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Rome, Constantinople and Newly-Converted Europe Archaeological and Historical Evidence Volume II U ŹRÓDEŁ EUROPY ŚRODKOWO-WSCHODNIEJ / FRÜHZEIT OSTMITTELEUROPAS Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas, Leipzig Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, Rzeszów Rada Redakcyjna / Herausgebergremium Andrzej Buko, Christian Lübke, Małgorzata Rybicka Redakcja Serii / Redaktion der Reihe Matthias Hardt, Marcin Wołoszyn tom 1, część 2 / Band 1, Teil 2 Rome, Constantinople and Newly-Converted Europe Archaeological and Historical Evidence edited by Maciej Salamon, Marcin Wołoszyn, Alexander Musin, Perica Špehar in cooperation with Matthias Hardt, Mirosław P. Kruk, Aleksandra Sulikowska-Gąska Kraków – Leipzig – Rzeszów – Warszawa 2012 U ŹRÓDEŁ EUROPY ŚRODKOWO-WSCHODNIEJ / FRÜHZEIT OSTMITTELEUROPAS Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e.V., Leipzig Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, Rzeszów Redakcja tomu / Redaktion des Bandes Maciej Salamon, Marcin Wołoszyn, Alexander Musin, Perica Špehar, Matthias Hardt, Mirosław P. Kruk, Aleksandra Sulikowska-Gąska Recenzenci tomu / Rezensenten des Bandes Eduard Mühle, Günther Prinzing Tłumaczenia / Übersetzungen Autorzy / Autoren, Alexey Gilevich, Monika Dzik oraz / sowie Anna Kinecka (j. angielski / Englisch), Katarzyna Łyp (j. niemiecki / Deutsch), Alexander Musin (j. rosyjski / Russisch) Weryfikacja językowa / Sprachverifizierung Marcin Bednarz, Anna Kinecka, Doris Wollenberg Skład / Layout Irena Jordan Obróbka graficzna / Graphik Autorzy / Autoren oraz / sowie Irena Jordan, przy udziale / unter Mitwirkung von Jolanta Ożóg, Rafał Janicki Projekt okładki / Layout des Umschlages Irena Jordan, Rafał Janicki Zdjęcie na okładce / Photo auf dem Umschlag Bizantyńska stauroteka (X / XI w.) z Ostrowa Lednickiego, zbiory Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy (Foto: R. Kujawa) Byzantinische Staurothek (10. / 11. Jh.) aus Ostrów Lednicki, Sammlungen des Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy (Photo: R. Kujawa) Druk tomu II / Druck von Band II Poligrafia Inspektoratu Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego, Kraków Dystrybucja / Distribution Leipziger Universitätsverlag Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego © Copyright by Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e.V., Leipzig 2012 © Copyright by Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa 2012 © Copyright by Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, Rzeszów 2012 ISBN: 978-3-86583-659-5 ISBN: 978-83-89499-85-1 ISBN: 978-83-936467-0-8 The present volume is the result of cooperation of institutions named here: Polish Academy of Sciences Committee for the Research in Antique Culture Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Byzantine Commission = National Committee of the AIEB Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw Leipzig Centre for History and Culture of East Central Europe (GWZO), Leipzig Institute of History Institute of Archaeology Jagiellonian University, Cracow University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów Institute for the History of Material Culture Institute of Archaeology Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade Sponsored by: CONTENTS III.1 ARCHAEOLOGY: ROME, CONSTANTINOPLE, THE RELICS AND PRIVATE DEVOTION OBJECTS THE INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS Lora Gerd Sacred objects in Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Canon Law ...................................................................................... 13 Estelle Cronnier Eastern Christianity and relics of the saints: from refusal to quest ................................................................................ 25 Elżbieta Dąbrowska Le dépôt de reliques dans les sépultures – usage liturgique ou superstition? ................................................................ 33 Michael Müller-Wille Reliquientranslationen im karolingischen und wikingerzeitlichen Europa .................................................................. 45 Alexander Musin Byzantine reliquary-crosses in the formation of medieval Christian culture in Europe ................................................ 61 III.2 ARCHAEOLOGY: SEARCHING FOR ROME AND CONSTANTINOPLE FROM THE SOUTH TO THE NORTH Lyudmila Doncheva-Petkova On the dating and origin of some types of pectoral crosses from medieval Bulgaria .................................................... 97 Snezana Filipova Early Christian reliquaries and encolpia and the problem of the so-called crypt reliquaries in the Republic of Macedonia ........................................................................................................................................ 113 Ádám Bollók Byzantine missions among the Magyars during the later 10th century? ......................................................................... 131 Péter Prohászka Über eine Variante der bronzenen byzantinischen Reliquienkreuze vom sogenannten Typ „Heiliges Land” aus dem Karpatenbecken unter Berücksichtigung eines „neuen“ alten Kreuzes aus der Gemarkung Tés (Ungarn) ........... 145 Kateřina Horníčková Between East and West: Bohemian reliquary pectoral crosses as testimony to religious and cultural exchange .......... 157 Janusz Górecki, Andrzej M. Wyrwa The staurotheke from Ostrów Lednicki ......................................................................................................................... 