The Collection of an English Doctor: Part 2

Collection of an English Doctor Part II Sovereign Rarities are very excited to present this new fixed price list of the second chronological part of the Collection of an English Doctor, to follow on from part one and cover the late Anglo-Saxon and Norman period. The final chapter, part three will eventually follow to cover the time period from the Plantagenets to the Stuarts ending on the Commonwealth period. The whole collection has been put together by a very discerning collector and numismatist of many years standing, with this English element formed diligently over the last few years. The aim was to illustrate the history of the English silver Penny, with the criteria being to collect as many mints and moneyers as possible in the time that was allowed. The second part herewith consists of 107 coins that envelopes King Canute to King Stephen, a total of nine reigns with a number of highlight pieces and a very diverse mixture of mints. Highlights to mention are such rare mints as Bruton, Guildford and Warminster for Canute short cross type, as well as a Cambridge quatrefoil type with a brooch like ornament on the neck and a London piece with an extra pellet in the field, out of a total of 27 coins of the reign. Moving on to the four coins of Harold I there is an extremely rare Buckingham Mint jewel cross Penny, as well as a retrograde obverse fleur de lis penny from York. The reign of Harthacanute is represented by just three coins all in his full name, and then we come to the 27 coins of Edward the Confessor which includes some extremely rare mints and variants. There is an extremely rare Bedwyn Mint Sovereign Eagles Penny, a helmet type penny from the mysterious mint of Dernt, two extremely rare transitional facing bust / pyramid pennies from Dover and Sandwich both Kentish towns. There is an extremely rare small flan penny from Tamworth with arguably the most interesting coin being the Watchet mint radiate bust penny that repurposes an reverse die previously used at Bedwyn which was recently written up in a British Numismatic Society blog. The Saxons finish with four assorted mints of Harold II who died at the Battle of Hastings when the Normans take over. William the Conqueror is represented by 13 coins highlighted by an extremely rare two sceptre / two stars mule of Lincoln, a bonnet type penny from the mysterious mint of Maint, as well as representation from scarcer mints like Hythe, Ilchester and Romney. The Normans continue with four coins of William Rufus, four different mints of four different types, then we come to his younger brother Henry I represented by five pennies, three cut halfpennies and one extremely rare round halfpenny of Wilton. The rarest penny is the Pevensey Mint piece of the facing bust / cross fleury type. Part two concludes with fifteen coins of King Stephen and the Anarchy period. Eight coins are regal pieces of King Stephen from eight different mints including one of Castle Rising. The other seven coins are variants from the anarchy period including one, probably two of Earl Henry of Northumbria, one Earl Robert of Gloucester minted at Shaftesbury, one PERERIC M type from Lincoln, with the others being northern variants linking to the Scottish border or Carlisle and possibly Edinburgh. The numismatic importance of some of these pieces is immense, and we hope you enjoy taking a good look through, all are for sale now. Needless to say we look forward to presenting part three in the near future. To order from this list the easiest way is to check the current availability on the website www.sovr.co.uk by searching for the stock number at the start of each entry in the search option. For example, for Earl Robert of Gloucester Baronial Penny, open search box, type in GM24315 and the site will display that coin as a tile to click into and see if available to purchase. Otherwise, please call us on 020 3019 1185 during office hours. Monday to Friday 9.30am-5.30pm.

Late Anglo-Saxon and Norman Coinage Canute (1016-35) Canute could have been as young as 21 when he ascended the English throne after the 28th November 1016 upon the death of Edmund "Ironside" at Oxford. Though Edmund son of Aethelred II had a younger brother and two infant sons his advisers recognized Canute as successor. Though his birth date is not known, Canute was a commander in his Father’s army from 1012, and at first had to settle a number of uprisings amongst the nobility and others, which he quelled by maintaining a large army and navy from heavy taxation. He kept Wessex at first for himself whilst dividing up other areas for regional government under trusted Danish allies. Canute had married Aelfgifu daughter of Ealdorman Aelfhelm of Northumbria but set her aside to marry Aethelred's widow Emma in 1017 who had fled to Normandy, and this latter union helped maintain the political continuity and tradition of English Kingship. Harald of Denmark died childless in 1018 and Canute used his English troops and finance to extend power to Scandanavia making his infant son Harthacanute titular Governor and heir of Denmark. Canute attempted to invade Sweden, and actually took Norway in 1028 having had a pilgrimage to Rome the year before. Canute left his eldest son by Aelfgifu, Swein to rule Norway and was now the most powerful King of England ever at this time and is likely when the apocryphal story of him trying to vainly order the coastal tide to turn and retreat in front of his courtiers emerged. However, Norway was lost by 1034, Canute did not respond, and he passed away suddenly at Shaftesbury in his mid-forties on the 12th November 1035.

BATH MINT Variety with extra pellets in a brooch formation on neck

GM24206 Canute (1016-35), silver quatrefoil Penny (c.1017-25), Bath Mint, Moneyer Aethelstan, crowned and draped bust left within quatrefoil, extra brooch like object of pellets by ties below ear, legend surrounding commences at top, +CNVT REX ANGLORV, rev. pellet at centre of voided long cross, over quatrefoil with pellet cusps, legend surrounding, +ÆÐE STAN ON B AÐA, weight 1.06g (cf.Mack Sylloge SCBI 20:1068; BMC type VIII cf.5-6; N.781; S.1157). Well centred, toned, good very fine, we have not been able to trace the obverse die variety in the sylloge series, very rare. £1,650 The legends translate as "Canute King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Aethelstan of Bath." This Quatrefoil type coin is struck of the Bath B later type style as defined by Mark Blackburn and Stewart Lyon in their article "Regional Die-Production in Cnut's Quatrefoil Issue" though no mention of the extra object is made in any of the styles die cut at Bath. Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. North records twelve different moneyers working at Bath in his reign through four types. The old Roman City of Bath some 12 miles from Bristol was rebuilt by Alfred the Great after expulsion of the Danes and was part of the Burghal Hidage. King Eadgar was coronated there in 973 and in 1013 the Danish Swein went to Bath to receive submission from the western thegns. Bath was destroyed in 1088 in a rising orchestrated by Robert de Mowbray. It later

became an episcopal seat in place of Wells in 1090 and William II granted the mint to the Bishop. Minting activity occurs in the English series from the time of Edward the Elder until King Stephen. Provenance: Ex St Marys College Collection, Oscott, Sutton Coldfield, Morton and Eden, 28th November 2019, lot 389. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

BEDFORD MINT

GM24207 Canute (1016-35), silver quatrefoil Penny (c.1017-25), Bedford Mint, Moneyer Godric, crowned and draped bust left within quatrefoil, legend surrounding commences at top, +CNVT REX ANGLOROX, rev. pellet at centre of voided long cross, over quatrefoil with pellet cusps, legend surrounding, +GO DRI C M.O BED, weight 1.17g (SCBI Copenhagen 13:58; BMC type VIII cf.14; N.781; S.1157). Toned with traces of old deposit in legends, well centred, a bold very fine and rare. £800 The legends translate as "Canute King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Godric of Bedford." This Quatrefoil type coin is struck of the Norwich type style as defined by Mark Blackburn and Stewart Lyon in their article "Regional DieProduction in Cnut's Quatrefoil Issue" These dies were therefore cut at Norwich and sent to Bedford. Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. North records nine different moneyers working at Bedford in his reign through three types. Situated nearly 50 miles north-west of London in the Ouse valley, Edward the Elder secured the submission of Thurketil at Bedford in 914, the commanding Earl of the Viking Army based here and subsequently occupied the town in 915. It was later raided by the Danes in 1010 and the castle here was besieged by King Stephen in 1136. Provenance: Purchased from A. H. Baldwin January 2020, ex vault stock. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

BRUTON MINT

GM24208 Canute (1016-35), silver short cross Penny (1029-35), Bruton Mint, Moneyer Aelfwine, diademed bust left with sceptre, legend surrounding commences at upper left, CNVT .RECX, rev. pellet in annulet at centre of voided short cross, linear circles and legend surrounding, +EL.FPII ON BRIV, weight 1.06g (SCBI Copenhagen 13:108-111; BMC type XVI; N.790; S.1159). Toned, flan a little undulating, some light marks, a full coin without pecks, good very fine, a very rare mint indeed. £2,950 The legends translate as "Canute King" on obverse and on the reverse "Aelfwine of Bruton." Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. North records only two different moneyers working at Bruton in his reign through three types. Bruton a village on the River Brue in Somerset about 12 miles from Wells, was probably fortified in Saxon times. There is a die link with the extremely rare Hillfort Mint of Cadbury where Aelfwine operated earlier in the period of Viking invasion under Aethelred II. Minting activity occurs here from the time of Aethelred II until Edward the Confessor.

Provenance: Ex Baldwin Auction 24, 9th October 2000, lot 960. Ex Allan Williams Collection, part II, Spink Coin Auction, 3rd July 2018, lot 153. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

CAMBRIDGE MINT

GM24209 Canute (1016-35), silver quatrefoil Penny (c.1017-25), Cambridge Mint, Moneyer Adea, crowned and draped bust left within quatrefoil, legend surrounding commences lower left, +CNVT REX ANGLO, rev. pellet at centre of voided long cross, over quatrefoil with pellet cusps, legend surrounding, +ADE A ON GRA NTB, weight 0.93g (SCBI Cambridge 1:752; BMC type VIII; N.781; S.1157). Toned, well centred, good very fine. £575 The legends translate as "Canute King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Adea of Cambridge." This Quatrefoil type coin is struck of the London type C later style as defined by Mark Blackburn and Stewart Lyon in their article "Regional Die-Production in Cnut's Quatrefoil Issue" These dies were therefore cut in London and sent to Cambridge. Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. North records fifteen different moneyers working at Cambridge in his reign through five types. Cambridge was built beside a ford on the River Cam which was formerly known as the River Grante a tributary of the Ouse. On the coins of the Anglo-Saxon period the mint name is Grantebrycge. The Danes wintered here in 875 and burnt the town in 1010. King William I built the castle here in 1068 as a base against Hereward the Wake. In 1143 during the anarchy, the town was burnt by Geoffrey de Mandeville. Minting activity occurs here from the time of Edgar until King Stephen. Provenance: Ex Dr John Tooze Collection, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 163, 18th September 2019, lot 1038. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

CANTERBURY MINT

GM24210

Canute (1016-35), silver short cross Penny (1029-35), Canterbury Mint, Moneyer Leofwine, diademed bust left with sceptre, legend surrounding commences at top, CNVT .RECX., rev. pellet in annulet at centre of voided short cross, linear circles and legend surrounding, +LEOFPINE ON CENT, weight 1.18g (SCBI Hunterian 2:930; BMC type XVI; N.790; S.1159). Toned, well centred strike, almost extremely fine. £775 The legends translate as "Canute King " on obverse and on the reverse "Leofwine of Canterbury." Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. North records nineteen different moneyers working at Canterbury in his reign through four types. The City of Canterbury is 16 miles north-west of Dover with gold Thrymsas known bearing its name as one of the most important mints in southern England during the 8th and 9th centuries. In 809 the Danes were bought off for £3,000 but the town was taken by them in 839 and 851, again circa 981 and finally in 1011. There were two moneyers who worked for the Archbishop and in 1189 this increased to three. The Abbot of St Augustine had the privilege of one die in eight until 1161 at Canterbury though the coins do not seem to bear any ecclesiastical marks, though pennies of Henry I type XIV can have an

annulet on the shoulder for moneyers Algar and Willem. We also know for Henry II that the Abbot’s moneyer was Alferg. There are die links with Hythe and Lewes in the reign of Aethelred II and with Hythe for William I. Provenance: Ex Cambridge Hoard, c.1992. Ex A. H. Baldwin, Fixed Price List, Summer 2015, item AS106. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

CHESTER MINT

GM24211 Canute (1016-35), silver quatrefoil Penny (c.1017-25), Chester Mint, Moneyer Spegen, crowned and draped bust left within quatrefoil, legend surrounding commences at upper left, +CNVT REX ANGLORX, rev. pellet at centre of voided long cross, over quatrefoil with pellet cusps, legend surrounding, +SP EGE N ON LEG, weight 1.33g (SCBI American 30:488 this coin; BMC type VIII 293; N.781; S.1157). Toned some light die flaws evident, otherwise good very fine with a great portrait. £1,450 The legends translate as "Canute King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Spegen of Chester." This coin is of the local Chester style in its later phase, as defined by Blackburn and Lyon in their article "Regional Die Production in Cnut's Quatrefoil Issue." These dies were therefore cut at Chester. Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. North records 26 different moneyers working at Chester in his reign through four types. The City of Chester lies some 16 miles south of Liverpool near the border with Wales which is why it became a fortified town at the time of the Mercian Kingdom and was later restored by Aethelflaed in 907 after occupation by the Danes in 892. The city later rebelled against William the Conqueror and was ravaged by him in 1070 whereupon he built a castle there. It became a base for William to campaign in Wales and in 1075 the See of Lichfield was moved there, later transferring to Coventry in 1102. The Saxon name an abbreviation of which appears on the coins was LEGACEASTER meaning camp of the Legions and does not start to change to an abbreviation of Chester until the last type of coinage for William I. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelstan until Henry II. Provenance: Ex B. A. Seaby Ltd, purchased by Mrs Norweb 1971 see SCBI 30:488. Ex Mrs E M H Norweb Collection, part IV, Spink Coin Auction 59, 17 th June 1987, lot 1230. Ex Professor G W De Witt, Kunker Auction 137, Germany, 11th March 2008, lot 3093. Ex Baldwin Auction 77, 27th September 2012, lot 2545. Ex A H Baldwin, Fixed Price List, Summer 2014, item AS037. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

COLCHESTER MINT

GM24212 Canute (1016-35), silver quatrefoil Penny (c.1017-25), Colchester Mint, Moneyer Edwine, crowned and draped bust left within quatrefoil, legend surrounding commences at top, +CNVT REX ANGLOR, rev. pellet at centre of voided long cross, over quatrefoil with pellet cusps, legend surrounding, +ED PIN E MO COL, weight 1.00g (SCBI Helsinki 25:614; BMC type VIII; N.781; S.1157). Lightly toned, good very fine. £1,450 The legends translate as "Canute King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Edwine of Colchester."

This coin is of the Thetford style A in its later phase, as defined by Blackburn and Lyon in their article "Regional Die Production in Cnut's Quatrefoil Issue." These dies were therefore cut at Thetford and sent to Colchester. Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. North records six different moneyers working at Colchester in his reign through four types. 22 miles north-east of Chelmsford in Essex, Colchester is a Port on the River Colne. The Vikings occupied Colchester as a base for their army in 912 when it was destroyed and left in ruins. Edward the Elder occupied and renovated the burgh five years later in 917, and William the Conqueror built the castle here in 1080 which was later captured by John in 1216 not long before he lost all his treasure in the Wash and subsequently died. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelred II until Henry II. Provenance: Ex Cambridge Hoard, c.1992. Ex A. H. Baldwin, Fixed Price List, Summer 2015, item AS028. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

DOVER MINT

GM24213 Canute (1016-35), silver helmet type Penny (1024-30), Dover Mint, Moneyer Leofwine, helmeted bust left with sceptre, legend surrounding commencing at top, CNVT RECX A., rev. pellet in double annulet at centre of voided short cross, broken annulet enclosing pellet in each angle, linear circles and legend surrounding, +LVFPINE ON DOFRA, weight 0.99g (SCBI Copenhagen 13:379-384; BMC type XIV; N.787; S.1158). Toned with flan a little undulating, good very fine and pleasing to see quite a full mint signature. £500 The legends translate as "Canute King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Leofwine of Dover." Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. North records fourteen different moneyers working at Dover in his reign through five types. One of the “Cinque Ports” of the south-east corner of England on the edge of the “Garden of England” county of Kent, this major port for the continent has had a castle with foundation from a very early time. In 1050 Edward the Confessor ordered Earl Godwine to harry the port after his Sister and her husband suffered an affray in Dover, but the Earl refused. Later the castle surrendered without a fight to William the Conqueror in 1066, but the town was still looted and burnt. Later Dover was a stronghold for the Angevin party and capitulated to Stephen in 1138. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelstan until King Stephen. Provenance: Purchased from A. H. Baldwin January 2020, ex vault stock. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

GLOUCESTER MINT

GM24214 Canute (1016-35), silver helmet type Penny (1024-30), Gloucester Mint, Moneyer Godric, helmeted bust left with sceptre, legend surrounding commencing at top, CNV T RECX:, the V with a pellet base, rev. pellet in double annulet at centre of voided short cross, broken annulet enclosing pellet in

each angle, linear circles and legend surrounding, +GODRIC ON GL.EP, weight 1.05g (SCBI Copenhagen 13:1022; BMC type XIV 224; N.787; S.1158). Toned, good very fine. £975 The legends translate as "Canute King " on obverse and on the reverse "Godric of Gloucester." Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. North records ten different moneyers working at Gloucester in his reign through four types. The City of Gloucester on the River Severn is 37 miles north north-east of Bristol and in 877 the army of Guthrum moved there and the town was ravaged several times through the 10th century. Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians (died 918) is buried here and King Aethelstan dies here at his palace in 940. The present cathedral was founded in 1089 and later the city was destroyed by fire in 1101 in the reign of Henry I. In King Stephen's reign Gloucester became an Angevin stronghold for Earl Robert and interestingly Stephen's cousin Matilda, received him at Gloucester as her prisoner before sending him on to Bristol in 1141. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Alfred the Great until Henry III. Provenance: Purchased from A. H. Baldwin January 2020, ex vault stock. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

GUILDFORD MINT

GM24215

Canute (1016-35), silver short cross Penny (1029-35), Guildford Mint, Moneyer Blacaman, diademed bust left with sceptre, pellet on sceptre handle, legend surrounding commences at top, CNV T REC.X., rev. pellet in annulet at centre of voided short cross, linear circles and legend surrounding, +BLACAMAN ON GVLD, large pellet on inner circle under V, weight 1.12g (SCBI Copenhagen 13:11261128; BMC type XVI; N.790; S.1159). Toned, well centred strike, almost extremely fine and extremely rare. £3,750 The legends translate as "Canute King " on obverse and on the reverse "Blacaman of Guildford." This is the only example we have seen with the large pellet on the inner circle of the reverse. Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. North records four different moneyers working at Guildford in his reign for only two types. Thirty miles south-west of London in Surrey on the River Wey is Guildford with its Norman castle which replaced the earlier fort at Eashing mentioned in the Burghal Hidage. Minting activity occurs from the time of Edward the Martyr until William II. Provenance: Ex Classical Numismatic Group webshop, June 2020. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

HERTFORD MINT

GM24216 Canute (1016-35), silver helmet type Penny (1024-30), Hertford Mint, Moneyer Lifinc, helmeted bust left with sceptre, legend surrounding commencing at top, CNVT R EX ANG, rev. pellet in double annulet at centre of voided short cross, broken annulet enclosing pellet in each angle, linear circles

and legend surrounding, +LIFINC: ON HEORTF, weight 1.00g (SCBI -; BMC type XIV; N.787; S.1158). Lightly toned, extremely fine and a very pleasing coin with quite a full mint signature. £975 The legends translate as "Canute King" on obverse and on the reverse "Lifinc of Hertford." Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. North records five different moneyers working at Hertford in his reign through three types. On looking up this coin for a sylloge reference we can only find Lifinc plated for the quatrefoil and short cross types and not the helmet type though it would make sense that his activity would include this type which comes chronologically in between the two recorded types. Nearly 25 miles north of London, Hertford guards over the crossing of the River Lea with a fortress being constructed on each bank of the river by Edward the Elder in 911. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelstan through to Henry I. Provenance: Ex Cambridge Hoard, c.1992. Ex A. H. Baldwin, Fixed Price List, Summer 2015, item AS083. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

IPSWICH MINT

GM24217

Canute (1016-35), silver Penny, quatrefoil type (c.1017-23), Ipswich Mint, Moneyer Edric, crowned and draped bust left within quatrefoil, legend and outer beaded border surrounding, legend surrounding commences at top, +CNVT REX ANGLORX, last two letter ligatured, rev. pellet at centre of voided long cross, over quatrefoil with pellet cusps, legend and outer beaded border surrounding, +ED RIC MΩO GIP, weight 1.03g (SCBI Copenhagen 13:985; BMC type VIII; Sadler II, plate 124, fig. 440 this coin; N.781; S.1157). Attractive dark tone, one small rim chip, otherwise extremely fine, a popular East Anglian mint. £975 The obverse legend translates as "Canute King of the English" and the reverse as "Edric Moneyer of Ipswich." Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. Ipswich operated with up to sixteen moneyers in this reign through four types, which is about seven times less than London for instance and twelve less than the regional monetary center of Thetford in East Anglia. This Quatrefoil type coin is struck from the regional die cutting centre of Thetford of type A late style, as defined by Mark Blackburn and Stewart Lyon in their article "Regional Die-Production in Cnut's Quatrefoil Issue" a chapter in "Anglo-Saxon Monetary History" edited by M. A. D. Blackburn published 1986. Nearly 70 miles north-east of London, Ipswich is a town and seaport on the River Orwell. The Danes came and ravaged Ipswich in 991 and again in 1010, and they subsequently disembarked there in 1069 but were driven away. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Edgar until King John and there is a die link with the still mysterious mint of DERNT issued only under Edward the Confessor. Provenance: Ex Captain Peter Arnot, Dix Noonan and Webb, 21st March 1995, lot 192. Ex Spink Numismatic Circular, November 1995, item 6175. Purchased from Spink and Son Ltd, 24th January 2001. Ex Neil Smith Collection, New York Sale XLIX, 15th January 2020, lot 1227. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LEICESTER MINT

GM24218 Canute (1016-35), silver short cross Penny (1029-35), Leicester Mint, Moneyer Wulnoth, diademed bust left with sceptre, legend surrounding commencing at top, CNV T: RECX A, rev. pellet in annulet at centre of voided short cross, linear circles and legend surrounding, +PVLNOÐ ON LEHR, weight 1.06g (SCBI -; BMC type XVI 268; N.790; S.1159). Toned, peck mark on neck and another on reverse, otherwise good very fine. £850 The legends translate as "Canute King" on obverse and on the reverse "Wulfnoth of Leicester." Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. Leicester operated with up to seven moneyers in this reign through four types. Leicester is situated on the River Soar a tributary of the Trent some 30 miles north-west of Northampton. In 737 a holy See was established, and a Viking army later occupied the town circa 877 and became one of the Five Boroughs. In 918 Aethelflaed Lady of the Mercians negotiated possession without fighting with most of the local army submitting to her. In 940 the army of Anlaf Guthfrithson me the army of Eadmund here and the Archbishops of Canterbury and York arranged a treaty giving territory including Leicester to Anlaf. Later in history the body of King Richard III having been discovered under a modern car park was interred at Leicester Cathedral on the 26th March 2015. Minting activity occurs here from the reign of Aethelstan until Henry II. Provenance: Ex Munz Zentrum Auction 186, Cologne, Germany, 17th October 2018, lot 2155. Ex Terence Maudlin Collection, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 160, 5th June 2019, lot 252. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LINCOLN MINT

GM24219

Canute (1016-35), silver short cross Penny (1029-35), Lincoln Mint, Moneyer Crinan, diademed bust left with sceptre, legend surrounding commencing at top, CNVT R.ECX:, rev. pellet in annulet at centre of voided short cross, linear circles and legend surrounding, +CRINA ON LINCOL:., weight 1.12g (SCBI Lincolnshire 27:475; BMC type XVI 334; N.790; S.1159). Toned, one weak quarter to legend, otherwise good very fine. £550 The legends translate as "Canute King" on obverse and on the reverse "Crinan of Lincoln." Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. Lincoln operated with up to 57 moneyers in this reign through four types. The City of Lincoln situated on the north bank of the River Witham some 33 miles north east of Nottingham was occupied by the Danes in 918 but the army there submitted to Edward the Elder and in 942 was one of the Five Boroughs. William I built a castle here in 1067 and the minster of St Mary was taken by Remigius of Dorchester as his cathedral in 1072. Later Rannulf the Earl of Chester and William de Roumare Earl of Loncoln, seized the castle to hold against King Stephen in 1140. The King besieged the castle and was captured in defeat at the Battle of Lincoln with the town sacked and burnt. The castle was later surrendered to Stephen by Rannulf who three years later granted it back to him. Minting activity is thought to commence here with the “St Martin” coinage and then from Eadred to Henry III. In the middle of the reign of Henry I the signature of the Lincoln Mint changes to NICOLE until the end of Stephen’s first type and in some later short cross coinage, this being a French name for the city seen in some mediaeval documents, with Lincolnia being the name in Latin.

