The Templar masonry in England and the Order of MALTA:

Thomas Dunckerley (1724 - 1795) was a Provincial Grand Master of several provinces, this was made possible by an annuity of Ł100, rising to Ł800, which he obtained in 1767 from King George III by claiming to be his illegitimate half brother - the Prince of Wales, later King George II, was Thomas' natural father.
At this time, in 1751 Baron Karl Gotthelf von Hund und Altengrotkau began the Order of Strict Observance [with the superior, Prince Charles Edward Stuart], which came from the reconstituted Templar Order in 1743 in Paris.

Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Sylvester Severino Maria Stuart (1720 - 1788), was the second Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England, Scotland, France and Ireland (as Charles III). In 1742, Lord Kilmarnock and other exiled Stuart participants received Karl Gotthelf, Baron Von Hund into the Order of the Temple in Paris showing the Jacobite Templar link still existed; and in 1745, Prince Charles Edward Stuart given a gala meeting for the Chivalry of the Order in Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh.

Jacobitism was a political movement in Great Britain and Ireland that aimed to restore the Roman Catholic Stuart King James II of England and his heirs to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland.

The next step was in 1779 when the High Knights Templar of Ireland Lodge, Kilwinning, obtained a charter from Lodge Mother Kilwinning in Scotland.
"This lodge now began to grant dispensations to other lodges to confer the Knights Templar Degree. Some time around 1790 the Early Grand Encampment of Ireland was formed, which began to warrant Templar Lodges, and evolved into the Supreme Grand Encampment in 1836". "The Templar degree had filtered into the lodges of the Antients from Ireland about 1780".

In 1791, Dunckerley became the Grand Master of the first national Grand Conclave of English Masonic Knights Templar; then followed, in 1805 by their Royal Patron, Duke of Kent, who became Grand Master himself. Kilwinning Abbey was a home to the Knights Templar and birthplace of the Freemasons.

In 1796 Alexander Deuchar becomes the Heritor to the Jacobite Templar legacy. Alexander Deuchar (1777 - 1844) stayed in Lyon, his family had been Jacobite; in 1807, Deuchar holds a meeting of Knights Templar in Edinburgh; the new Order started formally in 1805 "when a charter was issued to by the Early Grand Encampment of Ireland (previously the High Knight Templars of Ireland Lodge), under the title of the Edinburgh Encampment No 31" - it became the Grand Assembly of Knights Templar in Edinburgh; the charter was granted in 1811, for the Grand Conclave of Knights of the Holy Temple and Sepulcher, and of St. John of Jerusalem.
In 1813 Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, became Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England, and in December 1813 - above Prince Edward became Grand Master of the Antient Grand Lodge of England.

Mentioned above the Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn / Edward Augustus, b. 1767, died in 1820, was the fifth child of King George III of the United Kingdom and the father of Queen Victoria! The Duke of Kent was appointed Field-Marshal of the Forces in 1805. His wife was Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld with daughter Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom. His mother - Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

Martinism "as a mystical tradition, it was first transmitted through a masonic high-degree system established around 1740 in France by Martinez de Pasqually, and later propagated in different forms by his two students Louis Claude de Saint-Martin and Jean-Baptiste Willermoz". Or Martinism is a specific form of Christian mysticism, an esoteric Christianity; founded 1754 in Paris, by Martinez Paschalis, and
in 1775 by Louis Claude de Saint Martin, near to Illumine [Illuminate] - Jean Willermoz who voted the death of the King of France in 1782.

The Scottish Rectified Rite or Chevaliers Bienfaisants de la Cite-Sainte was originally a Masonic rite, a reformed variant of the Rite of Strict Observance,
which underlies both Martinism and the practices of the Elus-Cohens; was founded in the late 18th century by Jean-Baptiste Willermoz, who was a pupil of Martinez de Pasqually and a friend of Saint-Martin.

The Modern Martinist Order was established with three degrees in Paris.

Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick 1721 - 1792; Scottish Rite; he is the same Duke of Brunswick who was mentioned in Robison's secret Illuminati membership list, patron of the Asiatic Brethern, an Illuminati offshoot.

The Sabbatian Vienna Lodge of the Asiatic Brethren was founded by Jacob Frank's cousin, Moses Dobrushka, alias Von Schoenfeld.