173 Joanna Żółkowska Disc pendants with St. George’s image from the early mediaeval period in Poland ..................................................... 193 Barbara Chudzińska Archaelogical evidence from today’s Poland on personal piety during the late Middle Ages ....................................... 203 Marcin Wołoszyn Die frühmittelalterlichen orthodoxen Devotionalien in Polen und die Entstehung der ältesten Ostgrenze Polens. Forschungsgeschichte und Forschungsperspektiven ........................................................................ 225 Mirosław P. Kruk Two stray stone plaques (icons) from the collection of the National Museum in Kraków ............................................ 291 Jerzy Ginalski Ein frühmittelalterlicher Sakralkomplex auf dem Burgwall „Horodyszcze” in Trepcza bei Sanok ............................... 303 Marcin Piotrowski, Marcin Wołoszyn Two devotional objects from Lubaczów (south-eastern Poland) and their archaeological-historical context ............... 331 Marcin Wołoszyn The cross-pendants from Sąsiadka-Suteysk in south-eastern Poland. A preliminary report .......................................... 347 Marcin Piotrowski, Marcin Wołoszyn Czermno/Cherven – archaeological investigation of an early Rus’ medieval town in Eastern Poland in 2010-2011. A preliminary report .................................................................................................... 359 Тomasz Dzieńkowski, Marcin Wołoszyn An encolpion from Czułczyce in south-eastern Poland .................................................................................................. 391 Anna Peskova Byzantine pendant reliquary-crosses from the territory of medieval Rus’...................................................................... 403 Natalia Astashova, Tatiana Saracheva Early medieval Rus’ relief decorated reliquary-crosses from the State Historical Museum in Moscow: insights from chemical content and technological analysis ............................................................................................ 445 Irina Sterligova Precious Eastern Christian Encolpia from the 9th to 17th сentury as represented in Russian collections ....................... 459 Nadezhda Chesnokova Eastern Orthodox icons and other holy objects in 17th century Russia – evidence from the records of Posolskiy Prikaz in Moscow .................................................................................................................... 485 Alexander Ostapenko Miniature figures of archangels in medieval East Europe .............................................................................................. 491 Natalia Khamayko Crescent pendants (lunnitsa) in 11th-13th century Rus’: Pagan amulet or Christian ornament? ...................................... 503 Svetlana Ryabtseva Pectoral reliquary-crosses from the Carpathian-Dniester Region, 11th-16th centuries .................................................... 527 Iuliia Mysko The religious beliefs of Slav population in the Upper Prut and the Middle Dniester region ......................................... 545 Marina Sergeeva Early Rus’ sacred object in antler and bone from the Middle Dnieper area ................................................................... 563 Olena Veremeychyk Finds of Christian liturgical and devotional objects from the central part of Chernigov Land, 11th-13th century .......... 573 Vira Hupalo Christian devotional objects from early medieval Zvenigorod (now Zvenyhorod, Ukraine) ........................................ 591 Radosław Liwoch On the new border of Christian civilisations. Archaeological material from the early Rus’ Plisnesk ............................ 611 Aliaksandr Bashkou The beginning of Christianisation of Western Belarus, 11th-14th century ....................................................................... 621 Kristina Lavysh Byzantine devotional objects from the territory of Belarus ............................................................................................ 633 Vadzim Koshman Enamels cloisonnés in Belarus in 11th -13th century: Byzantine influence and questions of local production ............... 645 Jan Chochorowski Russian Orthodox pendant crosses from Polish archaeological research on Spitsbergen .............................................. 655 IV AFTERWORD Alexander Musin, Marcin Wołoszyn Newly-Converted Europe – Digging In. An Archaeological Afterword ......................................................................... 683 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ III.1 АРХЕОЛОГИЯ: РИМ, КОНСТАНТИНОПОЛЬ, РЕЛИКВИИ И ПРЕДМЕТЫ ЛИЧНОГО БЛАГОЧЕСТИЯ ПРЕДВАРИТЕЛЬНЫЕ РАЗМЫШЛЕНИЯ Лора Герд Реликвии в византийском и поствизантийском каноническом праве ...................................................................... 13 Эстелль Кронье Восточное христианство и реликвии святых: от отвержения к поиску .................................................................. 25 Ельжбета Донбровска Святыни в погребениях: богослужебный обряд или суеверие? ............................................................................... 33 Михаил Мюллер-Вилле Перенесение реликвий и распространение реликвариев в Европе в эпоху Каролингов и викингов ................... 45 Александр Мусин Византийские энколпионы в сложении средневековой христианской культуры в Европе ................................... 