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113 relations: Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia, Albert II of Germany, Albert IV, Duke of Austria, Albert Wolff (sculptor), Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg, Algirdas, Andreas Osiander, Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Anna of Saxony, Electress of Brandenburg, Anna Sophia of Prussia, Ansbach, Augsburg Interim, Barbara of Cilli, Bavaria, Casimir IV Jagiellon, Caspar Hennenberger, Catherine of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Catholic Church, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Cologne Cathedral, Cornelis Floris de Vriendt, Cymburgis of Masovia, Diet of Augsburg, Diet of Nuremberg, Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Prussia, Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchy of Prussia, Electorate of Cologne, Elisabeth of Bavaria, Electress of Brandenburg, Elisabeth of Meissen, Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505), Elizabeth of Luxembourg, Erasmus Reinhold, Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Ernest, Duke of Austria, Estates of the realm, Franconia, Frederick I of Denmark, Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg, Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Frederick II, Elector of Saxony, Frederick of Saxony (Teutonic Knight), Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg, Frederick, Duke of Bavaria, Friedrich Reusch, George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, German Peasants' War, Germany, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ..., Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Gvardeysk, Hermann IV of Hesse, Herzog-Albrecht-Gedächtniskirche, Holy Roman Empire, House of Hohenzollern, Italy, Jagiellonian University, Joanna Sophia of Bavaria, Johann Funck, John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg, Justification (theology), Kaliningrad Oblast, Königsberg, Königsberg (region), Königsberg Castle, Königsberg Cathedral, Königsberg Public Library, King's Gate (Kaliningrad), Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569), League of Torgau, List of monarchs of Prussia, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Lutheranism, Maddalena Visconti, Maraunenhof, Margaret of Austria, Electress of Saxony, Martin Luther, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, Ottoman wars in Europe, Paul Skalich, Philip Melanchthon, Polish–Teutonic War (1519–21), Pope Adrian VI, Principality of Ansbach, Protestantism, Prussia (region), Prussian Homage, Prutenic Tables, Reformation, Regent, Relief, Russia, Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Secularization, Sigismund I the Old, Sigismund II Augustus, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, Sophia Jagiellon, Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Sophia of Halshany, State of the Teutonic Order, State religion, Suzerainty, Teutonic Order, Treaty of Kraków, Uliana of Tver, Unification of Germany, University of Königsberg, University of Marburg, Walter von Cronberg, Władysław II Jagiełło, Wittenberg. Expand index (63 more) »
Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia
Albert Frederick (Albrecht Friedrich, Albrecht Fryderyk; 7 May 1553, in Königsberg – 28 August 1618, in Fischhausen, Rybaki) was Duke of Prussia from 1568 until his death.
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Albert II of Germany
Albert the Magnanimous KG (10 August 139727 October 1439) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1437 until his death and member of the House of Habsburg.
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Albert IV, Duke of Austria
Albert IV of Austria (19 September 1377 – 14 September 1404) was a Duke of Austria.
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Albert Wolff (sculptor)
Carl Conrad Albert Wolff (14 November 1814, Neustrelitz – 20 June 1892, Berlin) was a German sculptor, and medallist.
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Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg
Albert III (Albrecht III.) (9 November 141411 March 1486) was Elector of Brandenburg from 1471 until his death, the third from the House of Hohenzollern.
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Algirdas
Algirdas (Альгерд, Ольгерд, Olgierd; – May 1377) was a ruler of medieval Lithuania.
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Andreas Osiander
Andreas Osiander (19 December 1498 – 17 October 1552) was a German Lutheran theologian and Protestant reformer.
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Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg (also: Anna Maria of Brunswick-Göttingen-Calenberg; Anna Maria von Braunschweig-Calenberg-Göttingen; born: 23 April 1532 in Hann. Münden; died: 20 March 1568 in Gurievsk (Neuhausen) near Königsberg) was a Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneberg by birth and by marriage Duchess of Prussia.
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Anna of Saxony, Electress of Brandenburg
Anna of Saxony (7 March 1437 – 31 October 1512) was a princess of Saxony by birth and Electress of Brandenburg by marriage.
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Anna Sophia of Prussia
Anna Sophia of Prussia (11 June 1527 in Königsberg – 6 February 1591 in Lübz) was Duchess of Mecklenburg by marriage to John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg.