Jonathan Eybeschütz born in Cracow in 1690, d. Altona, 1764, was a Talmudist, Rabbi of the "Three Communities": Altona, Hamburg and Wandsbek. According to Jacob Katz, Jonathan Eybeschütz's grandson was rumored to be Baron Thomas von Schoenfeld, an apostate Jew who inherited his grandfather's collection of Sabbatean kabbalistic works.
He eventually left the Sabbatean movement and founded a
Masonic lodge called the Asiatische Bruder, one of four Illuminati lodges in Vienna.
After his uncle's death in 1791, he was offered the leadership of the Frankist movement which he refused.

Above Ferdinand, Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg b. 1721, Wolfenbüttel, was a German-Prussian field marshal (1758 - 1766) "known for his participation in the Seven Years' War. From 1757 to 1762 he led an Anglo-German army in Western Germany which successfully repelled French attempts to occupy Hanover...".

The vocation to live a few pseudo-secret organizations, very fast , with extremely strange names and rituals, names dating back to the deep Middle Ages, causes the astonishment and even awakens laughter. In the course of 50 years each of these organizations tried to take control of the other [1740-1790].

The United Kingdom, Russia and France sent out for supreme positions in these organizations, his trusted men, too. Only the United Kingdom has been successful taking over control of the Scottish mysterious structures, but it was in the years 1790-1800. A previously plan of mysterious brain was successful. From England broke away its colonies [without Canada] in the years around 1776-1785.

Blows from the inside hit in France and Poland [1780s] destroying the two countries; Poland disappeared from the map of the world for about 120 years, but France survived the chaos of the Jacobin revolution and Napoleonic wars.

It broke out a strange uprising in Russia, operettas and provoked, of the Decembrists, as if someone wanted to prove that Russia is not directed underground movements against Poland, Great Britain and France [and even earlier already against Bavaria; and later against the Papacy in Italy], and at the turn of the 19th and 20th century also against Turkey.

But it is Russia suffered the greatest benefits of the revolutionary turmoil in North America and France - but rather in the whole of central and Western Europe at the end of the 18th century.

Discussed below mysterious organization is nothing more than the 18-century intelligence agencies of a foreign power.

For Germany, England, France, and Poles and also for Baltic Germans, remained the hardest way - but also the way bringing the greatest benefits - take over the underground structures, when it takes on the momentum and becomes the might; best to immediately take over the head of structure - the supreme authority of underground networks and the supreme command of Russian intelligence.

It had to be, however, protect from the rear - creating from the ground up a modern counterintelligence of the Tsarist Russia, by the Baltic Germans already infiltrated from Ireland and Scotland.

Objectives were clear - the overthrow of the Romanov dynasty and abridgment of Russia to the national core [1917-1922]. The whole plan should have been conducted in Europe now plunged into chaos of war - it is the First World War [1914-1918]. So plan for dismantling of the colonial powers: England and France, ended with a defeat - and the same multi-level underground structure has become a tool of western intelligence services.

In this ensemble, ready to act, entered Polish independence movement of Pilsudski, using additional family connections with the Baltic Germans, Irish and Scots. This was the largest triumph of Poles in the period 1618 -2015 [11 November 1918 - Independence of Poland].
Pilsudski never could let - during his life - destroyed of this work [1926], as his successor Marshal Rydz Smigly [1939-1941].
Greatest defeat suffered Poles in the years 1937-1945, and to this day is difficult for them to get up.

Of course, already other countries took a leading role in this web network in the 20th century; only suggests - USA, Great Britain, Russia and Israel ...

Russia was the only country interested in depriving of England colonies in North America (1776), and in broken down of France from the core (1789); Russia, which began the race for colonies in the Central and North Asia (the way to India and China), and America (the 18th cent. - Alaska, Oregon, California);

Russia in the second half of the 18th century began conquer of the Central Europe, including the destruction of Poland (1795) and Turkey.

Secret societies were the Russian (Freemasonry, Illuminati, Templars) best tools in infiltrating opposition against the monarchs of England and France (and against the Catholic Church).