61 III.2 АРХЕОЛОГИЯ: В ПОИСКАХ РИМА И КОНСТАНТИНОПОЛЯ С ЮГА НА СЕВЕР Людмила Дончева-Петкова К вопросу о датировке и происхождении некоторых типов нательных крестов в средневековой Болгарии .............................................................................................................................................. 97 Снежана Филиппова Раннехристианские реликварии и энколпионы и вопрос о криптовых реликвapиях на территории Республики Македония ........................................................................................................................... 113 Адам Боллок Византийская миссия у мадьяр в конце Х века? ........................................................................................................ 131 Петр Прохазка Бронзовые кресты-реликварии на территории Карпатского бассейна (Теш, Венгрия) ........................................ 145 Катерина Хорничкова Между Востоком и Западом: кресты-реликварии из Чехии как свидетельство культурно-религиозного обмена ................................................................................................................................. 157 Ежи Гурецки, Анджей Вырва Ставротека Острова Ледницкого ................................................................................................................................. 173 Иоанна Жуковска Круглые иконки-подвески с образом святого Георгия на территории сoвpемeнной Польши .............................. 193 Барбара Худзиньска Археологические данные о предметах личного благочестия эпохи позднего Средневековья (XIII-XVI вв.) на территории современной Польши ................................................................................................. 203 Марчин Волошин Восточно-христианские предметы личного благочестия эпохи Средневековья на территории Польши и становление древнейших польских границ на Востоке: история изучения и перспективы исследования ......... 225 Мирослав Петр Крук Две каменные иконки из коллекции Национального музея в Кракове (Польша) .................................................. 291 Ежи Гинальски Комплекс средневековых сакральных предметов с городища Трепча близь Санока в юго-восточной Польше ............................................................................................................................................. 303 Марчин Пиотровски, Марчин Волошин Два предмета личного благочестия из Любачува (Юго-Восточная Польша) в их историко-археологическом контексте ........................................................................................................................ 331 Марчин Волошин Нательные кресты из Сонсядки-Сутейска в юго-восточной Польше: предварительное сообщение ................... 347 Марчин Пиотровски, Марчин Волошин Новые находки в Чермно ............................................................................................................................................. 359 Томаш Дженьковски, Марчин Волошин Борисоглебский энколпион из Чулчице (Люблинское воеводство, Польша) ......................................................... 391 Анна Пескова Византийские кресты-реликварии на территории Древней Руси ............................................................................ 403 Наталья Асташова, Татьяна Сарачева Химико-технологическое изучение древнерусских рельефных энколпионов из собрания Государственного исторического музея ..................................................................................................................... 445 Ирина Стерлигова Драгоценные восточно-христианские реликварии IX-XVII вв. по материалам российских собраний ............... 459 Надежда Чеснокова Восточно-христианские иконы и реликвии в России XVII в. по материалам Посольского приказа ................... 485 Александр Остапенко Миниатюрные фигурки архангелов в Восточной Европе эпохи Средневековья ................................................... 491 Наталья Хамайко Лунницы в Древней Руси XI-XIII в.: языческий амулет или христианское украшение? ...................................... 503 Светлана Рябцева Кресты-реликварии в системе христианской культуры Карпато-Днестровского региона в XI-XVI вв. ............. 527 Юлия Мисько Религиозные верования славянского населения верхнего течения реки Прут и Среднего Поднестровья .......... 545 Марина Сергеева Древнерусские сакральные изделия из кости и рога на территории Среднего Поднепровья ............................... 563 Елена Веремейчик Церковная утварь и предметы личного благочестия ХІ-ХІІІ вв. центральных районов Черниговской земли .... 573 Вера Хупало Предметы христианского культа из древнерусского Звенигорода ........................................................................... 591 Радослав Ливох На новых границах христианского мира: археологические материалы из древнерусского Плеснеска ............... 611 Александр Башков Начало христианства на западе Белоруссии XI-XIV вв.: исторический и археологический аспекты ................. 621 Кристина Лавыш Предметы христианского культа византийского происхождения с территории Белоруссии ................................ 633 Вадим Кошман Перегордчатая эмаль в Белоруссии в ХI–XIII вв.: византийское влияние и вопросы местного производства ... 645 Ян Хохоровски Нательные кресты православной традиции из исследований польской археологической экспедиции на острове Шпицберген .......................................................................................................................... 655 IV ПОСЛЕСЛОВИЕ Марчин Волошин, Александр Мусин Раскапывая Новую Европу: послесловие археологов ............................................................................................... 