Convert degree Celsius [°C] to degree Fahrenheit [°F]More about TemperatureOverviewTemperature is a measure of the degree of magnitude of heat in an object or matter. It can also be defined as the average amount of kinetic energy in the particles that make up the object or matter. Energy is transferred between objects and matter of higher temperatures to those of lower temperatures, until the temperatures are balanced in thermal equilibrium. This is called heat conduction. For example, if you open the window in winter, the air in the room will transfer heat to the street, until the temperature in the room is the same as outside. Materials have different levels of susceptibility to this heat transfer, or heat conductivity. Some materials are more resistant to thermal conductivity than others. This means that they do not transfer heat as well as other materials. Materials with low conductivity are used for thermal insulation. Temperature is measured with a thermometer, and the lowest possible temperature is –273.15°C. UnitsTemperature is measured in degrees but three different scales exist: Celsius (the most common scale), Fahrenheit (used in the USA and several other countries), and Kelvin (used in science). Kelvin and Celsius scales have different points set as zero. In Celsius it is the temperature of the water freezing, while in Kelvin it is the lowest possible temperature, or –273.15°C. The Fahrenheit scale not only differs in the point set as zero, but also uses a different incrementation formula. To convert degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit the formula below can be used: °C = 5⁄9 (°F – 32). The freezing point of water corresponds to 32°F. The SI unit for temperature is a degree in the Kelvin scale and is called Kelvin (K). Temperature in Physics and ChemistryTemperature determines the state of the matter, such as plasma, gas, liquid, or solid. Molecules vibrate within matter, and raise in temperature increases the kinetic energy and molecule speeds. The molecules vibrate more and travel far enough away from each other to change the state from solid to liquid to gas. The distance between molecules and the kinetic energy that they store is the greatest in gases and the lowest in solids. Materials that do not change their state at high temperatures are called refractory materials. For example, most ceramics do not change their solid state even if exposed to very high temperatures up to 1000°C. Some materials melt and turn into liquids when exposed to high temperatures, while others, such as wood, burn. The temperature range that allows matter to exist in liquid form is usually quite small. Heating a gas will cause atoms to divide into charged particles, ions and electrons — a process called ionization. Partly or completely ionized gas is called plasma; it is an electrically neutral system. Most matter in the Universe is in plasma form. Temperature affects electrical conductivity and serves as a catalyst for chemical reactions. They can be sped up or slowed down by changes in temperature. Triple point of waterThe triple point of water is the temperature and pressure at which its three phases (vapour, liquid water, and ice) coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. The single combination of pressure and temperature at which liquid water, solid ice, and water vapour can coexist in a stable equilibrium occurs at exactly 0.01 °C (273.16 K) and a partial vapour pressure of 611.73 Pa. At that point, it is possible to change all of the substance to vapour, water, or ice by making arbitrarily small changes in pressure and temperature.