The Masonic conspiracy theories said the
"...Freemasonry overlaps with, or is controlled by, the Illuminati, especially in the higher degrees; Illuminati Freemasons secretly control many major aspects of society and government and are working to establish the New World Order. Some conspiracy theories involving the Freemasons and the Illuminati also include the Knights Templar and Jews as part of the supposed plan for universal control of society. This type of conspiracy theory was described as early as 1792 ... the Masons are either intimately connected to or (conversely) in conflict with the Illuminati regarding a plot to control several countries."

"The first President of the United States, George Washington believed that the Illuminati intended to separate the people from their government in his letters in the Library of Congress. The original manuscript is on the Library of Congress website...", acc. to Greg Scott:
"Mount Vernon, October 24, 1798. Revd Sir: I ... It was not my intention to doubt that, the Doctrines of the Illuminati, and principles of Jacobinism had not spread in the United States. On the contrary, no one is more truly satisfied of this fact than I am. The idea that I meant to convey, was, that I did not believe that the Lodges of Free Masons in this Country had, as Societies, endeavoured to propagate the diabolical tenets of the first, or pernicious principles of the latter (if they are susceptible of seperation). That Individuals of them may have done it, or that the founder, or instrument employed to found, the Democratic Societies in the United States, may have had these objects; and actually had a seperation of the People from their Government in view, is too evident to be questioned".
Greg Scott:
"Essentially what he is saying is that he does not doubt that the doctrines of the Bavarian Illuminati, as created by Adam Weishaupt in 1776, (which was used to infiltrate Freemasonry) had spread in the United States in fact he says, 'On the contrary, no one is more truly satisfied of this fact than I am'...".
Matthew Dorry:
"This is a nonsense interpretation of the letter. George Washington's words, 'It was NOT my intention to doubt that, the Doctrines of the Illuminati, and principles of Jacobinism had NOT spread in the United States', were a double-negative, and express that he was dubious of the spread of the Illuminati and the Jacobins. And when he says, 'On the contrary, no one is more truly satisfied of this fact than I am', he's affirming that he's glad that the Illuminati and Jacobin ideals hadn't spread. This is directly confirmed by the very next paragraph that YOU quote, in which G. W. refers to the Doctrines of the Illuminati as 'diabolical tenets', and Jacobinism as having 'pernicious principles'. On the whole, he's expressing that although it cannot be doubted that certain individuals had entered Freemasonry lodges with the intent of spreading those principles, he didn't think that whole lodges in America were spreading them. He's making a very clear distinction between the Bavarian Illuminati and Jacobins, and American Freemasonry. So much for people reading these things only once and misunderstanding the language of the letter."
Above text under copyright by http://consciouslifenews.com/.

Thomas Jefferson on the Illuminati - a letter on January 31, 1800:
"I have lately by accident got a sight of a single volume ... of the Abbe Barruel's Antisocial conspiracy, which gives me the first idea I have ever had of what is meant by the Illuminatism against which 'illuminate Morse' as he is now called, and his ecclesiastical and monarchical associates have been making such a hue and cry. Barruel's own parts of the book are perfectly the ravings of a Bedlamite. But he quotes largely from Wishaupt whom he considers as the founder of what he calls the order. As you may not have had an opportunity of forming a judgment of this cry of 'mad dog' which has been raised against his doctrines, I will give you the idea I have formed from only an hour's reading of Barruel's quotations from him, which you may be sure are not the most favorable. Wishaupt seems to be an enthusiastic Philanthropist. ... As Wishaupt lived under the tyranny of a despot and priests, he knew that caution was necessary even in spreading information, and the principles of pure morality. He proposed therefore to lead the Free masons to adopt this object and to make the objects of their institution the diffusion of science and virtue. He proposed to initiate new members into his body by gradations proportioned to his fears of the thunderbolts of tyranny. This has given an air of mystery to his views, was the foundation of his banishment, the subversion of the masonic order, and is the colour for the ravings against him of Robinson, Barruel and Morse, whose real fears are that the craft would be endangered by the spreading of information, reason, and natural morality among men. This subject being new to me, I have imagined that if it be so to you also, you may receive the same satisfaction in seeing, which I have had in forming the analysis of it: and I believe you will think with me that if Wishaupt had written here, where no secrecy is necessary in our endeavors to render men wise and virtuous, he would not have thought of any secret machinery for that purpose."