Provenance: Ex Dr John Tooze Collection, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 163, 18th September 2019, lot 1051. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

GM24220

Canute (1016-35), silver quatrefoil Penny (c.1017-25), Lincoln Mint, Moneyer Osferth, crowned and draped bust left within quatrefoil, legend surrounding commences at bottom, +CNVT REX ANGLORVM:, rev. pellet at centre of voided long cross, over quatrefoil with pellet cusps, legend surrounding, +OS FER Ð MO LINC, with the NC ligatured, weight 1.11g (SCBI Lincolnshire 27:365; BMC type VIII 310; N.781; S.1157). Lightly toned with one blemish on obverse, good very fine. £500 The legends translate as "Canute King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Osferth of Lincoln." This coin is of the early Lincoln style, as defined by Blackburn and Lyon in their article "Regional Die Production in Cnut's Quatrefoil Issue." These dies were therefore cut at Lincoln. Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. Lincoln operated with up to 57 moneyers in this reign through four types. The City of Lincoln situated on the north bank of the River Witham some 33 miles north east of Nottingham was occupied by the Danes in 918 but the army there submitted to Edward the Elder and in 942 was one of the Five Boroughs. William I built a castle here in 1067 and the minster of St Mary was taken by Remigius of Dorchester as his cathedral in 1072. Later Rannulf the Earl of Chester and William de Roumare Earl of Loncoln, seized the castle to hold against King Stephen in 1140. The King besieged the castle and was captured in defeat at the Battle of Lincoln with the town sacked and burnt. The castle was later surrendered to Stephen by Rannulf who three years later granted it back to him. Minting activity is thought to commence here with the “St Martin” coinage and then from Eadred to Henry III. In the middle of the reign of Henry I the signature of the Lincoln Mint changes to NICOLE until the end of Stephen’s first type and in some later short cross coinage, this being a French name for the city seen in some mediaeval documents, with Lincolnia being the name in Latin. Provenance: Ex J. Kite Collection, purchased by Michael Trenerry of Truro. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LONDON MINT

GM24221 Canute (1016-35), silver helmet type Penny (1024-30), London Mint, Moneyer Eadsige, helmeted bust left with sceptre, legend surrounding commencing at top, CNVT REX A.N:, rev. pellet in double annulet at centre of voided short cross, broken annulet enclosing pellet in each angle, linear circles and legend surrounding, +EASIGE ON LVDENE:, weight 1.07g (cf.SCBI Copehangen 14:2506-2514; BMC type XIV 403; N.787; S.1158). Lightly toned, a bold very fine with a nice long mint reading. £550 The legends translate as "Canute King" on obverse and on the reverse "Eadsige of London.” Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. London operated with up to 119 moneyers in this reign through all five types.

Capital City London upon the River Thames following Roman occupation, minted some of the earliest Saxon coins with gold Thrymsas and silver denarii with a “Londuniu” signature. Mercian Kings beginning with Offa minted coins there, but the first coin to actually say City of London upon it is the unique Ludica portrait Penny that was found in 2016, followed by subsequent coins of Ecgberht. In 871 the Danes wintered in London for the first time but was King Alfred of Wessex who settled and fortified the capital circa 880 to resist further invasions. Edward the Elder incorporated the City in Wessex in 911 and it resisted a major attack in the reign of Aethelred II in 1009. However, London submitted to the Danish Swein in 1013, but three years later the citizens accepted Eadmund Ironside as King and resisted a siege by Canute. Later unsettled times occurred in the anarchy period of the reign of King Stephen, remaining loyal to the King except for a few months in 1141 when Empress Matilda was admitted but within a short time expelled. Coinage activity here has been mostly constant throughout history from the Romans until the reign of our current Queen and only moving out to Wales from 1969. Provenance: Ex Dr John Tooze Collection, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 163, 18th September 2019, lot 1045. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

GM24222 Canute (1016-35), silver helmet type Penny (1024-30), London Mint, Moneyer Wynstan, helmeted bust left with sceptre, legend surrounding commencing at top, CNV T R.E.C.X:, rev. pellet in double annulet at centre of voided short cross, broken annulet enclosing pellet in each angle, linear circles and legend surrounding, +PYNSTAN ON LVN:, weight 1.01g (SCBI Copenhagen 14:3066-3076; BMC type XIV 423; N.787; S.1158). Lightly toned, darker patch on obverse, good very fine. £475 The legends translate as "Canute King" on obverse and on the reverse "Wynstan of London.” Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. London operated with up to 119 moneyers in this reign through all five types. Capital City London upon the River Thames following Roman occupation, minted some of the earliest Saxon coins with gold Thrymsas and silver denarii with a “Londuniu” signature. Mercian Kings beginning with Offa minted coins there, but the first coin to actually say City of London upon it is the unique Ludica portrait Penny that was found in 2016, followed by subsequent coins of Ecgberht. In 871 the Danes wintered in London for the first time but was King Alfred of Wessex who settled and fortified the capital circa 880 to resist further invasions. Edward the Elder incorporated the City in Wessex in 911 and it resisted a major attack in the reign of Aethelred II in 1009. However, London submitted to the Danish Swein in 1013, but three years later the citizens accepted Eadmund Ironside as King and resisted a siege by Canute. Later unsettled times occurred in the anarchy period of the reign of King Stephen, remaining loyal to the King except for a few months in 1141 when Empress Matilda was admitted but within a short time expelled. Coinage activity here has been mostly constant throughout history from the Romans until the reign of our current Queen and only moving out to Wales from 1969. Provenance: Ex Dr John Tooze Collection, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 163, 18th September 2019, lot 1046. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

Variety with extra pellet behind head and three pellets in one quadrant of reverse

GM24223 Canute (1016-35), silver quatrefoil Penny (c.1017-25), London Mint, Moneyer Wulfnoth, crowned and draped bust left with pellet behind within quatrefoil, legend surrounding commences at lower

left, +CIIVT REX ANGLOR:, rev. pellet at centre of voided long cross, over quatrefoil with pellet cusps, three extra pellets in lower segment of left foil, legend surrounding, +PVLFNOD L VND, the ND ligatured, weight 1.04g (SCBI Copenhagen 14:2968; BMC type VIII; N.785; S.1157). Toned good very fine and very rare variety with the extra pellets. £1,150 The legends translate as "Canute King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Wulfnoth London." The reason and meaning for the pellet behind the bust and three smaller ones on the reverse remains unknown, and this coin depicting the variety was unknown to H. alexander Parsons in 1917 when he listed all the known varieties of extra letters and symbols on such coinage in his article "Symbols and Double Names on late Anglo-Saxon Coins" in the British Numismatic Journal volume 13, pages 1-74. Perhaps the extra pellets were used to help a moneyer identify his die as London being the most populous mint would have had many in operation at once. This coin is of the London style A at its mid-stage as defined by Blackburn and Lyon in their article "Regional Die Production in Cnut's Quatrefoil Issue." These dies were therefore cut at London. Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. London operated with up to 119 moneyers in this reign through all five types. Capital City London upon the River Thames following Roman occupation, minted some of the earliest Saxon coins with gold Thrymsas and silver denarii with a “Londuniu” signature. Mercian Kings beginning with Offa minted coins there, but the first coin to actually say City of London upon it is the unique Ludica portrait Penny that was found in 2016, followed by subsequent coins of Ecgberht. In 871 the Danes wintered in London for the first time but was King Alfred of Wessex who settled and fortified the capital circa 880 to resist further invasions. Edward the Elder incorporated the City in Wessex in 911 and it resisted a major attack in the reign of Aethelred II in 1009. However, London submitted to the Danish Swein in 1013, but three years later the citizens accepted Eadmund Ironside as King and resisted a siege by Canute. Later unsettled times occurred in the anarchy period of the reign of King Stephen, remaining loyal to the King except for a few months in 1141 when Empress Matilda was admitted but within a short time expelled. Coinage activity here has been mostly constant throughout history from the Romans until the reign of our current Queen and only moving out to Wales from 1969. Provenance: Probably ex Cambridge Hoard circa 1992. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

NORWICH MINT

GM24224 Canute (1016-35), silver helmet type Penny (1024-30), Norwich Mint, Moneyer Leofric, helmeted bust left with sceptre, legend surrounding commencing at top, CNVT R GLORV:, rev. pellet in double annulet at centre of voided short cross, broken annulet enclosing pellet in each angle, linear circles and legend surrounding, +L.E.OFRIC .ON NOR.:, the N of ON a little blundered, weight 1.04g (SCBI Copenhagen 15:3182; BMC type XIV; N.787; S.1158). Toned, two dark streaks at upper left of obverse otherwise very fine with an interesting obverse reading. £500 The legends translate as "Canute King of the “Glish”" on obverse and on the reverse "Leofric of Norwich.” Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. Norwich operated with up to 21 moneyers in this reign through all five types. Norwich is situated 100 miles north north-east of London in East Anglia on the River Tud near the junction with the River Yare. In 1004 it was sacked and burnt by the Danish Swein but resisted a much later attack in 1069. The Norman knight Roger Bigod Earl of East Anglia siezed the castle in 1087 and later in 1136 during the anarchy the castle was again seized by his descendent Hugh Bigod. The holy See of the Bishop of East Anglia was transferred there from Thetford in 1094/5 with

minting rights and one moneyer at Norwich. Minting activity occurs here from the reign of Aethelstan until Henry III, except for the reign of Eadwig. Provenance: Ex Duke of Argyll Collection (d.1949), purchased by Spink 1952. EX Gordon V. Doubleday Collection of Anglo-Saxon Coins, Glendining, 6th October 1987, lot 395. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

NOTTINGHAM MINT

GM24225 Canute (1016-35), silver short cross Penny (1029-35), Nottingham Mint, Moneyer Blacaman, diademed bust left with sceptre, legend surrounding commencing at top, CNV .T REX.:, rev. pellet in annulet at centre of voided short cross, linear circles and legend surrounding, +BLACANON ON SN, weight 0.97g (SCBI Copenhagen 15:3469; BMC type XVI 516; N.790; S.1159). Lightly toned, good very fine to almost extremely fine and very rare. £3,250 The legends translate as "Canute King" on obverse and on the reverse "Blacaman of Nottingham." Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. Nottingham operated with up to five moneyers in this reign through four types. Situated on the River Trent some 15 miles east of Derby, Nottingham was occupied by the Danes in 868 and became one of the Five Boroughs. Having been reduced by Edward the Elder in 922, Nottingham was retaken by Eadmund in 941. The Norman castle was built in a steep rocky hill south of the town in 1067 and during the anarchy was held for the Empress Matilda by William Peverel who later changed allegiance. Robert of Gloucester sacked the town in 1140 and the castle surrendered to Matilda in the year following. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelstan until King Stephen. Provenance: Ex Classical Numismatic Group webshop, June 2020. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

ROCHESTER MINT

GM24226 Canute (1016-35), silver quatrefoil Penny (c.1017-25), Rochester Mint, Moneyer Alfheah, crowned and draped bust left within quatrefoil, legend surrounding commences at lower left, +CNVT REX ANGLORVM, rev. pellet at centre of voided long cross, over quatrefoil with pellet cusps, legend surrounding, +ELF EH O N RO FECS, weight 0.97g (cf.SCBI Copenhagen 15:3307; BMC type VIII; N.781; S.1157). Lightly toned with one flat-spot in obverse legend at top, good very fine. £1,250 The legends translate as "Canute King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Alfheah of Rochester." This coin is of the latter part of London style A, as defined by Blackburn and Lyon in their article "Regional Die Production in Cnut's Quatrefoil Issue." These dies were therefore cut at London and sent to Rochester to utilise. Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. Rochester operated with up to six moneyers in this reign through three types. The cathedral town of Rochester in Kent lies at the lowest bridging point of the River Medway some 30 miles south-east of the centre of the City of London. The first bridging of the Medway at Rochester dates back to late Roman times. The Diocese is the second oldest in Britain after Canterbury with a long line of Bishops dating back to its founding in 604 by St. Augustine, who consecrated St. Justus as the first Bishop. It has been claimed that Witmen type Anglo Saxon gold thrymsa coins may

have been struck here. Rochester was one of the main mint towns in the ninth century and the Bishop seems to have been granted the privilege to coin in the reign of Ecgberht. In the laws of Aethelstan the Bishop of Rochester was allowed one moneyer whilst the King had two. The town suffered “great slaughter” by the Danes in 839 and was ravaged by Aethelred II in 986 just five to ten years before these coins depicting him was minted. Later the town was besieged in the rebellion of Bishop Odo in 1088 and was destroyed by fire in 1130. Rochester was besieged and taken by King John in 1215 and named minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelstan until John. Provenance: Ex Cambridge Hoard circa 1992. Ex Spink Numismatic Circular, October 2012, item HS4846 Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 320. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

SHAFTESBURY MINT

GM24227 Canute (1016-35), silver quatrefoil Penny (c.1017-25), Shaftesbury Mint, Moneyer Aelfwine, crowned and draped bust left within quatrefoil, legend surrounding commences at top, +CNVT REX ANGLORV, rev. pellet at centre of voided long cross, over quatrefoil with pellet cusps, legend surrounding, +ELP INE O N SEF TESB., weight 1.15g (SCBI -; BMC type VIII 497; N.781; S.1157). Lightly toned with reverse just a touch off-centre, good very fine with a fuller mint reading and being from the location Canute died. £925 The legends translate as "Canute King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Elfwine of Shaftesbury." This coin is of the mid-Winchester style, as defined by Blackburn and Lyon in their article "Regional Die Production in Cnut's Quatrefoil Issue." These dies were therefore cut at Winchester and sent to Shaftebury to utilise. Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. Shaftesbury operated with up to eight moneyers in this reign through four types. The fact we could not trace a sylloge reference for this coin may mean in emanates from the Cambridge find of 1993 which was never recorded. Situated in Dorset nearly 25 miles north northwest of Dorchester on high ground, Shaftesbury is where Dunstan took the body of Edward the Martyr for interment after his death at Corfe Castle. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelstan to King Stephen including a die link with the rare “BRYGIN” pieces. Provenance: Ex Classical Numismatic Group webshop, June 2020. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

SOUTHWARK MINT

GM24228 Canute (1016-35), silver quatrefoil Penny (c.1017-25), Southwark Mint, Moneyer Aelfweard, crowned and draped bust left within quatrefoil, legend surrounding commences at lower left, +CNVT REX ANGLORI, rev. pellet at centre of voided long cross, over quatrefoil with pellet cusps, legend surrounding, +ELP PERD MOS VÐE, weight 1.03g (SCBI Copenhagen 15:3697; BMC type VIII; N.781; S.1157). Lightly toned almost extremely fine. £675 The legends translate as "Canute King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Aelfweard of Southwark." This coin is of the London A style at its mid-phase, as defined by Blackburn and Lyon in their article "Regional Die Production in Cnut's Quatrefoil Issue." These dies were therefore cut at London and sent the short distance to Southwark

to utilise. Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. Southwark operated with up to 23 moneyers in this reign through all five types. Southwark Mint on the south bank of the Thames separate from the City of London is mentioned in the Burghal Hidage and is part of old Surrey. The town was burnt by William the Conqueror in 1066 with minting activity from the reign of Aethelred II until Stephen with a burst of later minting activity occurring in the Tudor period. Provenance: Ex Dr John Tooze Collection, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 163, 18th September 2019, lot 1041. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

STAMFORD MINT

GM24229 Canute (1016-35), silver quatrefoil Penny (c.1017-25), Stamford Mint, Moneyer Godleof, crowned and draped bust left within quatrefoil, legend surrounding commences at bottom, +CNVT REX ANGLORV, rev. pellet at centre of voided long cross, over quatrefoil with pellet cusps, legend surrounding, +GO DELE OF M O ST., weight 0.82g (SCBI Copenhagen 15:3538; BMC type VIII; N.781; S.1157). Lightly toned good very fine. £650 The legends translate as "Canute King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Godleof of Stamford." This coin is of the latter part of Lincoln early style, as defined by Blackburn and Lyon in their article "Regional Die Production in Cnut's Quatrefoil Issue." These dies were therefore cut at Lincoln and sent to Stamford to utilise. Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. Stamford operated with up to 28 moneyers in this reign through four types. Stamford on the River Welland in Lincolnshire some 17 miles from Peterborough where the Viking garrison surrendered to Edward the Elder in 918. The Abbot of Medeshamstede (modern Peterborough) was granted one moneyer at Stamford in reign of Eadgar and some extremely rare Edward the Martyr and Aethelred II first small cross coins with an annulet may be associated with this issue. Later one die of Henry I with an annulet on the shoulder may also be associated with this minting right. A Norman castle was built prior to 1086 and later the town fell into the hands of Empress Matilda. In an 1153 siege the town surrendered to Henry of Anjou. Minting activity first occurs here under Hiberno-Norse Anlaf Cuaran and then from King Edgar until Stephen. Provenance: Ex Cambridge Hoard, c.1992. Ex A. H. Baldwin, Fixed Price List, Summer 2015, item AS066. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

THETFORD MINT

GM24230 Canute (1016-35), silver quatrefoil Penny (c.1017-25), Thetford Mint, Moneyer Waelgist, diademed and draped bust left within quatrefoil, legend surrounding commences at lower left, +CNVT REX ANGLOR, rev. pellet at centre of voided long cross, over quatrefoil with pellet cusps, legend surrounding, +PE. LSI T MO ÐEO, weight 1.01g (SCBI Copenhagen 15:3859; BMC type VIII; N.785; S.1157). Lightly toned, weak in parts with a good portrait, a bold very fine. £675 The legends translate as "Canute King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Waelgist of Thetford."

This coin is of the Thetford C style, as defined by Blackburn and Lyon in their article "Regional Die Production in Cnut's Quatrefoil Issue." These dies were therefore cut at Thetford. Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. Thetford operated with up to 28 moneyers in this reign through four types. Thetford town on the Little Ouse is 14 miles north of Bury St Edmunds and was the capital of East Anglia and was thought to be the minting place of earlier Mercian issues and independent Kings though it could have been Ipswich. The Danes wintered here in 868/9 moving on to Reading in 870. Swein burnt Thetford in 1003 and again in 1010, the town later became the See of East Anglia circa 1072 but this was transferred to Norwich 1094/5. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Edgard until Henry II. Provenance: Probably ex Cambridge Hoard circa 1992. Ex Lockdales, Suffolk, Auction 175, 28th March 2020, lot 1529. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

GM24231

Canute (1016-35), silver short cross Penny (1029-35), Thetford Mint, Moneyer Aelfwold, diademed bust left with sceptre, legend surrounding commencing at top, CNVT .R.EC.X:, rev. pellet in annulet at centre of voided short cross, linear circles and legend surrounding, +ALFPOLD ON ÐEO:, weight 1.16g (SCBI Copenhagen 15:3786; BMC type XVI 603; N.790; S.1159). Lightly toned, good very fine. £850 The legends translate as "Canute King" on obverse and on the reverse "Aelfwold of Thetford." Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. Thetford operated with up to 28 moneyers in this reign through four types. Thetford town on the Little Ouse is 14 miles north of Bury St Edmunds and was the capital of East Anglia and was thought to be the minting place of earlier Mercian issues and independent Kings though it could have been Ipswich. The Danes wintered here in 868/9 moving on to Reading in 870. Swein burnt Thetford in 1003 and again in 1010, the town later became the See of East Anglia circa 1072 but this was transferred to Norwich 1094/5. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Edgard until Henry II. Provenance: Probably Ex Cambridge Hoard circa 1992. Ex Ponterio Auction 134, Chicago, 22ns April 2005, lot 2095. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 159. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

WARMINSTER MINT

GM24232 Canute (1016-35), silver short cross Penny (1029-35), Warminster Mint, Moneyer Winegod, diademed bust left with sceptre, legend surrounding commencing at top, CNV T RE.CX, rev. pellet in annulet at centre of voided short cross, linear circles and legend surrounding, +PINEG ON POR:, weight 1.12g (SCBI Copenhagen 15:4212; BMC type XVI; N.790; S.1159). Toned on small rim crimp, otherwise good very fine and extremely rare, only the fourth known example of mint, moneyer and type. £7,000

The legends translate as "Canute King" on obverse and on the reverse "Winegod of Warminster.” Despite Canute being essentially a Viking King from overseas, the coinages of England continued in a similar vein to those of Aethelred II, in that the types changed every six years, meaning there are three main types for this reign, of which the quatrefoil type was the first. According to North there were up to 74 mints in operation with perhaps four other enigmatic places that remain uncertain. Warminster operated with only two moneyers in this reign through two types. Situated in Wiltshire on the uplands of Salisbury Plain nearly 15 miles from Bath, the town of Warminster was a Royal manor and had minting activity from the reign of Aethelred II until Edward the Confessor. Provenance: Found in the Bristol area 2013 – EMC 2013.0061. Ex Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 191, 4th May 2021, lot 172. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

HAROLD I (1035-40) Harold Harefoot was apparently the younger of two sons Canute had with Aelfgifu, before marrying the Emma the widow of Aethlered II and having Harthacanute by her. His older brother Swein was sent to rule Norway until being expelled in 1034 and pre-deceased his Father in Denmark at the end of the year. On Canute’s death the men of Mercia and Northumbria therefore chose Harold as the next ruler. Meanwhile Queen Emma in Winchester with the King’s bodyguard and treasure supported her son Harthacanute who was still in Denmark, as did Godwin of Wessex, and claims of illegitimacy towards Harold became rife. War was avoided by Harthacanute’s absence, but did not bode well for his cause, his half-brother Alfred later attempting to visit his mother at Winchester, being treacherously captured at Guildford by Godwin and handed over to Harold, who had him fatally blinded and sent to perish in Ely. Wessex accepted Harold as King by 1037 and Emma fled to Normandy, and though watchful of invasion by Harthacanute nothing ever came, remaining peaceful until his death in his early twenties on 17th March 1040. He was nicknamed “Harefoot” on account of his sporting ability and was buried in Westminster. On arrival Harthacanute had him dug up and thrown in a marsh, but secretive supporters recovered his body and had him interred elsewhere in London. BUCKINGHAM MINT

GM24233 Harold I (1035-40), silver Penny, jewel cross type (c.1036-38), Buckingham Mint, Moneyer Brihtwine, diademed bust left, legend and toothed border surrounding, commencing upper left, HARO LD REX, rev. pellet at centre of lobed cross, two inner linear circles unite lobes at centre, legend and toothed border surrounding, +BRIHTPINE ON BV, the NB ligatured, weight 1.06g (SCBI Copenhagen 18:17; BMC type I; Parsons 42; N.802; S.1163). Toned, good very fine and extremely rare Mint. £6,500 The abbreviated legends translate as on the obverse "King Harold" and on reverse the moneyer " Brihtwine of Buckingham." According to North Buckingham operated with only two moneyers in this reign through two types. The Parsons reference his “Coins of Harold I” by H. Alexander Parsons, British Numismatic Journal volume 15, 1919. This coin is only one of two Buckingham Mint pieces listed, the other being fleur de lis type of m oneyer Leofwine. Buckingham situated on the River Ouse in 17 miles north of Aylesbury and mentioned in the Burghal Hidage. Edward the Elder marched there in 914 and built forts on either side of the river. The Danes later reached the town in 1010 and ravaged it. Minting activity occurs here from the reign of Edgar until Edward the Confessor.

