Peter the Great

Peter the Great (ˈpʲɵtr vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj), Peter I (ˈpʲɵtr ˈpʲɛrvɨj) or Peter Alexeyevich (p; –)Dates indicated by the letters "O.S." are in the Julian calendar with the start of year adjusted to 1 January. ^[1]

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Aarhus Cathedral

Aarhus Cathedral (Aarhus Domkirke) is a cathedral in Aarhus, Denmark.

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Abbeville

Abbeville is a commune in the Somme department and in Hauts-de-France region in northern France.

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Abkhazians of African descent

Afro-Abkhazians, or Abkhazians of African descent, also known as African Caucasians, were a small group of people of African descent in Abkhazia, who used to live mainly in the settlement Adzyubzha at the mouth of the Kodori River and the surrounding villages (Chlou, Pokvesh, Agdarra, and Merkulov) on the eastern coast of the Black Sea in Eastern Europe.

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Abortion in Russia

Abortion in Russia is legal as an elective procedure up to the 12th week of pregnancy, and in special circumstances at later stages.

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Abram Petrovich Gannibal

Abram Petrovich Gannibal, also Hannibal or Ganibal, or Abram Hannibal or Abram Petrov (Абра́м Петро́вич Ганниба́л; 1696 – 14 May 1781), was a Russian military engineer, general, and nobleman of African origin.

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Absolute monarchy

Absolute monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.

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Accounts Chamber of Russia

Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation (Счётная палата Российской Федерации) is the parliamentary body of the financial control in the Russian Federation.

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Achilles Alferaki

Achilles Nikolayevich Alferaki ("Achilles" sometimes spelled Akhilles or Ahilles) (July 3, 1846, Kharkov, Russian Empire – December 27, 1919, Saint Petersburg, Soviet Union) was a Russian composer and statesman of Greek descent.

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Active Privy Councillor

Active Privy Councillor (действительный тайный советник, deystvitelny tayniy sovetnik) was the civil rank (ru: чин / tchin) in the Russian Empire, according to the Table of Ranks introduced by Peter the Great in 1722.

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Active Privy Councillor, 1st class

Active Privy Councillor, 1st class (действительный тайный советник первого класса, deystvitelny tayniy sovetnik pervogo klassa) was the civil position (class) in the Russian Empire, according to the Table of Ranks introduced by Peter the Great in 1722.

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Active State Councillor

Active State Councillor (действительный статский советник, deystvitelny statskiy sovetnik) was the civil position (class) in the Russian Empire, according to the Table of Ranks introduced by Peter the Great in 1722.

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Adam Brand (explorer)

Adam Brand (born before 1692 - died 1746) was a German merchant and explorer.

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Adam Olearius

Adam Olearius (born Adam Ölschläger or Oehlschlaeger, September 24, 1599February 22, 1671), was a German scholar, mathematician, geographer and librarian.

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Adam Silo

Adam Silo (Amsterdam, 25 December 1674 - Amsterdam, 1760) was a Dutch painter who specialized in maritime scenes — particularly naval ships, but also trading and whaling vessels.

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Adam Veyde

Adam Adamovich Veyde (Адам Адамович Вейде) (1667 – January 26, 1720) was a Russian infantry general and a close associate of Peter the Great.

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Addiscombe

Addiscombe is an area of South London, England, within the London Borough of Croydon.

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Administrative divisions of Arkhangelsk Oblast

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Arkhangelsk Oblast is divided into six cities and towns of oblast significance, twenty-one districts, and two island territories (Franz Joseph Land and Victoria Island).

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Administrative divisions of Leningrad Oblast

Administratively, Leningrad Oblast is divided into seventeen districts and a town of oblast significance, Sosnovy Bor.

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Administrative divisions of Novgorod Oblast

Administratively, Novgorod Oblast is divided into three cities and towns of oblast significance and twenty-one districts.

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Administrative divisions of Pskov Oblast

Administratively, Pskov Oblast is divided into two cities and towns of oblast significance and twenty-four districts.

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Administrative divisions of Russia in 1708–1710

The administrative division reform of 1708 was carried out by Russian Tsar Peter the Great in an attempt to improve the manageability of the vast territory of Russia.

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Administrative divisions of Russia in 1719–1725

The second administrative reform of 1719 was carried out by Peter the Great in order to fix the deficiencies of the original system.

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Administrative divisions of Russia in 1727–1728

The administrative reform of 1727 was carried out soon after Peter the Great's death, when it became apparent that previous reform was not working as planned.

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Administrative divisions of the Novgorod Republic

The administrative division of Novgorod Republic is not definitely known; the country was divided into several tysyachas (lit. thousands) and volosts.

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Administrative divisions of Tver Oblast

Administratively, Tver Oblast is divided into two urban-type settlements under the federal government management, five cities and towns of oblast significance, and thirty-six districts.

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Administrative divisions of Vologda Oblast

Administratively, Vologda Oblast is divided into four cities and towns of oblast significance and twenty-six districts.

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Admiraliteitslijnbaan, Amsterdam

The Admiraliteitslijnbaan (Ropewalk of the Admiralty of Amsterdam) is a 17th-century building on Oostenburgergracht canal in Amsterdam.

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Admiralty Board (Russian Empire)

Admiralty Board (Адмиралтейств-коллегия, Admiralteystv-Kollegiya) was a supreme body for the administration of the Imperial Russian Navy in the Russian Empire, established by Peter the Great on December 12, 1718, and headquartered in the Admiralty building, Saint Petersburg.

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Admiralty Shipyard

The Admiralty Shipyard (Адмиралтейские верфи) (formerly Soviet Shipyard No. 194) is one of the oldest and largest shipyards in Russia, located in Saint Petersburg.

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Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin

Afanasy Lavrentievich Ordin-Nashchokin (Афанасий Лаврентьевич Ордин-Нащокин) (1605–1680) was one of the most important Russian statesmen of the 17th century.

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African diaspora

The African diaspora consists of the worldwide collection of communities descended from Africa's peoples, predominantly in the Americas.

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Afro-Russian

Afro-Russians are people of Black African descent, or those who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other given populations that have migrated to and settled in Russia.

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Afrosinya

Yefrosinya Fedorova (also Euphrosyne, Afrosinya, Afrosina, Ofrosinya; 1699/1700 – 1748), was a Russian serf.

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Ahmed III

Ahmed III (Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثالث, Aḥmed-i sālis) (30/31 December 16731 July 1736) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV (r. 1648–87).

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Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad, also known as Amdavad is the largest city and former capital of the Indian state of Gujarat.

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Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov

Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov (Акинфий Никитич Демидов) (1678 – 5 August 1745) was a Russian industrialist of the Demidov family.

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Aksay dungeons

Aksay dungeons are dungeons of the town Aksay in Rostov oblast.

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Albanian Battalion

The Albanian Battalions (1775-1859) were a series of mostly Albanian battalions under the Russian Imperial army which fought against the Ottoman Empire.

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Albert Lortzing

Gustav Albert Lortzing (23 October 1801 – 21 January 1851) was a German composer, actor and singer.

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Albertus Seba

Albertus Seba (May 12, 1665, Etzel near Friedeburg – May 2, 1736, Amsterdam) was a Dutch pharmacist, zoologist and collector.

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Albin Schram

Albin Schram (1926–2005) was one of the greatest collectors of autograph letters by shapers of world history.

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Aleksandr Baluev

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Baluev (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Балу́ев; born 6 December 1958) is a Soviet and Russian theatre and film actor who appeared in more than 100 films and numerous stage productions since 1980.

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Alekseevsky Gate

The Alekseevsky Gate (Russian: Алексеевские ворота) is a monument of military and engineering art, former main gate of the Azov Fortress of the XV century.

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Aleksei Petrenko

Aleksei Vasilyevich Petrenko (Алексей Васильевич Петренко; 26 March 1938 – 22 February 2017) was a Soviet and Russian film and stage actor.

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Aleksei Shein

Aleksei Semyonovich Shein (Алексей Семенович Шеин in Russian) (1662 – February 12, 1700), Russian commander and statesman, the first Russian Generalissimo (1696), boyar, great-grandson of Mikhail Shein.

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Aleksei Smirnov (actor)

Aleksei Makarovich Smirnov (Алексей Макарович Смирнов; 28 February 1920 in Danilov – 7 May 1979 in Leningrad) was a Russian actor.

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Aleksey Trubetskoy

Prince Aleksey Nikitich Trubetskoy (Алексей Никитич Трубецкой; 17 March 1600? – 1680) was the last voivode of the Trubetskoy family and a diplomat who was active in negotiations with Poland and Sweden in 1647 and with the ambassadors of Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1654.

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Alexander Afanasyev

Alexander Nikolayevich Afanasyev (Afanasief, Afanasiev or Afanas'ev, Александр Николаевич Афанасьев) (—) was a Russian Slavist and ethnographer who published nearly 600 Russian fairy and folk tales, one of the largest collections of folklore in the world.

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Alexander Alexandrovich Menshikov

Prince Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Menshikov (1 March 1714 – 27 November 1764) was a son of Prince Menshikov who, at one stage, was betrothed to Grand Duchess Natalya Alexeyevna, a granddaughter of Peter the Great.

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Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky

Prince Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky (Алекса́ндр Беко́вич-Черка́сский), born Devlet-Girei-mırza (Девлет-Гирей-мурза) (died 1717), was a Russian officer of Circassian origin who led the first Russian military expedition into Central Asia.

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Alexander Brückner

Alexander Brückner (5 August 1834, Saint Petersburg – 15 November 1896, Jena) was a Baltic German historian who specialized in Russian studies.

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Alexander Buturlin

Count Aleksander Borisovich Buturlin (Russian, in full: граф Александр Борисович Бутурлин; 1694 – 1767) was a Russian general and courtier whose career was much furthered by his good looks and personal affection of Empress Elizabeth.

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Alexander Danilovich Menshikov

Prince Aleksander Danilovich Menshikov (Алекса́ндр Дани́лович Ме́ншиков; –) was a Russian statesman, whose official titles included Generalissimus, Prince of the Russian Empire and Duke of Izhora (Duke of Ingria), Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, Duke of Cosel.

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Alexander Gordon (general)

Alexander Gordon of Auchintoul (–July 1752) was a Scottish general who fought in the Russian army under Peter the Great in 1696–1711, and for the Jacobites in the Jacobite rising of 1715.

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Alexander I of Russia

Alexander I (Александр Павлович, Aleksandr Pavlovich; –) reigned as Emperor of Russia between 1801 and 1825.

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Alexander II of Russia

Alexander II (p; 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881) was the Emperor of Russia from the 2nd March 1855 until his assassination on 13 March 1881.

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Alexander Kurakin

Prince Alexander Borisovich Kurakin, sometimes spelled Kourakine (18 January 1752 – Weimar, 6 / 24 June 1818) was a Russian statesman and diplomat, a member of the State Council (from 1810), who was ranked Actual Privy Counsellor 1st Class (see Table of Ranks).

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Alexander Lazarev (actor)

Alexander Sergeyevich Lazarev (Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Ла́зарев; January 3, 1938 – May 2, 2011) was a Soviet and Russian theater and film actor, the People's Artist of Russia and the USSR State Prize laureate (both 1977).

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Alexander Nevsky

St.

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Alexander Nevsky Lavra

Saint Alexander Nevsky Lavra or Saint Alexander Nevsky Monastery was founded by Peter I of Russia in 1710 at the eastern end of the Nevsky Prospekt in Saint Petersburg supposing that that was the site of the Neva Battle in 1240 when Alexander Nevsky, a prince, defeated the Swedes; however, the battle actually took place about away from that site.

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Alexander Pushkin

Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (a) was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic eraBasker, Michael.

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Alexander Romanovich Bruce

Count Alexander Romanovich Bruce (1704–1760) was a lieutenant general in the Imperial Russian army.

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Alexander Rumyantsev

Count Alexander Ivanovich Rumyantsev (Александр Иванович Румянцев) (1677–1749) was an assistant of Peter the Great and father of Field Marshal Peter Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky.

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Alexander Turgenev

Alexander Ivanovich Turgenev (Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Турге́нев; (27 March 1784, Simbirsk - 3 December 1845, Moscow) was a Russian statesman and historian.

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Alexandra Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn

Alexandra Anastasia "Sacha" Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn, (b. 27 February 1946, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.), is the wife of His Grace The 5th Duke of Abercorn.

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Alexandre Benois

Alexandre Nikolayevich Benois (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Бенуа́, also spelled Alexander Benois;,Salmina-Haskell, Larissa. Russian Paintings and Drawings in the Ashmolean Museum. pp. 15, 23-24. Published by Ashmolean Museum, 1989 Saint Petersburg9 February 1960, Paris) was a Russian artist, art critic, historian, preservationist, and founding member of Mir iskusstva (World of Art), an art movement and magazine.

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Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia

Alexei Petrovich Romanov (28 February 1690 – 7 July 1718) was a Russian Tsarevich.

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Alexei Senyavin

Alexei Naumovich Senyavin (also spelled Sinyavin) (Алексей Наумович Сенявин) (5 October 1716 – 10 August 1797) was an admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy, son of Naum Senyavin.

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Alexey

Alexey (Aleksey; Алексе́й,; Алексей) is a Russian and Bulgarian male first name deriving from the Greek Alexios (Αλέξιος), meaning "Defender", and thus of the same origin as the Latin Alexius.

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Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin

Count Alexey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (Алексе́й Петро́вич Бесту́жев-Рю́мин) (1 June 1693 – 21 April 1768), Chancellor of the Russian Empire, was one of the most influential and successful European diplomats of the 18th century.

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Alexey Cherkassky

Prince Alexey Mikhailovich Cherkassky or Tcherkassky (Алексей Михайлович Черкасский in Russian, 1680–1742) was the Chancellor of the Russian Empire in the beginning of Empress Elizabeth's reign.

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Alexey Grigoryevich Dolgorukov

Alexey Grigoryevich Dolgorukov (died 1734 in Beryozov) was a Russian politician and member of the Supreme Privy Council under Peter II.

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Alexey Verstovsky

Alexey Nikolayevich Verstovsky (Алексéй Никола́евич Верстóвский) was a Russian composer, musical bureaucrat and rival of Mikhail Glinka.

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Alexey Zubov

Alexey Fyodorovich Zubov (Алексе́й Фёдорович Зу́бов) (1682–c.1741) was a Russian etcher.

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Alexis of Russia

Aleksey Mikhailovich (p; –) was the tsar of Russia from 12 July 1645 until his death, 29 January 1676.

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Alferaki Palace

Alferaki Palace is a museum in Taganrog, Russia, originally the home of the wealthy merchant Nikolay Alferaki.

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All-Russian nation

The All-Russian nation (obshcherusskiy narod), also known as the pan-Russian nation or the triune Russian nation (triyedinyy russkiy narod) is a Russophile and Russian irredentist ideology which sees the Russian nation as comprising the three historical and geographic regions of Kievan Rus' (Great Russia, Little Russia and White Russia) and branches of Rus' people, which include modern East Slavs (namely, Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians), rather than only modern Russia and ethnic Russians.

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Allotment (gardening)

An allotment garden (British English), often called simply an allotment, or a community garden (North America) is a plot of land made available for individual, non-commercial gardening or growing food plants.

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Altyn

Altyn (Russian алты́н, also алты́нник altýnnik) is a historical Russian currency (symbol). The name in Tatar is altı (алты) meaning "six", since it was worth 6 half-dengas (six halves, Russ. шесть полушек), equivalent to three kopek silver, then copper, a small value coin, or 180–206 copper puls.

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Ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland (1763–1794)

Ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland–Lithuania in the years 1763–1794 were among the most important characters in the politics of Poland.

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Amber Room

The Amber Room (r, Bernsteinzimmer, Bursztynowa komnata) is a reconstructed chamber decorated in amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirrors, located in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo near Saint Petersburg.

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Amcazade Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha

Amcazade Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha ("Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha the Nephew"; in Hysein Pashë Kypriljoti) (1644–1702) of the Köprülü family, was the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire under Mustafa II from September 1697 until September 1702.

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Amusement Palace

The Amusement Palace is located at the Kremlin’s western wall.