It was a global political network of the Russian intelligence infiltrated by the British, French and Germans, and by the Polish independence conspiracy:
Lenin and Inessa Armand, Duflon, nobility from Scotland, Italy, Ireland, France, Switzerland, the German noble families in Estonia.

On October 15, 1817 Tadeusz Kosciuszko / Thaddeus Kosciusko died. But a underground movement led by Jozef Pilsudski had in that case great deals to take in hands, behind the scenes, all revolutionary Lenin movement of the Bolsheviks, between about 1909 - 1917, and even longer to 1920, when Inessa Armand perhaps was poisoned, and even to the year 1921, when it was still marked a influences of Bruevich brothers of noble Boncza arms.

Inessa Armand controlled all Bolshevik work as a lover and the secretary of Lenin and she has influence on the directions of philosophical - political considerations, which diverged from reality, and their possible introduction in the life would be - if not as an experiment - even doom for the Russian Empire.

The purpose of Jozef Pilsudski was not only gathering information about enemy - Russia, and not only the smuggling of weapons for his organization (Petersburg - Miezonka - Lodz - Cracow), but primarily for Pilsudski was the goal to Lenin seized power and overthrew the Tsarist authorities.

This was to allow the recovery of independence by Poland [11 November 1918 - Independence of Poland].

Stalin was here the enemy, because he wanted to rebuild the Russian empire, just as the Soviet Russia - a communist state.

Lenin wanted a European communism, the total fiction and the absurd. Pilsudski had to put Lenin at the head of the new Russia, and at least Pilsudski conducive to this Lenin's communist movement did not collapsed. Wrangel, Denikin, Kolchak were number one enemies.

This military - political intelligence network has a different appearance depending on, which side you watch from. It's like the external universe, which expands. It has a chaotic structure, but only to the viewers. For top executives of the network, it is extremely bright and clear. It works like clockwork.

Time passes, and this network is expanding, as the universe, at that time some stars turning pale, faded and disappeared.

The underground structure has clearly defined objectives at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries:

1. call up the chaos in Europe;
2. to bring the continental war;
3. overthrow of the Romanovs in Russia;
4. lead to anarchy in Russia;
5. starting the war between the invaders, who take away the Polish independence [11 November 1918 - Independence of Poland];
6. pulling the western countries into the war, and in due time also America.

The network in the 18th to 21st cent.
Overarching objectives are at the beginning of the 20th cent.:
1. Polish independence [11 November 1918 - Independence of Poland],
2. The independence of the Baltic States;
3. The creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.

Tools to achieve these goals are:
1. The money from the Scottish, Jewish and American banks; revenue from the Mediterranean trade - Marseille, Greece, Naples, Crimea; and plantations in Ceylon and from the Asian trade - Ceylon, India, Japan;
2. the use of secret non-goverment organisations (NGOs) in Europe and America;
3. The creation of favorable underground structures inside the intelligence networks of Western Europe and American countries.

Below we have the details of the movements of underground in Europe in the period 1740-1790, which also reached North America.

Robert Welch in 1956 used some of his money to fund various extreme right-wing causes. This included supporting the work of Joseph McCarthy and in 1958 he established the John Birch Society (JBS). In 1956 Welch wrote that top government officials such as John Foster Dulles and Allan W. Dulles were "communist tools". Welch made it clear he wanted a "secret, monolithic organization" that would "operate under completely autoritative control at all levels". British historian John Simkin adds important detail to the story of Ben Bradlee and CIA Counterintelligence Chief James Angleton after the assassination of President Kennedy.
At http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/ we read:
Dan Smoot, the author of The Invisible Government, wrote: "Somewhere at the top of the pyramid in the invisible government are a few sinister people who know exactly what they are doing: they want America to become part of a worldwide socialist dictatorship, under the control of the Kremlin".