Provenance: Ex Classical Numismatic Group webshop, December 2020. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LINCOLN MINT

GM24235 Harold I (1035-40), silver Penny, fleur de lis type (c.1038-40), Lincoln Mint, moneyer Godric, diademed bust left with sceptre, legend and toothed border surrounding, commencing at top, +NADI: O LD REX, rev. pellet at centre of voided long cross, pellet topped fleur de lis between pellets in each angle, legend and toothed border surrounding, +GO DRR C ON LINC, the NC ligatured, weight 0.90g (SCBI Copenhagen 18:218-219; BMC type Vc 51; cf.Parsons 374; N.803; S.1165).Dark tone, good very fine and with an interesting mis-spelling out of the Regal name. £3,250 The abbreviated legends translate as on the obverse "King Harold (?)" and on reverse the moneyer "Godric of Lincoln.” The apparent misspelling of the Regal name may have been a confusion on where the moneyer allegiance lay, as if he almost intended to write Harthacanute’s name at first with “NAD I:” for HARÐI perhaps then ended it after a colon with OLD of Harold. An intriguing legend. The Parsons reference his “Coins of Harold I” by H. Alexander Parsons, British Numismatic Journal volume 15, 1919. He lists a coin reading NADOLD rather than exactly what we have offered here. According to North the Lincoln Mint operated with up to 31 moneyers in this reign through all three types. The City of Lincoln situated on the north bank of the River Witham some 33 miles north east of Nottingham was occupied by the Danes in 918 but the army there submitted to Edward the Elder and in 942 was one of the Five Boroughs. William I built a castle here in 1067 and the minster of St Mary was taken by Remigius of Dorchester as his cathedral in 1072. Later Rannulf the Earl of Chester and William de Roumare Earl of Loncoln, seized the castle to hold against King Stephen in 1140. The King besieged the castle and was captured in defeat at the Battle of Lincoln with the town sacked and burnt. The castle was later surrendered to Stephen by Rannulf who three years later granted it back to him. Minting activity is thought to commence here with the “St Martin” coinage and then from Eadred to Henry III. In the middle of the reign of Henry I the signature of the Lincoln Mint changes to NICOLE until the end of Stephen’s first type and in some later short cross coinage, this being a French name for the city seen in some mediaeval documents, with Lincolnia being the name in Latin. Provenance: Ex Davissons, Cold Spring Minnesota, USA, mail bid sale 37, 21st February 2018, lot 115. Ex Dr John Tooze Collection, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 163, 18th September 2019, lot 1055. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LONDON MINT

GM24234 Harold I (1035-40), silver Penny, jewel cross type (c.1036-38), London Mint, Moneyer Beorhmaer, diademed bust left, legend and toothed border surrounding, commencing at top, HARO LD REX, rev. pellet at centre of lobed cross, two inner linear circles unite lobes at centre, legend and toothed border surrounding, +B.RIHTMÆR ON. L, weight 1.13g ( SCBI Copenhagen 18:299; BMC type I; Parsons 454; N.802; S.1163). Attractively toned, good very fine. £1,750 The abbreviated legends translate as on the obverse "King Harold" and on reverse the moneyer " Beorhmaer of London.” The Parsons reference his “Coins of Harold I” by H. Alexander Parsons, British Numismatic Journal volume 15, 1919. According to North the London Mint operated with up to 42 moneyers in this reign through all three types.

Capital City London upon the River Thames following Roman occupation, minted some of the earliest Saxon coins with gold Thrymsas and silver denarii with a “Londuniu” signature. Mercian Kings beginning with Offa minted coins there, but the first coin to actually say City of London upon it is the unique Ludica portrait Penny that was found in 2016, followed by subsequent coins of Ecgberht. In 871 the Danes wintered in London for the first time but was King Alfred of Wessex who settled and fortified the capital circa 880 to resist further invasions. Edward the Elder incorporated the City in Wessex in 911 and it resisted a major attack in the reign of Aethelred II in 1009. However, London submitted to the Danish Swein in 1013, but three years later the citizens accepted Eadmund Ironside as King and resisted a siege by Canute. Later unsettled times occurred in the anarchy period of the reign of King Stephen, remaining loyal to the King except for a few months in 1141 when Empress Matilda was admitted but within a short time expelled. Coinage activity here has been mostly constant throughout history from the Romans until the reign of our current Queen and only moving out to Wales from 1969. Provenance: Ex Glendining, 12th March 1970, lot 140. Ex Seaby Coin and Medal Bulletin, June 1970, item 2890. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 336. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

YORK MINT Very rare use of a retrograde obverse die

GM24236

Harold I (1035-40), silver Penny, fleur de lis type (c.1038-40), with retrograde obverse, York Mint, moneyer Witherine, diademed bust right with sceptre, legend and toothed border surrounding, commencing upper left reading in mirror image left, +HAR OLD. REX, rev. pellet at centre of voided long cross, pelleted fleur de lis in each angle, legend and toothed border surrounding, +PI ÐEP INE O EO, weight 1.01g (SCBI Copenhagen 18:130; BMC type Va 31; Parsons 1136; N.806; S.1164). Toned with rim bruise, a bold very fine and extremely rare with the retrograde obverse. £5,250 The abbreviated legends translate as on the obverse "King Harold" and on reverse the moneyer "Witherine of York.” H. Alexander Parsons writing in the British Numismatic Journal, Volume 15, 1919 in his article on Harold I lists all the mint readings known to him at that time. 1,136 different coins for the reign of which 98 are from York Mint. Of this total 37 are of the jewel cross type and 61 are fleur de lis type. Of this total of 61 only 4 are retrograde and only two are of this moneyer. For decades the only example in private hands was the alternative mint reading for this moneyer where there is a letter N with O to make ON before EO, that coin was the ex Martin 48, Murchison 320, Boyne 1, Montagu 92, Murdoch 146 and Lockett 778 piece and was still the only one available when sold in 1955. This coin is of the other reading with only O for ON and may also be the only one of that available. North records up to 21 moneyers working in this reign across all three types. The City of York at the junction of the River Foss and River Ouse, about 190 miles north-west of London has been an archbishopric since 753 with some gold Thrymsa coins being produced. It was the early minting place of coins of the Kings of Northumbria in both copper and silver as well as the Archbishops of York. The mint name first appears on some of the occupational Viking coinages making the city their capital from 867. In 919 the city passed to the Hiberno-Norse Kings of Dublin and back to the English in 927 when taken from Guthfrith. Between 939 and 943 the Vikings were back in town and again from 947-954 but otherwise remained under English rule with the Norman castle even holding out to a Saxon/Danish occupation in 1069 being relieved by William I who built a second castle on the right bank of the Ouse, the City having been burnt. As soon as William departed the Vikings returned but upon William’s return they fled back to their ships and the Normans harried Yorkshire. Later minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelstan onward, incorporating Viking Kings of York coinage, through a long period right through to King Edward VI, as well as a Civil War Mint for King Charles I and a branch mint for the milled recoinage of William III. Provenance: Purchased from A. H. Baldwin and Son Ltd, March 2020. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

HARTHACANUTE (1035-42) Harthacanute was the only son from the union of Canute and Emma widow of King Aethelred II who had married in 1017 and he was presumably born in 1018. He became nominal ruler of Denmark in 1023 around the age of 5 with Thorkell the Tall as regent, and subsequently absent from England for most of his life. When his Father Canute died in 1035 Harthacanute was 17 years of age but could not leave Denmark for fear of invasion from Norway. In England he had support for Kingship from Godwin of Wessex and his mother Emma in Winchester. Subsequently in 1037 Godwin crossed over to side with Harold, and Emma fled across the channel to Bruges, where Harthacanute eventually joined her with his fleet in late 1039. After agreeing terms with Magnus of Norway on the basis as they were both childless, that whoever passed away first would inherit the other’s Kingdom. Subsequently Magnus outlived Harthacanute and would later claim that their regnal agreement included England as well as Denmark. It was at this time that Emma brought her son by Aethelred II Edward, later the Confessor, to meet with Harthacanute. Before the fleet could embark Harold died in March of 1040 avoiding any conflict. Harthacanute was crowned on the 18th June 1040 at Canterbury and named Edward as his heir in 1041. Harthacanute died suddenly on the 8th June 1042 after imbibing too much at a wedding celebration aged circa 24.

HASTINGS MINT

GM24237

Harthacanute (1035-42), silver Penny, arm and sceptre type (1040-42), Hastings Mint, Moneyer Brid, diademed bust left with arm and sceptre, legend commences at top in full name, +HARÐ RNVT RE, rev pellet at centre of quadrilateral with pellets on apexes, all over short voided cross which meets inner linear circle, legend and outer beaded border surrounding, +BRID ON HÆSTINGAN, weight 1.12g (SCBI -; cf.Parsons 73-74; BMC type II; N.811; S.1168). Toned well centred, good very fine and rare, especially with such a full mint reading for Hastings. £7,950 The legends translate as "Harthacanute King" on obverse and on the reverse "Brid of Hastings." Of the 230 reverse legend readings H. A. Parsons records in his article “The Anglo-Saxon Coins of Harthacnut” British Numismatic Journal volume 11, 1915, only two are for Brid at Hastings and neither show an extended mint name like this piece which was unknown to Parsons. According to North the Hastings Mint operated with only three moneyers in this reign and only for one type which is of jewel cross type, therefore this coin is an addition to North too.

The Cinque Port of Hastings on the East Sussex coast is mentioned in the Burghal Hidage and was first overrun by the Danes in 1011. Most famously known for the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William the Conqueror actually landed at Pevensey a few miles down the coast and marched to Hastings where he first built a stockade. The battlefield where he defeated Harold Godwinson is actually just over 5 miles inland at the town of Battle and the stockade was later fortified as a stone built castle. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelred II through to King Stephen. Provenance: Ex Classical Numismatic Group webshop, December 2020. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LINCOLN MINT

GM24238

Harthacanute (1035-42), silver Penny, arm and sceptre type (1040-42), Lincoln Mint, Moneyer Wulfnoth, diademed bust left with arm and sceptre, legend commences at top in full name, +HARD

CNV RE, rev pellet at centre of quadrilateral with pellets on apexes, all over short voided cross which meets inner linear circle, legend and outer beaded border surrounding, +P.VLNOÐ ON LINCOL, weight 1.17g (SCBI Stockholm 40:1655; BMC type II; Parsons -; N.811; S.1168). Toned with a peck mark or two each side, otherwise good very fine and rare with an old provenance. £7,500 The legends translate as "Harthacanute King" on obverse and on the reverse "Wulfnoth of Lincoln." Of the 21 reverse legend readings for Lincoln Mint that H. A. Parsons records in his article “The Anglo-Saxon Coins of Harthacnut” British Numismatic Journal volume 11, 1915, none are for Wulfnoth and the most similar name he records is Wulfbeorn. According to North the Lincoln Mint operated with up to 23 moneyers in this reign through two types.

The City of Lincoln situated on the north bank of the River Witham some 33 miles north east of Nottingham was occupied by the Danes in 918 but the army there submitted to Edward the Elder and in 942 was one of the Five Boroughs. William I built a castle here in 1067 and the minster of St Mary was taken by Remigius of Dorchester as his cathedral in 1072. Later Rannulf, the Earl of Chester and William de Roumare, Earl of Lincoln, seized the castle to hold against King Stephen in 1140. The King besieged the castle and was captured in defeat at the Battle of Lincoln with the town sacked and burnt. The castle was later surrendered to Stephen by Rannulf who three years later granted it back to him. Minting activity is thought to commence here with the “St Martin” coinage and then from Eadred to Henry III. In the middle of the reign of Henry I the signature of the Lincoln Mint changes to NICOLE until the end of Stephen’s first type and in some later short cross coinage, this being a French name for the city seen in some mediaeval documents, with Lincolnia being the name in Latin. Provenance: Ex Spink Numismatic Circular, March 1975, item 2011. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LONDON MINT Variety with bust facing left

GM24239

Harthacanute (1035-42), silver Penny, jewel cross type (c.1036-38), London Mint, Moneyer Godric, diademed bust left, legend and toothed border surrounding, commencing at top, +NARÐ ACNVT R, rev. pellet at centre of lobed cross, two inner linear circles unite lobes at centre, legend and toothed border surrounding, +GODRIC ON IVND:, the O of ON as a large pellet ball, weight 1.15g (cf.SCBI Stockholm 40:41; BMC type I; cf.Parsons 141; N.802; S.1163). Lightly toned though of bright appearance, good very fine and a rare reading of reverse. £5,750 The abbreviated legends translate as on the obverse "King Harold" and on reverse the moneyer " Godric of London.” A similar coin is listed by H. A. Parsons in his article “The Anglo-Saxon Coins of Harthacnut” British Numismatic Journal volume 11, 1915. According to North the Lincoln Mint operated with up to 24 moneyers in this reign through all three types. Capital City London upon the River Thames following Roman occupation, minted some of the earliest Saxon coins with gold Thrymsas and silver denarii with a “Londuniu” signature. Mercian Kings beginning with Offa minted coins there, but the first coin to actually say City of London upon it is the unique Ludica portrait Penny that was found in 2016, followed by subsequent coins of Ecgberht. In 871 the Danes wintered in London for the first time but was King Alfred of Wessex who settled and fortified the capital circa 880 to resist further invasions. Edward the Elder incorporated the City in Wessex in 911 and it resisted a major attack in the reign of Aethelred II in 1009. However, London submitted to the Danish Swein in 1013, but three years later the citizens accepted Eadmund Ironside as King and resisted a siege by Canute. Later unsettled times occurred in the anarchy period of the reign of King Stephen, remaining loyal to the King except for a few months in 1141 when Empress Matilda was admitted but within a short time expelled. Coinage activity here has been mostly constant throughout history from the Romans until the reign of our current Queen and only moving out to Wales from 1969.

Provenance: Ex Baldwin Auction 38, 4th October 2004, lot 540. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 340. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

EDWARD THE CONFESSOR (1042-66) Edward son of Aethelred II and Emma (married 1002) was born at Islip, Oxford probably around 1003-4 as he is already witnessing charters as of 1005, spending early life at Ely Abbey until taken to Normandy by his mother in the autumn of 1013. Recalled to England in 1016 Edward went into exile at the court of his uncle Richard II of Normandy after the death of Edmund Ironside in November of that year, his mother leaving him to marry Canute in 1017. Edward remained there through the death of his uncle in 1027, then with his cousins Richard III and Robert until 1035 when he and his brother Alfred set off separately to see their mother at Winchester. Edward sailed to but was refused passage into Southampton, however Alfred who landed successfully in Kent was betrayed by Godwin at Guildford who turned him over to Harold and died at Ely after being fatally blinded. Edward later met his mother at Bruges in 1039 where he met with Harthacanute and was later called to England once the latter was King to be named as heir apparent. Harthacanute died suddenly after imbibing too much at a wedding on 8th June 1042 and Edward was chosen King by council backed by Earl Godwin who perhaps was trying to make amends for the death of Harold as he also gave the gift of a galley ship. Edward was at first inexperienced and relied on a series of Earls and administrators for advice. Edward married Godwin’s daughter Edith in January 1045 but their union remained childless as relations with Godwin became more fraught perhaps as Edward had placed more Normans in pivotal roles in what was becoming a well-organized system of governance reaching a zenith in autumn 1051. That year Edward’s sister Goda visited with her husband Eustace of Boulogne, and upon their return journey encountered hostility in Dover. Edward asked Godwin to punish the people of Dover on his behalf, but he refused (perhaps resenting the number of Normans in important positions), resulting in Edward banishing Godwin and all his family, including his own wife Edith and splitting his lands. It was at this time that according to the French sources, that Edward visited William of Normandy for naval support and to keep an eye on Godwin, as William was married to a daughter of Count Baldwin and was therefore brother-in-law to Tostig, Godwin’s son, married to another daughter of Baldwin, and during this visit perhaps the heirship to England was discussed. By June 1052 Harold “Godwinson” was off the Isle of Wight and sailed up the Thames together with his Father, where they induced Edward to pardon the family and take back Edith. With the death of Godwin in April 1053 Harold now stepped into the fore as the Chief Minister and Commander in Chief to Edward and struck up a harmonious relationship of government which lasted until 1066; Harold restoring much of Wales to English over-lordship, securing southern Britain, whilst becoming the richest person in England after the King. In 1054 Edward sent Bishop Ealdred of Worcester into Europe to seek the sons of Edmund Ironside, locating the only survivor Edward “The Exile” in Hungary. He was invited with his family to London in early 1057 but he died aged around 40, just after arrival leaving wife Agatha, a baby son Edgar, and two daughters Margaret and Cristina. Other court favourites of Edward, Ralph of Hereford and Siward passed away around this time too. In 1065 a revolt in Northumbria under Earl Tostig, brother of Harold culminated at Oxford where Harold came to terms and exiled Tostig; and it was at this time that Harold perhaps visited Normandy, despite warnings from Edward to negotiate hostage kinsmen’s release, and as shown in the Bayeux Tapestry, then making an oath to William as heir, swearing allegiance, unbeknownst till after that he swore over holy relics. Only the French sources depict this, and it seems Edward in London was already suffering from his final illness, as he was too sick to attend the dedication of the brand new Westminster Abbey on the 28th December 1065, though only residing a few hundred yards away. He died aged around 62 on 4th January 1066 and Harold made sure he was crowned Harold II the next day to avoid any discussion of Edgar Aethling son of Edward the Exile and grandson of Edmund Ironside succeeding. Edward was known as “The Confessor” post-mortem for the nostalgia of his reign, as one of great foresight in his wise words, his

secular enthusiasm, and perhaps holy chastity being childless. Reports of miraculous healings after 1066 soon emerged and his body buried in Westminster Abbey was found to be incorrupt as of 1102. He was therefore eventually canonized in 1161.

BEDWYN MINT

GM24241 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, Sovereign / Eagles type (1056-59), Bedwyn Mint, Moneyer Cilda, King seated on throne with head turned to right, holding orb and long handled sceptre, legend surrounding, commences upper right, EADPARD REX ANGLO., rev. short voided cross, eagle or raven in each angle, linear circl es and legend surrounding, +CILDA ON BEDEPIN, weight 1.29g (SCBI -; BMC type IX; N.827; S.1181). Old cabinet tone, with a little doubling in legend and some flat spots, clear reading of mint, very fine and extremely rare being one of only two known of this type. £5,750 The legends translate as "Edward King of the English" on obverse and " Cilda of Bedwyn" on the reverse. According to North the Bedwyn Mint operated only with the moneyer Cilda in this reign through eight types. Once part of a Royal Manor, but today a Wiltshire village situated some six miles from Marlborough, it was formerly the site of late Anglo-Saxon minting activity in the reigns of Edward the Confessor and into the Norman William I, at which point the mint moved the short distance to Marlborough. Provenance: Ex William Allen of Dorking, Sotheby, 14th March 1898, lot 258. Ex Lord Grantley, third portion, Glendining, 22nd March 1944, lot 1206 part. Sold for £6/15/- illustrated plate VIII. Ex F. Elmore-Jones, Anglo-Saxon Silver Pennies, Glendining, 12-13th May 1971, lot 99 Ex Captain Peter Arnott, Buckland Dix and Wood, 21st March 1995, lot 311 Ex Classical Numismatic Group webshop, December 2020. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

CHESTER MINT

GM24242 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, pyramids type (1065-66), Chester Mint, Moneyer Bruninc, crowned bust right, holding sceptre, bust to edge of coin, legend in commences lower left, +EADPARD REX, rev. annulet at centre of voided cross within linear circle, pellet topped triangle from inner circle in each angle, legend surrounding, + BRVNINC ON LEGE, weight 1.29g (SCBI Cambridge 1:962; BMC type XV; N.831; S.1184). Toned, rim a little crimped, a bold very fine. £1,150 The legends translate as "Edward King " on obverse and on the reverse "Bruninc of Chester." According to North the Chester Mint operated with up to 24 moneyers in this reign through all ten types. The City of Chester lies some 16 miles south of Liverpool near the border with Wales which is why it became a fortified town at the time of the Mercian Kingdom and was later restored by Aethelflaed in 907 after occupation by the Danes in 892. The city later rebelled against William the Conqueror and was ravaged by him in 1070 whereupon he built a castle there. It became a base for William to campaign in Wales and in 1075 the See of Lichfield was moved there, later transferring to Coventry in 1102. The Saxon name an abbreviation of which appears on the coins was LEGACEASTER meaning camp of the Legions and does not start to change to an abbreviation of Chester until the last type of coinage for William I. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelstan until Henry II. Provenance: Ex Spink Coin Auction, 24th September 2013, lot 184.

Ex A. H. Baldwin Fixed Price List, Winter 2013, item AS052. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

DERNT MINT

GM24243 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, pointed helmet type (1053-56), Dernt Mint, Moneyer Wulfsige, King in profile right draped wearing helmet, holding lis headed sceptre, bust to edge of coin, legend commences upper right, +EDPER D REX, rev. annulet at centre of cross with tri-crescent ends, linear circles and legend surrounding, +PVLSIE ON DERNT:, weight 1.34g (SCBI - ; BNJ XXXI, p.66 this coin; BMC type VII; N.825; S.1179). Toned, a little weakly struck at top of head and corresponding part of reverse, otherwise a bold very fine and of the highest rarity, the only example known with a long span of provenance. £9,750 The legends translate as "King Edward" on obverse, and "Wulfsige of Dernt" on the reverse. According to North the “Dernt” Mint operated only with the moneyer Wulfsige in this reign for only two types. For further reading see note in British Numismatic Journal, volume XXXI 1962, “The Mysterious Mint of “DERNT”” by F. Elmore-Jones former custodian of this coin, pages 66-68. The note basically points out the association of both DIR and DERNT mint readings and the fact that the DIR read are die linked into Ipswich Mint and therefore until further numismatic evidence comes to light the DERNT and DIR perhaps one and the same is likely to be somewhere in East Anglia. This coin is the only helmet type known and there are only two other Wulfsige pieces of the hammer cross type recorded in the same note. Provenance: Purchased by Lord Grantley in Cambridge in 1894. Ex Lord Grantley, third portion, Glendining, 22nd March 1944, lot 1203 part. Sold for £3/15/-. Ex Dr Robin J. Eaglen, Collection of coins of Edward the Confessor, Baldwin Auction 18, 12-13th October 1998, lot 1398, plate XLIII. Ex Classical Numismatic Group webshop, December 2020. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

DOVER MINT Transitional facing bust and pyramids type

GM24244 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, transitional pyramids type (c.1065), Dover Mint, Moneyer Wulfweard, facing crowned bust right, holding sceptre, bust to edge of coin, legend commences lower left, +EADPARD REX A, rev. voided cross within linear circle, pellet topped triangle from inner circle in each angle, legend surrounding, + PVLFPEARD ON DOF, weight 1.19g (SCBI -; BMC type XIV; Freeman 89; N.835; S.1185). Dark tone, well struck and centred, good very fine and of the highest rarity with only two known of this mint for the type and moneyer, the other example being fragmented. £15,000 The legends translate as "Edward King of the English " on obverse and on the reverse "Wulfweard of Dover." For further reading on this extremely rare type see article “The Droitwich Mint and BMC Type XIV” by Stewart and Blunt in the British Numismatic Journal volume XLVIII, 1978, page 55, at which time there were fourteen coins known of this type, there being two others from Dover but of the moneyer Manwine. According to North the Dover Mint operated with up to 11 moneyers in this reign through all ten types. One of the “Cinque Ports” of the south-east corner of England on the edge of the “Garden of England” county of Kent, this major port for the continent has had a castle with foundation from a very early time. In 1050 Edward the Confessor ordered Earl Godwine to harry the port after his Sister and her husband suffered an affray in Dover, but the Earl refused.