683 Rome, Constantinople and Newly-Converted Europe. Archaeological and Historical Evidence M. Salamon, M. Wołoszyn, A. Musin, P. Špehar, M. Hardt, M.P. Kruk, A. Sulikowska-Gąska (eds.) U źródeł Europy Środkowo-wschodniej/Frühzeit Ostmitteleuropas 1,2 Kraków-Leipzig-Rzeszów-Warszawa 2012, vol. II, p. 331-345 Marcin Piotrowski, Marcin Wołoszyn Two devotional objects from Lubaczów (south-eastern Poland) and their archaeological-historical context Abstract. Two devotional objects from Lubaczów (south-eastern Poland) and their archaeological- historical context. Lubaczów and its region were regarded in the past mostly as a “blank spot” on the archaeological map of Poland. Recent years brought a marked increase in interest in the region, complete with an investigation made in 2008 at Lubaczów (site No. 2). That season two devotional objects were discovered: a bronze encolpion and a stone cross-pendant. Both are being linked with the stronghold at Lubaczów, or possibly, with its suburb settlement, in use during the 12th-13th century. The poor preservation of the encolpion prevents closer analysis and the stone cross-pendant owing to its simple form has only a limited diagnostic value. On the positive side, the encolpion and the cross-pendant both come from a well-defined archaeological context something that is not too common for devotional objects (not only in Poland). Mentioned for the first time in early 13th century written sources Lubaczów appears to have been a middle-level administrative centre of Halych-Volhynia. After 1340 like the rest of the territory of Red Ruthenia the region was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland. The research made at Lubaczów by M. Piotrowski helped secure a large group of objects of East European origin which, like the encolpion and the cross-pendant, have added to our understanding of the Rus’ period in the history of this town. Lubaczów and its region used to be regarded in the past as a “blank spot” on the archaeological map of Poland. Until recently not too many early medieval finds were recorded in the area and it tended to be bypassed by more regular field research. This marginal interest resulted from the view that the Lubaczów region had limited attraction for settlement, supposedly due to its lack of natural resources, the fact that after World War II the town found itself next to the state border (Fig. 1) and possibly, most of all because it lay far from  Marcin Wołoszyn is at present a Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt – Foundation, hosted by Prof. Dr. Christian Lübke (Leipzig Centre for the History and Culture of East Central Europe – GWZO); Project: Treuer Freund oder unüberwindlicher Gegner? Die Westslawen im 10.-12. Jahrhundert und ihre Beziehungen zur byzantinisch-altrussischen Welt. 2008-2010 he participated in the Project Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Wandel in den Grenz- und Kontaktzonen Ostmitteleuropas im Mittelalter (GWZO, Leipzig: Project Leader Christian Lübke and Matthias Hardt). Our warm thanks go to A.A. Peskova (St. Petersburg) for classifying the encolpion presented here.  The term “Lubaczów region” used here is translated from the Polish term ziemia lubaczowska (Lubaczów land) and region lubaczowski (Lubaczów region) neither of which is a strictly geographical term. In this we continue the line of reasoning proposed by A. Kokowski (1990, 3; see also Pilch 1996, 5). The area discussed here overlaps for the most part with the area of today’s administrative district of Lubaczów (powiat Lubaczów).  We have proof to the contrary from e.g., numerous publications which discuss the resources available in the region for the development of iron metallurgy and glassmaking (see Pilch 1996, 8; Kubrak 1996; Piotrowski, Dąbrowski 2008; 2009, 210.) Moreover, the view that the Roztocze Hills were an area of sparse settlement was undermined recently by the discovery of a number of archaeological sites (Piotrowski 2005; Niezabitowska 2005). In the region of Lubaczów human settlement would have been favoured by relatively fertile soils and a well-developed network of rivers and streams (cf. Pilch 1996, 6, 17). 331 Marcin Piotrowski, Marcin Wołoszyn Fig. 1. The Location of the research area; drawn by I. Jordan. 1 – Lubaczów, powiat Lubaczów, województwo podkarpackie, Poland; 2 – Przemyśl, powiat Przemyśl, województwo podkarpackie, Poland; 3 – Belz, oblast’ L’viv, Ukraine. university centres with institutes of archaeology – Cracow and Lublin (cf. Pilch 1996, 6; O archeologii pradziejowej…2010, 4). The Lubaczów County (powiat lubaczowski), on the northern margin of the podkarpackie voivodship, used to be a “no man’s land” visited by only the most determined researchers. Thus, ultimately as is often the case, the area’s status of a “blank spot” would be not so much the result of its having been sparsely populated during prehistory and in the early medieval period but rather, of an inadequate state of research. This situation changed to some extent during the 1950s thanks to the efforts of archaeologists based in Cracow, members of the “Lubaczów Expedition”: A. Dzieduszycka, J. Kamieńska, J. Machnik and J. Potocki, followed by, in the 1970s and 80s, by researchers based in Rzeszów (cf. Gruszczyńska 1973; This was before the Institute of Archaeology of the University of Rzeszów was established in 1999.  See Dzieduszycka, Machnik 1959; Dzieduszycka, Kamieńska 1959; Machnik, Potocki 1961; cf. also Kokowski 1990, 3; Pilch 1996, 6ff.; O archeologii  pradziejowej…2010, 4. 