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Ansbach
Ansbach is a city in the German state of Bavaria.
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Augsburg Interim
The Augsburg Interim ("Declaration of His Roman Imperial Majesty on the Observance of Religion Within the Holy Empire Until the Decision of the General Council") was an imperial decree ordered on 15 May 1548 at the 1548 Diet of Augsburg by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who had just defeated the forces of the Protestant Schmalkaldic League in the Schmalkaldic War of 1546/47.
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Barbara of Cilli
Barbara of Cilli (1392 – 11 July 1451) was the Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia by marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund.
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Bavaria
Bavaria (Bavarian and Bayern), officially the Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern), is a landlocked federal state of Germany, occupying its southeastern corner.
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Casimir IV Jagiellon
Casimir IV KG (Kazimierz IV Andrzej Jagiellończyk; Kazimieras Jogailaitis; 30 November 1427 – 7 June 1492) of the Jagiellonian dynasty was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1440 and King of Poland from 1447, until his death.
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Caspar Hennenberger
Caspar Hennenberger (also Kaspar, Henneberger, Hennenberg, or Henneberg) (1529 – 29 February 1600) was a German Lutheran pastor, historian and cartographer.
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Catherine of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Catherine of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1395 – 28 December 1442, Grimma) was a member of the House of Welf, a princess of Brunswick-Lüneburg and by marriage, the Electress of Saxony.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V (Carlos; Karl; Carlo; Karel; Carolus; 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of both the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and the Spanish Empire (as Charles I of Spain) from 1516, as well as of the lands of the former Duchy of Burgundy from 1506.
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Cologne Cathedral
Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom, officially Hohe Domkirche Sankt Petrus, English: Cathedral Church of Saint Peter) is a Catholic cathedral in Cologne, Northrhine-Westfalia, Germany.
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Cornelis Floris de Vriendt
Cornelis Floris or Cornelis (II) Floris De Vriendt (1514 – 20 October 1575) was a Flemish sculptor, print artist and architect.
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Cymburgis of Masovia
Cymburgis of Masovia (Cimburgis von Masowien), also Zimburgis or Cimburga (Cymbarka mazowiecka; 1394 or 1397 – 28 September 1429), a member of the Polish Piast dynasty, was Duchess of Austria from 1412 until 1424, by her marriage with the Habsburg duke Ernest the Iron.
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Diet of Augsburg
The Diet of Augsburg were the meetings of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in the German city of Augsburg.
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Diet of Nuremberg
The Diets of Nuremberg, also called the Imperial Diets of Nuremberg, took place at different times between the Middle Ages and the 17th century.
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Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Prussia
Dorothea of Denmark (1 August 1504 – 11 April 1547), was a Duchess of Prussia by marriage to Duke Albert, Duke of Prussia.
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Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Herzogtum Braunschweig-Lüneburg), or more properly the Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg, was an historical duchy that existed from the late Middle Ages to the Early Modern era within the Holy Roman Empire.
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Duchy of Prussia
The Duchy of Prussia (Herzogtum Preußen, Księstwo Pruskie) or Ducal Prussia (Herzogliches Preußen, Prusy Książęce) was a duchy in the region of Prussia established as a result of secularization of the State of the Teutonic Order during the Protestant Reformation in 1525.
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Electorate of Cologne
The Electorate of Cologne (Kurfürstentum Köln), sometimes referred to as Electoral Cologne (Kurköln), was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from the 10th to the early 19th century.
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Elisabeth of Bavaria, Electress of Brandenburg
Elisabeth of Bavaria-Landshut (1383 – 13 November 1442), nicknamed "Beautiful Beth", was an Electress of Brandenburg.
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Elisabeth of Meissen
Elisabeth of Meissen, Burgravine of Nuremberg (22 November 1329 – 21 April 1375) was the daughter of Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen and Mathilde of Bavaria and a member of the House of Wettin.
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Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505)
Elizabeth of Austria (Elisabeth, Elżbieta Rakuszanka; Elžbieta Habsburgaitė; c. 1436 – 30 August 1505) was the wife of King Casimir IV of PolandBrzezińska (1999), p. 190 and thus Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania.