Another important supporter of the JBS was William F. Buckley. In April 1961 Major General Edwin Walker, commander of the 24th Infantry Division in Europe and stationed in Augsburg, Germany was accused of indoctrinating his troops with right-wing literature from the John Birch Society.
On 10th April, 1963, Edwin Walker was victim of an assassination attempt while he sat at a desk in his Dallas home. It was later claimed that Lee Harvey Oswald had taken the shot at Walker. Marina Oswald reported that she "asked him what happened, and he said that he just tried to shoot General Walker...".
Haley also suggested that Johnson might have been responsible for the death of John F. Kennedy. Robert W. Welch died on 6th January, 1965 and Lawrence P. McDonald replaced him as chairman of the John Birch Society. "...Interestingly, McDonald was on board the Korean Air Flight KAL-007 when it was shot down by Soviet fighters on 1st September, 1983. He therefore became the first and only congressman ever killed by the Soviets during the Cold War. Some people, including Jesse Helms and Jerry Falwell, believe that McDonald was targeted by the Soviets".

The Illuminati was first seen in the 15th century by occultists proclaiming to have wisdom from a higher source. The secret society became strong in 18th century Germany. It adopted many different grades of Freemasonry. Conspiracies were spun about the forces of order, bureaucracy, and repression. People soon realized that espionage was their main focus, then the French Revolution arrived and changed the country.
The only people who mention the Illuminati anymore is the John Birch Society. Read more: http://www.meta-religion.com/Secret_societies/
The John Birch Society (JBS) is a conservative advocacy group supporting anti-communism; Robert W. Welch, Jr. (1899 - 1985) developed an organizational infrastructure in 1958 of chapters nationwide. Presidents: Robert W. Welch, Jr. (1958 - 1983), Larry McDonald (1983), a U.S. Representative who was killed in the KAL-007 shootdown incident; Robert W. Welch, Jr. (1983 - 1985). Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (also known as KAL007 and KE007) was a scheduled Korean Air Lines flight from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage. On September 1, 1983, the airliner serving the flight was shot down by a Soviet Su-15 interceptor, near Moneron Island west of Sakhalin in the Sea of Japan. All were killed, including Larry McDonald, a Representative from Georgia in the United States House of Representatives.
Arthur R. "Art" Thompson (born 1938 in Seattle) is the CEO of the John Birch Society, and took office in 2005. Thompson believes that Russian communism remains a serious threat to the USA, and is responsible for much global terrorism; Art resides in Appleton, Wisconsin.

The years 1740 - 1790, it's the beginning of the secret Masonic organizations in Germany, Ireland, France and Scotland, as well as in Russia, Poland, Austria.

Jean-Baptiste Willermoz (1730 - 1824) was a "French Freemason and Martinist who played an important role in the establishment of various systems of Masonic high-degrees in his time in both France and Germany". In Lyon he became Grand Master in 1761, also organized "Sovereign Chapter of Knights of the Black Eagle Rose-Cross", was admitted to first grade in the Order of the Elus Cohens at Versailles in 1767 by Martinez de Pasqually; in the 1770s, he came into contact with Baron von Hund and the German Order of the Order of Strict Observance which he joined in 1773; Willermoz introduced also at the Convention of Lyon the Regime Ecossais Rectifie (Rectified Scottish Rite), which combined Templar Freemasonry with the religious ceremonial of the Elect Coens; he defended the place of Martinist currents in the rite; "... he resumed his Masonic activities with a resurgence of the CBCS [the Beneficent Knights of the Holy City; in Lyon in 1778, constituted the Beneficent Knights of the Holy City] in 1804, and dedicated himself to this end until his death ... 1824".

The Rectified Scottish Rite, "also known as Order of Knights Beneficent of the Holy City is a Christian Masonic rite founded in Lyon (France) in 1778". It is derived from the Rite of Strict Observance erected in 1754, the foundation of which was attributed to Baron von Hund; it propounded a theory that freemasonry was developed directly from the Crusading Templars; the Rite was mainly elaborated by Jean-Baptiste Willermoz, including some items coming from the Elect Cohen Order and denying the Templar legacy.