332 Two devotional objects from Lubaczów (south-eastern Poland) 1976; Bieńkowska, Proksa 1984; Proksa 1992). During the 1980s the archaeologists based in Lublin also joined the surface survey projects (Kokowski 1990; Pilch 1996, 14). This spate of intermittent activity was followed by several seasons of excavation made in the first decade of the 21st century by the team from the Institute of Archaeology of Maria Skłodowska-Curie University in Lublin which investigated the multi-culture site No. 22 at Łukawica (gmina Narol) to the north-east of Lubaczów and at sites Nos. 2 and 43 in Lubaczów itself (see below). Thanks to the findings from the earlier and the more recent research we now have evidence that Lubaczów used to be a relatively important early medieval stronghold, possibly, a local centre of administration in a an as yet insufficiently understood area of the Polish-Rus’ borderland. The encolpion (US 119) a and the stone cross-pendant (US 92) discovered in 2008 in Lubaczów (site No. 2) are probably associated with the stronghold or its suburb settlement, known to have been in function at this location in 12th-13th century (see the discussion below). Unfortunately the encolpion cannot be analyzed more closely (see discussion below) and the stone cross-pendant is a very simple form with only a limited diagnostic value. All the same, these two artifacts deserve some attention if only because they come from a regular archaeological excavation – which is not so common for a category of artifact such as devotional objects (not only in Poland). Lubaczów and its region – input from archaeological research From Lubaczów and its surrounding area we have a record on 293 early medieval sites (Fig. 2). Regrettably, most of them are known only from surface survey. Some 70% sites can be dated only very broadly to the early Middle Ages. The remainder have a closer chronological attribution, with a division into two phases: 7th-10th century, 10th mid-13th century. The first of these phases is documented by 24 sites, the second – by 64 sites, clear proof on the intensification of settlement (cf. Pilch 1996, 15). During this later period we have evidence on settlement not only on rivers and streams (typical for the 7th-10th c.) but also in sites at some distance from them, deeper into the upland. During the 10th-13th century there is an observable increase in the density of sites around Lubaczów and Cieszanów (cf. Fig. 2), some of which were investigated by archaeologists. At Cieszanów two settlement sites were identified (sites No. 1 [10th-11th c.] and No. 2 [13th c.]). The medieval sites investigated at Lubaczów are the following (cf. Fig. 3): site No. 1 – the Castle Mount (Wzgórze Zamkowe)10, site No. 2 – (local name Przygródek – “small suburb settlement”)11, a settlement site from 13th-14th century in the meadows near the Castle Mount12, and site No. 43 – a fragment of a large settlement several hectares in area (11th-14th c.) found a few hundred metres to the south-east of the stronghold13. Of these, the most interesting results come from the investigation of site No. 2 at Lubaczów (Przygródek), situated in the immediate vicinity of the Castle Mount (site No. 1; cf. Fig. 4), on the grounds of the park attached to the regional museum in Lubaczów (Muzeum Kresów). The stronghold (or strongholds, see discussion below) was raised on a site surrounded by marshland some 650 m S-SE of what today is the Market Square. This was a location easy to defend. With time next to the fortified settlement some open settlements were established – to the north of sites Nos. 1 and 2 (moving towards the area of the future Market Square) and to the south.  The only other encolpion find from the Lubaczów County (powiat) is in private hands. According to information given by its owner this specimen was discovered at Radruż, powiat Lubaczów, nearby the historic building of a Ukrainian Greek Catholic church of St. Paraskeva (Mazur 1999). Surface survey and excavation results confirm early medieval occupation in this locality, also on the site of the Orthodox church. The photocopy of a photograph of this specimen, submitted a few years ago by its owner to the Institute of Archaeology of Maria Skłodowska- Curie University in Lublin, is poor in quality. With no access to the original encolpion we are not in a position to comment on its authenticity, character and chronology.  Admittedly this data is from 1996 but the number of early medieval sites identified in Lubaczów County has not increased since then.  See Dzieduszycka, Machnik 1959; Machnik, Potocki 1961; Żaki 1974, 89.  See Gruszczyńska 1976. 10 The Castle Mount (Wzgórze Zamkowe) at Lubaczów was investigated at least on three occasions; see Machnik 1967, 10; Gruszczyńska 1976; Bieńkowska, Proksa 1984; Proksa 1992; Pilch 1996, 6, 8, 11. 11 See Piotrowski, Dąbrowski 2007; 2008; Piotrowski 2009; Piotrowski, Kępka, Żuchowska 2009, 84, 113-115, 125. 12 Machnik, Potocki 1959, 251. 13 The documentation is at present being processed – fieldwork season 2008-2009 headed by G. Dąbrowski. 333 Marcin Piotrowski, Marcin Wołoszyn Fig. 2. Lubaczów and its region – Location of the early medieval sites; prepared by A. Pilch, G. Dąbrowski, M. Piotrowski; redrawn by I. Jordan. 1 – Lubaczów, powiat Lubaczów, województwo podkarpackie, Poland; 2 – Cieszanów, powiat Lubaczów, województwo podkarpackie, Poland. Fig. 3. Lubaczów, powiat Lubaczów, województwo podkarpackie, Poland. Location of the early medieval sites; drawn by M. Piotrowski. a – site – range of distribution of early medieval ceramics; b – reconstructed area covered by the site; c – Market Square. 