Later the castle surrendered without a fight to William the Conqueror in 1066, but the town was still looted and burnt. Later Dover was a stronghold for the Angevin party and capitulated to Stephen in 1138. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelstan until King Stephen. Provenance: Found Little Mongham, Kent, 5th September 1992, EMC 1992.0283. Ex Mark Rasmussen Numismatist, List 6, item 29. Ex Classical Numismatic Group, CNG Review XLVI. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

HASTINGS MINT

GM24245 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, hammer cross type (1059-62), Hastings Mint, Moneyer Wulfric, crowned and draped bust in profile right, holding lis headed sceptre, bust to edge of coin, legend commences at top, +EADPAR RD RE, rev. pellet at centre of voided cross with pellet hammer head ends, legend surrounding with outer beaded border, +PVLFRIC ON HÆSTI, the S prone, weight 1.34g (SCBI Oxford 9:947; BMC type XI 517; N.828; S.1182). Toned, reverse a touch offcentre, almost extremely fine. £1,450 The legends translate as "Edward King " on obverse and on the reverse "Wulfric of Hastings." According to North the Hastings Mint operated with up to six moneyers in this reign through all ten types. The Cinque Port of Hastings on the East Sussex coast is mentioned in the Burghal Hidage and was first overrun by the Danes in 1011. Most famously known for the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William the Conqueror actually landed at Pevensey a few miles down the coast and marched to Hastings where he first built a stockade. The battlefield where he defeated Harold Godwinson is actually just over 5 miles inland at the town of Battle and the stockade was later fortified as a stone built castle. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelred II through to King Stephen. Provenance: Ex Mark E. Freehill Collection, Noble Numismatics, Auction 122, 19th November 2019, lot 2752. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

HUNTINGDON MINT

GM24246

Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, hammer cross type (1059-62), Huntingdon Mint, Moneyer Godric, crowned and draped bust in profile right, holding lis headed sceptre, bust to edge of coin, legend commences at top, +EADPAR RD RE, rev. pellet at centre of voided cross with pellet hammer head ends, legend surrounding with outer beaded border, +GODRIC ON HVNTE., weight 1.36g (SCBI American 30:632; BMC type XI; N.828; S.1182). Toned, rim a little crimped and undulating, a bold very fine. £550 The legends translate as "Edward King " on obverse and on the reverse "Godric of Huntingdon." According to North the Huntingdon Mint operated with up to eight moneyers in this reign through nine types. Huntingdon is situated on the River Ouse nearly 60 miles north of London. The Danes occupied and left some time in 917 and Edward the Elder rebuilt the castle, it was ravaged by the Danes again in 1010. The Norman castle was built by William I in 1086 and the earldom of Huntingdon was inherited by King David I of Scotland and granted to his son Henry in 1135. Minting activity here occurs perhaps as early as the reign of Eadwig, but certainly from Edgar to King Stephen. Provenance: Ex Mark Rasmussen Numismatist, Spring 2004, List 6, item 26. Ex Spink Numismatic Circular, October 2012, item HS4863.

Ex Collection of Late Saxon Pennies, Mark Rasmussen Numismatist, Spring 2018, list 31, item S34. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

HERTFORD MINT With HVR signature

GM24247 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, pyramids type (1065-66), "Hur" Mint, Moneyer Wilgrip, crowned King right, holding sceptre, bust to edge of coin, legend commences lower left, +EADPARD REX, rev. annulet at centre of voided cross within linear circle, pellet topped from inner circle in each angle, legend surrounding, +PLEGRIP ON HVR, weight 1.22g (SCBI -; BMC type XV; N.831; S.1184). Toned, with slight undulation, otherwise very fine and the only example we have ever seen in commerce and unique with this reverse reading, an extremely rare moneyer name at this period of time and the Hertford Mint rare for Edward the Confessor. £1,650 The legends translate as "Edward King " on obverse and on the reverse "Wilgrip of Hertford." This unusual Penny clearly has the mint signature "HVR" as the H has a definite horizontal bar when compared with the N of ON right next to it which has an angled bar. It has been ventured that HVR could be Huntingdon but no Wilgrip moneyer is known working there. We believe the best match for Wilgrip at a similar mint would be Hertford, even though that mint name is usually rendered as HER or HEOR. Wilgrip is a known moneyer for Hertford and known across five types of Edward the Confessor coin from expanding cross to the pyramids type at the end of the reign. He is not known there after this type and we can only trace one other example of a Wilgrip pyramids type Penny that languishes in the British Museum Collection. That coin has Wilgrip rendered as PILGRIP ON HEORT, undoubtedly Hertford Mint and this coin is seemingly only the second pyramids type piece to emerge in addition to that. Looking at the academic work by Anthony Freeman on Edward the Confessor, he recorded back in the mid-1980s a total of 65 coins of the Hertford Mint of Edward the Confessor. The lone pyramids piece of Wilgrip being the one in the British Museum. Provenance: Found Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, 2011, EMC 2012.0026. Coin Register, British Numismatic Journal 2013, A192. Ex Terence Maudlin Collection, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 160, 5th June 2019, lot 317. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LEWES MINT

GM24248 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, hammer cross type (1059-62), Lewes Mint, Moneyer Leofweard, crowned and draped bust in profile right, holding lis headed sceptre, bust to edge of coin, legend commences at top, +EADPAR RD RE, rev. pellet at centre of voided cross with pellet hammer head ends, legend surrounding with outer beaded border, +LIOFPERD ON LEPE, weight 1.32g (SCBI Cambridge 1:923; BMC type XI 600; Sussex Mints 156; N.828; S.1182). Toned, rim a little crimped and undulating, good very fine. £950 The legends translate as "Edward King " on obverse and on the reverse "Leofweard of Lewes." According to North the Lewes Mint operated with up to 15 moneyers in this reign through all ten types. Lewes in East Sussex 43 miles south of London is mentioned in the Burghal Hidage with its castle guarding the pass through the South Downs, with a priory was established there in the reign of William I. Minting activity here first occurs in the reign of Aethelstan and then from Edgard to Henry II. Some late coins of Aethelred II have die links to Scandanavia and one links to Canterbury. Provenance:

Ex Chancton Farm Hoard, Sussex, found 21st December 1866. Ex Horace H. King Collection, Coins of the Sussex Mints part III, BNJ volume 28, 1955 number 261. Purchased from A. H. Baldwin 1979 with ticket noting the above provenances. Ex Dr John Tooze Collection, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 163, 18th September 2019, lot 1069. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LINCOLN MINT

GM24250

Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, hammer cross type (1059-62), Lincoln Mint, Moneyer Aslac, crowned and draped bust in profile right, holding lis headed sceptre, bust to edge of coin, legend commences at top, +EADPAR. D RI, rev. pellet at centre of voided cross with pellet hammer head ends, legend surrounding with outer beaded border, +ASLAC ON LINCOLN, weight 1.32g (SCBI ; BMC type XI; N.828; S.1182). Dark tone, good very fine with a nice full mint reading. £600 The legends translate as "Edward King " on obverse and on the reverse "Aslac of Lincoln." According to North the Lincoln Mint operated with up to 39 moneyers in this reign through all ten types. Though Aslac is published in the sylloge series for other Confessor types a cursory glance has not located one listed in the published volumes. The City of Lincoln situated on the north bank of the River Witham some 33 miles north east of Nottingham was occupied by the Danes in 918 but the army there submitted to Edward the Elder and in 942 was one of the Five Boroughs. William I built a castle here in 1067 and the minster of St Mary was taken by Remigius of Dorchester as his cathedral in 1072. Later Rannulf the Earl of Chester and William de Roumare Earl of Loncoln, seized the castle to hold against King Stephen in 1140. The King besieged the castle and was captured in defeat at the Battle of Lincoln with the town sacked and burnt. The castle was later surrendered to Stephen by Rannulf who three years later granted it back to him. Minting activity is thought to commence here with the “St Martin” coinage and then from Eadred to Henry III. In the middle of the reign of Henry I the signature of the Lincoln Mint changes to NICOLE until the end of Stephen’s first type and in some later short cross coinage, this being a French name for the city seen in some mediaeval documents, with Lincolnia being the name in Latin. Provenance: Purchased from A. H. Baldwin January 2020, ex vault stock. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

GM24249 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, expanding cross type (1050-53), heavy issue, Lincoln Mint, Moneyer Manna, diademed bust left with sceptre, bust to bottom of coin, legend commences at top with toothed border surrounding, +EDPR RD REX., rev. pellet in double annulet at centre of cross with expanding limbs, all within linear circle, legend and toothed border surrounding, +MANNA ON LINCOL, weight 1.62g (cf.SCBI Copenhagen 18:987; BMC type V; N.823; S.1177). Attractively toned, good very fine. £850 The legends translate as "Edward King" on obverse and "Manna on Lincoln" on the reverse. According to North the Lincoln Mint operated with up to 39 moneyers in this reign through all ten types. The City of Lincoln situated on the north bank of the River Witham some 33 miles north east of Nottingham was occupied by the Danes in 918 but the army there submitted to Edward the Elder and in 942 was one of the Five Boroughs. William I built a castle here in 1067 and the minster of St Mary was taken by Remigius of Dorchester as his cathedral in 1072. Later Rannulf the Earl of Chester and William de Roumare Earl of Loncoln, seized the castle to hold against King Stephen in 1140. The King besieged the castle and was captured in defeat at the Battle of Lincoln with the town sacked and burnt. The castle was later surrendered to Stephen by Rannulf who three years later granted it back to him.

Minting activity is thought to commence here with the “St Martin” coinage and then from Eadred to Henry III. In the middle of the reign of Henry I the signature of the Lincoln Mint changes to NICOLE until the end of Stephen’s first type and in some later short cross coinage, this being a French name for the city seen in some mediaeval documents, with Lincolnia being the name in Latin. Provenance: Ex B. A. Seaby Ltd, purchased 1989. Ex Dr John Tooze Collection, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 163, 18th September 2019, lot 1061. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LONDON MINT

GM24251 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, PACX type (1042-44), London Mint, Moneyer Ealdgar, diademed bust left with sceptre, bust to bottom of coin, le gend commences at top with toothed border surrounding, +EDPAR D REC, rev. pellet in annulet at centre of long voided cross with crescent at terminals, letters P A C X in inner angles, legend and toothed border surrounding, +EA LGA R ON LVN, weight 1.09g (SCBI Estonia 51:1023; BMC type IV; N.813; S.1171). Lightly toned, a bold very fine and extremely rare type moneyer and mint combination. £1,000 The legends translate as "Edward King" on obverse and " Ealdgar of London" on the reverse. Only one coin of this moneyer is listed in the article "The PACX type of Edward the Confessor" by Hugh Pagan in the British Numismatic Journal of 2011, Volume 81, page 75, dies Aa, number 257 this being the Estonia coin cited above. Therefore, this coin maybe only the second one known. According to North the London Mint operated with up to 84 moneyers in this reign through all ten types. Capital City London upon the River Thames following Roman occupation, minted some of the earliest Saxon coins with gold Thrymsas and silver denarii with a “Londuniu” signature. Mercian Kings beginning with Offa minted coins there, but the first coin to actually say City of London upon it is the unique Ludica portrait Penny that was found in 2016, followed by subsequent coins of Ecgberht. In 871 the Danes wintered in London for the first time but was King Alfred of Wessex who settled and fortified the capital circa 880 to resist further invasions. Edward the Elder incorporated the City in Wessex in 911 and it resisted a major attack in the reign of Aethelred II in 1009. However, London submitted to the Danish Swein in 1013, but three years later the citizens accepted Eadmund Ironside as King and resisted a siege by Canute. Later unsettled times occurred in the anarchy period of the reign of King Stephen, remaining loyal to the King except for a few months in 1141 when Empress Matilda was admitted but within a short time expelled. Coinage activity here has been mostly constant throughout history from the Romans until the reign of our current Queen and only moving out to Wales from 1969. Provenance: Ex Dr John Tooze Collection, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 163, 18th September 2019, lot 1056. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

NORTHAMPTON MINT

GM24252 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, pointed helmet type (1053-56), Northampton Mint, Moneyer Wulfnoth, King in profile right draped wearing helmet, holding cross headed sceptre, bust to edge of coin, legend in commences upper right, +EDPER D REX, rev. pellet in annulet at centre of cross with tri-crescent ends, linear circles and legend surrounding, +PVLFNOD ON HAM, weight 1.31g

(SCBI 2:1073; BMC type VII; Freeman 66, BNJ XIX plate IV:3 this coin; N.825; S.1179). Toned, with a nice portrait, good very fine and very rare, only one example recorded in the sylloge volumes. £1,800 The legends translate as "King Edward" on obverse, and "Wulfnoth of Northampton" on the reverse. This coin illustrated in "The Southampton and Northampton Mints" by W. C. Wells, British Numismatic Journal volume XIX (1927-28), plate IV number 3. According to North the Northampton Mint operated with up to eight moneyers in this reign through all ten types. Northampton is a town on the River Nene 29 miles east of Warwick in the Midlands. The Danes wintered there in the year 917 and subsequently submitted without a fight to Edward the Elder who later built a fort on the south bank of the river. The Viking Anlaf besieged the town unsuccessfully in 941, but the town was later burnt in 1010 by the Danes and was later seized by the York army in 1065. William the Conqueror built a castle there in 1068 and later Earl Simon of Northampton was a supporter of King Stephen fighting for him at the battle of Lincoln. The castle was besieged for two weeks by the insurgent Barons in 1215. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Eadwig until Henry III. Provenance: Ex W. C. Wells collection, portion purchased by A. H. Baldwin 1949. Ex A. H. Baldwin, historic basement stock, Baldwin of St James Auction 5, 15th May 2017, lot 1060. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

NORWICH MINT

GM24253 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, PACX type (1042-44), Norwich Mint, Moneyer Leofwine, diademed bust left with sceptre, bust to bottom of coin, legend commences at top with toothed border surrounding, +EDP ER REX A, rev. pellet in annulet at centre of long voided cross with crescent at terminals, letters P A C X in inner angles, legend and toothed border surrounding, +LEO FPIN E ON NOR, weight 1.17g (SCBI -; BMC type IV; N.813; S.1171). Toned good very fine and very rare. £1,350 The legends translate as "Edward King" on obverse and " Leofwine of Norwich" on the reverse. Only one coin of this moneyer is listed in the article "The PACX type of Edward the Confessor" by Hugh Pagan in the British Numismatic Journal of 2011, Volume 81, page 75, dies Aa, number 357 this being the one in the British Museum, therefore this coin maybe only the second one known of this moneyer at this mint. According to North the Norwich Mint operated with up to 19 moneyers in this reign through all ten types. Norwich is situated 100 miles north north-east of London in East Anglia on the River Tud near the junction with the River Yare. In 1004 it was sacked and burnt by the Danish Swein but resisted a much later attack in 1069. The Norman knight Roger Bigod Earl of East Anglia siezed the castle in 1087 and later in 1136 during the anarchy the castle was again seized by his descendent Hugh Bigod. The holy See of the Bishop of East Anglia was transferred there from Thetford in 1094/5 with minting rights and one moneyer at Norwich. Minting activity occurs here from the reign of Aethelstan until Henry III, except for the reign of Eadwig. Provenance: Ex Dr John Tooze Collection, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 163, 18th September 2019, lot 1057. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

SANDWICH MINT Transitional facing bust and pyramids type

GM24254 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, transitional pyramids type (c.1065), Sandwich Mint, Moneyer Godric, facing crowned bust right, holding sceptre, bust to edge of coin, legend commences lower left but illegible, rev. voided cross within linear circle, pellet topped triangle from

inner circle in each angle, legend surrounding, + GODRIC ON SAND[PIC], weight 1.20g (SCBI -; BMC type XIV; Freeman 9A; N.835; S.1185). Unevenly toned, with some light cleansing, legends quite flat though with excellent portrait for this extremely rare type, very fine for issue, only the second one known for this mint, otherwise very fine. £4,750 The legends translate if they were fully legible as "Edward King of the English " on obverse and on the reverse "Godric of Sandwich." According to North the Lincoln Mint operated with only two moneyers in this reign through seven types. For further reading on this extremely rare type see article “The Droitwich Mint and BMC Type XIV” by Stewart and Blunt in the British Numismatic Journal volume XLVIII, 1978, page 55, number 6 for the listing of the example in the British Museum which was from the Taffs Collection. As of 1978 there were fourteen coins known of this type. Situated on the River Stour in Kent, eleven miles east of Canterbury, Sandwich used to have a navigable channel to London in Saxon times until it silted up. The town was occupied by the Danes in 1006 and Thorkell the Tall landed here in 1009. Sandwich was later plundered by the Danes in 1048 and occupied by Tostig in 1066, one further Viking attack was beaten off in 1069. Minting activity occurs here from the reign of Edward the Confessor to King Stephen. Provenance: Ex Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 194, 7th September 2021, lot 86 Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

STAFFORD MINT

GM24255

Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, pyramids type (1065-66), Stafford Mint, Moneyer Godwine, crowned bust right, holding sceptre, bust to edge of coin, legend in commences lower left, +EADPARD R, rev. annulet at centre of voided cross within linear circle, pellet topped triangle from inner circle in each angle, legend surrounding, + GFODPINE ON STA, weight 1.25g (SCBI American 30:655; BMC type XV; N.831; S.1184). Toned, rim a little crimped, good very fine and rare. £1,850 The legends translate as "Edward King " on obverse and on the reverse "Godwine of Stafford." According to North the Stafford Mint operated with only four moneyers in this reign through only three, possibly four types. Stafford on the River Stowe a tributary from the Trent is 28 miles west of Derby and was fortified by Aethelflaed the Lady of the Mercians barring entry into Mercia. Later in 1016 Edmund Ironside marched into the town and later still a castle was built in 1069 by William I. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelstan through to Henry II. Provenance: Ex H. R. Mossop Collection, purchased by B. A. Seaby, March 1966. Ex Seaby Coin and Medal Bulletin, November 1966, item H3756. Ex Sir Francis Hill Collection, purchased by A. H. Baldwin 1977 with ticket in hand of Peter Mitchell remarking coin is struck on a “West Midlands Flan” Ex A. H. Baldwin and Sons, sold in 1978 with ticket stating Sir Francis Hill Collection and Mossop and again in 1987. Ex Classical Numismatic Group, Webshop January 2020. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

STEYNING MINT

GM24256 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, Sovereign / Eagles type (1056-59), Steyning Mint, Moneyer Wulfric, King seated on throne with head turned to right, holding orb and long handled sceptre, legend surrounding, commences upper right, EADPRD EX

NGOR., rev. short voided cross, eagle or raven in each angle, linear circles and legend surrounding, +PULFRIC ON STÆN, the S prone, weight 1.31g (SCBI South Eastern 32:1392-3; BMC type IX 1212; Freeman 37; HHK 32; Sussex Mints 196; BMC 1212; N.827; S.1181). Old cabinet tone, well struck good very fine. £1,450 The legends translate as "Edward King of the English" on obverse and " Wulfric of Steyning" on the reverse. According to North the Steyning Mint operated with only four moneyers in this reign through all ten types. The town of Steyning is situated on the River Adur in Sussex 20 miles east of Chichester and was once a thriving river port until the 14th Century when the harbour started to silt up. Minting activity occurs here from the reign of King Canute to William II and possibly as late as Stephen. Provenance: Ex Sotheby, 29th September 1971, lot 102. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 350. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

TAMWORTH MINT

GM24257 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, small flan type (1048-50), Tamworth Mint, Moneyer Bruninc, diademed bust left, bust to bottom of coin, legend commences at top with toothed border surrounding, +EDPE RD RE, rev. pellet at centre of voided cross, legend and toothed border surrounding, +BRVNINC ON TMI., the INC ligatured, weight 1.05g (SCBI -; BMC type II; N.818; S.1175). Toned, good very fine and of the highest rarity being one of only two known the other being in the Birmingham Museum which was the first ever found in 1993 from a neighbouring field to this piece. £5,000 The legends translate as "Edward King" on obverse and "Bruninc of Tamworth" on the reverse. According to North the Tamworth Mint operated with only three moneyers in this reign through seven types. Tamworth on the River Tame in Staffordshire was the capital of Mercia and fortified by Queen Aethelflaed in 913 to repel the Danes and upon her death in 918 the town was seized by Edward the Elder. In 926 Aethelstan gave his sister in marriage to Sihtric here and the town was later stormed by the King of Dublin Anlaf Guthfrithson in 940. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelstan until King Stephen. Provenance: Found at Armington, Tamworth, Winter 1995, EMC 1995.0175. Ex Classical Numismatic Group, Webshop, January 2020. Ex Dix Noonan and Webb, 30th September 2009, lot 3832. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

THETFORD MINT

GM24258 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, small flan type (1048-50), Thetford Mint, Moneyer Eastmund, diademed bust left, bust to bottom of coin, legend commences at top with toothed border surrounding, +EDPI REXC, rev. pellet at centre of voided cross, legend and toothed border surrounding, +ESTMVNDA ÐE., the ND ligatured, weight 1.23g (SCBI Oxford 9:817; BMC type II 15245; Freeman 84; N.818; S.1175). Toned, a bold very fine. £650 The legends translate as "Edward King" on obverse and "Eastmund Thetford" on the reverse. According to North the Thetford Mint operated with up to 26 moneyers in this reign through all ten types. Thetford town on the Little Ouse is 14 miles north of Bury St Edmunds and was the capital of East Anglia and was thought to be the minting place of earlier Mercian issues and independent Kings though it could have been Ipswich. The Danes wintered

here in 868/9 moving on to Reading in 870. Swein burnt Thetford in 1003 and again in 1010, the town later became the See of East Anglia circa 1072 but this was transferred to Norwich 1094/5. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Edgard until Henry II. Provenance: Ex Spink and Son Ltd, their ticket dated 2nd February 1969 and priced at £25. Ex Collection of Late Saxon Pennies, Mark Rasmussen Numismatist, Spring 2018, list 31, item S27. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

GM24259

Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, hammer cross type (1059-62), Thetford Mint, Moneyer Blacere, crowned and draped bust in profile right, holding lis headed sceptre, bust to edge of coin, legend commences at top, +EADPAR RD RE, rev. pellet at centre of voided cross with pellet hammer head ends, legend surrounding with outer beaded border, +BLACERE ON PIODEO:, weight 1.44g (SCBI Oxford 9:987-988; BMC type XI 1548; N.828; S.1182). Toned with some traces of old deposit in legend, with a nice bold portrait good very fine. £850 The legends translate as "Edward King " on obverse and on the reverse "Blacere of Thetford." According to North the Thetford Mint operated with up to 26 moneyers in this reign through all ten types. Thetford town on the Little Ouse is 14 miles north of Bury St Edmunds and was the capital of East Anglia and was thought to be the minting place of earlier Mercian issues and independent Kings though it could have been Ipswich. The Danes wintered here in 868/9 moving on to Reading in 870. Swein burnt Thetford in 1003 and again in 1010, the town later became the See of East Anglia circa 1072 but this was transferred to Norwich 1094/5. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Edgard until Henry II. Provenance: Purchased from A. H. Baldwin January 2020, ex vault stock, with old ticket showing stock in dates of 1974 and 1988. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

WALLINGFORD MINT

GM24260 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, facing bust / small cross type (1062 -65), Wallingford Mint, Moneyer Beorhtmaer, facing crowned bust to top of coin, legend commences upper right, EADPARD RX A, rev. small cross pattee, inner circle and legend surrounding, +BRIHTMÆR ON PA, weight 1.10g (SCBI Oxford 9:1053; BMC type XIII 1292; Freeman 39; BMC 1292; N.830; S.1183). Toned, well centred and well struck, good very fine. £1,350 The legends translate as "Edward King of the English" and on the reverse " Beorhtmaer of Wallingford” According to North the Wallingford Mint operated with up to 11 moneyers in this reign through all ten types. Wallingford situated on the River Thames some 15 miles from Reading is mentioned in the Burghal Hidage and was burnt by the Danes in 1006 and attacked by Swein seven years later. During the anarchy Brian Fitzcount of the Angevin party was isolated in the castle here and may have struck coins here. He was besieged by Stephen three times in 1139, 1146 and 1153 and was eventually relieved by Henry of Anjou. The Empress Matilda escaped to Wallingford from Oxford in 1142. Minting activity occurs here from the reign of Aethelstan until Henry III. Provenance: Purchased from Chris Blom, USA, c.1965. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 358. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