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Elizabeth of Luxembourg
Elizabeth of Luxembourg (7 October 1409 – 19 December 1442) was queen consort of Germany, Hungary and Bohemia.
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Erasmus Reinhold
Erasmus Reinhold (October 22, 1511 – February 19, 1553) was a German astronomer and mathematician, considered to be the most influential astronomical pedagogue of his generation.
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Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Eric I, the Elder (Erich I., der Ältere; 1470 – 1540) was Duke of Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1495 and the first reigning prince of Calenberg-Göttingen.
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Ernest, Duke of Austria
Ernest the Iron (1377 – 10 June 1424), a member of the House of Habsburg, ruled over the Inner Austrian duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola from 1406 until his death.
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Estates of the realm
The estates of the realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the medieval period to early modern Europe.
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Franconia
Franconia (Franken, also called Frankenland) is a region in Germany, characterised by its culture and language, and may be roughly associated with the areas in which the East Franconian dialect group, locally referred to as fränkisch, is spoken.
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Frederick I of Denmark
Frederick I (7 October 1471 – 10 April 1533) was the King of Denmark and Norway.
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Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg
Frederick (Middle High German: Friderich, Standard German: Friedrich; 21 September 1371 – 20 September 1440) was the last Burgrave of Nuremberg from 1397 to 1427 (as Frederick VI), Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach from 1398, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach from 1420, and Elector of Brandenburg (as Frederick I) from 1415 until his death.
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Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
Frederick I, the Belligerent or the Warlike (Friedrich der Streitbare; 11 April 1370 – 4 January 1428), a member of the House of Wettin, ruled as Margrave of Meissen from 1407 and Elector of Saxony (as Frederick I) from 1423 until his death.
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Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
Frederick I of Ansbach and Bayreuth (also known as Frederick V; Friedrich II. or Friedrich der Ältere; 8 May 1460 – 4 April 1536) was born at Ansbach as the eldest son of Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg by his second wife Anna, daughter of Frederick II, Elector of Saxony.
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Frederick II, Elector of Saxony
Frederick II, The Gentle (Friedrich, der Sanftmütige; Frederick the Gentle) (22 August 1412 in Leipzig – 7 September 1464 in Leipzig) was Elector of Saxony (1428–1464) and was Landgrave of Thuringia (1440–1445).
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Frederick of Saxony (Teutonic Knight)
Duke Frederick of Saxony (26 October 1473 – 14 December 1510), also known as Friedrich von Sachsen or Friedrich von Wettin, was the 36th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1498–1510.
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Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg
Frederick V of Nuremberg (before 3 March 1333 – 21 January 1398) was a Burgrave (Burggraf) of Nuremberg, of the House of Hohenzollern.
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Frederick, Duke of Bavaria
Frederick (1339 – 4 December 1393) was Duke of Bavaria from 1375.
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Friedrich Reusch
Johann Friedrich Reusch (born 5 September 1843 in Siegen; died 15 October 1906 in Agrigento) was a German sculptor.
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George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
George of Brandenburg-Ansbach (Georg or Jürgen der Fromme) (4 March 1484 – 27 December 1543), known as George the Pious, was a Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach from the House of Hohenzollern.
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German Peasants' War
The German Peasants' War, Great Peasants' War or Great Peasants' Revolt (Deutscher Bauernkrieg) was a widespread popular revolt in some German-speaking areas in Central Europe from 1524 to 1525.
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Germany
Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.
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Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that lasted from the 13th century up to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and Austria.
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Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
The Grand Master (Hochmeister; Magister generalis) is the holder of the supreme office of the Teutonic Order. It is equivalent to the grand master of other military orders and the superior general in non-military Roman Catholic religious orders. Hochmeister, literally "high master", is only used in reference to the Teutonic Order, as Großmeister ("grand master") is used in German to refer to the leaders of other orders of knighthood. An early version of the full title in Latin was Magister Hospitalis Sanctae Mariae Alemannorum Hierosolymitani. Since 1216, the full title Magister Hospitalis Domus Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum Hierosolymitani ("Master of the Hospital House of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Germans of Jerusalem") was used. The offices of Hochmeister and Deutschmeister (Magister Germaniae) were united in 1525. The title of Magister Germaniae had been introduced in 1219 as the head of the bailiwicks in the Holy Roman Empire, from 1381 also those in Italy, raised to the rank of a prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1494, but merged with the office of grand master under Walter von Cronberg in 1525, from which time the head of the order had the title of Hoch- und Deutschmeister.