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Anastasia de Torby

Countess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Torby, CBE (9 September 1892 – 7 December 1977), otherwise styled Lady Zia Wernher, was the elder daughter of Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia, a grandson of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, by Countess Sophie of Merenberg.

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Anastasia Hendrikova

Countess Anastasia Vasilyevna Hendrikova, (23 June 1887 – 4 September 1918), was a lady in waiting at the court of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra.

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Andreapol

Andreapol (Андреа́поль) is a town and the administrative center of Andreapolsky District in Tver Oblast, Russia, located on the Valdai Hills on the left bank in the upper course of the Western Dvina River.

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Andreapolsky District

Andreapolsky District (Андреа́польский райо́н) is an administrative and municipalLaw #4-ZO district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia.

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Andreas Schlüter

Andreas Schlüter (July 16, 1659 in Gdansk; May 1714) was a German baroque sculptor and architect, active in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Tsardom.

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Andrei Bely

Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev (a), better known by the pen name Andrei Bely (a; – 8 January 1934), was a Russian novelist, poet, theorist, and literary critic.

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Andrei Ivanovich Bogdanov

Andrei Ivanovich Bogdanov (Андрей Иванович Богданов) (1692 – September 11, 1766) was one of the first Russian bibliographers and ethnographers.

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Andrei Tarkovsky

Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky (p; 4 April 1932 – 29 December 1986) was a Russian filmmaker, writer, film editor, film theorist, theatre and opera director.

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Andrew Vinius

Andrew Vinius (Андре́й Андре́евич Ви́ниус, Andrey Andreyevich Vinius) (1641–1717) was a Russian statesman and a friend of Peter the Great.

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Andrey Khilkov

Prince Andrey Yakovlevich Khilkoff (1676–1716) was Russian ambassador to Sweden.

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Andrey Matveyev

Count Andrey Artamonovich Matveev (Андрей Артамонович Матвеев) (1666–1728) was a Russian statesman of the Petrine epoch best remembered as one of the first Russian ambassadors and Peter the Great's agent in London and the Hague.

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Andrey Matveyev (painter)

Andrey Matveyev (Russian: Андрей Матвеевич Матвеев. 1701 – 23 April 1739) was a Russian artist.

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Andrey Nartov

Andrey Konstantinovich Nartov (Андрей Константинович Нартов) (1683—1756) was a Russian scientist, military engineer, inventor and sculptor.

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Andrey Osterman

Count Andrey Ivanovich Osterman (Андрей Иванович Остерман) (9 June 1686 31 May 1747) was a German-born Russian statesman who came to prominence under Tsar Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great) and served until the accession of the Tsesarevna Elizabeth.

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Anglo-Russian

The Anglo-Russians were an English expatriate business community centred in St Petersburg, then also Moscow, from the 1730s till the 1920s.

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Angus Konstam

Angus Konstam (born 2 January 1960) is a Scottish author and historian.

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Anichkov Bridge

The Anichkov Bridge (Russian: Аничков мост, Anichkov Most) is the oldest and most famous bridge across the Fontanka River in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Anikita Repnin

Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin (Аники́та Ива́нович Репни́н; 1668 – 3 July 1726, in Riga) was a prominent Russian general during the Great Northern War who superintended the taking of Riga in 1710 and served as the Governor of Livland from 1719 until his death.

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Anisya Kirillovna Tolstaya

Anisya Kirillovna Tolstaya (died 1732), was a Russian noblewoman, lady-in-waiting and royal mistress to Tsar Peter the Great.

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Anklam

Anklam, formerly known as Tanglim and Wendenburg, is a town in the Western Pomerania region of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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Anna Ivanovna Kramer

Anna Ivanovna Kramer (1694-1770), was a Russian court official.

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Anna Leopoldovna

Anna Leopoldovna (А́нна Леопо́льдовна; 18 December 1718 – 19 March 1746), born as Elisabeth Katharina Christine von Mecklenburg-Schwerin and also known as Anna Carlovna (А́нна Ка́рловна), was regent of Russia for a few months in 1740 and 1741 during the minority of her infant son Emperor Ivan VI.

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Anna Lopukhina

Princess Anna Petrovna Lopukhina (Анна Петровна Лопухина) (8 November 1777 – 25 April 1805) was a royal mistress to Emperor Paul of Russia.

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Anna Mons

Anna Mons (1672–1714) was a Dutch commoner who almost succeeded in marrying Tsar Peter the Great.

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Anna of Russia

Anna Ioannovna (Анна Иоанновна; –), also spelled Anna Ivanovna and sometimes anglicized as Anne, was regent of the duchy of Courland from 1711 until 1730 and then ruled as Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740.

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Anna Pavlovna of Russia

Anna Pavlovna of Russia (Анна Павловна; Dutch: Anna Paulowna; 18 January 1795 — 1 March 1865) was a queen consort of the Netherlands.

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Annenkrone

Annenkrone (St Anne's Crown, Анненские укрепления, Annenskiye ukrepleniya, Pyhän Annan kruunu) is an early 18th century fortification in Vyborg, Russia.

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Annenschule

Saint Anna German High School (Главное немецкое училище Святой Анны), usually known as Annenschule (Анненшуле), was a school in Saint Petersburg, Russia founded in 1736 for children of the German population of the city.

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Anrep family

Anrep is a family, belonging to Swedish and Russian nobility.

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Anthony Deane (mayor)

Sir Anthony Deane (c.16381721) was a 17th-century mayor of Harwich, naval architect, Master Shipwright and commercial shipbuilder, and Member of Parliament.

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Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Anthony Ulrich (German: Anton Ulrich; 4 October 1633 – 27 March 1714), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1685 until 1702 jointly with his elder brother Rudolph Augustus, and solely from 1704 until his death.

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Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union

Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union, including the Soviet Anti-Catholic Campaigns, refer to those concerted efforts taken by the Soviet Union to defame, undermine, or otherwise decrease or limit the role of the Catholic Church in Europe.

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Anti-Mongolianism

Anti-Mongolian sentiment has been prevalent throughout history, often perceiving the Mongols to be a barbaric and uncivilized people.

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Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War

Following the October Revolution of 1917, the Bolshevik seizure of power led to the Russian Civil War which continued until 1922.

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Anti-Ukrainian sentiment

Anti-Ukrainian sentiment or Ukrainophobia is animosity towards Ukrainians, Ukrainian culture, language or Ukraine as a nation.

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Antichrist

In Christianity, antichrist is a term found solely in the First Epistle of John and Second Epistle of John, and often lowercased in Bible translations, in accordance with its introductory appearance: "Children, it is the last hour! As you heard that antichrist is coming, so now many antichrists have come".

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Antiochus Kantemir

Antiochus or Antioch Kantemir or Cantemir (Антиох Дмитриевич Кантемир, Antiokh Dmitrievich Kantemir; Antioh Cantemir; Antioh Kantemiroğlu; Antioche Cantemir; 8 September 1708 – 31 March 1744) was a Moldavian who served as a man of letters, diplomat, and prince during the Russian Enlightenment.

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Antioh Cantemir

Antioh Cantemir (died 1726), better known in English by the anglicized form Antioch Cantemir, was a Moldavian noble who ruled as voivode of Moldavia (18 December 1695 – 12 September 1700 and 23 February 1705 –31 July 1707).

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Antisemitism in the Russian Empire

Antisemitism in the Russian Empire included numerous pogroms and the designation of the Pale of Settlement, from which Jews were forbidden to migrate into the interior of Russia, unless they converted to the Russian Orthodox state religion.

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Anton Bakov

Anton Bakov (Антон Алексеевич Баков; born 29 December 1965) is a businessman, politician, traveller, writer and human rights activist.

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Anton de Vieira

António Manuel de Vieira, known in Russia as Count Anton Manuilovich Devier, Антон Мануилович Девиер (1682? &ndash), was one of Peter I's foreign associates, who proved to be an efficient administrator in St Petersburg and Siberia.

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek FRS (24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch businessman and scientist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology.

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Antonio Corradini

Antonio Corradini (19 October 1688, Venice – 12 August 1752, Naples) was an Italian Rococo sculptor.

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Antonio Poggi

Antonio Poggi (1806 – 15 April 1875) was an Italian operatic tenor who had an active international career from 1827–1848.

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Apollon Maykov

Apollon Nikolayevich Maykov (Аполло́н Никола́евич Ма́йков,, Moscow –, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian poet, best known for his lyric verse showcasing images of Russian villages, nature, and history.

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Aptekarsky Island

Aptekarsky Island (Апте́карский о́стров) is a small island situated in the northern part of the Neva delta.

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Arabian horse

The Arabian or Arab horse (الحصان العربي, DMG ḥiṣān ʿarabī) is a breed of horse that originated on the Arabian Peninsula.

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Arabic numerals

Arabic numerals, also called Hindu–Arabic numerals, are the ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, based on the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world today.

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Archangelgorod Governorate

Archangelgorod Governorate (Архангелогородская губерния, Arkhangelogorodskaya guberniya), or the Government of Archangelgorod, was an administrative division (a guberniya) of the Tsardom of Russia and then the Russian Empire, which existed from 1708 until 1780.

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Archibald Pitcairne

Archibald Pitcairne or Pitcairn (25 December 165220 October 1713) was a Scottish physician.

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Archil of Imereti

Archil (არჩილი) (1647 – April 16, 1713), of Bagrationi dynasty, king of Imereti in western Georgia (1661–1663, 1678–1679, 1690–1691, 1695–1696, and 1698) and of Kakheti in eastern Georgia (1664–75).

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Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition

The Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition (GESLO) (1910–1915) was a scientific expedition organized by Russia for the purpose of the development of the Northern Sea Route.

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Arctic policy of Russia

The Arctic policy of Russia is the domestic and foreign policy of the Russian Federation with respect to the Russian region of the Arctic.

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Arkhangelsk

Arkhangelsk (p), also known in English as Archangel and Archangelsk, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, in the north of European Russia.

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Arkhangelsk Gostiny Dvor

The Merchant Court (Гостиный двор) is a network of fortified depots built on the Pur-Navolok promontory in Arkhangelsk by a team of German and Dutch masons between 1668 and 1684.

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Arkhangelsk Oblast

Arkhangelsk Oblast (Арха́нгельская о́бласть, Arkhangelskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Army

An army (from Latin arma "arms, weapons" via Old French armée, "armed" (feminine)) or land force is a fighting force that fights primarily on land.

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Arnold Boonen

Arnold van Boonen (16 December 1669 – 2 October 1729) was a Dutch portrait painter.

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Around the World in 80 Treasures

Around the World in 80 Treasures is a 10 episode art and travel documentary series by the BBC, presented by Dan Cruickshank, and originally aired in February, March, and April 2005.

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Arsenal Design Bureau

Arsenal Design Bureau (Konstruktorskoye byuro Arsenal) is an engineering company active in the fields of space technology, ship artillery and civilian machine building.

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Arsenije III Čarnojević

Arsenije III Čarnojević (Арсеније III Чарнојевић, 1633 – 27 October 1706) was the Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch from 1674 to his death in 1706.

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Artamon Matveyev

Artamon Sergeyevich Matveyev (Артамон Сергеевич Матвеев in Russian) (1625–1682) was a Russian statesman, diplomat and reformer.

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Artemy Volynsky

Artemy Petrovich Volynsky (Russian: Арте́мий Петро́вич Волы́нский; 1689–1740) was a Russian statesman and diplomat.

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Ascension Convent (Kiev)

The Ascension Convent (Флорівський монастир, Флоровский монастырь) in the Kievan neighbourhood of Podil, also known as the Florivsky, originated in the 16th century as the wooden church of Sts.

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Ascension Convent (Moscow)

Ascension Convent, known as the Starodevichy Convent or Old Maiden's until 1817 (Russian: Voznesensky monastery, Вознесенский монастырь), was an Orthodox nunnery in the Moscow Kremlin which contained the burials of grand princesses, tsarinas, and other noble ladies from the Muscovite royal court.

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Asdvadzadur of Armenia

Catholicos Asdvadzadur was the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church between 1715 and 1725.

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Asia

Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres.

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Astrakhan

Astrakhan (p) is a city in southern Russia and the administrative center of Astrakhan Oblast.

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At the Beginning of Glorious Days

At the Beginning of Glorious Days (V nachale slavnykh del) is the second part of a two-part film that started with The Youth of Peter the Great.

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Atatürk's Reforms

Atatürk's Reforms (Atatürk Devrimleri) were a series of political, legal, religious, cultural, social, and economic policy changes that were designed to convert the new Republic of Turkey into a secular, modern nation-state and implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in accordance with Kemalist ideology.

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Auguste de Montferrand

Auguste de Montferrand (January 23, 1786 – July 10, 1858) was a French Classicism architect who worked primarily in Russia.

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Augustus II the Strong

Augustus II the Strong (August II.; August II Mocny; Augustas II; 12 May 16701 February 1733) of the Albertine line of the House of Wettin was Elector of Saxony (as Frederick Augustus I), Imperial Vicar and elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

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Australia–Russia relations

Australia–Russia relations (Российско-австралийские отношения) date back to 1807, when the Russian warship ''Neva'' arrived in Sydney as part of its circumnavigation of the globe.

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Austria–Russia relations

Austria–Russia relations (Российско-австрийские отношения or Австрийско-российские отношения, Österreichisch-russische Beziehungen) refers to the political, economic and social relations between Austria and Russia and their predecessor states.

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Austrian-Russian Friendship Society

The Austrian-Russian Friendship Society (ORFG) is a networking society that hosts meetings between Austrians and Russians in areas such as agriculture, politics, education and culture.

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Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)

The Austro-Turkish War was fought between Austria and the Ottoman Empire.

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Avdotya Chernysheva

Avdotya Ivanovna Chernysheva (Авдотья Ивановна Чернышева; February 12, 1693 – June 17, 1747) was a Russian noble and lady in waiting.

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Avilova Cave

Avilova Cave (Avilova peshchera) is the cave that is situated in Avilovy Mountains in Belokalitvinsky District in Rostov Oblast.

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Avtonom Golovin

General Avtonom Mikhailovich Golovin (October 7, 1667 – July 3, 1720) was a Russian military leader and one of the associates of Peter the Great.

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Axel Gyllenkrok

Axel Gyllenkrok, or Gyllenkrook (August 16, 1665 – September 17, 1730) was a Swedish baron, military general, and governor of Gothenburg.

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Ayuka Khan

Ayuka or Ayuki Khan (1669–1724) was a Kalmyk leader under whose rule the Kalmyk Khanate reached its zenith in terms of economic, military, and politic power.

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Azerbaijanis in Russia

Azerbaijanis in Russia or Russian Azerbaijanis (Rusiya azərbaycanlıları (Latin), Русија азәрбајҹанлылары (Cyrillic); Азербайджанцы в России, Azerbajdzhanchy v Rossii) are Azerbaijani people in the Russian Federation, and are Russian citizens or permanent residents of ethnic Azerbaijani background.

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Azov

Azov (Азов), formerly known as Azoff, is a town in Rostov Oblast, Russia, situated on the Don River just from the Sea of Azov, which derives its name from the town.

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Azov campaigns (1695–96)

The Azov campaigns of 1695–96 (Азо́вские похо́ды, Azovskiye Pokhody), were two Russian military campaigns during the Russo-Turkish War of 1686–1700, led by Peter the Great and aimed at capturing the Turkish fortress of Azov (garrison - 7,000 men), which had been blocking Russia's access to the Azov Sea and the Black Sea.

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Azov Fortress

The Azov Fortress (r) is a fortified complex in Azov, Rostov oblast, Russia, overlooking the Don River and the Port of Azov to the north.

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Çorlulu Ali Pasha

Çorlulu Damat Ali Pasha (1670 in Çorlu – 1711 in Lesbos) was an Ottoman grand vizier who held the office from 1706 to 1710.

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Étienne Maurice Falconet

Étienne Maurice Falconet (1 December 1716 – 24 January 1791) was a French baroque, rococo and neoclassical sculptor, best-known for his equestrian statue of Peter the Great, the Bronze Horseman (1782), in St.