334 Two devotional objects from Lubaczów (south-eastern Poland) Fig. 4. Lubaczów, powiat Lubaczów, województwo podkarpackie, Poland. Site No. 1 – the Castle Mount (Wzgórze Zamkowe) and site No. 2 – local name Przygródek. Archaeological trenches investigated in 2005-2009; drawn by M. Piotrowski. Site No. 2 harboured the remains of fortifications (an earth-and-timber rampart) of substantial thickness (about 2-2.5 m)14, which in the investigated fragment of the site ran NE-SW. A moat was identified to the north- west of the rampart (Fig. 4). The upper level of the rampart (in the investigated section) had a thickness of 1-1.5 m and consisted of several layers of yellow and grey sand and clay alternating with brown-coloured streaks – the remains of decomposed and compacted organic matter (timber or brushwood). Lower down, underneath these layers there were finely preserved timber structures (Fig. 5): timber boxes surviving to the height of four horizontally placed timbers laid over a base of logs placed parallel to one another, at right angles to the line of the rampart. Their purpose was presumably to provide a solid sub-base for the timber boxes of the rampart on the boggy ground. The logs were kept from sliding apart by small pegs driven into the ground in between. The boxes were sturdy in their construction. Some of their timbers were of hexagonal section and had sockets hewn in them to set into place the interlocking logs (Fig. 6). The wooden constructions were mostly oak. Samples for radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology were taken from the exposed fragment of the rampart (Prof. Dr M. Krąpiec; Cracow). The C14 dates secured in the laboratory in Kiev correspond to the period late 9th-10th century (personal communication of M. Krąpiec). These determinations are to be confirmed in the future by dendrochronology analysis. 14 When investigating the timber constructions of the rampart archeologists succeeded, although with great difficulty, in reaching their lowest level – the sub-base of logs laid over the boggy ground. This could be done only by continually removing the water from the trench. The moat could not be investigated in similar manner because the bottom of the excavation trenches was below the water level in the Lubaczówka river, several meters away. 335 336 Marcin Piotrowski, Marcin Wołoszyn Fig. 5. Lubaczów, powiat Lubaczów, województwo podkarpackie, Poland. Site No. 2 – local name Przygródek. Stratigraphic context of the encolpion, stone cross-pendant, selected glass bracelets and two glass finger rings. I-IV – sections; V-VI – horizontal plan of the earth-and-timber constructions; VII –plan of archaeological trenches investigated in 2005-2009 indicating the position of sections I-IV; drawn by P. Piotrowska and M. Piotrowski. Two devotional objects from Lubaczów (south-eastern Poland) Fig. 6. Lubaczów, powiat Lubaczów, województwo podkarpackie, Poland. Site No. 2 – local name Przygródek. Earth-an-timber constructions of the rampart during exploration; Photo by M. Piotrowski. 1 – view from the south-east; a fragment of section B-H is visible; 2 – view from the north-east; in the background – fragment of section B-E, on the left, section H-B. Many small finds were recovered from the deposit formed over the remains of the rampart (including the two devotional objects of most interest to us here). The archaeological material recovered from the deposit overlying the part of the rampart descending to the moat (NW slope) includes numerous fragments of pottery, over 80 fragments of glass bracelets (including an unfinished bracelet in green glass [?;US 91, 92, 135]), two glass finger rings (US 91), a fragment of a bone comb, an ornamented bone plaque, a bone gaming piece and, last but not least, the stone cross-pendant (for small finds from Lubaczów see Fig. 7). The small finds recovered from the layer resting on the SE slope of the rampart included a smaller number of pottery fragments and the encolpion. The material recovered from the layers accumulated over the rampart was dated to the period 11th- 13th century. This is because the deposit within which they rested appears to date from the period when the rampart was no longer in use or was pulled down. A fuller interpretation of the remains of the rampart identified in site No. 2 is not possible at present. Some 20 metres from the investigated rampart a large earth mound was discovered in site No. 1 (Wzgórze Zamkowe) harbouring the remains of a masonry castle. This structure goes back in its origins to the 15th century. However, fieldwork made in the 1980s identified in the same location some timber remains that were interpreted as relics of a rampart of a stronghold, datable (by pottery) to the early 11th century. A wooden stronghold at Lubaczów is mentioned in the written sources as early as in the 14th century. At what is at present only a very preliminary stage of research we cannot say whether in the period 9th- 14 century Lubaczów had two strongholds, or whether one of the sites (No. 2 [?]) was a suburb settlement of th a stronghold, or whether the still insufficiently studied sites Nos. 1 and 2 – are actually the remains of a single great stronghold. 337 Marcin Piotrowski, Marcin Wołoszyn Fig. 7. Lubaczów, powiat Lubaczów, województwo podkarpackie, Poland. Site No. 2 (and 43 [amphorae]). Selected finds; Photo by M. Piotrowski. 