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Gvardeysk
Gvardeysk (a), known prior to 1946 by its German name (Tepliava; Tapiawa/Tapiewo), is a town and the administrative center of Gvardeysky District in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Pregolya River east of Kaliningrad, the administrative center of the oblast.
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Hermann IV of Hesse
Hermann IV of Hesse (Hermann von Hessen; "the Peaceful", der Friedsame, Latin: Pacificus) (1450–1508) was Archbishop-Elector of Cologne from 1480 to 1508 and Prince-Bishop of Paderborn from 1498 to 1508.
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Herzog-Albrecht-Gedächtniskirche
The Herzog-Albrecht-Gedächtniskirche (German for "Duke Albert Memorial Church") was a Protestant church in northern Königsberg, Germany.
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Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Romanum Imperium; Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic but mostly German complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.
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House of Hohenzollern
The House of Hohenzollern is a dynasty of former princes, electors, kings and emperors of Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia, the German Empire, and Romania.
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Italy
Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Jagiellonian University
The Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet Jagielloński; Latin: Universitas Iagellonica Cracoviensis, also known as the University of Kraków) is a research university in Kraków, Poland.
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Joanna Sophia of Bavaria
Joanna Sophia of Bavaria (c. 1373 – 15 November 1410) was the youngest daughter of Albert I, Duke of Bavaria and his first wife Margaret of Brieg.
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Johann Funck
Johann Funck, Funk or Funccius (7 February 1518 - 28 October 1566) was a German Lutheran theologian.
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John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg
John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg, in older literature known as John or Johann (23 December 1525 in Güstrow – 12 February 1576 in Schwerin), was the reigning Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow from 1547 to 1556 and of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1556 to 1576.
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Justification (theology)
In Christian theology, justification is God's act of removing the guilt and penalty of sin while at the same time making a sinner righteous through Christ's atoning sacrifice.
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Kaliningrad Oblast
Kaliningrad Oblast (Калинингра́дская о́бласть, Kaliningradskaya oblast), often referred to as the Kaliningrad Region in English, or simply Kaliningrad, is a federal subject of the Russian Federation that is located on the coast of the Baltic Sea.
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Königsberg
Königsberg is the name for a former German city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia.
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Königsberg (region)
Regierungsbezirk Königsberg was a Regierungsbezirk, or government region, of the Prussian province of East Prussia from 1815 until 1945.
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Königsberg Castle
The Königsberg Castle (Königsberger Schloss, Кёнигсбергский замок) was a castle in Königsberg, Germany (since 1946 Kaliningrad, Russia), and was one of the landmarks of the East Prussian capital Königsberg.
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Königsberg Cathedral
Königsberg Cathedral is a Brick Gothic-style monument in Kaliningrad, Russia, located on Kneiphof island in the Pregel (Pregolya) river.
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Königsberg Public Library
Archive in Kneiphof Stamp of the library The Königsberg Public Library (Stadtbibliothek Königsberg) was a public library in Königsberg, Germany.
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King's Gate (Kaliningrad)
The King's Gate (Russian: Королевские ворота, tr.: Korolevskie vorota, German: Königstor) is one of the former six gates that were built during the 19th century around Kaliningrad (the former German city of Königsberg).
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Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the twentieth century (1000–1946 with the exception of 1918–1920).
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Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)
The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania joined in a personal union established by the Union of Krewo (1385).
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League of Torgau
The League of Torgau (Torgauer Bund) was an alliance of Lutheran princes, including Philip of Hesse and John of Saxony, which was formed 27 February 1526 to oppose the terms set forth in the Edict of Worms.
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List of monarchs of Prussia
The monarchs of Prussia were members of the House of Hohenzollern who were the hereditary rulers of the former German state of Prussia from its founding in 1525 as the Duchy of Prussia.
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Lucas Cranach the Elder
Lucas Cranach the Elder (Lucas Cranach der Ältere, c. 1472 – 16 October 1553) was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving.