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Šćepan Mali

"Tsar" Šćepan Mali (Stephen the Little) (? - 22 September 1773) was the de facto ruler tsar of Montenegro from 1767 until his death in 1773.

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Babayevsky District

Babayevsky District (Баба́евский район) is an administrativeLaw #371-OZ and municipalLaw #1105-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-six in Vologda Oblast, Russia.

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Babushkinsky District, Vologda Oblast

Babushkinsky District (Ба́бушкинский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #371-OZ and municipalLaw #1106-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-six in Vologda Oblast, Russia.

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Bakhmut

Bakhmut (Ба́хмут, Бахмут) formerly Artemivsk/Artyomovsk (Артемівськ, Артёмовск), is a city of regional significance in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine.

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Balagansk

Balagansk (Балага́нск) is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Balagansky District of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia.

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Balagansky District

Balagansky District (Балаганский райо́н) is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia.

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Balakirev the Buffoon

Balakirev The Buffoon (Шут Балакирев) is a 2002 Russian televised version of 1999 Lenkom theatrical presentation, written by Grigori Gorin.

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Balchug

Balchug (Ба́лчуг), also known as Bolotny Island ("The Marsh Island", Боло́тный о́стров), is an island in the very centre of Moscow, Russia, in between the Moskva River (right across from the Kremlin) and its old riverbed, which was turned into the Vodootvodny Canal in 1786.

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Bald–hairy

Bald–hairy (лысый–волосатый) is a common joke in Russian political discourse, referring to the empirical rule of the state leaders' succession defined as a change of a bald leader to a hairy one and vice versa.

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Baltacı Mehmet Pasha

Baltacı Mehmet Pasha (also called Pakçemüezzin Baltacı Mehmet Pasha, sometimes known just as Baltacı or Baltadji; 1662, Osmancık – July 1712, Lemnos) was an Ottoman statesman who served as grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1704 to 1706, and as Kapudan Pasha (grand admiral of the Ottoman Navy) in 1704.

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Baltic Fleet

The Baltic Fleet (Балтийский флот) is the fleet of the Russian Navy in the Baltic Sea.

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Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Scandinavia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Poland, Germany and the North and Central European Plain.

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Baltic states

The Baltic states, also known as the Baltic countries, Baltic republics, Baltic nations or simply the Baltics (Balti riigid, Baltimaad, Baltijas valstis, Baltijos valstybės), is a geopolitical term used for grouping the three sovereign countries in Northern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

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Baltiysk

Baltiysk (Балти́йск), before 1946 known by its German name Pillau (Piława; Piliava; Yiddish: פּילאַווע, Pilave), is a seaport town and the administrative center of Baltiysky District in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the northern part of the Vistula Spit, on the shore of the Strait of Baltiysk separating the Vistula Lagoon from the Gdańsk Bay.

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Bandura

A bandura (банду́ра) is a Ukrainian, plucked string, folk instrument.

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Bandy

Bandy is a team winter sport played on ice, in which skaters use sticks to direct a ball into the opposing team's goal.

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Barberini Faun

The life-size marble statue known as the Barberini Faun, Fauno Barberini or Drunken Satyr is located in the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany.

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Baron

Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often hereditary.

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Baroque

The Baroque is a highly ornate and often extravagant style of architecture, art and music that flourished in Europe from the early 17th until the late 18th century.

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Baroque architecture

Baroque architecture is the building style of the Baroque era, begun in late 16th-century Italy, that took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion, often to express the triumph of the Catholic Church.

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Bashkir rebellion of 1735–1740

The Bashkir rebellion of 1735–1740 refers to a rebellion which was initiated by the Bashkirs against the Russian Empire.

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Bashkir Uprising (1704–11)

The Bashkir Rebellion from 1704 to 1711 was one of the longest in the series of Bashkir rebellions in the 17th and 18th centuries in the Russian Empire.

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Bashkirs

The Bashkirs (Башҡорттар, Başqorttar,; Башкиры, Baškiry) are a Turkic ethnic group, indigenous to Bashkortostan and to the historical region of Badzhgard, extending on both sides of the Ural Mountains, in the area where Eastern Europe meets North Asia.

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Basmanny District

Basmanny District (райо́н Басма́нный) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow, Russia.

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Batog

A batog is a rod or stick about the thickness of a man's finger traditionally used for corporal punishment in Russia.

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Battle of Berezina (disambiguation)

Battle of Berezina may refer to one of the following events that happened by the Berezina River.

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Battle of Dynekilen

The naval Battle of Dynekilen (Slaget ved Dynekilen) took place on 8 July 1716 during the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Erastfer

The battle of Erastfer (also Battle of Errestfer, Battle of Erastvere) took place on 29 December 1701 (O.S.) / 30 December 1701 (Swedish calendar) / 9 January / 1702 (N.S.) near Erastfer in eastern Swedish Livonia (present-day Erastvere in Estonia) between a Russian force of around 13,000 regulars along with 6,000 irregulars led by general Boris Sheremetev and a Swedish force of about 3,470 men (at least 1,000 men were absent from the ranks for various reasons on the day of the battle, resulting in an actual fighting force of about 2,200–2,470 men), under the command of Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach.

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Battle of Gangut

The Battle of Gangut (Гангутское сражение, Riilahden taistelu, Finland Swedish: Slaget vid Rilax, Sjöslaget vid Hangöudd) took place on 27 JulyJul./ 7 August 1714Greg. during the Great Northern War (1700–21), in the waters of Riilahti Bay, north of the Hanko Peninsula, near the site of the modern-day city of Hanko, Finland, between the Swedish Navy and Imperial Russian Navy.

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Battle of Grodno (1706)

The Battle of Grodno (1706) refers to the battle during the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Grodno (1708)

Battle of Grodno (1708) refers to the short battle on January 26, 1708, during the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Holowczyn

The Battle of Holowczyn or Holofzin or Golovchin was fought between the Russian forces, and the Swedish army, led by Charles XII of Sweden, only 26 years of age at the time.

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Battle of Kletsk (1706)

The Battle of Kletsk took place on 30 April 1706 (Gregorian calendar), in- and outside the city of Kletsk, Belarus during Charles XII's Polish campaign of 1701–1706, in the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Kliszów

The Battle of Kliszów (Klissow) (Klezow) took place on July 8 (Julian calendar) / July 9 (Swedish calendar) / July 19, 1702 (Gregorian calendar) near Kliszów, Poland-Lithuania, during the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Krtsanisi

The Battle of Krtsanisi (კრწანისის ბრძოლა, k'rts'anisis brdzola) was fought between the Qajars of Iran and the Georgian armies of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and Kingdom of Imereti at the place of Krtsanisi near Tbilisi, Georgia, from September 8 to September 11, 1795, as part of Qajar Emperor Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's war in response to King Heraclius II of Georgia’s alliance with the Russian Empire.

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Battle of Lesnaya

The Battle of Lesnaya (Битва при Лесной Bitva pri Lesnoy, Slaget vid Lesna, Bitwa pod Leśną), was one of the major battles of the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Malatitze

The Battle of Molyatichi (Swedish: Malatitze), also known as the Battle of Dobroye, took place on August 31, 1708 at Molyatichi (present-day Belarus near the Russian border) during the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Napue

The Battle of Napue was fought on February 19, 1714 (O.S.) / March 2, 1714 (N.S.) at the villages of Napue and Laurola in the Isokyrö parish of the Swedish Empire (modern Finland) between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia.

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Battle of Narva (1700)

The Battle of Narva (Битва при Нарве; Slaget vid Narva) on (20 November in the Swedish transitional calendar) was an early battle in the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Pälkäne

The Battle of Pälkäne, sometimes called the Battle at Kostianvirta or Battle on the Pialkiane River (Битва на реке Пялькяне) was fought between the Russian army under Admiral Fyodor Apraksin and the defending Finnish army of Sweden under General Carl Gustaf Armfeldt on 17 October 1713, as part of the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Petschora

The Battle of Petschora took place on February 23, 1701 near the village of Pechory, Russia during the second year of the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Poltava

The Battle of Poltava (Slaget vid Poltava; Полта́вская би́тва; Полта́вська би́тва) on 27 June 1709 (8 July, N.S.) was the decisive victory of Peter I of Russia, also known as "the Great," over the Swedish forces under Field Marshal Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld, in one of the battles of the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Rajovka

The Battle of Rajovka took place on September 20, 1708 near Rajovka during the Swedish invasion of Russia in the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Samarra (1733)

The Battle of Samarra was the key engagement between the two great generals Nader & Topal Osman, which led to the siege of Baghdad being lifted, keeping Ottoman Iraq under Istanbul's control.

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Battle of the Palaces

The "Battle of the Palaces" occurred in the Russian Empire in the last decade of the reign of Catherine II (1784–1796) and the reign of Paul I (1796–1801), with ripple effects extending into the beginning of the reign of Alexander I. A bitter standoff between Catherine and Paul, her only legitimate son and heir, manifested itself in transient political and ideological conflicts, but also had a lasting, tangible impact on Russian architecture.

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Battle of Warsaw (1705)

The Battle of Warsaw (also known as the Battle of Rakowitz or Rakowiec)Rakowiec later became part of the Ochota district of Warsaw.

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Battledress

A battledress is a type of uniform used as combat uniforms, as opposed to dress uniforms or formal uniform worn at parades and functions.

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Battles of Latrun (1948)

The Battles of Latrun were a series of military engagements between the Israel Defense Forces and the Jordanian Arab Legion on the outskirts of Latrun between 25 May and 18 July 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

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Beard

A beard is the collection of hair that grows on the chin and cheeks of humans and some non-human animals.

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Beard tax

A beard tax is one of several taxes introduced throughout history on men who wear beards.

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Belgium–Russia relations

Belgium–Russia relations refers to the bilateral foreign relations between the two countries, Belgium and Russia.

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Belgorod

Belgorod (p) is a city and the administrative center of Belgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the Seversky Donets River north of the border with Ukraine.

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Belgorod Oblast

Belgorod Oblast (Белгоро́дская о́бласть, Belgorodskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Belozersk

Belozersk (Белозе́рск) is a town and the administrative center of Belozersky District in Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the southern bank of Lake Beloye, from which it takes the name, northwest of Vologda, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Belozersky Canal

The Belozersky Bypass Canal (Белозерский канал, Белозерский обводной канал) is a canal around the south-western part of Lake Beloye in Belozersky District of Vologda Oblast in north-western Russia.

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Belozersky District, Vologda Oblast

Belozersky District (Белозе́рский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #371-OZ and municipalLaw #1107-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-six in Vologda Oblast, Russia.

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Belsky District, Tver Oblast

Belsky District (Бе́льский райо́н) is an administrative and municipalLaw #4-ZO district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia.

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Bely, Tver Oblast

Bely (Бе́лый) is a town and the administrative center of Belsky District in Tver Oblast, Russia, located on the Obsha River.

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Benjamin Danielsson Roth

Benjamin Danielsson Roth (German: Roht) was a Saxon blacksmith and farrier who emigrated to Sweden sometime between 1706 and 1709 during the Great Northern War.

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Berdsk

Berdsk (Бердск) is a town in Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia, a satellite of Novosibirsk, situated on a bank of the Berd River.

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Berezina River

The Berezina or Biarezina (Бярэ́зіна) is a river in Belarus and a tributary of the Dnieper River.

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Bernard Forest de Bélidor

Bernard Forest de Bélidor (1698, Catalonia, Spain – 8 September 1761, Paris, France) was a French engineer, significant to the development of the science of hydraulics and ballistics.

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Beryozovo, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug

Beryozovo (Берёзово) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Beryozovsky District of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located on the Ob River.

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Bezhanitsky District

Bezhanitsky District (Бежа́ницкий райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #833-oz and municipalLaw #420-oz district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia.

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Bezhanitsy

Bezhanitsy (Бежаницы) is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Bezhanitsky District of Pskov Oblast, Russia.

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Bezhetsk

Bezhetsk (Бе́жецк) is a town and the administrative center of Bezhetsky District in Tver Oblast, Russia, located on the Mologa River at its confluence with the Ostrechina River.

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Bezhetsky District

Bezhetsky District (Бе́жецкий райо́н) is an administrative and municipalLaw #4-ZO district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia.

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Bhakti Thapa

Bhakti Thapa (1741 Lamjung, Nepal – 1815) is a National hero of Nepal.

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Bible translations into Church Slavonic

Translations into Old Church Slavonic The oldest translation of the Bible into a Slavic language, Old Church Slavonic, has close connections with the activity of the two apostles to the Slavs, Cyril and Methodius, in Great Moravia in 864–865.

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Bible translations into Russian

The tradition of Bible translations in Christianity in Russia begins with Slavic translations of the Bible and Old Church Slavonic.

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Biržai

Biržai (known also by several alternative names) is a city in northern Lithuania.

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Biysk

Biysk (p) is a city in Altai Krai, Russia, located on the Biya River not far from its confluence with the Katun River.

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Boksitogorsky District

Boksitogorsky District (Бокситого́рский райо́н) is an administrativeOblast Law #32-oz and municipalLaw #78-oz district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Bolghar

Bolghar (Болгар, Пăлхар) was intermittently capital of Volga Bulgaria from the 8th to the 15th centuries, along with Bilyar and Nur-Suvar.

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Bologovsky District

Bologovsky District (Болого́вский райо́н) is an administrative and municipalLaw #4-ZO district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia.

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Bologoye, Tver Oblast

Bologoye (Болого́е) is a town and the administrative center of Bologovsky District in Tver Oblast, Russia, as well as a major railway hub.

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Bolshaya Nikitskaya Street

Bolshaya Nikitskaya Street (Большая Никитская улица, Nikitskaya Ulitsa) is a radial street that runs west from Mokhovaya Street to Garden Ring in Moscow, between Vozdvizhenka Street (south) and Tverskaya Street (north).

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Bolsheokhtinsky Bridge

Bolsheokhtinsky Bridge (Большеохтинский мост, before 1917 - Peter the Great Bridge, Мост Петра́ Вели́кого, Most Petra Velikogo; from 1917 to 1956 - Bolsheokhtensky Bridge, Большеохтенский мост; also known as Okhtinsky Bridge, Охтинский мост) is a bridge across the Neva River in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Bootsmann

The German term Bootsmann translates to Boatswain, i.e. the senior crewman of the deck department.

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Boris Akunin

Boris Akunin (Борис Акунин) is the pen name of Grigori Chkhartishvili (Григорий Шалвович Чхартишвили; გრიგორი ჩხარტიშვილი) (born May 20, 1956), a Russian writer of Georgian and Jewish origin.

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Boris Alexeyevich Galitzine

Prince Boris Alexeyevich Golitsyn (pron; 1654–1714) was a Russian aristocrat of the Golitsyn family.

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Boris Grigoryevich Yusupov

Boris Grigoryevich Yusupov (Russian: Борис Григорьевич Юсупов; 1695–1759) was a Russian nobleman and politician.

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Boris Kurakin

Prince Boris Ivanovich Kurakin (Борис Иванович Куракин in Russian) (30 July 1676, Moscow – 28 October 1727, Paris) was the third permanent Russian ambassador abroad, succeeding Andrey Matveyev in The Hague and one of the closest associates of Peter the Great.

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Boris Sheremetev

Boris Petrovich Sheremetev (Бори́с Петро́вич Шереме́тев; –) was a Russian diplomat and general field marshal during the Great Northern War.

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Borovichi

Borovichi (Боровичи́) is the second largest town in Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the Msta River in the northern spurs of the Valdai Hills, east of Veliky Novgorod, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Borovichsky District

Borovichsky District (Боровичский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #559-OZ and municipalLaw #373-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Novgorod Oblast, Russia.

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Botik of Peter the Great

The Botik of Peter the Great (also called St. Nicholas) is a miniaturized scaled-down warship discovered by Peter the Great at the Royal Izmaylovo Estate in 1688.

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Boyar

A boyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Bulgarian, Kievan, Moscovian, Wallachian and Moldavian and later, Romanian aristocracies, second only to the ruling princes (in Bulgaria, tsars), from the 10th century to the 17th century.

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Boyuk Zira

Boyuk Zira (Böyük Zirə), also known as Nargin, is an island in the Caspian Sea.

