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Charles V - Luther

Terms in this set (48)

Why was Luther angry at the church?
-Pope was using money from indulgences to fund the rebuildable of St Peter's Basilica
-Didn't believe indulgences could shorten time in purgatory
-Felt that the church was leading people on the path to hell
-Indulgences were taking away the importance of faith and religious duties
What was the church like at the time?
-Only priests could communicate with God and services were in Latin
-Clerical abuses were widespread and many priests couldn't read Latin
-Most senior members of the church got their place through Simony and Nepotism
-The Pope exploited his position as secular and spiritual authority
What is meant by simony?
The buying or selling of positions
What is meant by nepotism?
Passing positions to relatives
When was the Ninety-Five Theses written?
1517
What was the Ninety-Five Theses?
an attack on the church to show everything that was wrong (Indulgences, the Pope's wealth and the lack of faith/religious duties)
What was the Fifty-Six Thesis?
Written by Tetzel in response to the Ninety-Fives Thesis. One of the Reactions by the church in response to Luther
What were the reactions from the church towards Luther's release of the Ninety-Five Theses?
1) Albrecht appealed that the pope should silence Luther
2) Tetzel wrote the Fifty-Six Thesis
3) 1518 Pope sent Cajetan
4) 1519 Pope sent Frederick the Wise a golden rose in exchange for Luther
5) 1519 Disputation with Eck
6) The Bull of Excommunication was sent
What was the Diet of Worms 1521?
Charles V gave Luther a hearing and asked Luther if he recanted. Luther replied no and was considered both a Heretic and an Outlaw. Charles issued Edict of Worms
What was the Edict of Worms?
Declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic
What did Luther do while at Wartburg Castle?
Translated the New Testament into German
What were the publications by Luther in 1520?
- An Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
- On the Babylonish Captivity of the Church
- Of the Liberty of the Christian Man
What was 'The Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation' about?
Luther is calling on Princes to oversee reform as he believed God had chosen the Princes to rule so it was their duty.
Uses 'German Nation' in the title to please German nationalist sentiment which he had caused.
What was 'The Babylonish Captivity of the Church' About?
Luther uses the Babylonish Captivity of Jews to compare to the captivity that Rome has over christians.
Aimed at an intellectual audience due to the use of Latin.
What was 'Of the Liberty of the Christian Man' about?
It condemned spiritual hierarchy and encouraged a personal relationship between man and God.
What did the Zwingli Prophets do that Luther disapproved of?
They smashed images and destroyed unnecessary church accessories like organs.
Luther, although agreeing with much of their beliefs, disapproved of the hast and violence.
What was the Knights War 1522-1523?
Knights pillaged church territory and attacked Prince-Bishops in Luther's name. This resulted in the Princes to raise and army to which the princes surrendered.

Luther did not support them.
What was the Peasants War 1524-26?
Peasants agreed with Luther's take n destruction of hierarchy and removal of sacraments so the leaser Thomas Muntzer called princes for reform.
Luther reacted at first by supporting the peasants but not them taking up arms but distanced himself and allied with the Princes Later on.
What was the Battle of Frankenhausen 1525?
Muntzer believed peasants should kill lords and set up a new Jerusalem. Princes crushed peasants (6 princes killed, 6000 peasants).
Luther reacted by supporting princes.
What was the Diet of Speyer 1526?
Temporary toleration for Lutheranism until a general council could be heard.
Enforced Recess of Speyer.
What was the League of Torgau 1526?
An alliance of Lutheran Princes to oppose the Edict of Worms
What happened at the Diet of Speyer 1529?
Charles ends toleration of Lutheran support and annulled Recess of Speyer.
Resulted in the protest at speyer where 14 imperial cities and 5 imperial princes signed documents saying they were Lutheran.
What was the Resolution of the Majority 1529?
- Edict of Worms upheld
- Can't reverse Lutheran states
- No more Lutheran advancements
- No more Lutheran preaching
What was the Resolution of the Minority 1529?
Princes came up with their own resolution which:
- Rejected Edict of Worms
- Rejected resolution of the Majority
_ 'Openly Protested'
What was the Colloquy of Marburg 1529?
debate on the lord's supper between Lutherans and Zwinglians.
Zwingli believed in spiritual representation of God in bread but Luther believed in the literal meaning.
What was the Augsburg Confession 1530?
An attempt to define Lutheranism. Tried to leave the door open for reconciliation. Was purposely ambiguous in some areas.
What was the Diet of Augsburg 1530?
Aim to restore unity in church.
Charles was there and needed to enlist Germans for war with Turks.
Both Melanchthon and Campeggio didn't give way.
resulted in the Decree of Diet of Augsburg.
What was the Decree of the Diet of Augsburg 1530?
- Reaffirmation of Edict of Worms
- Gave protestants until 1531 to return to Catholicism
Who was part of the Schmalkaldic League 1531?
- Philip of Hesse
- Prince of Anhalt
- Prince of Mansfield
- Elector of Saxony
- Prince of Braunschweig
and 11 imperial knights
What was the Schmalkaldic League?
A princely alliance to defend Lutheranism.
Luther approved taking arms.
What was the Peace of Nuremberg 1532?
Charles had no choice but to grant toleration of Lutheranism until a general council could be heard.
He had to do this as he needed money and men to fight the Turks (siege of Vienna)
What happened with the Duke Ulrich of Wittenberg incident 1534?
While in exile he got converted to Lutheranism and became an ally to the Schmalkaldic league.
The schmalkaldic league helped Ulrich restore his Dukedom
What was the Wittemberg Concord 1536?
Arranged by Bucer to reconcile over lord's supper. Drew up a definition that the bread was Christs real body in a spiritual sense.
All present signed but Bucer soon rejected it.
What were the Schmalkaldic articles 1537?
A document written by Luther justifying resistance against Charles in the cause of the word of God.
What was the conflict over Julich Cleves 1539-42?
William of Cleves opened up negotiations with Schmalkaldic league resulting in a battle between Cleves and Spain. Charles won and force William to return to Catholicism.
What was the Colloquy of Regensburg 1541?
Charles tried to negotiate with the Lutherans. Melanchthon and Cantarini wrote doctrine of double justification but later both the Pope and Luther denounced it.
What was the Philip of Hesse bigamy scandal?
Committed bigamy as he didnt want to continue having affairs or divorce. Luther, Melanchthon and Bucer all approved.
When does Charles Return to Germany?
1543
What happened at the Council of Trent 1545?
Not an open debate but rather to clarify and reform the Catholic Church
When did Luther die?
1546
What was the Diet of Regensburg 1546?
Called by Charles to get allies against Lutherans.
Attempted to organise an alliance with Maurice of Saxony a the promise to give him an electoral position
What was the Schmalkaldic war 1546-47?
A war against Charles and the Schmalkaldic league. Charles won and captured Philip of Hesse and John of Saxony.
What was the Diet of Augsburg and the Augsburg Interim 1548?
A catholic statement of belief and to be imperial law in all states and cities.
What was the Peace of Passau 1552?
Charles forced to abandon Augsburg Interim and John of Saxony and Philip of Hesse released.
What was the Peace of Augsburg 1555?
Both catholics and Lutherans would be tolerated and princes either chose to be catholic or lutheran.
Metanoia
Greek term for repentance, a turning away from sin with the intention of living a Christian life
Sola Scriptura
Scripture alone
Sola Fide
faith alone
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