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Lutheranism
Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther (1483–1546), a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer and theologian.
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Maddalena Visconti
Maddalena Visconti (1366 – 17 July 1404) was a daughter of Bernabò Visconti and his wife Beatrice Regina della Scala.
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Maraunenhof
Maraunenhof was a suburban quarter of northern Königsberg, Germany.
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Margaret of Austria, Electress of Saxony
Margaret of Austria (c. 1416 – 12 February 1486), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Electress of Saxony from 1431 until 1464 by her marriage with the Wettin elector Frederick II.
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Martin Luther
Martin Luther, (10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.
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Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans (also known as King of the Germans) from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death, though he was never crowned by the Pope, as the journey to Rome was always too risky.
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Ottoman wars in Europe
The Ottoman wars in Europe were a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and various European states dating from the Late Middle Ages up through the early 20th century.
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Paul Skalich
Paul Skalich (1534–1573), also known as Stanislav Pavao Skalić or Paulus Scalichius de Lika, was an encyclopedist, Renaissance humanist, and adventurer born in Zagreb, Croatia, and who lived part of his life in Germany.
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Philip Melanchthon
Philip Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and an influential designer of educational systems.
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Polish–Teutonic War (1519–21)
The Polish–Teutonic War of 1519–1521 (Reiterkrieg, horsemen's war, Wojna pruska, Prussian War) was fought between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Knights, ending with an armistice in April 1521.
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Pope Adrian VI
Pope Adrian VI (Hadrianus VI), born Adriaan Florensz Boeyens (2 March 1459 – 14 September 1523), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 January 1522 until his death on 14 September 1523.
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Principality of Ansbach
The Principality or Margraviate of (Brandenburg-)Ansbach (Fürstentum Ansbach or Markgrafschaft Brandenburg-Ansbach) was a free imperial principality in the Holy Roman Empire centered on the Bavarian city of Ansbach.
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Protestantism
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.
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Prussia (region)
Prussia (Old Prussian: Prūsa, Preußen, Prūsija, Prusy, tr) is a historical region in Europe, stretching from Gdańsk Bay to the end of Curonian Spit on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea, and extending inland as far as Masuria.
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Prussian Homage
The Prussian Homage or Prussian Tribute (Preußische Huldigung; hołd pruski) was the formal investment of Albert of Prussia as duke of the Polish fief of Ducal Prussia.
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Prutenic Tables
The Prutenic Tables (Tabulae prutenicae from Prutenia meaning "Prussia", Prutenische oder Preußische Tafeln), were an ephemeris (astronomical tables) by the astronomer Erasmus Reinhold published in 1551.
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Reformation
The Reformation (or, more fully, the Protestant Reformation; also, the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe.
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Regent
A regent (from the Latin regens: ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state because the monarch is a minor, is absent or is incapacitated.
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Relief
Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material.
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Russia
Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
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Second Peace of Thorn (1466)
The Peace of Thorn of 1466 (Zweiter Friede von Thorn; drugi pokój toruński) was a peace treaty signed in the Hanseatic city of Thorn (Toruń) on 19 October 1466 between the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon on one side, and the Teutonic Knights on the other.
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Secularization
Secularization (or secularisation) is the transformation of a society from close identification and affiliation with religious values and institutions toward nonreligious values and secular institutions.
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Sigismund I the Old
Sigismund I of Poland (Zygmunt I Stary, Žygimantas I Senasis; 1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548), of the Jagiellon dynasty, reigned as King of Poland and also as the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until 1548.
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Sigismund II Augustus
Sigismund II Augustus (Zygmunt II August, Ruthenian: Żygimont II Awgust, Žygimantas II Augustas, Sigismund II.) (1 August 1520 – 7 July 1572) was the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the only son of Sigismund I the Old, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548.
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Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
Sigismund of Luxembourg (15 February 1368 in Nuremberg – 9 December 1437 in Znaim, Moravia) was Prince-elector of Brandenburg from 1378 until 1388 and from 1411 until 1415, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1387, King of Germany from 1411, King of Bohemia from 1419, King of Italy from 1431, and Holy Roman Emperor for four years from 1433 until 1437, the last male member of the House of Luxembourg.