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Brattsevo

Brattsevo (Бра́тцево) is an area in Yuzhnoye Tushino District of North-Western Administrative Okrug of Moscow, Russia; formerly a country estate and a village.

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Bronnitsy

Bronnitsy (Бро́нницы) is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located southeast of central Moscow and west of the Bronnitsy station on the Moscow–Ryazan railroad.

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Bronze Horseman

The Bronze Horseman (Медный всадник, literally "copper horseman") is an equestrian statue of Peter the Great in the Senate Square in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Bruce (Russian nobility)

Bruce is the name of noble family of Scottish origin.

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Brussels Park

Parc de Bruxelles (French) or (Dutch), is the largest urban public park in the centre of Brussels.

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Bryansk

Bryansk (p) is a city and the administrative center of Bryansk Oblast, Russia, located southwest of Moscow.

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Bryansk Oblast

Bryansk Oblast (Бря́нская о́бласть, Bryanskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Bulavin Rebellion

The Bulavin Rebellion (Astrakhan Revolt) is the name given to a war of Don Cossacks against Imperial Russia between the years 1707 and 1708.

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Burial sites of European monarchs and consorts

This list contains all European emperors, kings and regent princes and their consorts as well as well-known crown princes since the Middle Ages, whereas the lists are starting with either the beginning of the monarchy or with a change of the dynasty (e.g. England with the Norman king William the Conqueror, Spain with the unification of Castile and Aragon, Sweden with the Vasa dynasty, etc.). In addition, it contains the still-existing principalities of Monaco and Liechtenstein and the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg.

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Burkhard Christoph von Münnich

Count Burkhard Christoph von Münnich (9 May 1683 – 16 October 1767) (Христофо́р Анто́нович Миних) was a German soldier-engineer who became a field marshal and political figure in the Russian Empire.

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Butyrka prison

Butyrka prison (Бутырка, a colloquial term for the official Бутырская тюрьма, Butyrskaya tyurma) is a prison in the Tverskoy District of central Moscow, Russia.

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Byambyn Rinchen

Yenshööbü ovogt Byambyn Rinchen (Еншөөбү овогт Бямбын Ринчен, also known in Russian as Rinchin-Dorzhi Radnazhapovich Bimbaev, 25 December 1905 – 4 March 1977) was one of the founders of modern Mongolian literature, a translator of literature and a scholar in various areas of Mongolian studies, especially linguistics.

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Byaroza

Biaroza (Бяро́за, official Belarusian romanization standard: Biaroza, formerly Бяро́за-Карту́зская; Beryoza; Bereza) is a town of 31 000 inhabitants (1995) in Western Belarus in Brest Region and the administrative center of the Byaroza District.

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Byaroza Monastery

Byaroza monastery refers to the ruins of the former Carthusian baroque Roman Catholic Monastery of the Holy Cross, constructed in the seventeenth century in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and today situated in Belarus.

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Byzantine calendar

The Byzantine calendar, also called "Creation Era of Constantinople" or "Era of the World" (Ἔτη Γενέσεως Κόσμου κατὰ Ῥωμαίους, also Ἔτος Κτίσεως Κόσμου or Ἔτος Κόσμου, abbreviated as ε.Κ.), was the calendar used by the Eastern Orthodox Church from c. 691 to 1728 in the Ecumenical Patriarchate.

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Ca' Foscari

Ca' Foscari, the palace of the Foscari family, is a Gothic building on the waterfront of the Grand Canal in the Dorsoduro sestiere of Venice, Italy.

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Cabin of Peter the Great

The cabin of Peter the Great (Russian: Domik Petra I or Domik Petra Pervogo or Domik Petra Velikogo) is a small wooden house which was the first St Petersburg "palace" of Tsar Peter the Great.

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Cabinet of curiosities

Cabinets of curiosities (also known in German loanwords as Kunstkabinett, Kunstkammer or Wunderkammer; also Cabinets of Wonder, and wonder-rooms) were encyclopedic collections of objects whose categorical boundaries were, in Renaissance Europe, yet to be defined.

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Caesaropapism

Caesaropapism is the idea of combining the power of secular government with the religious power, or of making secular authority superior to the spiritual authority of the Church; especially concerning the connection of the Church with government.

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Campaign of Grodno

The Campaign of Grodno was a plan developed by Johann Patkul and Otto Arnold von Paykull during the Swedish invasion of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a part of the Great Northern War.

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Canals of Amsterdam

Amsterdam, capital of the Netherlands, has more than one hundred kilometers of grachten (canals), about 90 islands and 1,500 bridges.

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Cantonist

Cantonists (Russian language: кантонисты; more properly: военные кантонисты, "military cantonists") were underage sons of Russian conscripts who from 1721 were educated in special "canton schools" (Кантонистские школы) for future military service (the schools were called garrison schools in the 18th century).

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Capital city

A capital city (or simply capital) is the municipality exercising primary status in a country, state, province, or other administrative region, usually as its seat of government.

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Capital punishment in Russia

Capital punishment in Russia currently is not allowed.

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Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia

With the Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia in 1710 the Swedish dominions Estonia and Livonia were integrated into the Russian EmpireLuts (2006), p. 159 following their conquest during the Great Northern War.

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Captain 1st rank

Kapitan 1st rank (Капитан 1-го ранга; literal: captain of the 1st rank) is in the Navy of the Russian Federation the designation to the most senior rank in the staff officer´s career group.

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Capture of Rasht

The Capture of Rasht, also written as Capture of Resht, occurred between December 1722 and late March 1723 amidst the successful spree of campaigns of Peter the Great during the Russo-Persian War (1722-1723).

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Carl Ewald von Rönne

Carl Ewald von Rönne (15 December 1663 – 29 December 1716) was a German-born Russian cavalry officer.

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Carl Piper

Carl, Count (or Greve) Piper (July 29, 1647, Stockholm – May 29, 1716, Schlüsselburg) was a Swedish statesman.

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Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli

Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli (1675 in Florence, Italy – 18 November 1744 in Saint Petersburg, Russia) was an Italian sculptor and architect.

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Carlo Ruzzini

Carlo Ruzzini (11 November 1653 – 5 January 1735) was a Venetian diplomat, statesman and Doge.

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Caspian Flotilla

The Caspian Flotilla (r) is the flotilla of the Russian Navy in the Caspian Sea.

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Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea.

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Cathedral of the Archangel

The Cathedral of the Archangel (Архангельский собор, or Arkhangelsky sobor) is a Russian Orthodox church dedicated to the Archangel Michael.

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Catherine Alekseyevna of Russia

Tsarevna Catherine Alekseyevna (Екатерина Алексеевна; 27 November 1658 - 1 May 1718) was the fifth daughter of Tsar Alexis of Russia and Maria Miloslavskaya, sister of Tsar Feodor III of Russia and Tsar Ivan V of Russia and half-sister of Tsar Peter the Great.

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Catherine I of Russia

Catherine I (Yekaterina I Alekseyevna, born, later known as Marta Samuilovna Skavronskaya; –) was the second wife of Peter the Great and Empress of Russia from 1725 until her death.

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Catherine Palace

The Catherine Palace (Екатерининский дворец) is a Rococo palace located in the town of Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin), 30 km south of St. Petersburg, Russia.

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Catherine Pavlovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia (Екатерина Павловна; 21 May 1788 – 9 January 1819) later Queen Catharina of Württemberg, was the fourth daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia and Princess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg.

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Catherine the Great

Catherine II (Russian: Екатерина Алексеевна Yekaterina Alekseyevna; –), also known as Catherine the Great (Екатери́на Вели́кая, Yekaterina Velikaya), born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796, the country's longest-ruling female leader.

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Catherinehof

Ekaterinhof or Catherinehof (Екатеринго́ф) is a historic district in the south-west of St Petersburg, Russia.

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Censorship in the Russian Empire

In the Russian Empire, government agencies exerted varying levels of control over the content and dissemination of books, periodicals, music, theatrical productions, works of art, and motion pictures.

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Central heating

A central heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a building (or portion of a building) from one point to multiple rooms.

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Central Naval Museum

Central Naval Museum (Центральный военно-морской музей) is a naval museum in St Petersburg, Russia.

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Central Saint Petersburg

Central Saint Petersburg is the central and the leading part of Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Cesare Lombroso

Cesare Lombroso (born Ezechia Marco Lombroso; 6 November 1835 – 19 October 1909), was an Italian criminologist and physician, founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology.

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Chagodoshchensky District

Chagodoshchensky District (Чагодо́щенский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #371-OZ and municipalLaw #1128-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-six in Vologda Oblast, Russia.

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Chancellor (Russia)

Chancellor of the Russian Empire was the civil position (class) in the Russian Empire, according to the Table of Ranks introduced by Peter the Great in 1722.

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Chaplygin, Lipetsk Oblast

Chaplygin (Чаплы́гин) is a town and the administrative center of Chaplyginsky District in Lipetsk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Stanovaya Ryasa and Yagodnaya Ryasa Rivers, north of Lipetsk, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Charles de Steuben

Baron Charles Auguste Guillaume Steuben (April 18, 1788 – November 21, 1856), also Charles de Steuben, was a German-born French Romantic painter and lithographer active during the Napoleonic Era.

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Charles Eugène de Croÿ

Charles Eugène de Croÿ (Карл Евгений де Круа) (1651–1702) was a field marshal and duke from the House of Croÿ.

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Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp

Duke Charles Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (30 April 1700 – 18 June 1739) was a Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp and an important member of European royalty.

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Charles Plumier

Charles Plumier (20 April 1646 – 20 November 1704) was a French botanist, after whom the Frangipani genus Plumeria is named.

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Charles Whitworth, 1st Baron Whitworth

Charles Whitworth, 1st Baron Whitworth (14 October 1675 – 23 October 1725) was a British diplomat.

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Charles XII of Sweden

Charles XII, also Carl (Karl XII; 17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718 O.S.), Latinized to Carolus Rex, was the King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718.

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Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Charlotte Christine Sophie also known as Sophie Charlotte or simply Charlotte (28 August 1694, Wolfenbüttel – 2 November 1715, Saint Petersburg), was the wife of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia.

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Charlottenburg Palace

Charlottenburg Palace (German: Schloss Charlottenburg) is the largest palace in Berlin, Germany.

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Château de la Muette

The Château de la Muette is a château located on the edge of the Bois de Boulogne in Paris, France, near the Porte de la Muette.

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Château de Meudon

The castle of Meudon, called the royal castle of Meudon, or imperial palace of Meudon, is a castle located in Meudon in the department of Hauts-de-Seine.

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Château de Petit-Bourg

The château de Petit-Bourg is located in Évry-sur-Seine (Essonne).

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Chechens

Chechens (Нохчий; Old Chechen: Нахчой Naxçoy) are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples originating in the North Caucasus region of Eastern Europe.

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Chechnya

The Chechen Republic (tɕɪˈtɕɛnskəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə; Нохчийн Республика, Noxçiyn Respublika), commonly referred to as Chechnya (p; Нохчийчоь, Noxçiyçö), is a federal subject (a republic) of Russia.

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Cherepakha Islet

Cherepakha or Cherepashka (literally "The Turtle") was a small artificial islet, which was man-made on a sand bank in the Gulf of Taganrog on Azov Sea in about 2 kilometers from the Taganrog Fortress.

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Cherepovetsky District

Cherepovetsky District (Черепове́цкий райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #371-OZ and municipalLaw #1129-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-six in Vologda Oblast, Russia.

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Chervonets

The following text is translated from the Russian Wikipedia version. Chervonets is the traditional Russian name for large foreign, and domestic gold coins.

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Children's literature

Children's literature or juvenile literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are enjoyed by children.

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Chistyye Prudy (Moscow Metro)

Chistyye Prudy (Чи́стые пруды́, Clean Ponds) is a Moscow Metro station in the Basmanny District, Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow.

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Christian Thomsen Carl

Christian Thomsen Carl, Christian Thomasen Carl, Christian Thomæsen Carl, Christian Thomesen Carl, Christen Thomasen Carl or Christen Thomesen Carl, in German tradition Carlson or Karlson, rarely Carlsen (born 1676 in Assens, Funen - died 29 March 1713 in Greifswald, Swedish Pomerania) was a Danish naval officer.

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Christianity in the 18th century

Christianity in the 18th century is marked by the First Great Awakening in the Americas, along with the expansion of the Spanish and Portuguese empires around the world, which helped to spread Catholicism.

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Christmas traditions

Christmas traditions vary from country to country.

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Chronology of Ukrainian language suppression

The chronology of Ukrainian language suppression.

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Chudov Monastery

The Chudov Monastery (Чу́дов монасты́рь) (more formally known as Alexius’ Archangel Michael Monastery) was founded in the Moscow Kremlin in 1358 by Metropolitan Alexius of Moscow.

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Chudovsky District

Chudovsky District (Чу́довский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #559-OZ and municipalLaw #368-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Novgorod Oblast, Russia.

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Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (p; Chukchi: Чукоткакэн автономныкэн округ, Chukotkaken avtonomnyken okrug) or Chukotka (Чуко́тка) is a federal subject (an autonomous okrug) of Russia.

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Church of Aphrodite

The Church of Aphrodite is a Neopagan religious group founded in 1938 by Gleb Botkin (1900–1969), a Russian émigré to the United States.

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Church of Saint Nicetas, Yaroslavl

The Church of St.

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Church of St. Catherine (Saint Petersburg)

The Catholic Church of St Catherine (Католическая церковь Святой Екатерины) in St. Petersburg is the oldest Catholic church in the Russian Federation, and the only church with the title of basilica (status granted on 23 July 2013).

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Church of St. John the Warrior

Church of St.

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Church of St. Paraskeva, Vilnius

St.

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Church of the Intercession at Fili

The Church of the Intercession at Fili (Це́рковь Покрова́ в Филя́х) is a Naryshkin baroque church commissioned by the boyar Lev Naryshkin in his suburban estate Fili; the territory has belonged to City of Moscow since 1935.

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Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Nizhny Novgorod

Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Церковь Собора Пресвятой Богородицы), better known as Nativity or Stroganov is a Russian Orthodox church, located at the Rozhdestvenskaya Street in Nizhny Novgorod.

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Church reform of Peter the Great

The Church reform of Peter I introduced what some believe was a period of Caesaropapism in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church, when the church apparatus effectively became a department of state.

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Chusovaya River

The Chusovaya River (Чусова́я) is a river flowing in Perm Krai, Sverdlovsk Oblast and Chelyabinsk Oblast of Russia.

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Chuvash language

Chuvash (Чӑвашла, Čăvašla) is a Turkic language spoken in European Russia, primarily in the Chuvash Republic and adjacent areas.

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City of Military Glory

City of Military Glory («Город воинской славы») is an honorary title bestowed upon the citizenry of Russian cities, where soldiers had displayed courage and heroism during the Second World War.

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Civil war in Poland (1704–06)

The civil war in Poland (1704–1706) was a part of a larger European conflict, the Great Northern War.

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Cloudesley

Cloudesley: A Tale (1830) is the fifth novel published by eighteenth-century philosopher and novelist William Godwin.

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Coastal Monastery of Saint Sergius

The Coastal Monastery of St.

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Coat of arms of Moscow

The coat of arms of Moscow depicts a horseman with a spear in his hand slaying a basilisk and is identified with Saint George and the Dragon.

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Coat of arms of Russia

The coat of arms of the Russian Federation derives from the earlier coat of arms of the Russian Empire which was abolished with the Russian Revolution in 1917 and restored in 1993 after the constitutional crisis.

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Collegiate Councillor

Collegiate Councillor (Russian: колле́жский сове́тник, kollezhskii sovetnik) was a civil rank of 6th class in the Russian Empire, according to the Table of Ranks introduced by Peter the Great in 1722.

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Collegium (ministry)

The collegia (plural of a collegium, "joined by law") were government departments in Imperial Russia, established in 1717 by Peter the Great.

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Collegium of Little Russia (1722–27)

Collegium of Little Russia (Малороссийская коллегия) was an administrative body of the Russian Empire in the Hetmanate created for the first time by the ukase of Peter the Great on May 27, 1722 in place of the Little Russia Prikase.