The Elect Cohens, or the Ordre des Chevelier Macons Elus Cohen de L'Univers / Order of Knight-Masons Elect Priests of the Universe / The Martinist Order of the Elect-Cohens, which issued from the Traditional Martinist Order i.e. of the Elus Cohen of Martinez de Pasqually, and of the Order of the Rose-Croix of the Orient; the Elect Cohens, were a society of Cabbalists, organised on 'Scottish' Masonic lines, who were influenced by the Spanish Alumbrados / Sufi; "...they were the first group to be called the Illumines, or Illuminati, though their relatively conservative views were diametrically opposite to the Bavarian Illuminati ... founded in 1765 by the Freemason Jacques de Livron Joachim de la Tour de la Casa Martinez de Pasqually, of Grenoble, France, the Order was initially only open to Master Masons, but later became more open".

"The system of the Strict Observance grew out of what is known as Templarism. Templar Masonry commenced to grow up in France soon after true Freemasonry was introduced. This was about 1725. However, no Grand Lodge was established till 1752. ... The Hospitallers, known officially as Knights of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, was founded at Jerusalem during the first Crusade. ... Some of the Knights went to Russia and elected the Emperor Paul I Grand Master ... In England the Order was never formally suppressed, and in 1888 Queen Victoria granted it a charter. In 1889 King Edward VII, then Prince of Wales was made Grand Prior. ... The Order of the Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, or, as it is otherwise called, Knights Templar, was founded in Palestine in the 12th century by the Crusaders. ... The Rite of the Strict Observance is based on Templar Masonry. Its founders claimed that all Templars were Masons ... The truth is that all Templar Masonry is descended from a Kadosh degree invented in Lyons, France, in 1743.

... Nevertheless, about 1740, various Rites, or degrees, of Scots Masonry, did spring into existence, followed shortly afterwards by Scots Mother-Lodges controlling systems of subordinate Scots Lodges. ... In 1743 the Masons of Lyons invented the Kadosh degree, comprising the vengeance of the Templars, and thus laid the foundation for all the Templar Rites. It was at first called Junior Elect

... The Rite of Strict Observance was carried from France to Germany as early as 1749. Von Bieberstein, as Provincial Grand Master, was succeeded at his death, about 1750, by Karl Gotheif, Baron Von Hund, and Alten-Grotkau. He was made a Mason in 1742. A year or so afterwards he met at Paris Lord, Kilmarnock, who interested him in Templarism, and he was initiated into the Order of the Temple. He was given a patent and directed to report to the Prov. Grand Master, Von Bieberstein, of the 7th Province in Germany. ...

We can trace its beginnings back to Lord Kilmarnock, Grand Master of Scotland, in 1742 - 43. Kilmarnock in Scotland was made a barony ... In 1751 Von Hund began to give particular attention to the restoration of the Order of the Temple and evidently considered it his life work.
... In 1763 a fellow named Leucht, going under the name of Johnson, who had got hold of some Masonic papers relating to Masonry proper, as well as the high degrees, appeared at Jena where there was a Clermont Chapter practicing the Templar degrees in the Strict Observance system, and stated that he had a commission from the Sovereign Chapter in Scotland to reform the German Lodges and impart the true secrets of Masonry ...

An Order called the Clerics turned up and it was supposed for a time that the lost secrets were with it. ... This convention took place at Brunswick and was in session from May 23 to July 6, 1775. ... Baron Von Gugumos was at the Brunswick convention and told different members of it that they were all on the wrong track; that the Strict Observance was an imitation, or rather, only a branch of the true Order, and possessed none of the real secrets; ...

The Convention of Wiesbaden ... on Aug. 15, 1776, with the consent the Prince of Nassau-Usingen, but without that of the Duke of Brunswick. Among those present was the sovereign, the Duke of Nassau; also the Duke of Gotha, the Landgraves Ludwig and George, and many other nobles of lesser note. At one time there was not less than twelve reigning sovereign Princes of Germany members of the Rite of the Strict Observance ... Baron Von Hund died on Oct. 28, 1776 ... In 1782 the Rite of Strict Observance was reorganized by Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, who was elected Grand Master General. The next year, however, the Lodge of the Three Globes of Berlin, with all of its subordinate lodges and the Hamburg Lodges, withdrew from the Strict Observance ...",
acc. to http://blog.templarhistory.com/ by Burton E. Bennett [born 1863 in North Brookfield, New York; 1887, United States, Attorney for Alaska].