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Sophia Jagiellon, Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach
Sophia of Poland (Zofia Jagiellonka, 6 May 1464 – 5 October 1512), was a princess, member of the Jagiellonian dynasty, great grand daughter of Emperor Sigismund and by marriage Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Kulmbach.
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Sophia of Halshany
Sophia of Halshany or Sonka Olshanskaya (translit; Sofija Alšėniškė; Zofia Holszańska; – September 21, 1461 in Kraków) was a Grand Duchy of Lithuania princess of Halshany.
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State of the Teutonic Order
The State of the Teutonic Order (Staat des Deutschen Ordens; Civitas Ordinis Theutonici), also called Deutschordensstaat or Ordensstaat in German, was a crusader state formed by the Teutonic Knights or Teutonic Order during the 13th century Northern Crusades along the Baltic Sea.
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State religion
A state religion (also called an established religion or official religion) is a religious body or creed officially endorsed by the state.
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Suzerainty
Suzerainty (and) is a back-formation from the late 18th-century word suzerain, meaning upper-sovereign, derived from the French sus (meaning above) + -erain (from souverain, meaning sovereign).
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Teutonic Order
The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem (official names: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum, Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus der Heiligen Maria in Jerusalem), commonly the Teutonic Order (Deutscher Orden, Deutschherrenorden or Deutschritterorden), is a Catholic religious order founded as a military order c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.
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Treaty of Kraków
The Treaty of Kraków was signed on 8 April 1525 between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
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Uliana of Tver
Uliana Alexandrovna of Tver (Ульяна Александровна Тверская; – 17 March 1391) was a daughter of Prince Alexander of Tver and Anastasia of Halych (daughter of Yuri I of Galicia).
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Unification of Germany
The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
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University of Königsberg
The University of Königsberg (Albertus-Universität Königsberg) was the university of Königsberg in East Prussia.
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University of Marburg
The Philipps University of Marburg (Philipps-Universität Marburg) was founded in 1527 by Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, which makes it one of Germany's oldest universities and the oldest Protestant university in the world.
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Walter von Cronberg
Walter von Cronberg (1477 or 1479 – 4 April 1545) was the 38th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, serving from 1527 to 1543.
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Władysław II Jagiełło
Jogaila (later Władysław II JagiełłoHe is known under a number of names: Jogaila Algirdaitis; Władysław II Jagiełło; Jahajła (Ягайла). See also: Names and titles of Władysław II Jagiełło. (c. 1352/1362 – 1 June 1434) was the Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377–1434) and then the King of Poland (1386–1434), first alongside his wife Jadwiga until 1399, and then sole King of Poland. He ruled in Lithuania from 1377. Born a pagan, in 1386 he converted to Catholicism and was baptized as Władysław in Kraków, married the young Queen Jadwiga, and was crowned King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło. In 1387 he converted Lithuania to Christianity. His own reign in Poland started in 1399, upon the death of Queen Jadwiga, and lasted a further thirty-five years and laid the foundation for the centuries-long Polish–Lithuanian union. He was a member of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland that bears his name and was previously also known as the Gediminid dynasty in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The dynasty ruled both states until 1572,Anna Jagiellon, the last member of royal Jagiellon family, died in 1596. and became one of the most influential dynasties in late medieval and early modern Central and Eastern Europe. During his reign, the Polish-Lithuanian state was the largest state in the Christian world. Jogaila was the last pagan ruler of medieval Lithuania. After he became King of Poland, as a result of the Union of Krewo, the newly formed Polish-Lithuanian union confronted the growing power of the Teutonic Knights. The allied victory at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, followed by the Peace of Thorn, secured the Polish and Lithuanian borders and marked the emergence of the Polish–Lithuanian alliance as a significant force in Europe. The reign of Władysław II Jagiełło extended Polish frontiers and is often considered the beginning of Poland's Golden Age.
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Wittenberg
Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
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Redirects here:
Albert Herzog, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Duke of Prussia, Albert I, Duke of Prussia, Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Albert of Prussia, Albert, Duke in Prussia, Albrecht of Hohenzollern, Albrecht of Prussia, Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach, Albrecht von Hohenzollern, Duke Albert of Prussia.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Duke_of_Prussia
