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List of Christian martyrs

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Martyrdom of St. Paul by Tintoretto Madonna dell'Orto (Venice) - Choir - The beheading of St. Paul.jpg
Martyrdom of St. Paul by Tintoretto
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This is a list of reputed martyrs of Christianity; it includes only notable people with Wikipedia articles. Not all Christian denominations accept every figure on this list as a martyr or Christian—see the linked articles for fuller discussion. In many denominations of Christianity, martyrdom is considered a direct path to sainthood and many names on this list are viewed as saints in one or more denomination.

Contents

Apostolic Age—1st century

Martyrdom of Saint Stephen by Giovanni Andrea de Ferrari (1598-1669) Martyrdom of Saint Stephen by Giovanni Andrea De Ferrari (1598-1669), undated, oil on copper - Accademia Ligustica di Belle Arti - DSC02144.JPG
Martyrdom of Saint Stephen by Giovanni Andrea de Ferrari (1598-1669)
The crucifixion of Saint Peter by Caravaggio (1601) Crucifixion of Saint Peter-Caravaggio (c.1600).jpg
The crucifixion of Saint Peter by Caravaggio (1601)

According to the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles

According to early sources

According to tradition

Age of Martyrdom—2nd to 4th centuries

Pope St Fabian and Saint Sebastian, Giovanni di Paolo Giovanni di Paolo 002.jpg
Pope St Fabian and Saint Sebastian, Giovanni di Paolo
The martyrdom of St. Alban, from a 13th-century manuscript, now in the Trinity College Library, Dublin. Note the executioner's eyes falling out of his head DublinTrinityCollegeMSEi40LifeAlbanFol38rMartyrdomAlban.jpg
The martyrdom of St. Alban, from a 13th-century manuscript, now in the Trinity College Library, Dublin. Note the executioner's eyes falling out of his head

According to early Christian tradition

With some historical attestation within a hundred years of the event

With some historical attestation more than a hundred years after the event

Largely or wholly legendary

Middle Ages—5th to 15th-centuries

Madonna and Child with St Peter Martyr, by Lorenzo Lotto Lorenzo Lotto - Madonna and Child with St Peter Martyr - WGA13648.jpg
Madonna and Child with St Peter Martyr, by Lorenzo Lotto
Joan of Arc being burned at the stake, by Jules-Eugene Lenepveu Joan of arc burning at stake.jpg
Joan of Arc being burned at the stake, by Jules-Eugène Lenepveu

Reformation Era—16th century

Dirk Willems etching from Martyrs Mirror Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg
Dirk Willems etching from Martyrs Mirror
"Death of Cranmer", from the 1887 Foxe's Book of Martyrs Joseph Martin Kronheim - Foxe's Book of Martyrs Plate VII - Death of Cranmer.jpg
"Death of Cranmer", from the 1887 Foxe's Book of Martyrs

Modern Era—17th to 21st centuries

Feodosia Morozova, an Old Believer being arrested by Czarist authorities Boyaryna Morozova by V.Surikov (1884-1887, Tretyakov gallery) detail 01.jpg
Feodosia Morozova, an Old Believer being arrested by Czarist authorities
An illustration depicts the brutal death of Father Luis Jayme by the hands of angry natives at Mission San Diego de Alcala in Alta California, November 4, 1775 Death of Father Jayme.jpg
An illustration depicts the brutal death of Father Luís Jayme by the hands of angry natives at Mission San Diego de Alcalá in Alta California, November 4, 1775

See also

Related Research Articles

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Barnabas, born Joseph (Ἰωσήφ) or Joses (Ἰωσής), was according to tradition an early Christian, one of the prominent Christian disciples in Jerusalem. According to Acts 4:36, Barnabas was a Cypriot Jew. Named an apostle in Acts 14:14, he and Paul the Apostle undertook missionary journeys together and defended Gentile converts against the Judaizers. They traveled together making more converts, and participated in the Council of Jerusalem. Barnabas and Paul successfully evangelized among the "God-fearing" Gentiles who attended synagogues in various Hellenized cities of Anatolia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope Linus</span> Second Pope of the Catholic Church

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope Urban I</span> Head of the Catholic Church from 222 to 230

Pope Urban I, also known as Saint Urban (175?–230), was the bishop of Rome from 222 to 23 May 230. He was born in Rome and succeeded Callixtus I, who had been martyred. It was believed for centuries that Urban I was also martyred. However, recent historical discoveries now lead scholars to believe that he died of natural causes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agnes of Rome</span> Christian virgin and saint