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Commander

Commander is a common naval and air force officer rank.

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Commemorative coins of Russia

This is an incomplete list of commemorative coins of Russia.

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Commissar

Commissar (or sometimes Kommissar) is an English transliteration of the Russian комиссáр, which means commissary.

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Conditions (Russia)

The Conditions (Кондиции, Konditsii) were an 18th-century constitutional project in Russia, signed by Empress Anna of Russia in Mitau on 18 January 1730, giving substantial power to the Supreme Privy Council.

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Conscription in the Russian Empire

Conscription in the Russian Empire was introduced by Peter I of Russia.

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Constantin Brâncoveanu

Constantin Brâncoveanu (1654 – August 15, 1714) was Prince of Wallachia between 1688 and 1714.

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Constantin Ranst de Jonge

Constanti(j)n Ranst de Jonge (October 28, 1635 – January 10, 1714) was a Dutch businessman employed by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) who was chief of the trading posts in Tonkin and Dutch Bengal and three times opperhoofd of Dejima in Japan.

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Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk

The Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk (Конституція Пилипа Орлика (Konstytutsiya Pylypa Orlyka) or Pacts and Constitutions of Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporizhian Host Пакти і Конституції прав і вольностей Війська Запорозького (Pakty i Konstytutsii Prav i Volnostei Viyska Zaporozkoho), Pacta et Constitutiones Legum Libertatumque Exercitus Zaporoviensis) was a 1710 constitutional document written by Hetman Pylyp Orlyk, a Cossack of Ukraine.

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Convoys Wharf

Convoys Wharf, formerly called the King's Yard, is the site of Deptford Dockyard, the first of the Royal Dockyards, built on a riverside site in Deptford, by the River Thames in London.

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Copyright law of Russia

Copyright in Russia developed originally along the same lines as in Western European countries.

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Cornelis de Bruijn

Cornelis de Bruijn (also spelled Cornelius de Bruyn,; 16521726/7) was a Dutch artist and traveler.

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Cornelius Kruys

Cornelius Cruys (Крюйс, Корнелий Иванович) (1655 – 1727) was a Norwegian-Dutch admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy and the first commander of the Russian Baltic Fleet.

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Coronation of the Russian monarch

Coronations in Russia involved a highly developed religious ceremony in which the Emperor of Russia (generally referred to as the Tsar) was crowned and invested with regalia, then anointed with chrism and formally blessed by the church to commence his reign.

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Corps of Topographs (Russian Empire)

The Corps of Topographs of the Imperial Russian Army has a long history dating back to the mid-18th century.

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Cossack Hetmanate

The Cossack Hetmanate (Гетьманщина), officially known as Zaporizhian Host (Військо Запорозьке), was a Cossack state in Central Ukraine between 1649 and 1764 (some sources claim until 1782).

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Cossacks

Cossacks (козаки́, translit, kozaky, казакi, kozacy, Czecho-Slovak: kozáci, kozákok Pronunciations.

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Cossacks in Turkey

Cossacks in Turkey refers to descendants of a group of Don Cossacks who had lived in the territory of the Republic of Turkey until they migrated in 1962.

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Count of Merenberg

Count of Merenberg (German: Graf von Merenberg) is the title bestowed in 1868 by the reigning Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, George Victor, upon the morganatic wife and male-line descendants of Prince Nikolaus Wilhelm of Nassau (1832-1905), who married Natalia Alexandrovna Pushkina (1836-1913), former wife of Russian General Mikhail Leontievich von Dubelt.

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County Down

County Down is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland in the northeast of the island of Ireland.

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County of Oldenburg

The County of Oldenburg was a county of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Court chapel

A court chapel (German: Hofkapelle) is a chapel (building) and/or a chapel as a musical ensemble associated with a royal or noble court.

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Court Jew

In the early modern period, a court Jew, or court factor (Hofjude, Hoffaktor), was a Jewish banker who handled the finances of, or lent money to, European royalty and nobility.

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Craiovești

The Craiovești, later Brâncovenești, were a boyar family in Wallachia who gave the country several of its Princes and held the title of Ban of Oltenia (whether of Strehaia or Craiova) for ca.

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Crimean Khanate

The Crimean Khanate (Mongolian: Крымын ханлиг; Crimean Tatar / Ottoman Turkish: Къырым Ханлыгъы, Qırım Hanlığı, rtl or Къырым Юрту, Qırım Yurtu, rtl; Крымское ханство, Krymskoje hanstvo; Кримське ханство, Krymśke chanstvo; Chanat Krymski) was a Turkic vassal state of the Ottoman Empire from 1478 to 1774, the longest-lived of the Turkic khanates that succeeded the empire of the Golden Horde.

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Crimean Tatars

Crimean Tatars or Crimeans (Crimean Tatar: Qırımtatarlar, qırımlar, Kırım Tatarları, Крымские Татары, крымцы, Кримськi Татари, кримцi) are a Turkic ethnic group that formed in the Crimean Peninsula during the 13th–17th centuries, primarily from the Turkic tribes that moved to the land now known as Crimea in Eastern Europe from the Asian steppes beginning in the 10th century, with contributions from the pre-Cuman population of Crimea.

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Crimean War

The Crimean War (or translation) was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia.

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Cultural legacy of Mazeppa

*The spelling "Mazepa" refers to the historical person; the double-p "Mazeppa" is used for the artistic and literary works. Ivan Mazepa (1639–1709) was a significant figure in the history of Ukraine.

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Culture of Hungary

The culture of Hungary varies across Hungary, starting from the capital city of Budapest on the Danube, to the Great Plains bordering Ukraine.

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Culture of Switzerland

Switzerland lies at the crossroads of several major European cultures.

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Cyrillic numerals

Cyrillic numerals are a numeral system derived from the Cyrillic script, developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the late 10th century.

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Cyrillic script

The Cyrillic script is a writing system used for various alphabets across Eurasia (particularity in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and North Asia).

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Czar Peter House (Netherlands)

The Czar Peter House (Czaar Peterhuisje) is a historical building in Zaandam, the Netherlands.

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Dagestan

The Republic of Dagestan (Респу́блика Дагеста́н), or simply Dagestan (or; Дагеста́н), is a federal subject (a republic) of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region.

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Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt

Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt (Да́ниэль Го́тлиб Ме́ссершмидт) (September 16, 1685 – March 25, 1735) was a German physician, naturalist and geographer.

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Danilo I, Metropolitan of Cetinje

Danilo Šćepčević (Данило Шћепчевић, 1670 – January 11, 1735) was the Metropolitan of Cetinje between 1697 and 1735.

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Danylo Apostol

Danylo Apostol (1654–1734), was a Hetman of Zaporizhian Host from 1727 to 1734.

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Darya Petrovna Saltykova

Countess Darya Petrovna Saltykova, née Countess Chernysheva (20 September 1739 – December 23, 1802), was a Russian lady in waiting, socialite and noble and Dame of the Order of St. Catherine's first degree.

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Dasha Zhukova

Darya "Dasha" Alexandrovna Zhukova (Дарья Александровна Жукова; born 8 June 1981) is a Russian businesswoman, art collector, magazine editor, and philanthropist.

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Date and time notation in Russia

Dates are usually written in "day month year" (DMY) order.

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David Mitchell (Royal Navy officer)

Sir David Mitchell (ca. 1650 – 1 June 1710) was a Scottish admiral, courtier and parliamentary official.

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David Mountbatten, 3rd Marquess of Milford Haven

David Michael Mountbatten, 3rd Marquess of Milford Haven, (12 May 1919 – 14 April 1970), styled Viscount Alderney before 1921 and Earl of Medina between 1921 and 1938, was the son of the 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven and Countess Nadejda de Torby.

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David Tukhmanov

David Fyodorovich Tukhmanov PAR (Дави́д Фёдорович Тухма́нов, was born on July 20, 1940, in Moscow, USSR) is a Soviet and Russian composer.

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Davit Bek

Davit Bek or David Beg (died 1728) was an Armenian military commander and one of the most prominent military figures of the Armenian liberation movement of the 18th century.

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Death mask

A death mask is an image, typically in wax or plaster cast made of a person's face following death, often by taking a cast or impression directly from the corpse.

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Decembrist revolt

The Decembrist revolt or the Decembrist uprising (r) took place in Imperial Russia on.

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Decimal Day

On 15 February 1971, known as Decimal Day, the United Kingdom and Ireland decimalised their currencies.

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Decimalisation

Decimalisation is the process of converting a currency from its previous non-decimal denominations to a decimal system (i.e., a system based on one basic unit of currency and one or more sub-units, such that the number of sub-units in one basic unit is a power of 10, most commonly 100).

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Decolonization

Decolonization (American English) or decolonisation (British English) is the undoing of colonialism: where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over one or more other territories.

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Dedovichsky District

Dedovichsky District (Де́довичский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #833-oz and municipalLaw #420-oz district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia.

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Delisle scale

The Delisle scale (°D) is a temperature scale invented in 1732 by the French astronomer Joseph-Nicolas Delisle (1688–1768).

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Dembei

Dembei (伝兵衛 Denbei, Дэмбэй) was a Japanese castaway who, through Vladimir Atlasov, provided Russia with some of its first knowledge of Japan.

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Demidov

The Demidov family (Деми́довы) also Demidoff, was a prominent Russian noble family during the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Demidov, Smolensk Oblast

Demidov (Деми́дов) is a town and the administrative center of Demidovsky District in Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Kasplya River at its confluence with the Gobza River.

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Demidovsky District

Demidovsky District (Деми́довский райо́н) is an administrativeResolution #261 and municipalLaw #131-z district (raion), one of the twenty-five in Smolensk Oblast, Russia.

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Demographics of the Republic of Artsakh

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Artsakh, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

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Demyansk

Demyansk (Демя́нск) is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Demyansky District of Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located along the Yavon River.

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Demyansky District

Demyansky District (Демянский район) is an administrativeLaw #559-OZ and municipalLaw #397-OZ district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Novgorod Oblast, Russia.

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Denga

A denga (деньга, earlier денга) was a Russian monetary unit with a value latterly equal to ½ kopek (100 kopeks.

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Deptford

Deptford is a district of south-east London, England, within the London Borough of Lewisham.

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Deptford Dockyard

Deptford Dockyard was an important naval dockyard and base at Deptford on the River Thames, in what is now the London Borough of Lewisham, operated by the Royal Navy from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries.

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Der Kongreß tanzt

Der Kongress tanzt (English: The Congress Dances) is a German musical comedy film produced in 1931 by Ufa, directed by Erik Charell, starring Lilian Harvey as Christel Weinzinger, the glove seller, Willy Fritsch as Tsar Alexander I of Russia and his doppelgänger, Uralsky, Otto Wallburg as Bibikoff, his Adjutant, Conrad Veidt as Prince Metternich, Carl-Heinz Schroth as his Secretary, Pepi, Lil Dagover as the Countess and Alfred Abel as the King of Saxony.

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Der Zarewitsch

Der Zarewitsch (The Tsarevich) is an operetta in three acts by Franz Lehár.

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Derbent

Derbent (Дербе́нт; دربند; Dərbənd; Кьвевар; Дербенд), formerly romanized as Derbend, is a city in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, located on the Caspian Sea, north of the Azerbaijani border.

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Derbent Khanate

The Derbent Khanate (خانات دربند — Khānāt-e Darband, Dərbənd xanlığı) was a Caucasian khanate that was established in Afsharid Iran.

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Devichye Pole

Devichye Pole (Девичье Поле, Maidens' Field) is a historical medical campus, built in 1887-1897 in Khamovniki District of Moscow, Russia, to the master plan of Konstantin Bykovski.

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Devlet II Giray

Devlet II Giray (1648 – 1718) was Crimean Khan in 1699–1702 and 1709–1713.

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Devonshire House Ball of 1897

The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate Queen Victoria’s diamond jubilee.

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Diamond Fund

The Diamond Fund (Алмазный фонд) is a unique collection of gems, jewelry and natural nuggets, which are stored and exhibited in the Moscow Kremlin in Russia.

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Diane Stanley

Diane Stanley (born December 27, 1943) is an American children's author and illustrator.

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Dimitrie Cantemir

Dimitrie or Demetrius Cantemir (1673–1723), also known by other spellings, was a Moldavian soldier, statesman, and man of letters.

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Dimitry of Rostov

Saint Dimitry of Rostov (sometimes Latinized as Demetrius, sometimes referred to simply as Dmitri Rostovsky, Димитрій (Туптало)) was a leading opponent of the Caesaropapist reform of the Russian Orthodox church promoted by Feofan Prokopovich.

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Diocese of Novgorod

The Novgorod and Staraya Russa Diocese (Новгородская и Старорусская епархия) is one of the oldest offices in the Russian Orthodox Church.

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Diplomatic Privileges Act 1708

The Diplomatic Privileges Act 1708 (7 Ann c 12) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain.

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Dmitri Pokrovsky Ensemble

The Dmitri Pokrovsky Ensemble (Russian: Ансамбль Дмитрия Покровского) was founded by Dmitri Pokrovsky (1944-1996) together with his wife and life-long partner, Tamara Smyslova, in Moscow in 1973 as an experimental singing group under folk Commission of the URSS Сomposers Union.The appearance of this team completely changed in modern society the understanding and view of folklore.

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Dmitry Laptev

Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev (Дмитрий Яковлевич Лаптев) (1701 -) was a Russian Arctic explorer and Vice Admiral (1762).

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Dmitry Merezhkovsky

Dmitry Sergeyevich Merezhkovsky (p; – December 9, 1941) was a Russian novelist, poet, religious thinker, and literary critic.

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Dmitry Milyutin

Count Dmitry Alekseyevich Milyutin (Дмитрий Алексеевич Милютин; 28 June 1816, Moscow – 25 January 1912, Simeiz near Yalta) was Minister of War (1861–81) and the last Field Marshal of Imperial Russia (1898).

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Dmitry Pavlutsky

Dmitry Ivanovich Pavlutsky (Дмитрий Иванович Павлуцкий; died 21 March 1747) was a Russian polar explorer and leader of military expeditions in Chukotka, best known for his campaigns against the indigenous Chukchi people.

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Dnovsky District

Dnovsky District (Дно́вский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #833-oz and municipalLaw #420-oz district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia.

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Dobruja

Dobruja or Dobrudja (Добруджа, transliterated: Dobrudzha or Dobrudža; Dobrogea or; Dobruca) is a historical region in Eastern Europe that has been divided since the 19th century between the territories of Bulgaria and Romania.

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Domenico Trezzini

Domenico Trezzini (c. 1670 – 1734) was a Swiss Italian architect who elaborated the Petrine Baroque style of Russian architecture.

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Dominions of Sweden

The Dominions of Sweden or Svenska besittningar ("Swedish possessions") were territories that historically came under control of the Swedish Crown, but never became fully integrated with Sweden.

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Don Army

The Don Army (Донская армия, Donskaya Armiya) was the military of the short lived Don Republic and a part of the White movement in the Russian Civil War.

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Don Cossacks

Don Cossacks (Донские казаки) are Cossacks who settled along the middle and lower Don.

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Donajowsky

Donajowsky (first name unknown) is a non-existent Russian composer listed in English language sources as author of The Preobrajensky March (Преображенский марш), the march of the Preobrazhensky Regiment (Russian Empire), which later became the official slow march of the Royal Marines.

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Donets

The Siverskyi Donets (Siverśkyj Doneć) or Seversky Donets (Severskij Donec), usually simply called the Donets, is a river on the south of the East European Plain.

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Donkey walk

The donkey walk (хождение на осляти, шествие на осляти) is a Russian Orthodox Palm Sunday ritual re-enactment of Jesus Christ's entry into Jerusalem.

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Dositheos II of Jerusalem

Dositheos II Notaras of Jerusalem (Δοσίθεος Β΄ Ιεροσολύμων; Arachova 31 May 1641 – Constantinople 8 February 1707) was the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem between 1669 and 1707 and a theologian of the Orthodox Church.

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Double-headed eagle

In heraldry and vexillology, the double-headed eagle is a charge associated with the concept of Empire.