Effective TemperatureThe effective temperature of a body is the temperature of a black body, which would emit as much energy per unit area of its surface as is radiated from each unit area of the surface of a given body. A black body is a body, which absorbs all of the radiation within the entire spectrum that comes in contact with its surface. We can calculate this temperature using the Stefan–Boltzmann law, which states that the power of the radiation from a black body is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature. For example, for Earth this value is about 250 K or –23 °C, but at the same time we know that the average temperature of the surface of the Earth is generally higher, around +15 °C. This inconsistency between the actual and the effective temperature can be explained by looking at the atmosphere of the Earth, which causes a greenhouse effect and prevents the Earth from losing this heat. Thus 250 K is the temperature of the upper atmospheric layers. That is, the effective temperature of the Earth is the temperature that is seen from space. Knowing the effective temperature of a star we can find its spectral class, or in other words — the range of wave lengths of the electromagnetic radiation that it emits. The effective temperature of the Sun is about 6000 K and the maximum value for the radiation is 470 nm, which corresponds to the green spectral region, even though it seems yellow to us. Temperature in the UniverseWhen we talk about temperatures present in the Universe, the range of these temperatures is vast, from the extremely low to the extremely high temperatures. For example, the effective temperature of the cosmic microwave background, which is the left-over radiation from the Big Bang, is only 2.7 K. This value is very close to the absolute zero. On the other hand, the temperatures of stars can reach as high as 40,000 K. The radius of these stars is usually very large, ten or more times greater than the radius of the Sun. An example of such a star is Alnitak A, a blue supergiant in the Orion constellation. Its diameter is 20 times more than the diameter of the Sun. The temperatures within the core of stars is even higher, because these extreme temperatures are necessary in order for the thermonuclear reactions to take place. For example, very high energy within the core is the precondition for the reaction, which converts lighter elements into heavier ones. Therefore an extremely high temperature is required. The temperature in the core of our Sun reaches 15,000,000 K. Temperature in BiologyTemperature affects the biological processes of life forms. Complex organisms have a control center to maintain constant temperatures, and they also use body temperature fluctuations as defense mechanisms. For example, to eliminate bacteria or viruses when infected by them, humans increase body temperature above what the invading organisms can tolerate. In another example rodents, as well as some mammals such as bears, suppress metabolic processes, decrease body temperature, and slow down breathing and heart rate. This process is called dormancy, and it is a survival mechanism for seasons when food is unavailable or in short supply. Some examples of dormancy include hibernation in winter and aestivation during the summer. Hibernating animals sometimes have very low temperatures, even below 0°C. For example, abdominal temperature of arctic squirrels can reach –2.9°C. Plants also become dormant in cold climates. Suspended AnimationInducing the slowdown of metabolism in living organisms without terminating their life is called suspended animation. It could be a self-induced state, or it could be instigated externally. Some animals stay in this state naturally in some stages in their life. Living organisms in suspended animation are on the verge of death, but animal trials have shown that animals can be brought back to life successfully, without neurological or tissue damage. It is a hope of many researchers that the same can be done for humans. Researchers believe that suspended animation will allow saving lives of people who have life-threatening injuries and health problems, such as heart attacks. Injured people usually suffer from severe blood loss, which results in acute shortage of oxygen, because blood carries oxygen within the body to the organs that need it. In such cases severe neurological and tissue damage and even death often are a result of the oxygen-deficiency in vital organs, including the brain. When an injured person is in suspended animation, the body does not need to function at full capacity, and the demand for oxygen becomes minimal. This also prevents the irreversible damage, such as death of cells and tissue, from happening, while the medical staff performs the necessary medical procedures to save the patient. Suspended animation can allow for extra time to transport injured and sick patients to a care facility, and to perform emergency treatment. Living beings in suspended animation survive extremely low temperatures, and there are recorded cases of people surviving hypothermia by self-induced suspended animation. People in the state of hypothermia are also known to survive without food and water for periods of time longer than possible in a regular state. Embryos are also stored in this state for fertility treatment and can survive for periods longer than ten years. Astronauts can also benefit from this during long-distance flights. Researchers are currently conducting experiments on animals by replacing their blood with saline solutions of low temperature or placing them in chambers with chemicals that induce suspended animation. The animals are then brought to life with statistically significant