the Illuminati. Prince William was the grandson of King George II of England. The Hesse-Cassel’s were one of the richest royal houses in Europe. Their income came mainly from the loaning-out of Hessian soldiers to foreign countries. (The elite loves to makes profit off of "peacekeeping" troops, which is exactly what the Hessians were called. This "peacekeeping" always adds up to imperialism. The Hessian troops were used by England in the American Revolution, in fact the colonial armies fought more Hessian soldiers than English. The House of Hesse-Cassel made a lot of money off the American Revolution.)
Another example of the Hesse-Cassel’s ties to the Illuminati is the enigmatic figure St. Germain, who is hailed as a New Age Messiah-figure. Many researchers believe that St. Germain was the son of Francis II of Transylvania. Francis II’s second wife was Charlotte Amalie of the House of Hesse, he married her in 1694. St. Germain was either her son, or the prior wife’s, this point is debated. His name was Leopold-George and they staged his death in 1700 to save him from the deadly collapse of the Transylvanian dynasty. Prince Karl of Hesse, Masonic leader of Germany, wrote that St. Germain had been sent down to Italy to be raised by the Medici family. Later on St. Germain appeared out of nowhere to work with the elite. There were questions as to his identity and Napoleon Ill had a dossier gathered on him, but the house holding the dossier was mysteriously destroyed in a fire. St. Germain was an alchemist and he claimed to have the alchemical Elixir of Life, the secret formula of immortality (which the Rosicrucians also claimed to have). He was a guest of William and Karl of Hesse in 1774, and in 1779 returned to Karl to spend the last years of his known life. Helena Blavatsky, cofounder of the Theosophical Society claimed that St. Germain was one of the Hidden Masters of Tibet who secretly controlled the world’s destiny. In 1930 Guy Ballard claimed that he met St. GermaIn on Mount Shasta. This supposed meeting led to the creation of the ‘I AM’ movement.
The Hesse Dynasty has lasted clear up to the 20th century. During WWII they were on Hitler’s side. Prince Philip of Hesse was a messenger between Hitler and Mussolini. He was still alive in 1973 and was reported to be the richest prince in Europe. The House of Hesse is still a powerful force in Germany. In 1763 Mayer left Hanover to build his fortune in Frankfort. His main objective was to become a financial agent of Prince William of Hesse-Hanau. Prince William was an intelligent man who loved to make money. (His passions went beyond money. His wife did not please him so he became an adulterer and almost every woman he slept with became pregnant. He fathered between 70 to 21 illegitimate children. His main mistress, Frau von Lindenthal, bore him 8 children and ran his household.) William loved to loan money at high interest rates. He was the perfect man to aid Mayer’s quest for riches. Mayer began bribing Prince William’s servants to become informants. At that time he was an antique dealer, trader, coin collector, and exchanger (the country was divided and as a result the separate currencies made money exchanging very profitable) . General von Estorff convinced Prince William of the value of a rare coin collection and then recommended Rothschild. Thus began the relationship between the Prince and the Rothschilds.
Mayer would sell rare coins, precious stones, and antiques to the Prince at ridiculously low prices. Then, in 1769, after a significant amount of sales, he wrote the Prince asking for and receiving the designation ‘Crown Agent to the Prince of Hesse-Hanau" (a great commercial advertiser. Tities and honors were important in that day, they opened doors). Mayer then married Gutle Schnapper, daughter of a respected merchant, Wolf Salomon Schnapper, in 1770. He then set up a money exchange bureau. His two brothers worked in this bureau with him untIl 1785 when Kalmann died and Moses quite. Some researchers contend that Adam Wieshaupt of the Bavarian Illuminati was financially supported by the Rothschilds. The Bavarian Illuminati was founded in 1776, and the Rothschilds were not necessarily a financial power at that time. I may be wrong, but I do not believe Mayer was in a financial position to support Wieshaupt. It is possible, though, that when, in 1782, the headquarters of the Illuminati moved to Frankfort, that it began to be controlled by the Rothschilds.
In 1785 Prince William’s father, Landgrave Frederick of Hesse-Cassel, died and William became the new Landgrave. This made him the richest prince in Germany and possibly Europe. He left the small province of Hesse-Hanau to become ruler in Hesse-Cassel. Around this time Wolf Schnapper, Mayer’s father-in-law, introduced Rothschild to Carl Buderus who was the Prince’s chief financial advisor. Through either coercion, friendship, or occultic ties Mayer was able to convince Buderus to become an agent for him. This was a big mover for Mayer. The Landgrave William of Hesse-Cassel was to be the ‘steppingstone" to power.
Until then Mayer had only done meager business with William, but by 1789 Buderus managed to get some royal bills for Rothschild to discount. This wasn’t much, but it was a start. Carl received a cut of the profits when he did William’s business through Rothschild. This was the beginning of a long financial relationship that would benefit both parties.