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Drabiv

Drabiv (Драбів) is an urban-type settlement located in Cherkasy Oblast (province) in the central Ukraine.

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Duchy of Bukovina

The Duchy of Bukovina was a constituent land of the Austrian Empire from 1849 and a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria–Hungary from 1867 until 1918.

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Duchy of Courland and Semigallia

The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Ducatus Curlandiæ et Semigalliæ, Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii, Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen, Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste) was a duchy in the Baltic region that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and from 1569 to 1726 to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, incorporated into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by Sejm in 1726, On 28 March 1795, it was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Third Partition of Poland.

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Duchy of Oldenburg

The Duchy of Oldenburg (Herzogtum Oldenburg) — named after its capital, the town of Oldenburg — was a state in the north-west of present-day Germany.

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Duel

A duel is an arranged engagement in combat between two people, with matched weapons, in accordance with agreed-upon rules.

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Dugna

Dugna (Дугна́) is an urban locality (a settlement) in Ferzikovsky District of Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Dugna River, from Ferzikovo, on the main rail line between Kaluga and Tula.

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Duke of Holstein-Gottorp

Holstein-Gottorp or Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp is the historiographical name, as well as contemporary shorthand name, for the parts of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, also known as Ducal Holstein, that were ruled by the dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp.

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Duma

A duma (дума) is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions.

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Dutch East India Company

The United East India Company, sometimes known as the United East Indies Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; or Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie in modern spelling; abbreviated to VOC), better known to the English-speaking world as the Dutch East India Company or sometimes as the Dutch East Indies Company, was a multinational corporation that was founded in 1602 from a government-backed consolidation of several rival Dutch trading companies.

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Dutch people

The Dutch (Dutch), occasionally referred to as Netherlanders—a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, "Nederlanders"—are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands.

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Dze

Dze (Ѕ ѕ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script, used in the Macedonian language to represent the voiced alveolar affricate, pronounced like ⟨ds⟩ in "pods".

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Dzyatlava

Dziatlava (Дзятлава, Zietela, Zdzięcioł, Дятлово, זשעטל Zhetl) is a town in Belarus in the Hrodna voblast, about 165 km southeast of Hrodna.

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E (Cyrillic)

E (Э э; italics:; also known as backwards e, from Russian э оборо́тное, e oborótnoye) is a letter found in two Slavic languages: Russian and Belarusian.

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Early Cyrillic alphabet

The Early Cyrillic alphabet is a writing system that was developed during the late ninth century on the basis of the Greek alphabet for the Orthodox Slavic population in Europe.

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Early Modern Romania

The Early Modern Times in Romania started after the death of Michael the Brave, who ruled in a personal union, Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldaviathree principalities in the lands that now form Romania for three months, in 1600.

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East Slavic honorifics

The system of East Slavic honorifics is used by the speakers of East Slavic languages to linguistically encode relative social status, degree of respect and the nature of interpersonal relationship.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian Church, with over 250 million members.

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Eastern Slavic naming customs

Eastern Slavic naming customs are the traditional ways of identifying a person by name in countries influenced by East Slavic languages (Russian, Ukrainian and Belorussian: in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine. They are also used in some countries using South Slavic languages, including Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Macedonia, as well as some countries using non-Slavic languages (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan) because of the expansion of Russia, with its Russification. The full name uses the following standard structure.

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Economic reforms under Peter the Great

In the year 1682, Peter the Great became the new Tsar of Russia.

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Edward Anhalt

Edward Anhalt (March 28, 1914 in New York City – September 3, 2000 in Pacific Palisades, California) was a noted screenwriter, producer, and documentary film-maker.

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Elżbieta Sieniawska

Elżbieta Helena Sieniawska née Lubomirska (1669 in Końskowola – 21 March 1729 in Oleszyce) was a Polish noblwoman, Grand Hetmaness of the Crown (Hetmanowa wielka koronna) and renowned patron of arts.

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Elena Mumm Thornton Wilson

Elena Mumm Thornton Wilson (27 August 1906 – 27 July 1979) was born into an unusual, wealthy, aristocratic European family and was the fourth wife of the famed American writer Edmund Wilson.

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Elizabeth Bible

The Elizabeth Bible (Елизаветинская Библия) is the authorized version of the Russian Orthodox Church.

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Elizabeth of Russia

Elizabeth Petrovna (Елизаве́та (Елисаве́та) Петро́вна) (–), also known as Yelisaveta or Elizaveta, was the Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death.

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Emil Jannings

Emil Jannings (born Theodor Friedrich Emil Janenz, 23 July 1884 – 2 January 1950) was a German actor, popular in 1920s film in Hollywood.

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Emperor

An emperor (through Old French empereor from Latin imperator) is a monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm.

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Emperor of All Russia

The Emperor or Empress of All Russia ((pre 1918 orthography) Императоръ Всероссійскій, Императрица Всероссійская, (modern orthography) Император Всероссийский, Императрица всероссийская, Imperator Vserossiyskiy, Imperatritsa Vserossiyskaya) was the absolute and later the constitutional monarch of the Russian Empire.

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Empire

An empire is defined as "an aggregate of nations or people ruled over by an emperor or other powerful sovereign or government, usually a territory of greater extent than a kingdom, as the former British Empire, Spanish Empire, Portuguese Empire, French Empire, Persian Empire, Russian Empire, German Empire, Abbasid Empire, Umayyad Empire, Byzantine Empire, Ottoman Empire, or Roman Empire".

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Empress of Russia

Empress of Russia was a title in the Russian Empire between 1721 and 1917.

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Endirey

Endirey (Эндирей; OKATO: 82254815001) is a village (selo) in the Khasavyurt District of the Republic of Dagestan in Russia.

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Engalychev

Engalychev, also transliterated Yengalychev, Engalytscheff and Jengalitschev (Almanach de Gotha 1937) (Енгалычев), is a princely family recognized by the Russian empire.

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Engineering education

Engineering education is the activity of teaching knowledge and principles to the professional practice of engineering.

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Ennoblement

Ennoblement is the conferring of nobility—the induction of an individual into the noble class.

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Equestrian statue

An equestrian statue is a statue of a rider mounted on a horse, from the Latin "eques", meaning "knight", deriving from "equus", meaning "horse".

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Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate

The Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate (Moskva Patriarhaadi Eesti Õigeusu Kirik) is a semi-autonomous Church in the canonical jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Moscow whose primate is appointed by the Holy Synod of the latter.

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Eudoxia

Eudoxia (Ευδοξία, Eudoxía), Eudokia (Ευδοκία, Eudokía, anglicized as Eudocia) or Evdokia is a feminine given name, which originally meant "good deeds" or "she whose deeds are good" in Greek.

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Eudoxia Lopukhina

Tsarina Eudoxia Feodorovna Lopukhina (Евдоки́я Фёдоровна Лопухина;, Moscow –, Moscow) was a Russian Tsaritsa as the first wife of Peter I of Russia, and the last ethnic Russian and non-foreign wife of a Russian monarch.

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Eugene Schuyler

Eugene Schuyler (Ithaca, New York, February 26, 1840 – Venice, Italy, July 16, 1890) was a nineteenth-century American scholar, writer, explorer and diplomat.

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Evangelical Lutheran Church in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Central Asia

The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Central Asia (Евангелическо-лютеранская церковь в России, Украине, в Казахстане и Средней Азии), also known as the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Russia and the Other States (ELCROS), is a Lutheran denomination that itself comprises seven regional Lutheran denominations in Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan as well as individual congregations in Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.

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Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saint Katarina

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saint Katarina (Евангелическо-лютеранская церковь Святой Екатерины) is an Evangelical Lutheran church located at Malaya Konyushnaya Ulitsa 1 in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saint Mary

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saint Mary (Евангелическо-лютеранская церковь Святой Марии) is an Evangelical Lutheran church located in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin

Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin, or Yevgraf Semyonovich Sorokin (Евгра́ф Семёнович Соро́кин; December 18, 1821, Nekrasovskoye (Bolshie Soli) – 1892, Moscow) was a Russian artist and teacher; known for historical, religious and genre paintings.

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Exarch

The term exarch comes from the Ancient Greek ἔξαρχος, exarchos, and designates holders of various historical offices, some of them being political or military and others being ecclesiastical.

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Execution of the Romanov family

The Russian Imperial Romanov family (Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Tsarina Alexandra and their five children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei) and all those who chose to accompany them into imprisonment—notably Eugene Botkin, Anna Demidova, Alexei Trupp and Ivan Kharitonov—were shot, bayoneted and clubbed to death in Yekaterinburg on the night of 16-17 July 1918.

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Executions of Cossacks in Lebedin

Executions Cossacks in Lebedin (Катівня в Лебедині), (Казни казаков в Лебедине) was a large scale execution of Ukrainian Cossacks suspected of having sided with Hetman Ivan Mazepa after his break with Tsar Peter I during the Great Northern War.

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Facial hair in the military

Facial hair in the military has been at various times common, prohibited, or an integral part of the uniform.

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False Dmitry I

Dmitry I (Dmitrii) (historically known as Pseudo-Demetrius I) was the Tsar of Russia from 10 June 1605 until his death on 17 May 1606 under the name of Dimitriy Ivanovich (Дмитрий Иванович).

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Falsters Minder

Falsters Minder (literally Falster's Memories) is the city museum of Nykøbing on the Danish island of Falster.

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Father of the Nation

The Father of the Nation is an honorific title given to a man considered the driving force behind the establishment of his country, state, or nation.

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Favourite

A favourite or favorite (American English) was the intimate companion of a ruler or other important person.

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February 8

No description.

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Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov

Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov (Фёдор Иванович Соймо́нов; 1692 – 22 July 1780), Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, was a nautical surveyor of the Imperial Russian Navy, hydrographer and pioneering explorer of the Caspian Sea who charted the until then little known body of water.

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Fedor Solntsev

Fedor Grigoryevich Solntsev (Фёдор Григорьевич Солнцев) (14 April 1801 – 3 March 1892) was a Russian painter and historian of art.

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Feldwebel

Feldwebel (Fw or F), literally "field usher", is a non-commissioned officer (NCO) rank in several countries.

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Felix Aderca

Felix Aderca or F. Aderca (born Froim-Zelig (Froim-Zeilic) Aderca,, in Realitatea Evreiască, Nr. 280-281 (1080-1081), August–September 2007 Boris Marian,, in Realitatea Evreiască, Nr. 292-293 (1092-1093), March–April 2008 also known as Zelicu Froim Adercu, biographical entry at the; retrieved March 1, 2010 or Froim Aderca; March 13, 1891 – December 12, 1962), was a Romanian novelist, playwright, poet, journalist and critic, noted as a representative of rebellious modernism in the context of Romanian literature.

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Feminism in Russia

Feminism in Russia originated in the 18th century, influenced by the Western European Enlightenment and mostly confined to the aristocracy.

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Feodor Abramovich Lopukhin

Hilarion (Fedor) Abramovich Lopukhin (Russian - Илларион (Фёдор) Аврамович Лопухин; 1638 - 21 March 1713) was a Russian lawyer, nobleman, colonel, courtier and Boyar.

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Feodor III of Russia

Feodor (Theodore) III Alexeyevich of Russia (in Russian: Фёдор III Алексеевич) (9 June 1661 – 7 May 1682) was the Tsar of all Russia between 1676 and 1682.

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Feodosia Alekseyevna of Russia

Tsarevna Feodosia Alekseyevna (Феодосия Алексеевна; 29 March 1662 – 14 December 1713) was the seventh daughter of Tsar Alexis of Russia and Maria Miloslavskaya, sister of Tsar Feodor III of Russia and Tsar Ivan V of Russia and half-sister of Tsar Peter the Great.

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Fersman Mineralogical Museum

Fersman Mineralogical Museum (Минералогический музей им.) is one of the largest mineral museums of the world, located in Moscow, Russia.

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Fili (Moscow)

Fili (Фили́) is a former suburban village, now a neighborhood in the western section of Moscow, Russia, notable for the events of September 1812, following the Battle of Borodino.

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Finland under Swedish rule

Finland under Swedish rule refers to the period in the history of Finland when it was a part of Sweden.

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Finnhorse

The Finnhorse or Finnish Horse (Suomenhevonen, literally "horse of Finland"; nickname: Suokki, or Finskt kallblod, literally "finnish cold-blood") is a horse breed with both riding horse and draught horse influences and characteristics, and is the only breed developed fully in Finland.

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Fireworks

Fireworks are a class of low explosive pyrotechnic devices used for aesthetic and entertainment purposes.

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Firovsky District

Firovsky District (Фи́ровский райо́н) is an administrative and municipalLaw #4-ZO district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia.

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First Kamchatka expedition

The First Kamchatka expedition was commissioned in December 1724 by Peter I of Russia to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and confirm the presence of the strait between Asia and America.

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Flag of Russia

The flag of Russia (Флаг России) is a tricolor flag consisting of three equal horizontal fields: white on the top, blue in the middle and red on the bottom.

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Flag of the Netherlands

The flag of the Netherlands (Vlag van Nederland) is a horizontal tricolor of red, white, and blue.

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Fleet review (Commonwealth realms)

A fleet review is a traditional gathering of ships from a particular navy to be observed by the reigning monarch or his or her representative, a practice allegedly dating back to the 15th century.

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Floods in Saint Petersburg

Floods in Saint Petersburg refer to a rise of water on the territory of St. Petersburg, a major city in Russia and its former capital.

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Foolishness for Christ

Foolishness for Christ (διά Χριστόν σαλό, оуродъ, юродъ) refers to behavior such as giving up all one's worldly possessions upon joining a monastic order, or to deliberate flouting of society's conventions to serve a religious purpose–particularly of Christianity.

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Footwraps

Footwraps (also referred to as foot cloths, rags, bandages or bindings, or by their Russian name portyanki) are rectangular pieces of cloth that are worn wrapped around the feet to avoid chafing, absorb sweat and improve the foothold.

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Foreign policy of the Russian Empire

The Foreign policy of the Russian Empire covers Russian foreign relations down to 1917.

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Foreign relations of imperial China

Imperial China had a long tradition of foreign relations.

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Forms of address in the Russian Empire

Since the time of Peter the Great, forms of address in the Russian Empire had been well-codified, determined by a person’s title of honor, as well as military or civil rank (see Table of Ranks) and ecclesiastical order.

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Fort Alexander (Saint Petersburg)

Fort Alexander, also Fort Alexander I, or Plague Fort (Форт Александр Первый Fort Aleksandr Perviy or Чумной форт Chumnoy fort, English: "Plague fort") is a naval fortress on an artificial island in the Gulf of Finland near St. Petersburg and Kronstadt.

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Fort Friedrichsburg

Friedrichsburg is situated in the western Pregel in this map of Königsberg from 1905. Fort Friedrichsburg in modern Kaliningrad Fort Friedrichsburg or Feste Friedrichsburg was a fort in Königsberg, Germany.

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Forum Hadriani

Forum Hadriani, in the modern town of Voorburg, was the northern-most Roman city on the European continent and the second oldest city of the Netherlands.

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Foundling hospital

A foundling hospital was originally an institution for the reception of foundlings, i.e., children who had been abandoned or exposed, and left for the public to find and save.

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Fountain

A fountain (from the Latin "fons" (genitive "fontis"), a source or spring) is a piece of architecture which pours water into a basin or jets it into the air to supply drinking water and/or for a decorative or dramatic effect.

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Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon

Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon (27 November 1635 – 15 April 1719) was the second wife of King Louis XIV of France.

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France–Russia relations

France–Russia relations (Российско-французские отношения, Rossiysko-frantsuzskiye otnosheniya) date back to the early modern period.

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Francesco Penso

Francesco Penso called "Cabianca" (1665? — 1737) was an Italian sculptor.

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Francis II Rákóczi

Francis II Rákóczi (II.,; 27 March 1676 – 8 April 1735) was a Hungarian nobleman and leader of the Hungarian uprising against the Habsburgs in 1703-11 as the prince (fejedelem) of the Estates Confederated for Liberty of the Kingdom of Hungary.

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Francophile

A Francophile (Gallophile) is a person who has a strong affinity towards any or all of the French language, French history, French culture or French people.