WATCHET MINT Using a repurposed Bedwyn reverse

GM24261 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, radiate/small cross type (1044-46), Watchet/Bedwyn Mint, moneyer Godcild, radiate crowned and draped bust left, legend and outer beaded circle surrounding, commences at top, +EDPER D REX A, rev. small cross pattee, inner circle and legend surrounding, +GODCILD ON PECED struck over BEDPI, re-utilising a die originally intended for Bedwyn, weight 1.10g (SCBI -; BMC type I; N.816; S.1173). Toned a little weak on top prong of crown, otherwise good very fine and of the highest rarity with only three known examples, the other two being housed in museum collections, and an extremely rare reuse of a die meant originally for a different location. £7,500 The legends translate as "Edward King of the English" and on the reverse " Godcild of Watchet” For further reading on this actual coin see paper by David Guest with comments Stewart Lyon issued 23 rd July 2020 as an online article at the British Numismatic Society website www.britnumsoc.org where this coin is revealed as a true reusage of a die originally intended for Bedwyn but converted for use by overstriking the mint name at Watchet, both extremely rare mints in their own right. This mint and moneyer were recorded for Watchet by Mark Blackburn in his 1974 BNJ article on the mint of Watchet that collated all the then known examples of the Anglo-Saxon and Norman Pennies. Blackburn at the time remarked re number 32 in his listing that Hildebrand had given this mint reading for Godcild as Bedford rather than Watchet and was reattributed to Watchet by Van Der Meer in 1961, that coin is in the Royal Cabinet at Stockholm. One other of the same type has since been recorded in the Estonian Collections sylloge 5 1:1031 where it is listed as per Hildebrand as Bedford. The coin herewith is a third example of this die combination and is perhaps the clearest at demonstrating the overstrike and reuse of this reverse, and it is Bedwyn in Wiltshire that is the under-type and not Bedford as show by Guest with positive comment from Lyon. David Guest goes on to say there is only one other recorded instance in the radiate small cross type of an overstruck mint name for a coin first recorded by Freeman in 1984 where a Reading mint signature was changed to Wallingford. Stewart Lyon comments that the die may well be Watchet converted to Bedwyn and may even have been used in both places as the reading shows clearly elements of both mint names. Either way the die associat es itself with use in either Bedwyn or Watchet and these are extremely rare mint towns and Godcild and the name of Cild were associated with both locations. Watchet is a coastal town in Somerset, nearly 17 miles north-west of Taunton and is mentioned in the Burghal Hidage. The Danes landed nearby in 918 and the town was later harried by them in 987. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelred II to King Stephen. Provenance: Ex A. H. Baldwin circa 2000 with old ticket in the hand of Michael Sharp. Ex Classical Numismatic Group, Webshop, July 2020. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

WILTON MINT

GM24262 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, facing bust / small cross type (1062-65), Wilton Mint, Moneyer Winus, facing crowned bust to top of coin, legend commences upper right, EADPARD REX, rev. small cross pattee within inner circle, beaded outer circle and legend surrounding, +PINVS ON PILT, weight 0.98g (SCBI West Country 24:970; BMC type XIII; N.830; S.1183). Toned a bold very fine. £925 The legends translate as "Edward King " and on the reverse "Winus of Wilton"

According to North the Wilton Mint operated with up to 14 moneyers in this reign through all ten types. Wilton beside the River Nadder and Wylye situated north-west of Salisbury is in the Bughal Hidage and Alfred the Great was defeated here in 871. The town was burnt by Swein in 1003 when the mint was moved to Salisbury, with moneyers only returning later from circa 1020. Later the Empress Matilda spent Easter of 1141 here and Stephen suffered a defeat here in 1143. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Edgar until Henry II and then for Henry III. Provenance: Purchased from Sovereign Rarities, June 2019. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

WINCHESTER MINT

GM24264 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, pyramids type (1065-66), Winchester Mint, Moneyer Spraeclinc, unusual reverse without mint name, crowned bust right, holding sceptre, bust to edge of coin, legend in commences lower left, +EDDPARD REX, rev. annulet at centre of voided cross within linear circle, pellet topped triangle from inner circle in each angle, legend surrounding, + SPRAEELINC ON, weight 1.24g (SCBI Mack 20:1331; BMC type XV 1516; N.831; S.1184). Toned, slightly off-centre, good very fine and highly unusual. £875 The legends translate as "Edward King " on obverse and on the reverse "Spraelinc of" the moneyer ran out of room on the reverse for the mint name, by already adding E twice in error he could not even fit in the necessary P for Winchester. There are other coins of Winchester known that link the moneyer to the location anyway. According to North the Winchester Mint operated with up to 31 moneyers in this reign through all ten types. The City of Winchester on the River Itchen in Hampshire was the Capital of the West Saxon Kingdom and seat of their bishop and mentioned in the Burghal Hidage. The Royal Treasury was here with coinage perhaps struck here as early as the reign of Beorhtric, the first time the mint name appears is on a Penny of Alfred the Great. The town was stormed by Danes in 860 and submitted without resisting to Swein in 1013. Henry of Blois was Bishop of Winchester in the reign of Stephen and the town visited by Matilda proclaimed as “Lady and Queen of England” in 1141, though she later had to flee as it was burnt. Later King John was driven from Winchester in 1216. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Alfred the Great, Aethelstan and then Eadwig to Henry III. Provenance: Ex Sir Francis Hill Collection, purchased by A. H. Baldwin 1977 with ticket in hand of Peter Mitchell. Ex A. H. Baldwin and Sons vault stock. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

GM24263

Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, Sovereign / Eagles type (1056-59), Winchester Mint, Moneyer Anderboda, King seated on throne with head turned to right, holding orb and long handled sceptre, legend surrounding, commences upper right, EDPEARD REX. ANGL., rev. short voided cross, eagle or raven in each angle, linear circles and legend surrounding, +ANDERODA. ON PINC, weight 1.27g (SCBI -; BMC type IX 1448; N.827; S.1181). Toned, good very fine and rare. £1,350 The legends translate as "Edward King of the English" on obverse and "Anderboda of Winchester" on the reverse. According to North the Winchester Mint operated with up to 31 moneyers in this reign through all ten types. The City of Winchester on the River Itchen in Hampshire was the Capital of the West Saxon Kingdom and seat of their bishop and mentioned in the Burghal Hidage. The Royal Treasury was here with coinage perhaps struck here as early as the reign of Beorhtric, the first time the mint name appears is on a Penny of Alfred the Great. The town was stormed by Danes in 860 and submitted without resisting to Swein in 1013. Henry of Blois was Bishop of Winchester in the reign of Stephen and the town visited by Matilda proclaimed as “Lady and Queen of England” in 1141, though she later had to flee as it was burnt.

Later King John was driven from Winchester in 1216. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Alfred the Great, Aethelstan and then Eadwig to Henry III. Provenance: Ex Oulton, Staffordshire Hoard of 1795 - CCH 266. Ex Shelley Family Collection, passed down through 225 years of family ownership. Ex Noble Numismatics, Australia, Auction 121, 30th July 2019, lot 1822. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022. For further reading on the long span of provenance see British Numismatic Society Blog, 7th August 2019 by S. Green.

YORK MINT

GM24266 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, pointed helmet type (1053-56), York Mint, Moneyer Arngrim, King in profile right draped wearing helmet, holding cross headed sceptre, bust to edge of coin, legend in commences at top, +EDPAR D RE, rev. pellet in annulet at centre of cross with tricrescent ends, annulet in one angle as per usual for York, linear circles and legend surrounding, +ARNGRIM ON EOFR., weight 1.36g (SCBI Hunterian 2:1077-78; BMC type VIIa 325; N.825; S.1179). Toned, with a nice portrait, one light weakness to part of legend at corresponding part both sides, otherwise good very fine. £775 The legends translate as " Edward King " on obverse, and "Arngrim of York" on the reverse. According to North the York Mint operated with up to 41 moneyers in this reign through all ten types. The City of York at the junction of the River Foss and River Ouse, about 190 miles north-west of London has been an archbishopric since 753 with some gold Thrymsa coins being produced. It was the early minting place of coins of the Kings of Northumbria in both copper and silver as well as the Archbishops of York. The mint name first appears on some of the occupational Viking coinages making the city their capital from 867. In 919 the city passed to the Hiberno-Norse Kings of Dublin and back to the English in 927 when taken from Guthfrith. Between 939 and 943 the Vikings were back in town and again from 947-954 but otherwise remained under English rule with the Norman castle even holding out to a Saxon/Danish occupation in 1069 being relieved by William I who built a second castle on the right bank of the Ouse, the City having been burnt. As soon as William departed the Vikings returned but upon William’s return they fled back to their ships and the Normans harried Yorkshire. Later minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelstan onward, incorporating Viking Kings of York coinage, through a long period right through to King Edward VI, as well as a Civil War Mint for King Charles I and a branch mint for the milled recoinage of William III. Provenance: Ex Dr John Tooze Collection, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 163, 18th September 2019, lot 1064. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

GM24267 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, pointed helmet type (1053-56), York Mint, Moneyer Winterfugel, King in profile right draped wearing helmet, holding cross headed sceptre, bust to edge of coin, legend in commences at top, +EDPER D REI., rev. pellet in annulet at centre of cross with tricrescent ends, annulet in one angle as per usual for York, linear circles and legend surrounding, +PINTERFVGL ON E, last two letters ligatured, weight 1.42g (SCBI Hunterian 2:1086; BMC type VIIa; N.825; S.1179). Toned, with a nice portrait, one light weakness to part of reverse cross, otherwise good very fine. £775

The legends translate as " Edward King " on obverse, and "Winterfugel of York" on the reverse. According to North the York Mint operated with up to 41 moneyers in this reign through all ten types. The City of York at the junction of the River Foss and River Ouse, about 190 miles north-west of London has been an archbishopric since 753 with some gold Thrymsa coins being produced. It was the early minting place of coins of the Kings of Northumbria in both copper and silver as well as the Archbishops of York. The mint name first appears on some of the occupational Viking coinages making the city their capital from 867. In 919 the city passed to the Hiberno-Norse Kings of Dublin and back to the English in 927 when taken from Guthfrith. Between 939 and 943 the Vikings were back in town and again from 947-954 but otherwise remained under English rule with the Norman castle even holding out to a Saxon/Danish occupation in 1069 being relieved by William I who built a second castle on the right bank of the Ouse, the City having been burnt. As soon as William departed the Vikings returned but upon William’s return they fled back to their ships and the Normans harried Yorkshire. Later minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelstan onward, incorporating Viking Kings of York coinage, through a long period right through to King Edward VI, as well as a Civil War Mint for King Charles I and a branch mint for the milled recoinage of William III. Provenance: Ex Dr John Tooze Collection, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 163, 18th September 2019, lot 1065. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

GM24268 Edward the Confessor (1042-66), silver Penny, pyramids type (1065-66), York Mint, Moneyer Thor, crowned bust right, holding sceptre, bust to edge of coin, legend in commences lower left, +EADPARD REX, rev. annulet at centre of voided cross within linear circle, pellet topped triangle from inner circle in each angle except one angle with annulet as usual for York issue, legend surrounding, + ÐORR ON EOFRPIEC, weight 1.37g (SCBI Oxford 9:1086; BMC type XVa 428; N.831; S.1184). Toned, a little crimped, good very fine. £925 The legends translate as "Edward King " on obverse and on the reverse "Thor of York" According to North the York Mint operated with up to 41 moneyers in this reign through all ten types. The City of York at the junction of the River Foss and River Ouse, about 190 miles north-west of London has been an archbishopric since 753 with some gold Thrymsa coins being produced. It was the early minting place of coins of the Kings of Northumbria in both copper and silver as well as the Archbishops of York. The mint name first appears on some of the occupational Viking coinages making the city their capital from 867. In 919 the city passed to the Hiberno-Norse Kings of Dublin and back to the English in 927 when taken from Guthfrith. Between 939 and 943 the Vikings were back in town and again from 947-954 but otherwise remained under English rule with the Norman castle even holding out to a Saxon/Danish occupation in 1069 being relieved by William I who built a second castle on the right bank of the Ouse, the City having been burnt. As soon as William departed the Vikings returned but upon William’s return they fled back to their ships and the Normans harried Yorkshire. Later minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelstan onward, incorporating Viking Kings of York coinage, through a long period right through to King Edward VI, as well as a Civil War Mint for King Charles I and a branch mint for the milled recoinage of William III. Provenance: Ex Spink Coin Auction, 6th October 2004, lot 385. Purchased from A H Baldwin & Sons Ltd, Summer 2006. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

HAROLD II (6TH JANUARY 1066 – 14TH OCTOBER 1066) Harold “Godwinson” the son of Godwin of Wessex born circa 1022, rose to prominence in the reign of Edward the Confessor, especially after his Father passed away in 1053 becoming Chief Minister and Commander in Chief of England and the second richest man after Edward himself. Harold waged successful campaigns against the Welsh and supressed revolts, notably that of his brother Tostig of Northumbria in 1065 who he exiled. At this time the French sources say Harold visited with William of Normandy possibly to negotiate the release of his brother Wulfnoth and nephew who were held hostage. Harold apparently accompanied William on an expedition to Brittaney, bravely saving some

soldiers from quicksand at Mont St Michel; for which William knighted him, effectively making him “his man” and to swear an allegiance to him as heir to England; all unknowingly over some holy relics as shown in the Bayeux Tapestry. Harold succeeded to the English throne on the 4th January ahead of Edgar Aethling who was 12-14 years of age, and he was crowned on the 5th January 1066 at Westminster Abbey, the first such event in the new building. Harold was married to Edith “Swanneck” and had three sons and two daughters, but by the Summer of 1066 with the threat of William of Normandy in the south, and Norwegian Harald Hardradi from the north, to gain the allegiance of the powerful northern Earls Edwin and Morcar, he set aside his wife to marry their sister Edith, the widow of Gruffyd of Wales. Harold’s exiled brother Tostig briefly raided the coast of Norfolk but was driven off to Scotland to his ally Malcolm III; where he was ideally placed to join Harald Hardradi, who first landed shortly after in the Orkneys. Earls Edwin and Morcar marched north and were defeated by Harald at Gate Fulford on the 20th September 1066 who then took York. The invaders moved on and were caught by Harold II and his army unawares on the River Derwent at Stamford Bridge, where they were defeated on 25th September with both Harald and Tostig killed. Meanwhile on the 27th September William set sail and landed at Pevensey Bay, East Sussex ravaging the county to lure Harold II to battle from over two hundred miles from the north. The decisive encounter took place on the 14th October 1066 with Harold killed in the final attack of the day, having either been cut down by a horseman or suffering from the injury of the arrow in the eye, his ex-wife Edith Swan-neck had to identify him, he was no older than 44. In London the young Edgar Aethling grandson of Edmund Ironside was proclaimed King by the Archbishop of York and the Earls of Mercia and Northumbria, but it was merely a waiting game until a surrender to William at Berkhamsted. Edgar went to Scotland, where his sister Margaret had married King Malcolm III, being later involved in a failed revolt in 1068; and then survived till as late as 1125. He was therefore aware that his niece Edith of Scotland, also known as Matilda, married into the Norman family as wife of King Henry I. His sister Margaret was later canonized as by Pope Innocent IV in 1250 as well as being mother to two Scottish Kings.

LEWES MINT

GM24269 Harold II (6th Jan-14th Oct 1066), silver Penny, Lewes Mint, Moneyer Oswald, crowned bust left with sceptre, legend and beaded outer circle surrounding, legend commences at top, +HALOLD REX ANG, rev. PAX between beaded lines horizontal at centre, beaded circles and legend surrounding, legend commences at lower left +OSPOLD ON LEPEEI, weight 1.30g (SCBI Cambridge 1:972; BMC type I, 46; N.836; S.1186). Toned, just a little weakness in parts of legend both sides, otherwise well defined, good face, with an interesting misspelling of the King’s name, very fine. £6,000 The legends translate as "Harold King of the English" on the obverse and "Oswald of Lewes" on the reverse with "Peace" across the centre. According to North the Lewes Mint operated with up to three moneyers in this reign for this sole type. Lewes in East Sussex 43 miles south of London is mentioned in the Burghal Hidage with its castle guarding the pass through the South Downs, with a priory was established there in the reign of William I. Minting activity here first occurs in the reign of Aethelstan and then from Edgard to Henry II. Some late coins of Aethelred II have die links to Scandanavia and one links to Canterbury. Provenance: Ex Chancton Farm Hoard, Sussex, found 21st December 1866. Ex Sothebv, 21st July 1971, lot 227 part. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 361. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LINCOLN MINT

GM24270 Harold II (6th Jan-14th Oct 1066), silver Penny, Lincoln Mint, Moneyer Geirfinn, crowned bust left with sceptre, legend and beaded outer circle surrounding, legend commences at top, +HAROLD REX AI, rev. PAX between beaded lines horizontal at centre, beaded circles and legend surrounding, legend commences at bottom, +GEREFIN ON LOI, weight 1.32g (SCBI Northern 48:1077; BMC type I; Mossop plate LXXX – 18; N.836; S.1186). Toned, just a little weakness on forehead, otherwise well defined, a bold very fine. £7,500 The legends translate as "Harold King of the English" on the obverse and "Geirefinn of Lewes" on the reverse with "Peace" across the centre. According to North the Lincoln Mint operated with up to eight moneyers in this reign for this sole type. The City of Lincoln situated on the north bank of the River Witham some 33 miles north east of Nottingham was occupied by the Danes in 918 but the army there submitted to Edward the Elder and in 942 was one of the Five Boroughs. William I built a castle here in 1067 and the minster of St Mary was taken by Remigius of Dorchester as his cathedral in 1072. Later Rannulf the Earl of Chester and William de Roumare Earl of Loncoln, seized the castle to hold against King Stephen in 1140. The King besieged the castle and was captured in defeat at the Battle of Lincoln with the town sacked and burnt. The castle was later surrendered to Stephen by Rannulf who three years later granted it back to him. Minting activity is thought to commence here with the “St Martin” coinage and then from Eadred to Henry III. In the middle of the reign of Henry I the signature of the Lincoln Mint changes to NICOLE until the end of Stephen’s first type and in some later short cross coinage, this being a French name for the city seen in some mediaeval documents, with Lincolnia being the name in Latin. Provenance: Ex Dr John Tooze Collection, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 163, 18th September 2019, lot 1076. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LONDON MINT

GM24271 Harold II (6th Jan-14th Oct 1066), silver Penny, London Mint, Moneyer Wulfgar, crowned bust left with sceptre, legend and beaded outer circle surrounding, legend commences at top, +HAROLD REX ANGO rev. PAX between beaded lines horizontal at centre, beaded circles and legend surrounding, legend commences at left +PVLGAR ON LVND, weight 1.27g (SCBI Hunterian 2:1201; BMC type I, 73; N.836; S.1186). Weakly struck on neck of King, otherwise well defined, good face, toned a bold very fine / good very fine and very desirable. £7,750 The legends translate as "Harold King of the English" on the obverse and "Wulfgar of London" on the reverse with "Peace" across the centre. According to North the London Mint operated with up to eight moneyers in this reign for this sole type. Capital City London upon the River Thames following Roman occupation, minted some of the earliest Saxon coins with gold Thrymsas and silver denarii with a “Londuniu” signature. Mercian Kings beginning with Offa minted coins there, but the first coin to actually say City of London upon it is the unique Ludica portrait Penny that was found in 2016, followed by subsequent coins of Ecgberht. In 871 the Danes wintered in London for the first time but was King Alfred of Wessex who settled and fortified the capital circa 880 to resist further invasions. Edward the Elder incorporated the City in Wessex in 911 and it

resisted a major attack in the reign of Aethelred II in 1009. However, London submitted to the Danish Swein in 1013, but three years later the citizens accepted Eadmund Ironside as King and resisted a siege by Canute. Later unsettled times occurred in the anarchy period of the reign of King Stephen, remaining loyal to the King except for a few months in 1141 when Empress Matilda was admitted but within a short time expelled. Coinage activity here has been mostly constant throughout history from the Romans until the reign of our current Queen and only moving out to Wales from 1969. Provenance: Purchased from Sovereign Rarities, 2019. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

YORK MINT

GM24272 Harold II (6th Jan-14th Oct 1066), silver Penny, York Mint, Moneyer Sutere, crowned bust left with sceptre, legend and beaded outer circle surrounding, legend commences at top right, +HAROLD REX ANGLO, rev. PAX between beaded lines horizontal at centre, beaded circles and legend surrounding, legend commences at left +SVTERE ON EOFER, weight 1.26g (SCBI 2:1223; BMC type I, 21-22; N.836; S.1186). Toned a little weak on one part of legend both sides, with a very well-defined portrait of the King, almost extremely fine, reverse a tad weaker, a pleasing penny. £8,500 The legends translate as "Harold King of the English" on the obverse and "Sutere of York" on the reverse with "Peace" across the centre. According to North the York Mint operated with up to twelve moneyers in this reign for this sole type, which is also the most prolific of all the English mints for Harold II. The short reign of Harold II seems to see a reduction in the number of mints and moneyers in operation, though with the recent find in the Chew Valley in Somerset of a hoard of Harold II and William I coins, numismatists are waiting with baited breath to see what new expansion of such data can be garnered from further study, as the hype of new types apparent in the hoard have caused great excitement. According to North the Lewes Mint in Sussex only had three moneyers for Harold II as opposed to fifteen for his predecessor Edward. As of the publication of North most mints show only such small numbers active, with the most actually at York with up to twelve and Lincoln and London tying for second place with eight moneyers each. Gloucester and Cambridge tie for third with six moneyers apiece. The only type known and available to commerce at present, is the PAX type on account of the short reign culminating in the Battle of Hastings, unless the Chew Hoard contains new types not seen before which more than likely would end up institutionalized. The City of York at the junction of the River Foss and River Ouse, about 190 miles north-west of London has been an archbishopric since 753 with some gold Thrymsa coins being produced. It was the early minting place of coins of the Kings of Northumbria in both copper and silver as well as the Archbishops of York. The mint name first appears on some of the occupational Viking coinages making the city their capital from 867. In 919 the city passed to the Hiberno-Norse Kings of Dublin and back to the English in 927 when taken from Guthfrith. Between 939 and 943 the Vikings were back in town and again from 947-954 but otherwise remained under English rule with the Norman castle even holding out to a Saxon/Danish occupation in 1069 being relieved by William I who built a second castle on the right bank of the Ouse, the City having been burnt. As soon as William departed the Vikings returned but upon William’s return they fled back to their ships and the Normans harried Yorkshire. Later minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelstan onward, incorporating Viking Kings of York coinage, through a long period right through to King Edward VI, as well as a Civil War Mint for King Charles I and a branch mint for the milled recoinage of William III. Provenance: Ex Hess Divo, Auction 323, 30th May 2013, lot 934. Ex Mark Rasmussen Numismatist, List 25, Winter 2013, item 17. Ex G. F. Trow, C.N.G. Triton Auction XXIII, 13th January 2020, lot 1292. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

NORMAN KINGS

WILLIAM I (1066-87) The first Norman King of England, William the Conqueror born around 1028 was the son of Robert I of Normandy and Herleya. A descendant of Rollo, William became Duke of Normandy in 1035, he subsequently married Matilda of Flanders in the 1050s ensuring a powerful ally in that neighbouring region. After a protracted struggle and quashing rebellions, his hold over Normandy was eventually secure by 1060 and with appointment of supporting abbots and bishops in the Norman church, and he subsequently secured the region of Maine in 1062. William’s first cousin once removed was the childless Edward the Confessor of England and from this family connection and that Edward had previously told him he would succeed, he assumed a claim to the throne of England over Harold Godwinson, who Edward had named as his successor on his deathbed in January 1066. William also claimed that Harold previously had promised the throne to him in the event of succession, Harold having sworn over holy relics in William’s presence as depicted in the Bayeux tapestry. William therefore built up a powerful invasion force to cross the channel and fight for the right to rule England as of September 1066. He landed at Pevensey Bay and after setting up camp with a basic fort at Hastings he marched north to meet Harold at Senlac Hill at Battle, East Sussex on the 14th October. A battle raged for most of the day, with at one point a rumour spread that William was slain resulting in him having to remove his helmet and reveal he was alive and fighting, boosting the morale of the Normans for the final onslaught in which Harold perished, either from an arrow in the eye or cut down by a horseman. William then went on a military tour to put down local uprisings leading to his crowning in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day. He made arrangements in London for governance for whenever he would be in Normandy, and by 1075 his hold on England was almost complete with many forts and castles constructed. His later years involved quelling other uprisings in Europe and difficulty with his eldest son Robert Curthose, but his most famous achievement in England was the preparation of the Domesday Book in 1086; a survey of the land and the landowners and nobles within it, listing pre-conquest and current holders at that time. William died in September 1087 leading a campaign in northern France and was buried at Caen. Normandy was given to eldest son Robert, with England given to his next surviving son William Rufus.