Another example of the Hesse-Cassel’s ties to the Illuminati is the enigmatic figure St. Germain, who is hailed as a New Age Messiah-figure. Many researchers believe that St. Germain was the son of Francis II of Transylvania. Francis II’s second wife was Charlotte Amalie of the House of Hesse, he married her in 1694. St. Germain was either her son, or the prior wife’s, this point is debated. His name was Leopold-George and they staged his death in 1700 to save him from the deadly collapse of the Transylvanian dynasty. Prince Karl of Hesse, Masonic leader of Germany, wrote that St. Germain had been sent down to Italy to be raised by the Medici family. Later on St. Germain appeared out of nowhere to work with the elite. There were questions as to his identity and Napoleon Ill had a dossier gathered on him, but the house holding the dossier was mysteriously destroyed in a fire. St. Germain was an alchemist and he claimed to have the alchemical Elixir of Life, the secret formula of immortality (which the Rosicrucians also claimed to have). He was a guest of William and Karl of Hesse in 1774, and in 1779 returned to Karl to spend the last years of his known life. Helena Blavatsky, cofounder of the Theosophical Society claimed that St. Germain was one of the Hidden Masters of Tibet who secretly controlled the world’s destiny. In 1930 Guy Ballard claimed that he met St. GermaIn on Mount Shasta. This supposed meeting led to the creation of the ‘I AM’ movement.
The Hesse Dynasty has lasted clear up to the 20th century. During WWII they were on Hitler’s side. Prince Philip of Hesse was a messenger between Hitler and Mussolini. He was still alive in 1973 and was reported to be the richest prince in Europe. The House of Hesse is still a powerful force in Germany. In 1763 Mayer left Hanover to build his fortune in Frankfort. His main objective was to become a financial agent of Prince William of Hesse-Hanau. Prince William was an intelligent man who loved to make money. (His passions went beyond money. His wife did not please him so he became an adulterer and almost every woman he slept with became pregnant. He fathered between 70 to 21 illegitimate children. His main mistress, Frau von Lindenthal, bore him 8 children and ran his household.) William loved to loan money at high interest rates. He was the perfect man to aid Mayer’s quest for riches. Mayer began bribing Prince William’s servants to become informants. At that time he was an antique dealer, trader, coin collector, and exchanger (the country was divided and as a result the separate currencies made money exchanging very profitable) . General von Estorff convinced Prince William of the value of a rare coin collection and then recommended Rothschild. Thus began the relationship between the Prince and the Rothschilds.
Mayer would sell rare coins, precious stones, and antiques to the Prince at ridiculously low prices. Then, in 1769, after a significant amount of sales, he wrote the Prince asking for and receiving the designation ‘Crown Agent to the Prince of Hesse-Hanau" (a great commercial advertiser. Tities and honors were important in that day, they opened doors). Mayer then married Gutle Schnapper, daughter of a respected merchant, Wolf Salomon Schnapper, in 1770. He then set up a money exchange bureau. His two brothers worked in this bureau with him untIl 1785 when Kalmann died and Moses quite. Some researchers contend that Adam Wieshaupt of the Bavarian Illuminati was financially supported by the Rothschilds. The Bavarian Illuminati was founded in 1776, and the Rothschilds were not necessarily a financial power at that time. I may be wrong, but I do not believe Mayer was in a financial position to support Wieshaupt. It is possible, though, that when, in 1782, the headquarters of the Illuminati moved to Frankfort, that it began to be controlled by the Rothschilds.
In 1785 Prince William’s father, Landgrave Frederick of Hesse-Cassel, died and William became the new Landgrave. This made him the richest prince in Germany and possibly Europe. He left the small province of Hesse-Hanau to become ruler in Hesse-Cassel. Around this time Wolf Schnapper, Mayer’s father-in-law, introduced Rothschild to Carl Buderus who was the Prince’s chief financial advisor. Through either coercion, friendship, or occultic ties Mayer was able to convince Buderus to become an agent for him. This was a big mover for Mayer. The Landgrave William of Hesse-Cassel was to be the ‘steppingstone" to power.
Until then Mayer had only done meager business with William, but by 1789 Buderus managed to get some royal bills for Rothschild to discount. This wasn’t much, but it was a start. Carl received a cut of the profits when he did William’s business through Rothschild. This was the beginning of a long financial relationship that would benefit both parties.
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iona_m@yahoo.com
FAIR USE NOTICE
This site may contains some copyrighted material which has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding and knowledge through educational issues. This constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law, in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107. The material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes.
The owners and publishers of these pages wish to state that the material presented here that is the product of our research is offered with the caveat that the reader ought always to research on their own. We invite the reader to share in our Seeking of Truth by reading with an Open, but skeptical mind. We constantly seek to validate and/or refine what we understand to be either possible or probable or both. We do this in the sincere hope that all of mankind will benefit, if not now, then at some point in one of our probable futures. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner