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Franz Lefort

Franz Jakob Lefort (Франц Яковлевич Лефорт; December 23, 1655 – March 2(12), 1699) was a Russian military figure of Genevan Huguenot origin, general admiral (1695), and close associate of Tsar Peter the Great.

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Frýdlant

Frýdlant, sometimes cited also as Frýdlant v Čechách (Friedland in Böhmen) is a town in the Liberec District of the Liberec Region in the Czech Republic.

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Freak show

A freak show is an exhibition of biological rarities, referred to in popular culture as "freaks of nature".

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Frederick Adolphus, Count of Lippe-Detmold

Frederick Adolphus of Lippe-Detmold (Friedrich Adolf zur Lippe-Detmold; 2 September 1667 – 18 July 1718) was a German nobleman and the Count of Lippe-Detmold from 1697 to 1718.

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Frederick Casimir Kettler

Frederick Casimir Kettler (German: Friedrich Casimir Kettler; 6 July 1650 – 22 January 1698) was Duke of Courland and Semigallia from 1682 to 1698.

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Frederick I of Sweden

Frederick I (Fredrik I; 28 April 1676 – 5 April 1751) was prince consort of Sweden from 1718 to 1720, and King of Sweden from 1720 until his death and (as Frederick I) also Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel from 1730.

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Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp

Frederick IV (18 October 1671 – 19 July 1702) was the reigning Duke of Holstein-Gottorp.

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Frederick William, Duke of Courland

Frederick William (Friedrich Wilhelm; 19 July 1692 – 21 January 1711) was Duke of Courland and Semigallia from 1698 to 1711.

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Frederik Ruysch

Frederik Ruysch (March 28, 1638 – February 22, 1731) was a Dutch botanist and anatomist.

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Frederiksberg Palace

Frederiksberg Palace (Frederiksberg Slot) is a Baroque residence, located in Frederiksberg, Denmark, adjacent to the Copenhagen Zoo.

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Freedom Monument

The Freedom Monument (Brīvības piemineklis) is a memorial located in Riga, Latvia, honouring soldiers killed during the Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920).

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Freedom of religion by country

The status of religious freedom around the world varies from country to country.

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French invasion of Russia

The French invasion of Russia, known in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812 (Отечественная война 1812 года Otechestvennaya Voyna 1812 Goda) and in France as the Russian Campaign (Campagne de Russie), began on 24 June 1812 when Napoleon's Grande Armée crossed the Neman River in an attempt to engage and defeat the Russian army.

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Friedrich Christian Weber

Friedrich Christian Weber was an 18th-century German diplomat and writer.

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Friedrich von Adelung

Friedrich von Adelung (February 25, 1768 – January 30, 1843) was a German-Russian linguist, historian and bibliographer.

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Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt (1677–1708)

Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt (September 18, 1677, Darmstadt – October 18 1708, Chavusy) was a prince of Hesse-Darmstadt and Russian General.

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Fyodor Alexeyevich Golovin

Count Feodor Alekseyevich Golovin (Фёдор Алексеевич Головин; 1650 &ndash) was the last Russian boyar and the first Chancellor of the Russian Empire, field marshal, general admiral (1700).

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Fyodor Apraksin

Count Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin (also Apraxin; Фёдор Матве́евич Апра́ксин; 27 October 1661 10 November 1728, Moscow) was one of the first Russian admirals, governed Estonia and Karelia from 1712 to 1723, was made general admiral (1708), presided over the Russian Admiralty from 1718 and commanded the Baltic Fleet from 1723.

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Fyodor Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich DostoevskyHis name has been variously transcribed into English, his first name sometimes being rendered as Theodore or Fedor.

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Fyodor Romodanovsky

Prince Fyodor Yuryevich Romodanovsky (Фёдор Юрьевич Ромодановский; ca. 1640 – 1717) was one of Peter the Great's foremost assistants in the task of modernizing Russia.

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Fyodor Rtishchev

Feodor Mikhailovich Rtishchev (Фёдор Миха́йлович Рти́щев; April 16, 1625, Chekalinsky uyezd – July 1, 1673, Moscow) was a boyar and an intimate friend of Alexis I of Russia who was renowned for his piety and alms-deeds.

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Fyodor Shaklovity

Fyodor Leontiyevich Shaklovity (Bryansk -, Moscow) was a Russian diplomat best known as a staunch adherent of the regent Sophia Alekseyevna, who had promoted him from a regular scrivener to a member of the Boyar Duma and okolnichy.

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Gagarin, Smolensk Oblast

Gagarin (Гага́рин), known until 1968 as Gzhatsk (Гжатск), is a town and the administrative center of Gagarinsky District of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Gzhat River, northeast of Smolensk, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Galich, Russia

Galich (Га́лич) is a town in Kostroma Oblast, Russia, located on the southern bank of Lake Galichskoye.

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Galley

A galley is a type of ship that is propelled mainly by rowing.

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Gamontov (Russian nobility)

Gamoltov is the name of Russian noble family of Scottish origin, descend from Petr Gamoltov-Hamilton, an officer in Russian service since 1610.

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Gangut-class battleship

The Gangut-class battleships, also known as the "Sevastopol class", were the first dreadnoughts begun for the Imperial Russian Navy before World War I. They had a convoluted design history involving several British companies, evolving requirements, an international design competition, and foreign protests.

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Gantimurov family

The Gantimurovs (Гантимуровы) is a Russian princely family descending from Tungusic Evenk or Mongolic Daur prince Gantimur (Mongolian Gan:steel, tömör:iron).

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Garden Ring

The Garden Ring, also known as the "B" Ring (Садо́вое кольцо́, кольцо́ "Б"; transliteration: Sadovoye Koltso), is a circular ring road avenue around central Moscow, its course corresponding to what used to be the city ramparts surrounding Zemlyanoy Gorod in the 17th century.

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Garrison school

Garrison schools (гарнизо́нные шко́лы) in 18th century Russia were military schools that provided the primary education for the children of the military recruits.

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Gatchina

Gatchina (Га́тчина) is a town and the administrative center of Gatchinsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Gatchinsky District

Gatchinsky District (Га́тчинский райо́н) is an administrativeOblast Law #32-oz and municipalLaw #113-oz district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Gavriil Golovkin

Count Gavrila (Gavriil) Ivanovich Golovkin (Гаври́ла (Гаврии́л) Ива́нович Голо́вкин) (1660 – 20 January 1734) was a Russian statesman who formally presided over foreign affairs of the Russian Empire from 1706 until his death.

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Gavrilo Stefanović Venclović

Gavrilo "Gavril" Stefanović Venclović (Гаврилo Стефановић Венцловић; fl. 1670–1749) was a Serbian priest, writer, poet, orator, philosopher, neologist, polyglot, and illuminator.

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Gazikumukh Khanate

Gazikumukh Khanate was a Lak entity that was established in present-day Dagestan after the disintegration of Gazikumukh Shamkhalate in 1642.

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Gdov

Gdov (Гдов; Oudova) is a town and the administrative center of Gdovsky District in Pskov Oblast, Russia, located on the Gdovka River, just from its outflow into Lake Peipus.

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Gdov Kremlin

The Gdov Kremlin (Гдовский Кремль) is located on a bank of the Gdovka River, overlooking the Russian town of Gdov.

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Gdovsky District

Gdovsky District (Гдо́вский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #833-oz and municipalLaw #420-oz district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia.

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Gefreiter

Gefreiter (abbr. Gefr.) is a German, Swiss and Austrian military rank that has existed since the 16th century.

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Geheimrat

Geheimrat was the title of the highest advising officials at the Imperial, royal or princely courts of the Holy Roman Empire, who jointly formed the Geheimer Rat reporting to the ruler.

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General of the branch

A "general of the branch" or "general of the branch of service" is a rank equivalent to a three-star lieutenant general or four-star general.

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General-in-chief

General-in-chief has been a military rank or title in various armed forces around the world.

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Georg Bernhard Bilfinger

Georg Bernhard Bilfinger (23 January 1693 – 18 February 1750), German philosopher, mathematician and statesman, son of a Lutheran minister.

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Georg Friedrich Parrot

Georg Friedrich Parrot (15 July 1767 – 8 July 1852) was a German scientist, the first rector of the Imperial University of Dorpat (today Tartu, Estonia) in what was then the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire.

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Georg Gsell

Georg Gsell (Георг Гзель; 28 January 1673 – 22 November 1740) was a Swiss Baroque painter, art consultant and art dealer.

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Georg Johann Mattarnovi

Georg Johann Mattarnovi (Георг Иванович Маттарнови, Georg Ivanovich Mattarnovi; died 2 November 1719) was a German Baroque architect and sculptor, notable for his work in Saint Petersburg.

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George Charles Deering

George Charles Deering, originally Georg Karl Dering (c.1695–1749) was a German botanist and medical practitioner, resident in Great Britain for the last 30 years of his life.

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George Douglas, 2nd Earl of Dumbarton

George Douglas, 2nd Earl of Dumbarton (1687–1749) was a Scottish nobleman and soldier.

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George Mountbatten, 4th Marquess of Milford Haven

George Ivar Louis Mountbatten, 4th Marquess of Milford Haven (born 6 June 1961), styled Earl of Medina before 1970, is a British businessman, peer, and current Head of the House of Mountbatten.

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Georgia within the Russian Empire

The country of Georgia became part of the Russian Empire in the 19th century.

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Georgia–Persia relations

Persia and Georgia have had relations for thousands of years.

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Georgian Hussar Regiment

The Georgian Hussar Regiment (Грузинский гусарский полк; Gruzinskiy Hussarskiy Polk) was a military unit of the Russian Imperial Army which predominantly consisted by Moscow's Georgian community.

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Gerard Wigmana

Gerard Wigmana (27 September 1673, in Workum – 27 May 1741, in Amsterdam), was an 18th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands.

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Gerhard Johann von Löwenwolde

Gerhard Johann von Löwenwolde (Гергард Иоганн Левенвольде, died 1721)Bushkovitch (2001), p. 295 was a Baltic German Estonian knight.

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German Quarter

German Quarter (Неме́цкая слобода́, Nemetskaya sloboda), also known as the Kukuy Quarter (слобода Кукуй), was a neighborhood in the northeast of Moscow, located on the right bank of the Yauza River east of Kukuy Creek (hence the name Kukuy Quarter), within the present-day Basmanny District of Moscow.

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German–Serbian dictionary (1791)

The 1791 German–Serbian dictionary, referred to as the Avramović Dictionary (Аврамовићев речник or Avramovićev rečnik; full title in Deutsch und Illyrisches Wörterbuch zum Gebrauch der Illyrischen Nation in den K. K. Staaten; full title in Slavonic-Serbian: Нѣмецкïй и сербскïй словарь на потребу сербскагѡ народа въ крал. державахъ, transliterated as Německij i serbskij slovar' na potrebu serbskago naroda v kral. deržavah, meaning "German and Serbian Dictionary for Use by the Serbian People in the Royal States"), is a historical bidirectional translation dictionary published in the Habsburg Empire's capital of Vienna in 1791, though 1790 is given as the year of publication in some of its copies.

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Germanism (linguistics)

A Germanism is a loan word or other loan element borrowed from German for use in some other language.

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Giacomo Meyerbeer

Giacomo Meyerbeer (born Jacob Liebmann Beer; 5 September 1791 – 2 May 1864) was a German opera composer of Jewish birth who has been described as perhaps the most successful stage composer of the nineteenth century.

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Giacomo Pylarini

Giacomo Pylarini (Jacob) (1659–1718) was a Venetian physician and consul for the republic of Venice in Smyrna who in 1701 on the children of the English ambassador to Constantinople, gave the first smallpox inoculation outside of Asia.

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Gilan Province

Gilan Province (اُستان گیلان, Ostān-e Gīlān, also Latinized as Guilan) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.

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Gilles Schey

Gilles Schey (bapt. 28 August 1644 in Arnhem – 15 June 1703 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch admiral.

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Giovanni Maria Fontana

Giovanni Maria Fontana (c1670 – after 1712) was an Italian-Swiss architect, born in Lugano, who worked in Russia, on the invitation of Peter the Great, who assembled a team of European architects and artisans for the construction of St Petersburg during his grand tour in 1697 and 1698.

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Gleb Derujinsky

Gleb Derujinsky (March 19, 1925 – June 9, 2011) was an American fashion photographer.

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Gligorije Trlajić

Gligorije Trlajić (25 January 1766, Mol (Bačka) – 28 September 1811, Harkov, then part of Imperial Russia) was a Serbian writer, poet, polylgot and professor of law at the universities of St. Petersburg and Kharkiv (Harkov).

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Glinsk Hermitage

The Glinsk Hermitage (formally known as the Nativity of the Theotokos Stavropegial Male Monastery) is a Russian Orthodox stavropegial monastery located in Ukraine, near the Russian border.

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Global spread of the printing press

The global spread of the printing press began with the invention of the printing press with movable type by Johannes Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany.

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Globe of Gottorf

The Globe of Gottorf (Gottor'''p'''er Globus or Gottor'''f'''er Globus., Den gottorpske kæmpeglobus or Gottorpsk kæmpeglobus) is a 17th-century large globe of the earth in the Kunstkamera museum in St. Petersburg in Russia.

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Gogland

Gogland or Hogland (Гогланд; Suursaari; Hogland, Suursaar, Hochland) is an island in the Gulf of Finland in the eastern Baltic Sea, about 180 km west from Saint Petersburg and 35 km from the coast of Finland (near Kotka).

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Gold of Polubotok

The Gold of Polubotok (translit) is the story of a large amount of gold which Ukrainian Hetman Pavlo Polubotok supposedly deposited into an English bank in 1723, and which would have been returned upon the independence of Ukraine with an astronomical amount of interest.

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Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film

The Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA).

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Golden Ring

The Golden Ring (Золото́е кольцо&#769) is a ring of cities northeast of Moscow, the capital of Russia.

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Golden Weapon "For Bravery"

The Gold Sword for Bravery (Russian: Золотое оружие «За храбрость») was a Russian Empire award for bravery.

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Goldwasser

Danziger Goldwasser (Gdańska wódka, "vodka of Gdańsk"), with Goldwasser as the registered tradename, is a strong (40% ABV) root and herbal liqueur which was produced from 1598 to 2009 in Danzig (Gdańsk).

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Gorodki

Gorodki (Городки, townlets; Poppi) is an ancient Russian folk sport whose popularity has spread to Karelia, Finland, Sweden, Ingria, Lithuania, and Estonia.

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Gostilitsy

Gostilitsy is a village and the administrative center of Gostilitskoye Rural Settlement in Lomonosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located several kilometers west of the town of Petergof.

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Gostiny dvor

Gostinyi dvor (p) is a historic Russian term for an indoor market or shopping centre.

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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (or; Leibnitz; – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.

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Governing Senate

The Governing Senate (Правительствующий сенат) was a legislative, judicial, and executive body of the Russian Emperors, instituted by Peter the Great to replace the Boyar Duma and lasted until the very end of the Russian Empire.

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Government reform of Alexander I

The early Russian system of government instituted by Peter the Great, which consisted of various state committees, each named Collegium with subordinate departments named Prikaz, was largely outdated by the 19th century.

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Government reform of Peter the Great

The government reforms of Peter I aimed to modernize the Tsardom of Russia (later the Russian Empire) based on Western and Central European models.

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Governor

A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state.

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Governor-General of Baltic provinces

Governor-General of the Baltic provinces or Governor-General of Estonia, Livonia, and Courland was the military commander of the Riga Military District and the highest administrator of the Baltic governorates of Estonia, Livonia and Courland sporadically under Russian rule in the 19th century.

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Governorate (Russia)

A governorate, or a guberniya (p; also romanized gubernia, guberniia, gubernya), was a major and principal administrative subdivision of the Russian Empire and the early Russian SFSR and Ukrainian SSR.

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Govert Bidloo

Govert Bidloo or Govard Bidloo (12 March 1649 – 30 March 1713) was a Dutch Golden Age physician, anatomist, poet and playwright.