Agnes of Rome is a virgin martyr, venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodox Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, as well as the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Churches. She is one of several virgin martyrs commemorated by name in the Canon of the Mass, and one of many Christians martyred during the reign of the Roman emperor Diocletian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John the Apostle</span> Apostle of Jesus, saint (c. 6 – c. 100)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clement of Rome</span> Head of the Catholic Church from 88 to 99 AD

Clement of Rome, also known as Pope Clement I, was the bishop of Rome in the late first century AD. He is listed by Irenaeus and Tertullian as the bishop of Rome, holding office from 88 AD to his death in 99 AD. He is considered to be the first Apostolic Father of the Church, one of the three chief ones together with Polycarp and Ignatius of Antioch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope Fabian</span> Head of the Catholic Church from 236 to 250

Pope Fabian was the bishop of Rome from 10 January 236 until his death on 20 January 250, succeeding Anterus. A dove is said to have descended on his head to mark him as the Holy Spirit's unexpected choice to become the next pope. He was succeeded by Cornelius.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope Eutychian</span> Head of the Catholic Church from 275 to 283

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philip the Apostle</span> Christian saint and apostle

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simon the Zealot</span> Apostle of Jesus

Simon the Zealot or Simon the Canaanite or Simon the Canaanean was one of the most obscure among the apostles of Jesus. A few pseudepigraphical writings were connected to him, but Jerome does not include him in De viris illustribus written between 392 and 393 AD.

An apostolic see is an episcopal see whose foundation is attributed to one or more of the apostles of Jesus or to one of their close associates. In Catholicism, the phrase "The Apostolic See" when capitalized refers specifically to the See of Rome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dionysius the Areopagite</span> Greek bishop and saint

Dionysius the Areopagite was an Athenian judge at the Areopagus Court in Athens, who lived in the first century. A convert to Christianity, he is venerated as a saint by multiple denominations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chrysanthus and Daria</span> Early Christian saints

Saints Chrysanthus and Daria are saints of the Early Christian period. Their names appear in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum, an early martyrs list, and a church in their honour was built over their reputed grave in Rome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emerentiana</span> Christian martyr

Emerentiana was a Roman virgin and martyr, who lived around the start of the 4th century. Her feast day is 23 January.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Onesiphorus</span> Christian martyr

Onesiphorus was a Christian referred to in the New Testament letter of Second Timothy. According to the letter sent by St. Paul, Onesiphorus sought out Paul who was imprisoned at the time in Rome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Praxedes</span> Second century Christian saint

Saint Praxedes, called "a Roman maiden", was a saint and virgin who lived in the Roman Empire during the 2nd century. Along with her sister, Saint Pudentiana, she provided for the poor and gave care and comfort to persecuted Christians and martyrs. Her veneration began in the 4th century and many churches have been dedicated to her.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andeolus</span>

Andeolus or Andéol is an alleged Christian missionary martyred in Gaul.

Saint symbolism has been used from the very beginnings of the religion. Each saint is said to have led an exemplary life and symbols have been used to tell these stories throughout the history of the Church. A number of Christian saints are traditionally represented by a symbol or iconic motif associated with their life, termed an attribute or emblem, in order to identify them. The study of these forms part of iconography in art history. They were particularly used so that the illiterate could recognize a scene, and to give each of the Saints something of a personality in art. They are often carried in the hand by the Saint.