BATH MINT

GM24273 William I (1066-87), silver profile Penny, type I (c.1066-68?), Bath Mint, Moneyer Brungar, crowned bust left with sceptre, extending to bottom of coin, legend commences at lower left with outer beaded circle surrounding both sides, +PILLELM REX, rev. annulet at centre of cross fleury, +BRVGAR ON BAÐ, weight 1.31g (BMC type I; N.839; S.1250). Toned, a very pleasing coins, practically extremely fine and of the highest rarity, we can only trace one other inferior example sold in the last ten years which appears to be the only other coin currently in existence. £6,500 The legends translate as "William King" on obverse and "Brungar of Bath" on the reverse. Brungar first appears as a moneyer at Bath with this first profile issue of William I and is one of four moneyers at this mint in this reign. Dr Martin Allen records only two examples in existence of which this is the best in his article "Mints and Moneyers of England and Wales 1066-1158 Addenda and Corrigenda" in the British Numismatic Journal 2016, volume 86, pages 164-190 where this coin and one other are recorded for the first time and illustrated, this coin as figure 1b. North records up to four moneyers working at Bath in this reign in types I, 3, 5 and 8. The old Roman City of Bath some 12 miles from Bristol was rebuilt by Alfred the Great after expulsion of the Danes and was part of the Burghal Hidage. King Eadgar was coronated there in 973 and in 1013 the Danish Swein went to Bath to receive submission from the western thegns. Bath was destroyed in 1088 in a rising orchestrated by Robert de Mowbray. It later became an episcopal seat in place of Wells in 1090 and William II granted the mint to the Bishop. Minting activity occurs in the English series from the time of Edward the Elder until King Stephen.

Provenance: Ex Furstenburg collection, Otto Helbing Nachf auction, Munich, 14th December 1933, lot 154. Ex Commander Robert Gerhardt, Spink 215, 4 December 2012, lot 68. Ex Spink Coin Auction, 28th January 2019, lot 1609. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

DORCHESTER MINT

GM24274 William I (1066-87), silver PAXS Penny (1083-86), Dorchester Mint, Moneyer Oter, facing crowned bust with sceptre to right, crown type 3, legend and beaded circles surrounding both sides, +PILLELM REX, rev. cross pattee, each letter of PAXS in an annulet per angle, +OTER ON DORCEST, weight 1.40g (BMC VIII 631; N.850; S.1257). Toned, a little weak in legends, good portrait, a bold to good very fine, rare. £1,950 The legends translate as "William King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Ottar of Dorchester." North records up to five moneyers working at Dorchester in this reign for types 4 to 8 inclusive. Situated in Dorset on the River From some six miles north of Weymouth, a Royal house was in use here at the time of Aethelstan, with a castle later on in the 12-13th Centuries. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelred II to Baronial civil unrest in the time of King Stephen and there is a die link with Warminster in the reign of Edward the Confessor. Provenance: Ex Heritage, Auction 3038, New York, 13th January 2015, lot 34703 when slabbed AU50. Ex Dix Noonan Webb, Auction 159, 3rd July 2019, lot 379. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

HYTHE MINT

GM24275 William I (1066-87), silver PAXS Penny (1083-86), Hythe Mint, Moneyer Eadred, facing crowned bust with sceptre to right, crown type 3, legend and beaded circles surrounding both sides, +PILLELM REX, rev. cross pattee, each letter of PAXS in an annulet per angle, +EDRED ON HIÐE, weight 1.42g (BMC VIII 711; N.850; S.1257). Toned, one light crease, struck from a rusted die, good very fine and very rare. £1,950 The legends translate as "William King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Eadred of Hythe." In the British Museum publication Norman Kings, their own example of this coin is noted as also struck from rusted dies and was acquired from the Beaworth find of 1833 which is where most of the Pax type Pennies in the collecting world likely emanated from. This coin may well be from that find of 1833 as it is of a similar nature. North records only this one Moneyer at the mint of Hythe working only in types 5 and 8. One of the “Cinque Ports” Hythe on the Kent coastline nearly 70 miles from London was a mint town in the reigns from Edward the Confessor until William II with a die link with Canterbury in the reign of William the Conqueror. Provenance: Ex Richard Cyril Lockett, English part I, Glendining, 6th June 1955, lot 970 part. Ex Glendining, 24th May 1972, lot 667. Ex Sotheby, 19th April 1993, lot 129. Ex Classical Numismatic Group, Auction 108, 16th May 2018, lot 1139. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

ILCHESTER MINT

GM24276 William I (1066-87), silver two stars type Penny (1074-77?), Ilchester Mint, Moneyer Aegelwine, facing crowned bust with star each side, all within linear circle, legend commences at top with outer beaded circle surrounding both sides, +PILLELM REX ANG, rev. annulet at centre of cross bottonnee, over quadrilateral with incurved sides, +IEGELPINE ON C, weight 1.39g (BMC V cf.321; N.845; S.1254). Attractively toned, a little weak in parts otherwise a bold very fine with clear readings and very rare. £2,250 The legends translate as "William King of the English" on obverse and "Aegelwine of Ilchester" on the reverse. The Mint letter appears to read C but should be taken as a G for the Ilchester mint town which was Gifelcester. The BMc referenced coin extends the mint name by one letter to GI. Martin Allen lists Aegelwine working at Ilchester through the reign of William I in his 2012 British Numismatic Journal article “The Mints and Moneyers of England and Wales 1066-1158” page 74. North records up to four moneyers working at Ilchester in this reign in all types. Situated nearly 25 miles north northwest of Dorchester on the River Ivel in Somersetshire, Ilchester was a mint town from the reign of Edgar, and later from Aethelred II to Henry I and possibly King Stephen, then Henry II and Henry III. Provenance: Ex Spink and Son Ltd. March 1965. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 373. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LINCOLN MINT Mule of Two Sceptres and Two Stars type

GM24277 William I (1066-87), silver Penny, mule of two sceptre type (1071-74?) and two stars type (107477?), Lincoln Mint, moneyer Sigaerith, facing crowned bust with sceptre each side above shoulder, all within linear circle, legend commences at top with outer beaded circle surrounding both sides, +PILEM REX ANG, rev. annulet at centre of cross bottonnée, over quadrilateral with incurved sides, +SIGIIERIÐ OII LIIIC, weight 1.29g (Mossop plate LXXXI, 1, 20; BMC type IV/V -/330; N.844/845; S.1253/1254). Toned, weak in parts, very fine and one of only two known examples of this extremely rare mule that was unknown at the time the British Museum Catalogue of Norman Kings was published. £6,500 The legends translate as "William, King of the English " and on the reverse "Siguerith of Lincoln" North records up to 26 moneyers working at Lincoln in this reign in all types. Mules of the two sceptres and two stars type are extremely rare as a numismatic phenomenon across all the mints of William I there are only two other occurrences first at the Hereford Mint under moneyer Aethelwine, of which two examples are on the Early Medieval Corpus and another at the Ipswich mint of moneyer Aegelbriht. The only other known example of this mule offered herewith, is that recorded in "The Lincoln Mint c.890-1279" by H. R. Mossop where the plate referenced above can be found and this coin appears on the Early Medieval Corpus as 1027.0847. Muling of dies can occur for a number of theoretical reasons but most likely boils down to availability of dies and a demand to strike coin, or perhaps an error in pairing dies at the time of die change, which occurred on a regular cyclical basis in the reign of William the Conquerer. The City of Lincoln situated on the north bank of the River Witham some 33 miles north east of Nottingham was occupied by the Danes in 918 but the army there submitted to Edward the Elder and in 942 was one of the Five Boroughs. William I built

a castle here in 1067 and the minster of St Mary was taken by Remigius of Dorchester as his cathedral in 1072. Later Rannulf the Earl of Chester and William de Roumare Earl of Loncoln, seized the castle to hold against King Stephen in 1140. The King besieged the castle and was captured in defeat at the Battle of Lincoln with the town sacked and burnt. The castle was later surrendered to Stephen by Rannulf who three years later granted it back to him. Minting activity is thought to commence here with the “St Martin” coinage and then from Eadred to Henry III. In the middle of the reign of Henry I the signature of the Lincoln Mint changes to NICOLE until the end of Stephen’s first type and in some later short cross coinage, this being a French name for the city seen in some mediaeval documents, with Lincolnia being the name in Latin. Provenance: Ex Lockdales Auction 175, 28th March 2020, lot 1534. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LONDON MINT

GM24278 William I (1066-87), silver Penny, profile right type (c.1080-83), London Mint, Moneyer Godwi, crowned bust to edge of coin in profile right holding fleured sceptre, legend commencing lower left with inner linear and outer beaded circles surrounding both sides, +PILLELM RIEX, rev. annulet at centre of cross pattée, pellet stalked trefoils in each angle from linear rim surrounding, outer legend and beaded border surrounding, +GODPI ON LIINDII, 1.38g (BMC type VII; N.847; S.1256). Toned, well struck and centred, an excellent portrait, almost extremely fine. £4,250 The legends translate as "William, King " and on the reverse "Godwi of London." North records up to 38 moneyers working at London in this reign in all types. Capital City London upon the River Thames following Roman occupation, minted some of the earliest Saxon coins with gold Thrymsas and silver denarii with a “Londuniu” signature. Mercian Kings beginning with Offa minted coins there, but the first coin to actually say City of London upon it is the unique Ludica portrait Penny that was found in 2016, followed by subsequent coins of Ecgberht. In 871 the Danes wintered in London for the first time but was King Alfred of Wessex who settled and fortified the capital circa 880 to resist further invasions. Edward the Elder incorporated the City in Wessex in 911 and it resisted a major attack in the reign of Aethelred II in 1009. However, London submitted to the Danish Swein in 1013, but three years later the citizens accepted Eadmund Ironside as King and resisted a siege by Canute. Later unsettled times occurred in the anarchy period of the reign of King Stephen, remaining loyal to the King except for a few months in 1141 when Empress Matilda was admitted but within a short time expelled. Coinage activity here has been mostly constant throughout history from the Romans until the reign of our current Queen and only moving out to Wales from 1969. Provenance: Ex E. W. Rashleigh, Sotheby, 21st June 1909, lot 365, illustrated plate VII. Ex C. A. Watters, Sotheby, 21st May 1917, lot 155. Ex Gilbert C. Drabble, part I, Glendining 4th July 1939, lot 594, sold for £5/12/6d illustrated plate XVII. Ex H. H. Snellenberg Collection, Spink Numismatic Circular, October 1966 item 5512. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 375. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

MAINT MINT Unusual mint reading possibly from the Suffolk area

GM24279

William I (1066-87), silver Bonnet type Penny (1068-70?), "Maint" Mint, Moneyer Brihtwine, facing crowned and diademed bust with two fillets to edge of coin, legend and beaded circles surrounding both sides, +PILLELMIII REX A, rev. pellet in annulet at centre of voided cross, terminals of pellet with crescent each sides, pellet topped piles in angle, legend and beaded border surrounding, , +BRHTPI ON MAINT, weight 1.11g (SCBI 20:1359 this coin; BMC type II 130; N.842; S.1251). Toned weak in parts, about very fine, reverse better, with a good clear reverse reading for this extremely rare enigmatic Mint. £3,500 The legends translate as "William King" on obverse and "Brihtwine of Maint" on the reverse. This mysterious piece, one of only seven known examples, clearly reads "Maint" for the Mint name, which at that time interestingly in the Anglo-Norman French language translated as "Many." What we do know is the obverse die has a link with a Thetford Mint coin (BMC type II, 146), therefore it is assumed that this piece is of Suffolk area origins. Could it have been a product of a travelling moneyer Brihtwine giving the place name as "Many" due to his transient nature? George C Brooke briefly wrote about these Maint coins in his "notes on the Reign of William I" in the Numismatic Chronicle of 1911 (4th series volume 11), pages 268-290 where he talks about the sharing of dies that were linking between Mints. Maint is listed as uncertain, with the link to Thetford on page 278 and illustrated on plate XVII no.2. Brooke also dismisses the prior suggestions of other commentators, when writing in 1911 that Maint had anything to do with either Mainestune in Yorkshire, or Malmesbury in Wiltshire as they are too far distant from Suffolk. Provenance: Ex A H Baldwin and Sons Ltd, 1949. Ex Wing Commander R P Mack, SCBI 20:1359. Ex Spink Numismatic Circular, July 1982, item 5741 at £500. Ex Spink Numismatic Circular, October 1992, item 5955 at £750. Ex Allan Williams Collection, part IV, 29th January 2019, lot 634. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

NORTHAMPTON MINT

GM24280 William I (1066-87), silver two stars type Penny (1074-77?), Northampton Mint, Moneyer Saewine, facing crowned bust with star each side, all within linear circle, legend commences at top with outer beaded circle surrounding both sides, +PILLEM REX ANI, rev. annulet at centre of cross bottonnee, over quadrilateral with incurved sides, +SEPINE ON IIMT, weight 1.28g (BMC type V 369; N.845; S.1254). Attractively toned, almost extremely fine and pleasing. £3,000 The legends translate as "William King of the English" on obverse and "Saewine of Northampton" on the reverse. North records up to four moneyers working at Northampton in this reign for types 2 to 5 and 8. Northampton is a town on the River Nene 29 miles east of Warwick in the Midlands. The Danes wintered there in the year 917 and subsequently submitted without a fight to Edward the Elder who later built a fort on the south bank of the river. The Viking Anlaf besieged the town unsuccessfully in 941, but the town was later burnt in 1010 by the Danes and was later seized by the York army in 1065. William the Conqueror built a castle there in 1068 and later Earl Simon of Northampton was a supporter of King Stephen fighting for him at the battle of Lincoln. The castle was besieged for two weeks by the insurgent Barons in 1215. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Eadwig until Henry III. Provenance: Purchased from A. H. Baldwin January 2020, ex vault stock. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

NORWICH MINT

GM24281 William I (1066-87), silver two stars type Penny (1074-77?), Norwich Mint, Moneyer Edwold, facing crowned bust with star each side, all within linear circle, legend commences at top with outer beaded circle surrounding both sides, +PILLEM REX IIII, rev. annulet at centre of cross bottonnee, over quadrilateral with incurved sides, +EDPOLD O NORÐPI, weight 1.31g (BMC type V 358; BNJ 1912, plate 24 No.4 this coin; N.845; S.1254). Toned, good very fine to almost extremely fine and pleasing. £3,000 The legends translate as "William King of the English" on obverse and "Edwold of Norwich" on the reverse. This coin was illustrated during the ownership of P. W. P. Carlyon-Britton in his 1912 article “A Numismatic History of the Reigns of William I and II, part II – The History of the Mints” in the British Numismatic Journal 1912, volume 9. North records up to 18 moneyers working at Norwich in this reign for all types. Norwich is situated 100 miles north north-east of London in East Anglia on the River Tud near the junction with the River Yare. In 1004 it was sacked and burnt by the Danish Swein but resisted a much later attack in 1069. The Norman knight Roger Bigod Earl of East Anglia siezed the castle in 1087 and later in 1136 during the anarchy the castle was again seized by his descendent Hugh Bigod. The holy See of the Bishop of East Anglia was transferred there from Thetford in 1094/5 with minting rights and one moneyer at Norwich. Minting activity occurs here from the reign of Aethelstan until Henry III, except for the reign of Eadwig.

Provenance: Ex Allabone Collection, Ex Hyman Montagu, part V, Sotheby, 16th November 1897, lot 75 part. Ex L. A. Lawrence, Sotheby, 24th February 1903, lot 58, sold for £2/8/-. Ex P. W. P. Carlyon-Britton, part II, Sotheby, 20th November 1916, lot 1240 sold for £1/5/- to Baldwin, illustrated plate XXIX. Ex Richard Cyril Lockett, English part IV, Glendining, 26th April 1960, lot 3852, sold for £12, illustrated plate VIII. Ex Classical Numismatic Group, Electronic Auction 365, 16th December 2015, lot 518. Ex Classical Numismatic Group, Review XLVI, Winter 2020, item 525011. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

ROMNEY MINT

GM24282 William I (1066-87), silver profile Penny, type I (c.1066-68?), Romney Mint, Moneyer Wulfmaer, crowned bust left with sceptre, extending to bottom of coin, legend commences at lower left with outer beaded circle surrounding both sides, +ILLELMV REXI, rev. annulet at centre of cross fleury, +PVLFMÆR ON RV, weight 1.33g (BMC type I, 39-41; N.839; S.1250). Toned, good very fine, rare this well preserved. £2,500 The legends translate as "William King" on obverse and "Wulfmaer of Romney" on the reverse. North records up to five moneyers working at Romney in types 1 and 5 to 8. Romney is nearly ten miles from Hythe in the “Garden of England” Kent and was an important port in Saxon and Norman times being one of the “Cinque Ports” however with subsequent silting up of the area the village of Romney now lies over three miles from the sea today and is now more well known for the raising of sheep and lambs. Minting activity occurs here from the reign of Aethelred II to Henry I. Provenance: Ex Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 65, 16th March 2005, lot 185. Ex Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 69, 15th March 2006, lot 1315. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

GM24283 William I (1066-87), silver two stars type Penny (1074-77?), Romney Mint, Moneyer Aelmaer, facing crowned bust with star each side, all within linear circle, legend commences at top with outer beaded circle surrounding both sides, +PILLEM REX IIN, rev. annulet at centre of cross bottonnee, over quadrilateral with incurved sides, small extra pellet in third quarter, +IELMIER ON RVIIE, weight 1.32g (BMC type V 363; BNJ 1916 p.28, number 117, plate IV No.2 this coin; N.845; S.1254). Toned, good very fine and rare. £2,500 The legends translate as "William King of the English" on obverse and "Aelmaer of Romney" on the reverse. This coin was illustrated by P. W. P. Carlyon-Britton in his article “A Hoard of coins of William the Conqueror found in a trench in the war area” in the British Numismatic Journal 1916, volume 12. The exact location of this Autumn 1914 discovery was not able to be divulged in time of war, and the hoard was found in the digging of a trench along the wall of an English churchyard. There was a total of 264 pennies unearthed in the hoard which spanned 39 mints and only three were of the mint of Romney all the same moneyer. This coin is the only one to have a tiny pellet in the third quarter of the reverse though there were three other coins with a similar pellet in other quarters including one of the other Romney coins of this moneyer which had the pellet in the fourth quarter. The British Numismatic Journal of 1955 contain a miscellaneous note on page 650-1 by R. H. M. Dolley which reveals by some deduction that the war area hoard was actually Scaldwell in Northamptonshire, as notes by W. C. Wells of such a hoard matched in number the details of the hoard published above. North records up to five moneyers working at Romney in types 1 and 5 to 8. Romney is nearly ten miles from Hythe in the “Garden of England” Kent and was an important port in Saxon and Norman times being one of the “Cinque Ports” however with subsequent silting up of the area the village of Romney now lies over three miles from the sea today and is now more well known for the raising of sheep and lambs. Minting activity occurs here from the reign of Aethelred II to Henry I. Provenance: Ex War Area Hoard (Scaldwell Northamptonshire), Autumn 1914, published 1916 as above. Ex F. Elmore-Jones, part II, The Important Collection of Norman and Plantagenet Coins, Glendining, 10th April 1984, lot 1304. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

WALLINGFORD MINT

GM24285

William I (1066-87), silver canopy type Penny (1070-72), Wallingford Mint, Moneyer Beorhtmaer, facing crowned bust to edge of coin under canopy supported by two pillars, legend surrounding commences lower left, +PILLELMVS RE, rev. annulet at centre of double quadrilateral with incurved sides, fleury at each apex, beaded circles and legend surrounding, +BRIHTMÆR ON PIIL, weight 1.24g (BMC type III cf.216; N.843; S.1252). Toned, a little weak in parts of legend, otherwise an attractive good very fine. £2,250 The obverse legend translates as "William King of the English" and the reverse as "Beorhtmaer of Wallingford." Despite the transition from the Anglo-Saxon to the Norman period, numismatically the three-year change of coin types continued. The canopy type of William is the third of the seven types attributed to this reign. According to North the Wallingford Mint in Oxfordshire had up to nine moneyers active throughout the reigns of William the Conqueror and William Rufus, which is one of the lower numbers amongst the mint activity at this time. London was the main mint with up to 38 moneyers, with Lincoln second with up to 26 and Norwich third with up to 18. North records up to nine moneyers working at Wallingford in all types.

Wallingford situated on the River Thames some 15 miles from Reading is mentioned in the Burghal Hidage and was burnt by the Danes in 1006 and attacked by Swein seven years later. During the anarchy Brian Fitzcount of the Angevin party was isolated in the castle here and may have struck coins here. He was besieged by Stephen three times in 1139, 1146 and 1153 and was eventually relieved by Henry of Anjou. The Empress Matilda escaped to Wallingford from Oxford in 1142. Minting activity occurs here from the reign of Aethelstan until Henry III. Provenance: Purchased from Spink and Son Ltd, 27th February 1967. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 371. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

WAREHAM MINT

GM24286 William I (1066-87), silver PAXS Penny (1083-86), Wareham Mint, Moneyer Sideloc, facing crowned bust with sceptre to right, crown 1, legend and beaded circles surrounding both sides, +PILLELM REX, rev. cross pattee, each letter of PAXS in an annulet per angle, +SIDELOC ON PERE, weight 1.43g (BMC VIII 1038-1039; N.848; S.1257). Toned, a little weak in some small detail, otherwise good very fine and rare this well preserved. £2,250 The legends translate as "William King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Sideloc of Wareham." North records up to five moneyers working at Wareham in all types except 2. Situated 15 miles east of Dorchester in between the Rivers Frome and Piddle, Wareham was once a thriving port and is mentioned in the Burghal Hidage. In 875 it was taken by the Danes and later devastated by William I in 1067. It was the stronghold of Robert of Gloucester and surrendered to Stephen in 1138, but revolted in 1139 when Baldwin de Redvers landed, and later recovered by Stephen in 1142 strategically cutting off communication for the Angevin party with the continent. However, Robert returned on the way from Normandy and took the harbour and town and eventually recaptured the castle after three weeks of siege. Minting activity occurs first for Aethelstan and then from Edgard to Stephen with various Baronial issues and for Matilda. Provenance: Ex J. Stevens-Cox Collection, selection purchased by A. H. Baldwin & Son Ltd circa 2012. Ex Sovereign Rarities, purchased 2019. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LONDON MINT

GM24288

William II (1087-1100), silver Penny, cross pattee and fleury type (1095-98?), London Mint, Moneyer Walcin, facing crowned bust to edge of coin with sword upward left on shoulder, legend commencing lower left with inner linear and outer beaded circles surrounding both sides, +PILLELM REI, rev. cross pattee over cross fleury within linear inner circle, legend and outer beaded border surrounding, +PALCIN ON LVND, weight 1.39g (BMC type IV 246; N.852; S.1259). Toned, weakly struck in parts of legend, otherwise well centred, very fine and rare. £2,350 The legends translate as "William King " on obverse and on the reverse "Walcin of London." North records up to 38 moneyers working at London in all types for both William I and II. William Rufus was the third son of William I, with the name Rufus perhaps a reference to him being a red-haired child or less likely due to ruddy appearance. He never married or had any children, and was a wise ruler and a victorious leader, but at the same time some said uncultivated in taste, without dignity or social graces and without showing religious piety or morales, and some said even addicted to vices. He did however maintain justice and good order for England, the throne of which he received on the death of his Father, with his eldest brother Robert Curthose inheriting Normandy with whom

William had a peaceful relationship. William Rufus extended rule into Anglo-Norman Wales and had Scotland under his lordship whilst he recovered Maine while pressuring Vexin in France. William famously suffered his death whilst hunting in the New Forest on 2nd August 1100, a stray arrow taking his life, perhaps accidental with unproven suspicions of murder, his nobleman having deserted him in the heat of the moment. Ironically his elder brother Richard, the second son of William the Conqueror had also died in a New Forest hunting accident circa 1075, which paved the way for William Rufus to accede the English throne. As he died childless the throne then passed to his younger brother Henry known as Henry Beauclerc. Capital City London upon the River Thames following Roman occupation, minted some of the earliest Saxon coins with gold Thrymsas and silver denarii with a “Londuniu” signature. Mercian Kings beginning with Offa minted coins there, but the first coin to actually say City of London upon it is the unique Ludica portrait Penny that was found in 2016, followed by subsequent coins of Ecgberht. In 871 the Danes wintered in London for the first time but was King Alfred of Wessex who settled and fortified the capital circa 880 to resist further invasions. Edward the Elder incorporated the City in Wessex in 911 and it resisted a major attack in the reign of Aethelred II in 1009. However, London submitted to the Danish Swein in 1013, but three years later the citizens accepted Eadmund Ironside as King and resisted a siege by Canute. Later unsettled times occurred in the anarchy period of the reign of King Stephen, remaining loyal to the King except for a few months in 1141 when Empress Matilda was admitted but within a short time expelled. Coinage activity here has been mostly constant throughout history from the Romans until the reign of our current Queen and only moving out to Wales from 1969. Provenance: Purchased from Spink and Son Ltd, 11th January 1968. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 384. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

SOUTHWARK MINT

GM24289

William II (1087-1100), silver Penny, two stars / voided cross type (1092-95?), Southwark Mint, moneyer Wulfgar, facing crowned bust to edge of coin, large star either side, legend commencing lower left with inner linear and outer beaded circles surrounding both sides, +PILLELM RI, rev. annulet at centre of voided cross pattée, over a cross annulettée in saltire, +PIILGIIR ON SIIÐ, weight 1.40g (BMC type III 222; N.853; S.1260). Toned, a little weak in parts though with a decent portrait of the King, a bold very fine for issue, rare. £6,500 The legends translate as "William King " on obverse and on the reverse "Wulfgar of Southwark.” North records up to 11 moneyers working at Southwark for William I and I and producing all types for William II. Southwark Mint on the south bank of the Thames separate from the City of London is mentioned in the Burghal Hidage and is part of old Surrey. The town was burnt by William the Conqueror in 1066 with minting activity from the reign of Aethelred II until Stephen with a burst of later minting activity occurring in the Tudor period. Provenance: Ex Heritage, New York Signature Sale, 3rd January 2010, lot 21556. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

WILTON MINT

GM24290

William II (1087-1100), silver cross in quatrefoil type Penny (1089-92?), Wilton, Moneyer Saewine, facing crowned bust to edge of coin with sword resting on shoulder, legend commencing lower left with inner linear and outer beaded circles surrounding both sides, +PILLELM REX I, rev. pellet at

centre of cross pattee in quatrefoil, pellet in each inner angle, +SEPINE ON PILTV, weight 1.39g (BMC type III 227; N.852; S.1259). Attractively toned, a little double struck on obverse, otherwise good very fine and rare. £2,750 The legends translate as "William King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Saewine of Wilton.” North records up to six moneyers working at Wilton for William I and I, producing types 1-3 for William II. Wilton beside the River Nadder and Wylye situated north-west of Salisbury is in the Bughal Hidage and Alfred the Great was defeated here in 871. The town was burnt by Swein in 1003 when the mint was moved to Salisbury, with moneyers only returning later from circa 1020. Later the Empress Matilda spent Easter of 1141 here and Stephen suffered a defeat here in 1143. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Edgar until Henry II and then for Henry III. Provenance: Ex R. E. MacFadyen, Glendining, 22nd January 1925, lot 154, sold for £4/12/6d. Ex Richard Cyril Lockett, English part III, Glendining, 4th November 1958, lot 2896 sold for £12, illustrated plate VIII. Purchased from Spink and Son Ltd, March 1965. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 382. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

WORCESTER MINT

GM24291

William II (1087-1100), silver profile type Penny (1086-89), Worcester Mint, Moneyer Eastmaer, crowned bust to edge of coin in profile right holding sword, legend commencing lower left with inner linear and outer beaded circles surrounding both sides, +PILLELM REX, rev. annulet at centre of cross pattee over cross fleury in saltire, +ESTMIER ON PIHR, weight 1.39g (BMC type 1, 64; N.851; S.1258). Attractively toned, well struck almost extremely fine and rare so nice. £7,950 The legends translate as "William King” on obverse and on the reverse "Eastmaer of Worcester.” North records up to 11 moneyers working at Worcester for William I and I and producing all types for William II. Worcester on the left bank of the River Severn is 22 miles from Hereford and was fortified in the reign of Alfred against the Danes on request of the bishop. Eadgar gave the bishopric in 959 to Dunstan and was later held jointly with the See of York by St Oswald (972-1016) as well as others. The town was burnt in 1041 on the order of Harthacanute as two Danegeld collectors had been killed there. The town endured an earthquake in 1049 and was later destroyed by fire in 1113 and again in 1133. The town was burnt and plundered in 1139 and again in 1150. Minting activity occurs from Aethelred II to Harold I and then from Edward the Confessor until Richard I. Provenance: Ex Sir John Evans Collection, sold en bloc to Spink and majority sold on to John Pierpont Morgan. Ex J. P. Morgan Collection, sold by his son 1915, first choice to British Museum and subsequently pieces R. C. Lockett. Ex Richard Cyril Lockett, English part IV, Glendining, 26th April 1960, lot 3876, sold for £23 illustrated plate VIII. Purchased from Spink and Son Ltd, 27th February 1967. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 381. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

HENRY I (1100-35) The fourth son of William the Conqueror, the “fine scholar” Henry Beauclerc as he was known acceded to the throne of England on the death of his childless elder brother William Rufus, who died after a hunting accident in the New Forest on 2nd August 1100. Well educated Henry had been left landless when his Father died with the Kingdoms shared between the two eldest surviving brothers Robert and William, though he did purchase the county of Cotentin from his eldest brother Robert in western Normandy, but was later deposed from there in 1091, and subsequently, gradually rebuilt his power there with the help of elder brother William against Robert. Upon the death of William Rufus, and being present in the area at that time, he immediately became King promising to correct the less popular policies of his late brother. Henry married Matilda of Scotland with whom he had a

son William Aethling and a daughter the Empress Matilda, as well as various other illegitimate children. His elder brother Robert invaded in 1101 disputing Henry’s control, but this was settled by a pact recognising Henry as King of England. Henry later invaded Normandy in 1105 and 1106 defeating Robert eventually in the Battle of Tinchebray imprisoning his brother until his death on 3rd February 1134 in Cardiff Castle. Henry then controlled Normandy for which he was subsequently challenged by Robert’s son William Clito who was supported by Fulk V of Anjou, Baldwin VII of Flanders and Louis VI of France, resulting in major rebellions within the Duchy from 1116-19. Eventually a peace settlement was agreed in 1120 after Henry’s victory at the Battle of Bremule. Henry was an effective leader who drew his nobles and barons close whilst using the government justice and taxation systems to the best effect boosting the Royal Exchequer, along with Normandy and its own independent system. He also encouraged ecclesiastical reform playing a major role in selecting senior clergy, though he did have a serious earlier dispute with Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury in 1101 eventually resolved through a compromise in 1105. Unfortunately, Henry’s son and heir apparent William drowned in the White Ship sinking disaster of 1120 and Henry entered a second marriage in the hope of another son, but the union with Adeliza of Louvain remained childless. He therefore declared Matilda his heir and married her to Geoffrey of Anjou in 1128 but the relationship between them all became strained with fighting along the Anjou border. Henry subsequently died on 1st December 1135 after a week of illness and despite his plan for succession it was Stephen of Blois his nephew that succeeded him which led to a Civil War.

BEDFORD MINT

GM24292

Henry I (1100-35), silver cut Halfpenny, voided cross and fleurs type (c.1106), Bedford Mint, Moneyer Negelvs , half the facing bust with sceptre apparent, legend partly visible +hENR, rev. half apparent voided cross with two fleurs visible, -S: ON: B-, weight 0.48g (BMC type V; Allen, BNJ 2012, p.85, note 236; SCBI Scottish 53:238, same dies; BNJ Coin Register 2005, 210, this coin; N.861; S.1266). Dark tone, weak legend but design elements well struck, very fine and very rare. £525 The legends translate as "Henry King” on obverse and on the reverse "Negel of Bedford.” North records up to five moneyers working at Bedford for Henry I but nobody in type 5, only activity for 8, 10, 13 and 14. Situated nearly 50 miles north-west of London in the Ouse valley, Edward the Elder secured the submission of Thurketil at Bedford in 914, the commanding Earl of the Viking Army based here and subsequently occupied the town in 915. It was later raided by the Danes in 1010 and the castle here was besieged by King Stephen in 1136. Minting activity occurs here from the time of Eadwig until Henry II. Provenance: Found East Anglia, EMC 2004.0037 and sold by Mike Vosper 2004. Ex Marshal Faintich Collection, Triton XV, Classical Numismatic Group, 4th January 2012, lot 1879. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 392. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

CARLISLE MINT

GM24293 Henry I (1100-35), silver Penny, pellets in quatrefoil type XIV (c.1123-25), Carlisle Mint, moneyer Durant, facing bust of King with sceptre, sexfoil above shoulder, beaded circles and legend

surrounding, hENRICVS REXI, rev. pellets within quatrefoil with tri-annulet terminals, lis in each angle, beaded circles and legend surrounding, +DVRANT: ON: --RLI:, weight 1.32g (BMC XIV, 116; Mattinson and Cherry, BNJ 2013, p.101, fig. 1, this coin; Allen, BNJ 2012, p.87; N.870; S.1275). Toned with hairline flan split from rim to top of crown, one additional crease, otherwise very fine / good very fine and well struck for issue, of the highest rarity as the only other so far known to us is in the British Museum. £3,350 The legend translates as on obverse "Henry King" and on reverse "Durant of Carlisle." This was the first type of coin for this reign struck at the newly opened Carlisle Mint c.1123 and it is possible that Durant may have previously worked and minted coins at Edinburgh for King David as “Derind”. North records only two moneyers working at Carlisle for Henry I in types 14 and 15 only. Some sixty miles west of Newcastle, the City of Carlisle on the River Eden was devastated by the Danes in 875 and in ruins until 1092 when William II fortified it by building a castle. The silver and lead mines on nearby Alston Moor were used to supply the mint with metal during the twelfth century and a Bishopric was established in 1133. David of Scotland seized the town on the accession of Stephen but later in the Peace of Durham, was confirmed to his son Henry. In 1139 the town was ceded with his Earldom of Northumbria to the Scottish crown and not restored to the English till 1157. Minting activity occurs from Henry I to Henry III with issues of David of Scotland and Henry of Northumbria. Provenance: Ex Canterbury Find 1901, written up 1927 “Some Coins of Henry I” by P. W. P. Carlyon-Britton, British Numismatic Journal, volume XIX, this coin listed page 95. Ex P. W. P. Carlyon-Britton, Sotheby, 20th November 1916, lot 1366 sold for £2/18/- to Spink, illustrated plate XXXII. Ex F. Elmore-Jones, part II, The Important Collection of Norman and Plantagenet Coins, Glendining, 10 th April 1984, lot 1364. Ex John Mattinson Collection, Coins of the Carlisle Mint, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 164, lot 2223. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

CHICHESTER MINT

GM24294 Henry I (1100-35), silver Penny, profile / cross fleury type (c.1102), Chichester Mint, moneyer Brand, crowned bust facing left with sceptre extending to bottom of coin, legend and beaded borders surrounding, +HENRIIC, rev. cross fleury within beaded circle, legend and beaded border surrounding, +BRIIND ON CIC, weight 1.39g (BMC type II; N.858; S.1263A). Lightly toned, struck a little off-centre, good very fine and rare. £3,000 The legends translate as "Henry " on obverse and "Brand of Chichester" on the reverse. North records only three moneyers working at Chichester for Henry I and nobody for type 2. Only activity is for type 4, possibly 6 and 7, and then 8 to 14 inclusive. Situated 13 miles east of Portsmouth, Chichester is mentioned in the Burghal Hidage and was harried by the Danes in 895. The Bishopric seat was moved here from Selsey in 1075, and in 1114 “through culpable carelessness” the City including the minster were burnt. Minting activity first occurs under Aethelstan, then Edgar and then from Aethelred II to Stephen. The mint was later revived here in 1205 with one die for the Bishop and one for the King in the reign of John. Provenance: Ex Baldwin Auction 80, 5th May 2013, lot 2319. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

IPSWICH MINT

GM24295

Henry I (1100-35), silver Penny, facing bust / annulets and piles type (c.1105), Ipswich Mint, moneyer Aelfric, crowned facing bust with sceptre extending to bottom of coin, legend and beaded borders surrounding, +hENRIC RE, the NR ligatured, rev. annulet at centre with four surrounding in cruciform pattern, pellet topped piles in angles, all within inner beaded circle, legend and outer beaded border surrounding, +ELFRIC ON gIPPE, weight 1.31g (BMC type IV; cf. Sadler figs 984-5; N.860; S.1265). Dark tone contrasting with bright design and letter elements, well struck, good very fine and very rare. £3,650 The legends translate as "Henry " on obverse and "Aelfric of Ipswich" on the reverse. In his 2018 study of the Ipswich Mint John Sadler records only two examples of this coin in private hands to which this adds a third having been found since publication, this is by far the best example known. North records up to nine moneyers working at Ipswich for Henry I for types 1, 3, 4, 10, and 13-15. Nearly 70 miles north-east of London, Ipswich is a town and seaport on the River Orwell. The Danes came and ravaged Ipswich in 991 and again in 1010, and they subsequently disembarked there in 1069 but were driven away. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Edgar until King John and there is a die link with the still mysterious mint of DERNT issued only under Edward the Confessor. Provenance: Found near Market Raisen, Lincolnshire, 2019 – EMC 2019.0276. Ex Classical Numismatic Group, Webshop, July 2020. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LONDON MINT

GM24296

Henry I (1100-35), silver Penny, profile / cross fleury type (c.1102), London Mint, moneyer Wufword, crowned bust facing left with sceptre extending to bottom of coin, legend and beaded borders surrounding, +HENRI R, rev. cross fleury within beaded circle, legend and beaded border surrounding, +PIILFPORD ON L, weight 1.35g (BMC type II; N.858; S.1263A). Lightly toned, struck a little off-centre on reverse, a bold very fine and rare. £1,850 The legends translate as "Henry King" on obverse and "Wulfword of London" on the reverse. North records up to 41 moneyers working at London for Henry I across all types. Capital City London upon the River Thames following Roman occupation, minted some of the earliest Saxon coins with gold Thrymsas and silver denarii with a “Londuniu” signature. Mercian Kings beginning with Offa minted coins there, but the first coin to actually say City of London upon it is the unique Ludica portrait Penny that was found in 2016, followed by subsequent coins of Ecgberht. In 871 the Danes wintered in London for the first time but was King Alfred of Wessex who settled and fortified the capital circa 880 to resist further invasions. Edward the Elder incorporated the City in Wessex in 911 and it resisted a major attack in the reign of Aethelred II in 1009. However, London submitted to the Danish Swein in 1013, but three years later the citizens accepted Eadmund Ironside as King and resisted a siege by Canute. Later unsettled times occurred in the anarchy period of the reign of King Stephen, remaining loyal to the King except for a few months in 1141 when Empress Matilda was admitted but within a short time expelled. Coinage activity here has been mostly constant throughout history from the Romans until the reign of our current Queen and only moving out to Wales from 1969. Provenance: Ex Gilbert C. Drabble, part II, Glendining, 13th December 1943, lot 948, illustrated plate III. Ex A. H. Baldwin & Son, London, purchased 30th October 1970. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 388. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

GM24297

Henry I (1100-35), silver cut Halfpenny, pointing bust and stars type (c.1107), London Mint, Moneyer Aelfwi, top half of the pointing bust with upper star apparent, legend reads +hENRI RE, rev. half apparent cross pattee over saltire with annulets, start and finish of legend, +ALI---NDE, weight 0.63g (BMC type VI; Allen, BNJ 2012, p.93; N.861; S.1266). Dark tone, a bold very fine, reverse design double struck. £375 The legends translate as "Henry King" on obverse and "Aelfwi of London" on the reverse. North records up to 41 moneyers working at London for Henry I across all types. Capital City London upon the River Thames following Roman occupation, minted some of the earliest Saxon coins with gold Thrymsas and silver denarii with a “Londuniu” signature. Mercian Kings beginning with Offa minted coins there, but the first coin to actually say City of London upon it is the unique Ludica portrait Penny that was found in 2016, followed by subsequent coins of Ecgberht. In 871 the Danes wintered in London for the first time but was King Alfred of Wessex who settled and fortified the capital circa 880 to resist further invasions. Edward the Elder incorporated the City in Wessex in 911 and it resisted a major attack in the reign of Aethelred II in 1009. However, London submitted to the Danish Swein in 1013, but three years later the citizens accepted Eadmund Ironside as King and resisted a siege by Canute. Later unsettled times occurred in the anarchy period of the reign of King Stephen, remaining loyal to the King except for a few months in 1141 when Empress Matilda was admitted but within a short time expelled. Coinage activity here has been mostly constant throughout history from the Romans until the reign of our current Queen and only moving out to Wales from 1969. Provenance: Found in ground 1992 and sold to Dr. William J Conte, USA. Purchased from Dr Conte 1993. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 394. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

NORWICH MINT

GM24298

Henry I (1100-35), silver cut Halfpenny, profile / cross fleury type (c.1102), Norwich Mint, moneyer Oter, bottom third of bust visible and RIC of legend, rev. half of cross fleury within beaded circle, start and finish of legend, +OTE----PI, weight 0.58g (BMC type II; N.858; S.1263A). Toned good very fine. £425 The legends translate as "Henry" on obverse and "Oter of Norwich" on the reverse. North records up to 19 moneyers working at London for Henry I across all types except 6 and 8. Norwich is situated 100 miles north north-east of London in East Anglia on the River Tud near the junction with the River Yare. In 1004 it was sacked and burnt by the Danish Swein but resisted a much later attack in 1069. The Norman knight Roger Bigod Earl of East Anglia siezed the castle in 1087 and later in 1136 during the anarchy the castle was again seized by his descendent Hugh Bigod. The holy See of the Bishop of East Anglia was transferred there from Thetford in 1094/5 with minting rights and one moneyer at Norwich. Minting activity occurs here from the reign of Aethelstan until Henry III, except for the reign of Eadwig. Provenance: Found in ground 1992 and sold to Dr. William J Conte, USA. Purchased from Dr Conte 1993. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 389 Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

PEVENSEY MINT

GM24299 Henry I (1100-35), silver Penny, full face / cross fleury type (c.1117), Pevensey Mint, Moneyer Alfred, facing crowned and diademed head within beaded circle, legend and outer beaded circle surrounding, commences at top, +hENRICVS EX A, the S prone, rev. cross fleury within beaded circle, legend and outer beaded circle surrounding, +ALFRED ON PEVE, weight 1.37g (BMC type X; Allen, BNJ 2012, p.97, note 425; N.861; S.1266). Toned, a little weak at two corresponding parts of legend both sides, otherwise very fine and extremely rare being one of four coins known of this mint for the entire reign. £5,500 The legends translate as "Henry King of the English" on obverse and "Alfred of Pevensey" on the reverse. North records only this moneyer working at Pevensey for Henry I in types 9, 10 and 14. The castle and village of Pevensey are built on the site of a Roman fortification and is where William the Conqueror first landed on English soil in 1066 en route to the Battle of Hastings which is twelve miles away, with the actual confrontation further inland on Senlac Hill at Battle. William’s men constructed a bank and ditch fort within the Roman walls which was the foundation of the castle becoming a Norman stronghold, and where Gilbert de Clare was attacked by Stephen in 1147. Minting activity occurs through the Norman Kings from William I to Stephen. Provenance: Ex a stray coin from Beauvais Hoard sold by a French dealer to Peter Mitchell of A. H. Baldwin 1987 and therefore not in the Glendining sale of the hoard on 4th November 1987 or amongst the 36 other coins listed at the front of the catalogue, sold on to Dr William J. Conte late 1988. Ex Classical Numismatic Group, June 2002. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 404. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

TAUNTON MINT

GM24301 Henry I (1100-35), silver Penny, quadrilateral on cross fleury type (c.1125-35), Taunton Mint, moneyer Aelfric, crowned and diademed three quarter facing bust with sceptre to bottom of coin, legend and beaded borders surrounding, +hENRICVS, off the flan, rev. quadrilateral with lis apexes on cross fleury, pellet in each inner angle, legend and beaded border surrounding, +Æ---- -N: TAN. weight 1.16g (BMC type XV; N.871; S.1276). Weak in parts both sides, lightly toned, uneven in shape with much of the legends off the flan, small lamination in metal on reverse, otherwise good very fine and very rare for this one moneyer Mint, thought to be unique at the time of the 1945 Glendining sale. £1,450 The legends translate as "Henry" on obverse and "Aelfric of Taunton" on the reverse. North records only this moneyer working at Taunton for Henry I in this one type. Nigh on 45 miles south-west of Bristol on the southern side of the valley of the River Tone, Taunton in Somerset started as an early earthwork erected by Ine circa 700. A monastery was founded here before 904 and minting activity occurs from Aethelred II to King Stephen. Provenance:

Ex Glendining, 6th November 1945, lot 285, sold for £4/10/-. Ex J. Stevens-Cox Collection, selection purchased by A. H. Baldwin & Son Ltd circa 2012. Ex Sovereign Rarities, purchased 2019. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

WILTON MINT – ROUND HALFPENNY

GM24300 Henry I (1100-35), silver Round Halfpenny (c.1107), Wilton Mint, moneyer Ailward, facing uncrowned head, hair made up of nine rosette like ringlets, inner and outer beaded circles and legend surrounding, initial mark cross pattee, commences at top, +HENRIC-- REX:, rev. cross potent with groups of four pellets in each angle, AILPARD ON P--, weight 0.50g (N 872; S 1277). Toned with a clear face, a little uneven in shape, flat parts to some legend, otherwise very fine and extremely rare, currently the only one of this mint and moneyer outside of an institutional collection. £9,500 The legends translate as "Henry King" on obverse and "Aethelweard of Wilton" on the reverse. The round Halfpenny denomination of King Henry I first came to light 71 years ago, when respected professional numismatist Peter Seaby exhibited a coin of Winchester by the moneyer Godwine A at the British Numismatic Society on 1 March 1950 (North pl.16, 36 and Spink Standard Catalogue, p.135, coin now in the Fitzwilliam Museum). It took until 1989 for four more halfpence to emerge: Sandwich, Æthelbold, rev. struck from a type IX Penny die (now in Fitzwilliam Museum), and Hereford, moneyer Ailred (now in British Museum) both found together in spoil from Thames Exchange; Norwich(?), moneyer Thot, found in Norfolk (now in Fitzwilliam Museum); and York, moneyer Othbeorn, found near Newbury. Other mints and moneyers discovered since include examples of Oxford, moneyer Ægelnoth; Wallingford, moneyer Osulf; and Wilton, moneyer Ailward (all in Fitzwilliam Museum); another Sandwich, moneyer Æthelbold, of regular type, found at Little Mongeham, Kent, September 1992; Winchester, moneyer Wimund, ex Baldwin Auction 7, 2nd May 1996, lot 517 and now also in the Fitzwilliam Museum; Lincoln, moneyer uncertain as only half a coin, found Newark 2004; Norwich, moneyer Thorstein, found Sutton Bridge 2009; York, moneyer Forni, found north east Lincolnshire 2009; London, moneyer ---DRED, a fragmentary coin found Kent 2013; London, moneyer Thorreaed, found Tilbury 2014; Canterbury, moneyer Winedaeg, found Wherwell - pierced in three places; as well as three uncertain pieces. There was also a more recently found Winchester Mint piece of moneyer Ailwin, and the piece offered herewith which seems to be Ailward of Wilton rather than Salisbury as the EMC record suggests. The partially visible loop of the S could easily be the loop of a P and the moneyer name fits with the Wilton piece in the Fitzwilliam Museum. Whether Wilton or Salisbury the coin is a major rarity.