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Goznak

Joint Stock Company "Goznak" (short for Государственный знак, or State Insignia) is a Joint Stock Company in Russia, responsible for R&D as well as manufacturing in security products, including banknotes, coins, stamps, ID-cards, secure documents, state orders and medals, as well as providing secure IT services.

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Grad (toponymy)

Grad (Cyrillic: Град) is an Old Slavic word meaning "town", "city", "castle" or "fortified settlement".

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Graham McGrath

Graham McGrath (born 29 July 1971) is an English actor with film, television, radio and theatre credits.

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Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia, (Александра Павловна: 9 August 1783 at Saint Petersburg – 16 March 1801 in Buda) was a daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia and sister of Emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I. She married Archduke Joseph of Austria, Governor of Hungary.) Her marriage was the only Romanov-Habsburg marital alliance that ever occurred.

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Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia, Tsesarevna of Russia (Anna Petrovna Romanova) Анна Петровна; 27 January 1708, in Moscow – 4 March 1728, in Kiel) was the elder daughter of Emperor Peter I of Russia and Empress Catherine I of Russia. Her sister, Elizabeth of Russia, ruled as Empress between 1741 and 1762. While a potential heir in the reign of her father and her mother, she never acceded to the throne due to political reasons. However, her son Peter would rule as Emperor in 1762, succeeding Elizabeth. She was the Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp by marriage.

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Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Elena of Russia, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg (24 December 1784 – 24 September 1803) was a daughter of Grand Duke, later Tsar Paul I of Russia and his second wife Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg.

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Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1786–1859)

Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (Мария Павловна; 16 February 1786 – 23 June 1859) was the third daughter of Paul I of Russia and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg.

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Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna of Russia (1718–1725)

Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna of Russia was the youngest daughter of Peter the Great and his second wife Catherine I.

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Grand Duchess Natalya Alexeyevna of Russia (1714–1728)

Grand Duchess Natalya Alexeyevna of Russia (Наталья Алексеевна; 21 July 1714 – 22 November 1728) was a Russian Grand Duchess.

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Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna of Russia (Ольга Павловна) was a Grand Duchess of Russia as the second youngest daughter and seventh child of Emperor Paul I of Russia and his empress consort, Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg.

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Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia

Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia (Константи́н Никола́евич Рома́нов; 21 September 1827 – 25 January 1892) was the second son of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia and younger brother of Tsar Alexander II.

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Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia

Konstantin Pavlovich (Константи́н Па́влович; 8 May 1779 27 June 1831 was a grand duke of Russia and the second son of Emperor Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. He was the Tsesarevich of Russia throughout the reign of his elder brother Alexander I, but had secretly renounced his claim to the throne in 1823. For 25 days after the death of Alexander I, from 19 November (O.S.)/1 December 1825 to 14 December (O.S.)/26 December 1825 he was known as His Imperial Majesty Konstantin I Emperor and Sovereign of Russia, although he never reigned and never acceded to the throne. His younger brother Nicholas became Tsar in 1825. The succession controversy became the pretext of the Decembrist revolt. Konstantin was known to eschew court etiquette and to take frequent stands against the wishes of his brother Alexander I, for which he is remembered fondly in Russia, but in his capacity as the governor of Poland he is remembered as a strong ruler.

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Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia

Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia (Russian: Михаил Михайлович; 16 October 1861 – 26 April 1929) was a son of Grand Duke Michael Nicolaievich of Russia and a grandson of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia.

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Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia

Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia (Михаи́л Па́влович; Mikhail Pavlovich) (8 February 1798 – 9 September 1849) was a Russian prince, the tenth child and fourth son of Paul I of Russia and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg.

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Grand Embassy of Peter the Great

The Grand Embassy (translit) was a Russian diplomatic mission to Western Europe in 1697–98 led by Peter the Great.

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Grand prince

The title grand prince or great prince (magnus princeps, Greek: megas archon) ranked in honour below king and emperor and above a sovereign prince.

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Grand Trianon

The Grand Trianon is a château (palace) situated in the northwestern part of the Domain of Versailles.

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Grünes Gewölbe

The Grünes Gewölbe (English: Green Vault) in Dresden is a unique historic museum that contains the largest collection of treasures in Europe.

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Great Famine of Estonia (1695–97)

The Great Famine of Estonia (also The great starvation) killed about a fifth of Estonian and Livonian population (70,000–75,000 people) in two years.

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Great fire of Tartu

The Great fire of Tartu took place on and destroyed most of the city of Tartu in what is now Estonia.

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Great Frost of 1709

The Great Frost, as it was known in England, or Le Grand Hiver ("The Great Winter"), as it was known in France, was an extraordinarily cold winter in Europe in late 1708 and early 1709,.

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Great Northern Expedition

The Great Northern Expedition (Великая Северная экспедиция) or Second Kamchatka expedition (Вторая Камчатская экспедиция) was one of the largest exploration enterprises in history, mapping most of the Arctic coast of Siberia and some parts of the North America coastline, greatly reducing "white areas" on maps.

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Great Northern War

The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.

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Great Northern War plague outbreak

During the Great Northern War (1700–1721), many towns and areas of the Circum-Baltic and East-Central Europe suffered from a severe outbreak of the plague with a peak from 1708 to 1712.

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Great Podil fire

The 1811 Great fire of Podil (Велика пожежа, Velyka pozhezha) occurred on the morning of July 9, 1811 in the historical and commercial neighborhood of Podil in Kiev (Kyiv), the capital of Ukraine.

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Great Reduction (Sweden)

In the Great Reduction of 1680, by which the ancient landed nobility lost its power base, the Swedish Crown recaptured lands earlier granted to the nobility.

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Great Tower Street

Great Tower Street, originally known just as Tower Street, is a street in the City of London, the historic nucleus and modern financial centre of London.

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Greek War of Independence

The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση, Elliniki Epanastasi, or also referred to by Greeks in the 19th century as the Αγώνας, Agonas, "Struggle"; Ottoman: يونان عصياني Yunan İsyanı, "Greek Uprising"), was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830.

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Gregory Ephimovich Shchurovsky

Gregory Ephimovich Shchurovsky (30 January 1804 – March 20, 1884) was a Russian Professor of geology in Moscow.

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Greifswald

Greifswald, officially the University and Hanseatic City of Greifswald (German: Universitäts- und Hansestadt Greifswald), is a city in northeastern Germany.

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Gremuchiy Spring

Gremuchiy (Гремучий, literally ― Fulminating) is a spring and a nature monument that is situated in Western part of Zheleznodorozhny District of Rostov-on-Don, Russia.

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Grid plan

The grid plan, grid street plan, or gridiron plan is a type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other, forming a grid.

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Grigory Danilevsky

Grigory Petrovich Danilevsky (Григо́рий Петро́вич Даниле́вский; &ndash) was a Russian historical novelist.

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Grigory Dmitriyevich Stroganov

Grigory Dmitriyevich Stroganov (Григорий Дмитриевич Строганов) (25 January 1656 – 21 November 1715) was a Russian landowner and statesman, the most notable member of the prominent Stroganov family in the late 17th century-early 18th century, a strong supporter of the reforms and initiatives of Peter the Great.

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Grigory Dmitriyevich Yusupov

Grigory Dmitriyevich Yusupov (17 (27) November 1676 - 2 (13) September 1730, Moscow) was a Russian nobleman and member of the Yusupov family.

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Grodno

Grodno or Hrodna (Гродна, Hrodna; ˈɡrodnə, see also other names) is a city in western Belarus.

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Growth of Pedro II of Brazil

In the life of Pedro II of Brazil, growth in both his personal and public roles took place in the decade beginning in 1853.

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Gryazovetsky District

Gryazovetsky District (Гря́зовецкий райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #371-OZ and municipal districtLaw #1114-OZ (raion), one of the twenty-six in Vologda Oblast, Russia.

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Guillaume Delisle

Guillaume Delisle, also spelled Guillaume de l'Isle, (28 February 1675, Paris – 25 January 1726, Paris) was a French cartographer known for his popular and accurate maps of Europe and the newly explored Americas.

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Gulf of Finland

The Gulf of Finland (Suomenlahti; Soome laht; p; Finska viken) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea.

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Gunno Dahlstierna

Gunno Dahlstierna (September 7, 1661September 7, 1709) was a Swedish poet.

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Gustaf Otto Douglas

Count Gustaf (also Gustav) Otto Douglas (23 February 1687, Stockholm – 2 February 1771, Reval) was a Swedish mercenary of Scottish descent, grandson of Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge.

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Gymnasium of Karlovci

The Gymnasium of Karlovci (Karlovačka gimnazija / Карловачка гимназија) is the high school (gymnasium) located in the town of Sremski Karlovci.

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Haapsalu Castle

Haapsalu Castle (also Haapsalu Episcopal Castle, Haapsalu piiskopilinnus) is a castle with cathedral in Haapsalu, Estonia, founded in the thirteenth century as the seat of the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek.

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Hamina Fortress

Hamina Fortress is located in Finland on the coast of the Gulf of Finland and it is an integral part of the Hamina city centre.

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Hardstone carving

Hardstone carving is a general term in art history and archaeology for the artistic carving of predominantly semi-precious stones (but also of gemstones), such as jade, rock crystal (clear quartz), agate, onyx, jasper, serpentine, or carnelian, and for an object made in this way.

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Hare Island (Saint Petersburg)

Zayachy (Hare) Island (Russian Заячий остров, transliteration Zayachy ostrov) is an island in the Neva River in St. Petersburg, Russia.

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Harju County

Harju County (Harju maakond), or Harjumaa (Harrien or Rugel, Harria) is one of the 15 counties of Estonia.

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Harmen van Bol'es

Harmen van Bol'es (Amsterdam 1689 - Saint-Petersburg 1764) was a royal master builder in Russia.

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Hasan (Janissary secretary)

Hasan was an Ottoman civil servant who wrote about his experiences during the Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–11.

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Hôtel d'Estrées

The Hôtel d'Estrées is a hôtel particulier, a type of large townhouse of France, at 79 rue de Grenelle in the 7th arrondissement of Paris.

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Heir apparent

An heir apparent is a person who is first in a line of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person.

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Hellenoturkism

Hellenoturkism is a political concept that encompasses two things: a) a fact of civilization i.e. the co-habitation and interdependence, since the 11th century A.D., of the Greek and Turkish peoples and cultures, and b) a political ideology based on the above civilizational phenomenon, which aims at establishing a Greek-Turkish political ensemble.

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Hemmema

A hemmema (from Finnish "Hämeenmaa", Tavastia) was a type of warship built for the Swedish archipelago fleet and the Russian Baltic navy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

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Henry Every

Henry Every, also Avery or Evory, (23 August 1659 – time of death uncertain, possibly 1699) sometimes erroneously given as Jack Avery or John Avery, was an English pirate who operated in the Atlantic and Indian oceans in the mid-1690s.

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Henry Farquharson

Henry Farquharson (1675 – 19 December 1739) was a teacher who pioneered the study of mathematics in Russia.

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Heraclius I of Kakheti

Heraclius I (ერეკლე I, Erekle I) or Nazar Alī Khān (1642–1709), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was a Georgian monarch who ruled the kingdoms of Kakheti (1675–1676, 1703–1709) and Kartli (1688–1703) under the protection of the Safavid dynasty of Iran.

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Herman Boerhaave

Herman Boerhaave (31 December 1668 – 23 September 1738)Underwood, E. Ashworth.

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Hermes (Museo Pio-Clementino)

The Hermes of the Museo Pio-Clementino is an ancient Roman sculpture, part of the Vatican collections, Rome.

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Hermitage Museum

The State Hermitage Museum (p) is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Hermitage Theatre

The Hermitage Theatre (ɪrʲmʲɪˈtaʐnɨj tʲɪˈatər) in Saint Petersburg, Russia is one of five Hermitage buildings lining the Palace Embankment of the Neva River.

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Het Loo Palace

Het Loo Palace (Paleis Het Loo,, meaning "The Woods Palace") is a palace in Apeldoorn, Netherlands, built by the House of Orange-Nassau.

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Hey Diddle Diddle

"Hey Diddle Diddle" (also "Hi Diddle Diddle", "The Cat and the Fiddle", or "The Cow Jumped Over the Moon") is an English nursery rhyme.

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History of anthropology by country

Anthropology is the study of various aspects of humans within past and present societies.

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History of Artsakh

Artsakh is located in the southern part of the Lesser Caucasus range, at the eastern edge of the Armenian Highlands, encompassing the highland part of the wider geographical region known as Karabakh.

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History of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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History of Baku

Baku is the capital of Azerbaijan Republic, which was also the capital of Shirvan (during the reigns of Akhsitan I and Khalilullah I), Baku khanate, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Azerbaijan SSR and the administrative center of Russian Baku governorate.

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History of Bălți

Bălţi is the second largest city in Moldova.

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History of Central Asia

The history of Central Asia concerns the history of the various peoples that have inhabited Central Asia.

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History of Chechnya

The history of Chechnya may refer to the history of the Chechens, of their land Chechnya, or of the land of Ichkeria.

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History of Dagestan

Historically, Dagestan (Caucasian Albania) consisted of a federation of mountainous principalities in the eastern part of the North Caucasus.

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History of Europe

The history of Europe covers the peoples inhabiting Europe from prehistory to the present.

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History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union

The German minority in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union was created from several sources and in several waves.

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History of Gilan

Gīlān is an Iranian province at the southwestern coast of the Caspian Sea.

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History of international law in Russia

The history of international law in Russia is marked by several important periods, among these.

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History of Iran

The history of Iran, commonly also known as Persia in the Western world, is intertwined with the history of a larger region, also to an extent known as Greater Iran, comprising the area from Anatolia, the Bosphorus, and Egypt in the west to the borders of Ancient India and the Syr Darya in the east, and from the Caucasus and the Eurasian Steppe in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south.

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History of Kazan

The origin of the name Kazan is uncertain.

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History of Latvia

The history of Latvia began around 9000 BC with the end of the last glacial period in northern Europe.

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History of Minsk

Early East Slavs settled the forested hills of today's Minsk by the 9th century.

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History of modern Christianity

The history of modern Christianity concerns the Christian religion from the end of the Early Modern era to the present day.

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History of Moscow

The city of Moscow gradually grew around the Moscow Kremlin, beginning in the 14th century.

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History of Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod was founded by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir in 4 February 1221.

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History of Poland in the Early Modern era (1569–1795)

The early modern era of Polish history follows the late Middle Ages.

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History of Riga

The history of Riga, the capital of Latvia, begins as early as the 2nd century with a settlement, the Duna urbs, at a natural harbor not far upriver from the mouth of the Daugava River.

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History of Russia

The History of Russia begins with that of the East Slavs.

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History of Russia (1721–96)

Peter changed the rules of succession to the throne after the death of his son Aleksey, who had opposed his father's reforms and served as a rallying figure for anti-reform groups.

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History of Russia (1796–1855)

In Russian history, the period from 1796 to 1855 (covering the reigns of Paul I, Alexander I and Nicholas I) saw the Napoleonic wars, Government reform, political reorganization and economic growth.

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History of Russia (1855–92)

In 1855 Alexander II began his reign as Tsar of Russia, and presided over a period of political and social reform, notably the emancipation of serfs in 1861 and the lifting of censorship.

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History of Russian military ranks

Modern Russian military ranks trace their roots to Table of Ranks established by Peter the Great.

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History of Saint Petersburg

Founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May 1703.

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History of Siberia

The early history of Siberia is greatly influenced by the sophisticated nomadic civilizations of the Scythians (Pazyryk) on the west of the Ural Mountains and Xiongnu (Noin-Ula) on the east of the Urals, both flourishing before the Christian era.

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History of slavery

The history of slavery spans many cultures, nationalities, and religions from ancient times to the present day.

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History of submarines

Beginning in ancient times, humans sought to operate under the water.

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History of Sweden

During the 11th and 12th centuries, Sweden gradually became a unified Christian kingdom that later included what is today Finland.

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History of Taganrog

The southern Russian city of Taganrog began as one of Russia's first planned cities under Peter the Great.

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History of the administrative division of Russia

The modern administrative-territorial structure of Russia is a system of territorial organization which is a product of a centuries-long evolution and reforms.

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History of the Åland Islands