References

  1. ↑ Matthew 2:16–18
  2. ↑ Matthew 14:1–12
  3. ↑ Acts 7:54–60
  4. ↑ Acts 12:1–2
  5. ↑ Revelation 2:13
  6. ↑ Lyons, George. Antiquities of the Jews - Book XX, Chapter 9 . Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  7. ↑ Quintus Septimius Florens, Tertullian. "Prescription Against Heretics Chapter XXXVI". ccel.org. Retrieved 1 June 2015. "Since, moreover, you are close upon Italy, you have Rome, from which there comes even into our own hands the very authority (of apostles themselves). How happy is its church, on which apostles poured forth all their doctrine along with their blood; where Peter endures a passion like his Lord's; where Paul wins his crown in a death like John's[the Baptist]; where the Apostle John was first plunged, unhurt, into boiling oil, and thence remitted to his island-exile."
  8. ↑ Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to the Ephesians, Chapter XII
  9. ↑ The legends surrounding Andrew are discussed in F. Dvornik, "The Idea of Apostolicity in Byzantium and the Legend of the Apostle Andrew", Dumbarton Oaks Studies, IV (Cambridge) 1958.
  10. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Matthew".
  11. ↑ Schaff, Philip (1885). "Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume 8". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  12. ↑ Farmer, David (2011). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised. Oxford University Press. p. 418. ISBN   978-0199596607.
  13. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Apocrypha".
  14. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Bartholomew".
  15. ↑ Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 160. ISBN   978-0-19-280290-3.
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  17. ↑ "St. Simon of Zealot". Catholic Online. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  18. ↑ Pope Shenouda III. The Beholder of God Mark the Evangelist Saint and Martyr, Chapter Seven. Tasbeha.org
  19. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Epistles to Timothy and Titus".
  20. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philemon".
  21. ↑ Henry Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies, s.v. "Polycarpus, bishop of Smyrna".
  22. ↑ Lebreton, J. (1910). St. Justin Martyr. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  23. ↑ Smith, Clyde Curry. "Speratus", Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 2004
  24. ↑ Foley O.F.M., Leonard. Saint of the Day, (revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), Franciscan Media ISBN   978-0-86716-887-7
  25. ↑ Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome
  26. ↑ Whitehead, Kenneth D. "Witnesses of the Passion", Touchstone Magazine
  27. ↑ "The Letter of the Churchs of Vienna and Lyons to the Churches of Asia and Phrygia", Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University
  28. ↑ Meier, P. Gabriel (1909). "Pope St. Fabian"  . Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 5.
  29. ↑ Fr. Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI (1997). "St. Sebastian". My First Book of Saints. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate - Quality Catholic Publications. pp. 22–23. ISBN   971-91595-4-5.
  30. ↑ Millar, Fergus (1993). The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.-A.D. 337. Harvard University Press. ISBN   978-0-674-77886-3.
  31. ↑ "NPNF210. Ambrose: Selected Works and Letters - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2009-01-21.
  32. ↑ "Sts. Felix and Adauctus". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  33. ↑ Amore, Agostino (5 Nov 2008). "Santi Marcellino e Pietro". Santi e Beati. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
  34. ↑ Homilies xix in P.G., XXXI, 507 sqq.
  35. ↑ "St. Euphemia the All-Praised", Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese
  36. ↑ Chapman, John. "St. Cyprian of Carthage." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 15 Jan. 2013
  37. ↑ Bede. "Ecclesiastical History of the English People". Internet History Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  38. ↑ Chronicle, from the Latin translation of Jerome, p. 276.
  39. ↑ Butler, Alban (1799). The Lives of the Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints: Compiled from Original Monuments, and other Authentic Records: Illustrated with the Remarks of Judicious Modern Critics and Historians (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: J. Moir for J. P. Coghlan.
  40. ↑ Hubertus Drobner, Der heilige Pankratius: Leben, Legende und Verehrung 2nd rev. ed. 2005.
  41. ↑ "XVI kalendas Martii Interamnae Via Flaminia miliario ab Urbe Roma LXIII natale Valentini." In J. B. de Rossi, p. 20 (XVI KL. MAR.). See also M. Schoepflin, p. 40: "the original text".
  42. ↑ "Santa Benedetta Monacilioni".
  43. ↑ Kirsch, Johann Peter (1911). "St. Petronilla"  . Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 11.
  44. ↑ Kirsch, Johann Peter. "St. Afra." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 12 Apr. 2013
  45. ↑ Attwater, Donald (1995) [1965]. Dictionary of Saints (Third ed.). London: Penguin Reference.
  46. ↑ Herbert Thurston (1913). "St. Januarius"  . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  47. ↑ "St. Philomena". Catholic Encyclopedia.
  48. ↑ Mershman, Francis. "St. Vincent." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 12 Feb. 2015
  49. ↑ Two thousand years of Coptic Christianity, Otto Friedrich August Meinardus
  50. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Lucy".
  51. ↑ "Wilgefortis". Catholic Encyclopedia.
  52. ↑ "Kirsch, Johann Peter. "St. Lawrence." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 9 February 2013".
  53. ↑ Kirsch, Johann Peter. "St. Cecilia", The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 24 April 2013.
  54. ↑ "Clugnet, Léon. "St. Catherine of Alexandria." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 1 May 2013". Newadvent.org. 1908-11-01. Retrieved 2013-08-26.
  55. ↑ Kirsch, Johann Peter (1912). "Sts. Vitus, Modestus, and Crescentia"  . Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 15.
  56. ↑ Kirsch, Johann Peter (1911). "Pelagia"  . Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 11.
  57. ↑ "Saint Sophia". Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America.
  58. ↑ Löffler, Klemens (1912). "Tewdrig"  . Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 14.
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  65. ↑ Mershman, Francis (1907). "St. Boniface"  . Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 2.
  66. ↑ Phillips, George Edward (1909). "St. Edmund the Martyr"  . Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 5.
  67. ↑ Phillips, George Edward (1909). "St. Edward the Martyr"  . Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 5.
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