1 – fragments of Byzantine amphorae; 2 – bracelets. The culture layer yielded two devotional objects: a complete encolpion and a stone cross-pendant. Encolpion (Fig. 8:1-2) Complete, cast copper alloy, in the form of the Latin cross; at the end of each arm, a roundel set off from the rest of the arm by a projection; hinges and bead for suspension now missing Obverse – crucified Christ (?) Reverse – image of a cross with three horizontal cross-beams (?) 338 Two devotional objects from Lubaczów (south-eastern Poland) Dimensions: total length (incl. fragment of hinge) 52.7 mm; width 38.2 mm Preservation: very poor, precludes closer iconographic analysis Dating: 12th-13th century (?) Muzeum Kresów (regional museum) in Lubaczów. Cross-pendant (Fig. 8:3) Stone; vertical beam originally longer than the horizontal beam, sub-triangular in cross-section, the profiling creates an additional sign of the cross on the upper face Dimensions: width 18.00 mm; surviving height 19.1 mm Incomplete, missing the upper part where the loop for suspension would have been Dating: 11th-13th century (?) Muzeum Kresów (regional museum) in Lubaczów. Fig. 8. Lubaczów, powiat Lubaczów, województwo podkarpackie, Poland. Site No. 2 – local name Przygródek. Devotional objects; Photo M. Wołoszyn, G. Dąbrowski; drawn by J. Ożóg; computer design M. Piotrowski. 1 – The encolpion before conservation treatment – X-ray photograph after computer graphics; 2 – the encolpion after conservation treatment; 3 – the stone cross-pendant. 339 Marcin Piotrowski, Marcin Wołoszyn Unfortunately, owing to heavy damage of the surface of both the obverse and the reverse closer iconographic analysis of the encolpion is impossible and its dating – 12th-13th century – is not free from problems. Apparently, this was a relief-nielloed reliquary-cross, with the legible image of the crucified Christ on the obverse, with an inlaid cross or a tabula ansata above and to the sides, two bust representation of the witnesses; on the reverse there should be an inlaid (though often there is no inlay) image of the cross with three horizontal cross-beams at center and four roundels at the ends with abbreviated inscriptions. Crosses of this type may be referred to the 12th century, first half of the 13th century (cf. Korzukhina, Peskova 2003, 127-132, Pl. 72-75, III.2.4/1-43). The stone cross-pendant is a very simple form – a similar specimen is known from Opole in Silesia (cf. Wołoszyn 2012, Fig. 5:4) but most parallels are from Rus’ finds, e.g., medieval Zvenigorod (now Zvenyhorod, Pustomyty region, L’viv oblast; Ukraine; cf. Hupalo 2012, Fig. 10:1,4). The cross-pendant from Lubaczów can be dated only very broadly to the period 11th-13th century. The character of the stone from which the cross was made (Ovruch slate?) should me verified, but it fit well to several Ovruch examples in shape. Other finds excavated at Lubaczów (site No. 2) include a substantial series of Rus’ objects (bracelets); site No. 43 yielded some spindlewhorls of Ovruch slate. Finally, there were numerous fragments of Byzantine amphorae – a class of object frequently encountered in Rus’ (for the distribution of these categories of finds in Poland see Wołoszyn 2007, Fig. 6 [spindlewhorls of Ovruch slate], 15 [fragments of Byzantine amphorae], 14 [bracelets]. These finds help to confirm – similarly as the cross-pendant and the encolpion – the Rus’ period in the history of Lubaczów documented by the written sources. Lubaczów and its region – input from the written sources The earliest unambiguous reference to Lubaczów is in the Halych-Volhynian Chronicle, in a passage which relates to the agreement reached at Spiš (Scepusium) in 1214 (IL, 6719 [1211], col. 731 [Lyubachev]). Starting from as early as the 12th century the Piast and the Arpad rulers were rivals in their attempts to extend their dominion over the principality of Halych-Volhynia (cf. Włodarski 1966; Pashuto 1968; Font 1991; Golovko 2001; Mayrov 2001; Kotlyar 2003; Lübke 2003; Bartnicki 2005). After the death of Roman the Great in the Battle of Zawichost (1205), with his sons still minors, the Polish-Hungarian rivalry grew even stronger during the reign of Leszek the White, Duke of Cracow (d. 1227) and Hungarian King Andrew II (1205-1235), who styled himself rex Galiciae et Lodomeriae. The treaty concluded at Spiš was one of many (shortlived) attempts to extend the influence of Buda and of Cracow to Halych-Volhynia. In keeping with this treaty Andrew II’s son Koloman, married to Leszek’s daughter Salomea, was to rule in Halych, and Leszek was to reign over Przemyśl (Rus’ Peremyshl) and Lubaczów. The latter city was offered by the Duke of Cracow to Pakosław (c. 1170-1245), then a powerful noble in Lesser Poland and the architect of the Polish-Hungarian treaty (IL, 6719 [1211], col. 730-731; Janeczek 1993, 216; 1996, 21-22; Kubrak 1998, 5; Bartnicki 2007, 16; for Pakosław, see Bieniak 1980; Janeczek 1996, 21-22; Bartnicki 2007, 15). By 1215 Pakosław had already lost Lubaczów. It seems that in the 13th century, when its history is illuminated only sporadically by the Rus’ written sources, Lubaczów was subject to Przemyśl to the south, and later, to Belz, to the east. The death, in 1340, of Bolesław Jerzy of Masovia, who had ruled over Halych Rus’ since 1323, was followed by attempts to annex the region made by Poland, Hungary and Lithuania. In the end, the western part of Halych Rus’ – now called Red Ruthenia15 – was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland (Corona Regni Poloniae; see Paszkiewicz 1925; Rhode 1955, 172-293; Lübke 2003, 52-58; Wünsch, Janeczek [eds.] 2004; Janeczek 2012). For the Lubaczów region this opened up the way to rapid modernization expressed e.g. by urban development. Still in the reign of Casimir the Great the castle at Lubaczów was expanded (remodelled?), in 1376 the town (now Lubaczow) received its charter (Dalecki 1991; Janeczek 1996, 25; Kubrak 1998, 5; Werdt v. 2006, 59-60), around 1375 the Roman Catholic parish was established (Kubrak 1998, 5) and in 1388 gained 15 See von Werdt 1998. The territorial significance of the term Red Ruthenia itself and of how it came about requires more studies: our warm thanks go to Professor Dr Janeczek for his comprehensive explanation of this matter. 