Benjamin Ferencz — the last surviving prosecutor from the Nuremberg trials in Germany that brought Nazi war criminals to justice after the World War II — has died at the age of 103.
Key points:
- Benjamin Ferencz was the chief US prosecutor of 22 officers who led mobile paramilitary killing squads
- He and his work were instrumental in the creation of an International Criminal Court
- Mr Ferencz was critical of war crimes committed by the US in Vietnam and the 2020 killing of Qasem Soleimani
Mr Ferencz, a Harvard-educated lawyer, secured convictions of numerous German officers who led roving death squads during the war.
The circumstances of his death were not immediately disclosed, however the New York Times reported that Mr Ferencz had died at an assisted living facility in Boynton Beach, Florida.
He was just 27 years old when he served as a prosecutor in 1947 at Nuremberg, where Nazi defendants — including Hermann Göring — faced a series of trials for crimes against humanity, including the genocide known as The Holocaust, in which six million Jewish people and millions of others were systematically killed.
Mr Ferencz then advocated for decades for the creation of an international criminal court, a goal realised with the establishment of an international tribunal that today sits in The Hague, in the Netherlands.
"Today, the world lost a leader in the quest for justice for victims of genocide and related crimes. We mourn the death of Ben Ferencz — the last Nuremberg war crimes prosecutor. At age 27, with no prior trial experience, he secured guilty verdicts against 22 Nazis," the US Holocaust Museum said in a post on Twitter.
At Nuremberg, Mr Ferencz became chief prosecutor for the United States in the trial of 22 officers who led mobile paramilitary killing squads known as Einsatzgruppen, that were part of the notorious Nazi SS.
These squads carried out mass killings targeting Jews, gypsies and others — primarily civilians — during the war in German-occupied Europe and were responsible for more than a million deaths. In his opening statement at the trial, Mr Ferencz was clear and concise:
"It is with sorrow, and with hope, that we here disclose the deliberate slaughter of more than a million innocent and defenceless men, women, and children.
"This was the tragic fulfilment of a program of intolerance and arrogance. Vengeance is not our goal, nor do we seek merely a just retribution.
"We ask this court to affirm by international penal action man's right to live in peace and dignity regardless of his race or creed. The case we present is a plea of humanity to law."
Mr Ferencz told the court that the accused officers methodically carried out long-range plans to exterminate ethnic, national, political and religious groups "condemned in the Nazi mind".
"Genocide — the extermination of whole categories of human beings — was a foremost instrument of the Nazi doctrine," Mr Ferencz said.
The defendants all were convicted and 13 were given death sentences. It was Mr Ferencz's first career case.
Born on March 11, 1920, in Transylvania, Romania, he was 10 months old when his family moved to the United States, where he grew up, poor, in New York City's "Hell's Kitchen".
After graduating from Harvard Law School in 1943, he joined the US military and fought in Europe before joining the US Army's newly formed war crimes section.
He seized documents and recorded evidence at Nazi death camps, such as Buchenwald, after their liberation by allied forces, surveying scenes of human misery including piles of emaciated corpses and the crematoria where untold numbers of bodies had been incinerated.
After the war ended in 1945, Mr Ferencz was recruited to join in the US prosecution at the war crimes trials in Nuremberg, a city where the Nazi leadership had held elaborate propaganda rallies before the war, serving under US General Telford Taylor.
The trials were controversial at the time but ended up being hailed as a milestone on the path toward establishing international law and holding war criminals accountable in even-handed trials.
In a 2018 interview with the American Bar Association, Mr Ferencz explained what the experience had taught those involved with bringing perpetrators to justice:
"What was most significant about it was it gave us and it gave me an insight into the mentality of mass murderers.
"They had murdered over a million people, including hundreds of thousands of children, in cold blood, and I wanted to understand how it is that educated people — many of them had PhDs or they were generals in the German Army — could not only tolerate, but [also] lead and commit such horrible crimes."
After the Nuremberg trials, Mr Ferencz worked to secure compensation for Holocaust victims and survivors.
He later advocated for the creation of an international criminal court. In 1998, 120 countries adopted a statute in Rome to establish the International Criminal Court, which came into force in 2002.
At age 91, he took part in the first case before the court by delivering a closing statement in the prosecution of accused Congolese warlord Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, who had been convicted of war crimes.
Over the years, Mr Ferencz was critical of actions by his own country, including during the Vietnam War.
In January 2020, he wrote an opinion piece in the New York Times calling the US killing of a senior Iranian military leader in a drone strike an "immoral action" and "a clear violation of national and international law".
As he told the American Bar Association in 2018:
"The reason I have continued to devote most of my life to preventing war is my awareness that the next war will make the last one look like child's play … 'Law, not war' remains my slogan and my hope."
Reuters