success rates. Since 2008 human studies have been conducted. CryonicsIt is the hope of scientists that preserving dead living organisms, including humans, in the low-temperature environment will allow for future treatment and revival. This preservation is called cryopreservation, and the discipline that studies it is called cryonics. Current technology allows cryopreservation of tissue, parts, or an entire body. Usually the temperature of about 77 K or –196°C is used in this process. It is the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, the substance often used for freezing complex organisms. These temperatures are too low to allow biochemical reactions that cause cell death. Numerous complications often arise in the freezing stage, such as cell damage due to ice formation. Using the current freezing methods cryopreserved tissue is estimated to last up to 1000 years. Researchers suggest that beyond this point DNA damage is likely to occur, but hope that by then new technologies will be available to reverse this damage. Several cryonics companies now offer post-mortal cryopreservation of pets and people. The process is costly and there have been problems in the past with bodies thawing. In some cases only the head is cryopreserved, and companies generally charge less for this procedure than for preserving the whole body. It poses a potential financial problem in the future, because if the technology is in place to revive the body, then the head-only individuals will need a host body — potentially more costly than reviving a body. Temperature in CookingCooking often uses heat to break down or change the structure of the food components. For example, heat breaks down muscle tissue of meat and makes it more tender. Controlling temperatures in food preparation is something only humans do, and anthropologists agree that we have used heat for cooking for the past 250,000 years. Cold temperatures are also used in food preparation, for example to kill parasites in fish that is to be consumed raw as sushi or sashimi. Industrial freezers are used for this purpose because home freezers do not reach the desired temperatures of about –37°C. Convert degree Reaumur to degree Celsius Convert degree Celsius to degree Rankine Convert degree Fahrenheit to kelvin Convert degree Celsius to degree Fahrenheit Convert degree Celsius to kelvin You may be interested in other converters in the Common Unit Converters group:Dry Volume and Common Cooking Measurements Volume and Common Cooking Measurement Converter Pressure, Stress, Young’s Modulus Converter Linear Speed and Velocity Converter Fuel Efficiency, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Economy Converter Do you have difficulty translating a measurement unit into another language? Help is available! Post your question in TCTerms and you will get an answer from experienced technical translators in minutes. |
Temperature is a scalar physical quantity describing how quickly molecules are moving inside materials. In liquids and solids, the molecules are vibrating around a fixed point in the substance. In gases, however, they are free and bouncing off each other as they travel. If the path of heat transfer between cold and hot bodies is open, heat flows spontaneously from higher temperature bodies to lower temperature bodies. This flow rate increases with the temperature difference. At the same time, if two bodies have the same temperature, no heat exchange occurs between them. Such bodies are said to be in a thermal equilibrium state. The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. The temperatures are equal for all systems in thermal equilibrium. This allows to make a thermometer to measure the temperature of the medium in which it is immersed.
In the International System of Units (SI), the temperature is measured in kelvin. It is one of the seven base units in the system. The Kelvin scale is an absolute temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero. The kelvin is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380649×10⁻²³ when expressed in the unit J⋅K⁻¹, which is equal to kg⋅m²⋅s⁻²⋅K⁻¹, where the kilogram, meter and second are defined in terms of h, c and ΔνCs.
The Celsius scale (°C) is used for most temperature measurements. It has the same incremental scaling as the Kelvin scale used by scientists, but fixes its null point, at 0°C = 273.15 K, approximately the freezing point of water. The Fahrenheit scale is used in the US for common purposes. On this scale, water freezes at 32 °F and boils at 212 °F.
In Rankine scale (°R) zero is absolute zero. However, unlike the Kelvin scale, the Rankine degree is defined as equal to one degree Fahrenheit, rather than the one degree Celsius used by the Kelvin scale. A temperature of −459.67 °F is exactly equal to 0 °R.
Within the Fahrenheit scale (°F), the water freezing temperature is defined at 32 degrees, while the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 degrees at standard atmospheric pressure. A degree on the Fahrenheit scale is 1⁄180 of the interval between the freezing point and the boiling point of water.
The Réaumur scale (°Re, °Ré, °R) is an obsolete temperature scale in which the boiling and freezing points of water are set to 80 and 0 degrees respectively. The Réaumur scale was widespread in Europe during the eighteenth century, particularly in France and Germany as well as Russia. By the 1790s, France switched to the Celsius scale for the metric system over the Réaumur measurements. In modern days it is used only in the measuring of milk temperature in cheese production.
This converter allows converting from one temperature scale to another.
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