340 Two devotional objects from Lubaczów (south-eastern Poland) sound financial security from an endowment granted by Siemowit IV, the Piast duke of Masovia (for Siemowit see below). Among the towns of Red Ruthenia Lubaczów was one of the centres chartered quite early on, possibly, thanks to its status established during the Rus’ period, presumably of the main centre of the administrative division – the volost (cf. Janeczek 1993, 21-34; see also Werdt v. 2006, 60). In 1388 the Duchy of Belz was separated from the Ruthenian lands incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland and given under the rule of the Piast dukes of Masovia. The first duke active in the region, Siemowit IV († 1426), extended his rule to Lubaczów. The Duchy of Belz continued in existence until 1462, the death of Władysław II of Płock, the last in this line of the Masovian Piast. Then the Duchy of Belz was merged into the Kingdom of Poland. What is relevant is that starting from late 14th century, when the power over the region passed to Siemowit IV, we may observe an intensification of ties between Lubaczów and Belz to the east, despite the fact that the two were separated by the line of the Roztocze hills. Earlier, in the 11th-13th centuries, it seems that Lubaczów had a stronger connection with Przemyśl lying to the south of it, an extremely important centre of Halych Rus’. These southern connotations of Lubaczów may be detected in the medieval church organization: the parish of Lubaczów and the later parish of Oleszyce (Oleszyce – now a town in Lubaczów County) were under the Przemyśl Diocese although most of the area of Belz Voivodeship was governed from Chełm (Rus’ Kholm). Moreover, the territorial organization of the Eastern Orthodox church would also reflect this past relationship – the protopope district of Lubaczów was subject to the Eastern Orthodox bishop in Przemyśl (Janeczek 1993, 39 ff; 1996, 24-25; for general view see Krochmal 2007). * Obviously, the encolpion and the cross-pendant discovered in Lubaczów are not enough to settle the question of the relationship of this town with Przemyśl or with Belz. As mentioned earlier Lubaczów was until recently a rather neglected area – and now we have gained proof from just preliminary research that similar projects (provided that fundraising efforts are successful) can be expected to furnish valuable additional data to the historical record now available on the Lubaczów region. Резюме. Два предмета личного благочестия из Любачува (Юго-Восточная Польша) в их историко-ар- хеологическом контексте. Любачув и его округа традиционно рассматривались в качестве своеобразного белого пятна на археологической карте Польши. Однако в последние годы отмечается роcт интереса к этому региону, что отчасти нашло отражение в археологических исследованиях, проведенных в 2008 г. Во время этого полевого сезона, помимо ряда находок древнерусского происхождения, было найдено два предмета христианского культа. Оба они происходят либо с территории укрепленного поселения, либо посада, которые функционировали в XII-XIII вв. Энколпион, который относится в целом к типу III.2.4 по Г.Ф. Корзухиной и А.А. Песковой, дошел до нас в очень плохом состоянии, что исключает более детальный анализ этой находки. Другой предмет – каменный нательный крест менее информативен. Он отчасти повторяет форму крестов из овручского сланцевого шифера и может быть датирован XI-XIII в. И энколпион, и каменный крестик происходят из надежно зафиксированного археологического контекста, что не всегда сопровождает находки предметов христианского культа и не только для территории Польши. Известно, что Любачув как населенный пункт впервые 341 Marcin Piotrowski, Marcin Wołoszyn упоминается в письменных источниках в XIII в. как рядовой административный центр Галицко- Волынской земли. После 1340 г., как и остальная территория Червонной Руси, эти земли вошли в состав королевства Польского. Необходимо, отметить, что исследования, проведенные в Любачуве М. 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Addresses of the Authors: mgr Marcin Piotrowski Marcin Piotrowski MA Instytut Archeologii Institute of Archaeology Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 4 Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 4 20-031 Lublin 20-031 Lublin POLSKA POLAND e-maill: marcincastello@go2.pl e-maill: marcincastello@go2.pl dr Marcin Wołoszyn Dr Marcin Wołoszyn Instytut Archeologii Institute of Archaeology Uniwersytet Rzeszowski University of Rzeszów Hoffmanowej 8 Hoffmanowej 8 35-016 Rzeszów 35-016 Rzeszów Polska POLAND e-mail: marcinwoloszyn@gmail.com e-mail: marcinwoloszyn@gmail.com Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polska Akademia Nauk Polish Academy of Sciences Sławkowska 17 Slawkowska 17 31-016 Kraków 31-016 Cracow POLSKA POLAND 345