To summarise there are 22 examples recorded of which many are either in museums or fragmentary. Wilton beside the River Nadder and Wylye situated north-west of Salisbury is in the Bughal Hidage and Alfred the Great was defeated here in 871. The town was burnt by Swein in 1003 when the mint was moved to Salisbury, with moneyers only returning later from circa 1020. Later the Empress Matilda spent Easter of 1141 here and Stephen suffered a defeat here in 1143. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Edgar until Henry II and then for Henry III.

Provenance: Found Weyhill near Andover, Hampshire, 1st December 2019. EMC 2019.0362 where identified as Salisbury. Ex Classical Numismatic Group, Webshop, July 2020. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

STEPHEN (1135-54) Often referred to as Stephen of Blois he was born in either 1092 or 1096 he was a younger son of Stephen-Henry the Count of Blois who died whilst Stephen was young, he subsequently being raised by his mother Adela the daughter of William the Conqueror. He was placed into the English court of his uncle Henry Beauclerc, where he rose in prominence and was granted extensive lands, he became Count of Boulogne by his marriage in 1125 to Matilda inheriting estates there and in Kent making the couple one of the wealthiest in England. He had earlier escaped drowning in the White Ship disaster of 1120 which claimed the life of William Aethling the son of Henry I, leaving some doubt over the succession to the English throne despite Henry nominating his daughter Matilda as heir. Later, upon the news of Henry’s passing on 1st December 1135, Stephen immediately crossed over the English Channel and with the help of his brother Henry Bishop of Winchester and Abbot of Glastonbury he took the throne declaring the preservation of order across the Kingdom took priority over any earlier oaths to support his cousin Empress Matilda. His early years were successful ones despite some attacks in the north from David I of Scotland, from Welsh rebels in the west and from Empress Matilda’s husband Geoffrey from the east. In 1138 Robert of Gloucester the half-brother of Empress Matilda rebelled threatening civil war. Stephen fiercely defended his rule with support from Waleran de Beaumont, arresting a group of bishops. However, in 1139 when the Empress and Robert of Gloucester invaded Stephen was unable to crush the revolt with them taking hold of the south-west of England. Stephen was captured at the Battle of Lincoln in 1141, lost Normandy and

abandoned by many of his followers, but was subsequently released after his wife Matilda with William of Ypres captured Robert at the Rout of Winchester, but the civil war continued to drag on unabated. Stephen wanted his son Eustace to succeed him and tried to convince the church to crown Eustace in advance, but Pope Eugene III refused causing disruption within the clergy. In 1153 Empress Matilda’s son Henry invaded building a powerful alliance of barons to support him for the throne. The armies met at Wallingford with neither side keen to fight and negotiations began to find peace hastened by the sudden death of Eustace on the 17th August at Bury St Edmunds, and resulting in the Treaty of Winchester where Stephen recognized Henry as heir. Stephen passed away on 25th October 1154 from a stomach disease whilst at Dover and is buried at Faversham Abbey.

REGAL ISSUES BEDFORD MINT

GM24303 Stephen (1135-54), silver Penny, profile / cross and piles type (c.1150-54), Bedford Mint, Moneyer Iohan, crowned bust with sceptre left, legend and beaded border surrounding, commencing lower left, +STIEFN---, rev. cross fleury at centre, three annulets atop a pile emanating from inner circle in each angle, legend and beaded border surrounding, --hAN: ON: BED--, weight 1.20g (BMC type VI; Allen, BNJ 2012, p.107, note 577, this coin listed; Mack 78a, plate III this coin; N.879; S.1281).Toned, chipped around portion of edge, otherwise very fine and very rare. £850 The legends translate as "Stephen" on obverse and "Iohan of Bedford" on the reverse. North records up to four moneyers working at Bedford for Stephen across four types. The reign of Stephen is perhaps one of the most interesting numismatically as England descends towards Civil War in the latter part of the reign, with an increasing volume in types of coinage with many poorly struck as allegiances to the King, the Empress or the various noblemen wax and wane. The first so-called Watford type is the most abundant due to the fact that a major hoard of this type turned up in the Watford area in Victorian times, rather than something describing the design, but a well struck piece is hard to find. Situated nearly 50 miles north-west of London in the Ouse valley, Edward the Elder secured the submission of Thurketil at Bedford in 914, the commanding Earl of the Viking Army based here and subsequently occupied the town in 915. It was later raided by the Danes in 1010 and the castle here was besieged by King Stephen in 1136. Minting activity occurs here from the time of Eadwig until Henry II. Provenance: Ex H. A. Parsons Collection, part II, Glendining, 11th May 1954, lot 254. Ex N. T. Bagshawe Collection, Spink Numismatic Circular, December 1971, item 11505. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 420. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

CANTERBURY MINT

GM24304 Stephen (1135-54), silver Penny, voided cross and mullets type (c.1145-50), Canterbury Mint, Moneyer Edward, crowned facing bust with sceptre at left, legend and beaded border surrounding, commencing lower left, +STIEFNE:, rev. voided cross at centre, pierced mullet in each angle, legend and beaded border surrounding, +EDPARD: ON: ----T, weight 1.42g (BMC type II 147; Allen, BNJ

2012, p.108; Mack 55a, and pl. ii, this coin; N.878; S.1280). Toned, a little uneven in shape, a bold to good very fine, with a clear portrait for this very rare type. £2,350 The legends translate as "Stephen King" on obverse and "Edward of Canterbury" on the reverse. North records up to nine moneyers working at Canterbury for Stephen across four types. The reign of Stephen is perhaps one of the most interesting numismatically as England descends towards Civil War in the latter part of the reign, with an increasing volume in types of coinage with many poorly struck as allegiances to the King, the Empress or the various noblemen wax and wane. The first so-called Watford type is the most abundant due to the fact that a major hoard of this type turned up in the Watford area in Victorian times, rather than something describing the design, but a well struck piece is hard to find. The City of Canterbury is 16 miles north-west of Dover with gold Thrymsas known bearing its name as one of the most important mints in southern England during the 8th and 9th centuries. In 809 the Danes were bought off for £3,000 but the town was taken by them in 839 and 851, again circa 981 and finally in 1011. There were two moneyers who worked for the Archbishop and in 1189 this increased to three. The Abbot of St Augustine had the privilege of one die in eight until 1161 at Canterbury though the coins do not seem to bear any ecclesiastical marks, though pennies of Henry I type XIV can have an annulet on the shoulder for moneyers Algar and Willem. We also know for Henry II that the Abbot’s moneyer was Alferg. There are die links with Hythe and Lewes in the reign of Aethelred II and with Hythe for William I. Provenance: Ex H.M. Reynolds Collection, Part II, Sotheby Auction, 5-6th June 1919, lot 95, sold for £2/12/6d to Spink. Ex Richard Cyril Lockett, English part I, Glendining, 6-9th June 1955, lot 1123 part sold for £10, illustrated plate XXVI. Purchased from dealer Chris Blom, USA 1971 Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 418. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

CARLISLE MINT

GM24305 Stephen (1135-54), silver Penny, Watford type (c.1136-45), Carlisle Mint, Moneyer William, crowned bust with sceptre right, legend and beaded border surrounding, commences lower left, +STIEFNE RE., rev. cross moline, lis in each angle, legend and beaded border surrounding, +WILEALME ON C---D:, weight 1.39g (BMC type I, cf.19; Mattinson and Cherry, BNJ 2013, p.105, fig. 9, this coin; Allen, BNJ 2012, p.108; cf. Mack 277; N.873; S.1278).Toned, one flat spot around arm of King and corresponding part of reverse legend, very fine and extremely rare. £5,750 The legends translate as "Stephen King" on obverse and "William of Carlisle" on the reverse. The moneyer William minted some of the early coins from the Carlisle mint and from Bamborough for both Henry of Scotland and Stephen. He could be either William FitzBaldwin or his grandson William FitzErembald or possibly both of them. North records four moneyers in total at Carlisle in this reign working in types 1 and 7. The reign of Stephen is perhaps one of the most interesting numismatically as England descends towards Civil War in the latter part of the reign, with an increasing volume in types of coinage with many poorly struck as allegiances to the King, the Empress or the various noblemen wax and wane. The first so-called Watford type is the most abundant due to the fact that a major hoard of this type turned up in the Watford area in Victorian times, rather than something describing the design, but a well struck piece is hard to find. Some sixty miles west of Newcastle, the City of Carlisle on the River Eden was devastated by the Danes in 875 and in ruins until 1092 when William II fortified it by building a castle. The silver and lead mines on nearby Alston Moor were used to supply the mint with metal during the twelfth century and a Bishopric was established in 1133. David of Scotland seized the town on the accession of Stephen but later in the Peace of Durham, was confirmed to his son Henry. In 1139 the town was ceded with his Earldom of Northumbria to the Scottish crown and not restored to the English till 1157. Minting activity occurs from Henry I to Henry III with issues of David of Scotland and Henry of Northumbria. Ex John Mattinson Collection, Coins of the Carlisle Mint, Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 164, lot 2227. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

CASTLE RISING MINT

GM24307 Stephen (1135-54), silver Penny, voided cross and mullets type (c.1145-50), Castle Rising Mint, Moneyer Robert, crowned facing bust with sceptre at left, legend and beaded border surrounding, commencing lower left, +STIEFNE:, rev. voided cross at centre, pierced mullet in each angle, legend and beaded border surrounding, +RODB—T: ON: RIS, weight 1.24g (BMC type II; SCBI 26, 1459; Allen, BNJ 2012, p.108; N.878; S.1280). Toned, a little off-centre on obverse with short flat spot in reverse legend, hairline surface crack on reverse, otherwise good very fine for issue and extremely rare. £5,750 The legends translate as "Stephen" on obverse and "Robert of Castle Rising" on the reverse. North records two moneyers working at Castle Rising for Stephen across the last three types. The reign of Stephen is perhaps one of the most interesting numismatically as England descends towards Civil War in the latter part of the reign, with an increasing volume in types of coinage with many poorly struck as allegiances to the King, the Empress or the various noblemen wax and wane. The first so-called Watford type is the most abundant due to the fact that a major hoard of this type turned up in the Watford area in Victorian times, rather than something describing the design, but a well struck piece is hard to find. A village in Norfolk nearly five miles from Kings Lynn, Castle Rising is mentioned in the Domesday Book, with an actual castle built there by the son of William de Albini who the village had been granted to in the early twelfth century. Minting activity only occurs there in the reign of King Stephen. Provenance: Ex Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 167, 23rd January 2020, lot 159. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

GLOUCESTER MINT

GM24309 Stephen (1135-54), silver Penny, Watford type (c.1136-45), Gloucester Mint, Moneyer Gilbert, crowned bust with sceptre right, legend and beaded border surrounding, ---IEFN-RE-, rev. cross moline, lis in each angle, legend and beaded border surrounding, +GIL---RT ON : GO:, weight 1.36g (BMC type I cf.33; cf.Mack 14b; N.873; S.1278). With a clear portrait, well centred, as usual legends not all visible, otherwise very fine for issue form this scarce mint. £1,250 The legends on King Stephen pennies are always difficult to decipher, the obverse usually translates as "Stephen King" and the reverse gives the moneyer name "Gilbert of Gloucester" where the mint name is abbreviated to "GO". This coin would have been produced in the earlier part of King Stephen's reign as during the time of civil unrest later, Gloucester became an Angevin stronghold for Earl Robert and interestingly Stephen's cousin Matilda, received him at Gloucester as her prisoner before sending him on to Bristol in 1141. North records up to five moneyers working at Gloucester for Stephen in types 1 and 7. The reign of Stephen is perhaps one of the most interesting numismatically as England descends towards Civil War in the latter part of the reign, with an increasing volume in types of coinage with many poorly struck as allegiances to the King, the Empress or the various noblemen wax and wane. The first so-called Watford type is the most abundant due to the fact that a major hoard of this type turned up in the Watford area in Victorian times, rather than something describing the design, but a well struck piece is hard to find. The City of Gloucester on the River Severn is 37 miles north north-east of Bristol and in 877 the army of Guthrum moved there and the town was ravaged several times through the 10th century. Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians (died 918) is

buried here and King Aethelstan dies here at his palace in 940. The present cathedral was founded in 1089 and later the city was destroyed by fire in 1101 in the reign of Henry I. In King Stephen's reign Gloucester became an Angevin stronghold for Earl Robert and interestingly Stephen's cousin Matilda, received him at Gloucester as her prisoner before sending him on to Bristol in 1141. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Alfred the Great until Henry III. Provenance: Ex Sovereign Rarities, purchased 2019. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

HASTINGS MINT

GM24310

Stephen (1135-54), silver Penny, cross moline Watford type (c.1136-45), Hastings Mint, Moneyer Sawine, crowned bust with sceptre right, legend and beaded border surrounding, STIEFNE R--, rev. cross moline, lis in each angle, legend and beaded border surrounding, +SAP-------ST:, weight 1.46g (BMC type I 34-36; N.873; S.1278). With a clear head and upper half to the obverse, well centred, striking weakness to one portion as usual, legends not all visible, otherwise good very fine for issue. £1,950 The legends on King Stephen pennies are always difficult to decipher, the obverse usually translates as "Stephen King" and the reverse gives the moneyer name "Sawine of Hastings" North records up to four moneyers working at Hastings for Stephen across four types. The reign of Stephen is perhaps one of the most interesting numismatically as England descends towards Civil War in the latter part of the reign, with an increasing volume in types of coinage with many poorly struck as allegiances to the King, the Empress or the various noblemen wax and wane. The first so-called Watford type is the most abundant due to the fact that a major hoard of this type turned up in the Watford area in Victorian times, rather than something describing the design, but a well struck piece is hard to find. Provenance: Ex Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 92, 21st June 2011, lot 82. Ex Sovereign Rarities, purchased 2019. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

LONDON MINT

GM24312 Stephen (1135-54), silver Penny, voided cross and mullets type (c.1145-50), London Mint, Moneyer Edward, crowned facing bust with sceptre at left, legend and beaded border surrounding, commencing lower left, +S----N-, rev. voided cross at centre, pierced mullet in each angle, legend and beaded border surrounding, --DPA—D: ON: LVN-, weight 1.24g (BMC type II 154; Allen, BNJ 2012, p.112; Mack 61a; N.878; S.1280). Toned, a little uneven in shape with a little crimping, some flat peripheral areas, otherwise very fine with a decent portrait and identifiable, rare. £1,675 The legends translate as "Stephen" on obverse and "Edward of London" on the reverse. North records up to 24 moneyers working at London for Stephen across four types. The reign of Stephen is perhaps one of the most interesting numismatically as England descends towards Civil War in the latter part of the reign, with an increasing volume in types of coinage with many poorly struck as allegiances to the King, the Empress or the various noblemen wax and wane. The first so-called Watford type is the most abundant due to the fact that a major hoard of this type turned up in the Watford area in Victorian times, rather than something describing the design, but a well struck piece is hard to find. Capital City London upon the River Thames following Roman occupation, minted some of the earliest Saxon coins with gold Thrymsas and silver denarii with a “Londuniu” signature. Mercian Kings beginning with Offa minted coins there, but the first

coin to actually say City of London upon it is the unique Ludica portrait Penny that was found in 2016, followed by subsequent coins of Ecgberht. In 871 the Danes wintered in London for the first time but was King Alfred of Wessex who settled and fortified the capital circa 880 to resist further invasions. Edward the Elder incorporated the City in Wessex in 911 and it resisted a major attack in the reign of Aethelred II in 1009. However, London submitted to the Danish Swein in 1013, but three years later the citizens accepted Eadmund Ironside as King and resisted a siege by Canute. Later unsettled times occurred in the anarchy period of the reign of King Stephen, remaining loyal to the King except for a few months in 1141 when Empress Matilda was admitted but within a short time expelled. Coinage activity here has been mostly constant throughout history from the Romans until the reign of our current Queen and only moving out to Wales from 1969. Provenance: Ex. P.W.P. Carlyon-Britton, second portion, Sotheby, 20-24th November 1916, lot 1465. Ex Gilbert C. Drabble, Part I, Glendining, 4-6th July 1939, lot 704 part. Ex Richard Cyril Lockett, English Part IV, Glendining, 26-27th April 1960, lot 3937. Ex Heritage, New York Signature Auction 3008, 3-4th January 2010, lot 21557. Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 419. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

THETFORD MINT

GM24317

Stephen (1135-54), silver Penny, Watford type (c.1136-45), Thetford Mint, Moneyer Baldewin, crowned bust with sceptre right, legend and beaded border surrounding, +STIEFNE, rev. cross moline, lis in each angle, legend and beaded border surrounding, +BALDEPIN: ON: T:, weight 1.01g (BMC type 1, 106; N.873; S.1278). With a clear portrait, and mostly visible legends, good very fine for issue. £2,250 The legends translate as “Stephen” on obverse and “Baldwin of Thetford” on the reverse. North records up to seven moneyers working at Thetford for Stephen across all types. The reign of Stephen is perhaps one of the most interesting numismatically as England descends towards Civil War in the latter part of the reign, with an increasing volume in types of coinage with many poorly struck as allegiances to the King, the Empress or the various noblemen wax and wane. The first so-called Watford type is the most abundant due to the fact that a major hoard of this type turned up in the Watford area in Victorian times, rather than something describing the design, but a well struck piece is hard to find. Thetford town on the Little Ouse is 14 miles north of Bury St Edmunds and was the capital of East Anglia and was thought to be the minting place of earlier Mercian issues and independent Kings though it could have been Ipswich. The Danes wintered here in 868/9 moving on to Reading in 870. Swein burnt Thetford in 1003 and again in 1010, the town later became the See of East Anglia circa 1072 but this was transferred to Norwich 1094/5. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Edgard until Henry II. Provenance: Ex Sovereign Rarities, purchased 2019. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

ANARCHY PERIOD BARONIAL AND IRREGULAR ISSUES EARL ROBERT OF GLOUCESTER (c.1090-1147) Perhaps the eldest of the illegitimate children of Henry I, it is not known precisely who his mother was or exactly when he was born but Robert seemed to have enjoyed his formative years in Caen his principal seat in France. His Father Henry made him Earl of Gloucester in 1121/22 and over time was

given various properties in England including Gloucester and Canterbury castles, as well as fortresses at Bristol, Leeds and Dover. Robert married Mabel FitzRobert in 1119 and Bristol Castle became his principal seat in England where he became an important supporter to his half-sister Matilda Empress. Her husband Geoffrey Plantagenet persuaded Robert to join the Angevin Party in June 1138 and Robert accompanied Matilda across the English Channel when they landed on the Sussex coast on 31st August 1138, and were received at Arundel Castle by the Queen Dowager Adeliza who granted Matilda safe passage through England by order of Stephen. Robert went to Bristol Castle his English seat but as tensions heightened, Robert was in command of the Empress’ forces and at the Battle of Lincoln on the 2nd February 1141 captured Stephen alive imprisoning him in Bristol. This was a chance for Matilda to grasp power but she had so offended the citizens of London she was denied the City. Robert was defeated at the Rout of Winchester on 14th September 1141 and was captured at nearby Stockbridge. A hostage exchange then occurred swapping Earl Robert for King Stephen with the Empress and Robert returning to France, and Stephen received with success in England. Tensions reduced though war continued but Robert was able to return in 1144 to England with his ten year old nephew Henry, son of Empress Matilda and later King Henry II, to culture him in English ways. Based at first in Wareham, Robert soon sent young Henry to friends in Somerset to continue his education whilst he returned to Bristol Castle. The civil war continued though Robert passed away quietly on 31st October 1147. Empress Matilda died in France in 1167 having seen her son become King in 1154.

GM24315

Stephen (1135-54), silver Baronial Penny, Angevin Party, Earl Robert of Gloucester, style of Watford type (c.1141-45), Shaftesbury Mint, Moneyer Sagrim, crowned bust with sceptre right, legend and beaded border surrounding, commencing lower left, +ROB COM gLO, rev. quadrilateral over cross fleury within beaded circle, legend and beaded border surrounding, +SAGRIM: ON : SA:, the first S prone, weight 0.89g (BMC p.395; Allen, BNJ 2012, p.114; N.-; S.1334A). Dark tone, coin a little dished with some rim chips, otherwise very fine for issue with clear design elements and visible readings, unique, the only example known and available. £14,500 The legends translate as "Robert Comes" meaning Duke/count/Earl Robert on obverse and "Sagrim of Shaftesbury" on the reverse. The reign of Stephen is perhaps one of the most interesting numismatically as England descends towards Civil War in the latter part of the reign, with an increasing volume in types of coinage with many poorly struck as allegiances to the King, the Empress or the various noblemen wax and wane. The first so-called Watford type is the most abundant due to the fact that a major hoard of this type turned up in the Watford area in Victorian times, rather than something describing the design, but a well struck piece is hard to find. North records two moneyers including Sagrim working at Shaftesbury for Stephen in type one only. Situated in Dorset nearly 25 miles north northwest of Dorchester on high ground, Shaftesbury is where Dunstan took the body of Edward the Martyr for interment after his death at Corfe Castle. Minting activity occurs from the reign of Aethelstan to King Stephen including a die link with the rare “BRYGIN” pieces. Provenance: Portable Antiquities Scheme: WILT-239A33 record created 25th June 2019. Ex Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 169, 12th February 2020, lot 259. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

HENRY OF SCOTLAND (1114-52) EARL OF NORTHUMBRIA, EARL OF HUNTINGDON The son of King David I of Scotland (1084-1153, reigned 1124-53), Henry was the heir apparent to Scotland as well as 3rd Earl of Northumbria and 3rd Earl of Huntingdon. King David first invaded

England in 1136 meeting Stephen at Carlisle where terms were negotiated including Henry performing homage to Stephen for the Earldom of Huntingdon and to journey to Stephen’s court to give homage again at Easter. This was met with resentment and Henry was called back by his Father leading to a second invasion, that resulted in Henry being given the Earldom of Northumbria in 1139. Henry went on to meet Stephen at Nottingham where he was reinvested with Carlisle and Cumberland. In the same year Henry married Ada de Warrene by arrangement that brought him closer into Stephen’s sphere of influence and Henry and Ada had three sons and three daughters. When Stephen was captured in 1141 by Robert of Gloucester, Henry held Northumberland as a Scottish fief, though not in the best of health throughout that decade, Henry died suddenly 12th June 1152 at either Newcastle or Roxburgh pre-deceasing his Father David and was buried at Kelso Abbey. Two of his sons went on to be Kings of Scotland Malcolm IV and William the Lion.

GM24313

Stephen (1135-1154), silver Penny, of Earl Henry of Northumbria (1136-52), Carlisle Mint, Moneyer Ricard, crude crowned bust with sceptre right to bottom of coin, beaded inner and outer circles and legend surrounding, commences lower left with reversed letters, +hENRI-- h. ) CITI, some lower case h or curves amongst lettering, rev. cross fleury within beaded inner circle, legend and outer beaded circles surrounding, +RICARDI: (DE: C)ARLEL:, weight 1.26g (BMC p.397; BNJ 83, pages 108-109; cf.N.913; cf.S.1310; S.5012). One tiny rim split, weakly struck in one part both sides, otherwise good fine for issue with clear design elements and parts of legend and found in the local vicinity of Carlisle, extremely rare, no example matches in Mack and only other example known. £7,750 This coin features in the 2013 article “Carlisle Mint Coinages” by John Mattinson and Peter Cherry in the British Numismatic Journal, volume 83. This coin is described and illustrated as part of the Scottish Group d – Cross Fleury Types in the name of Earl Henry (and David I?). The two known coins had both recently emerged by the time of writing with the presumption that the moneyer Richard is same person who struck the cross and annulets type and cross fleury and pellets type for David I of Scotland at Carlisle. The reversed letter obverse legend certainly reads Henry with some extra curved symbols or lines and seems to end with reading CITI which may refer to his title. The reverse legend which has been deduced in full across the readings of both known examples reads unusually with DE: for ON: which only occurs sometimes on the Scottish coins coupled with the unusual mint signature as CARLEL, never so fully rendered again until the Henry III long cross issues. The reign of Stephen is perhaps one of the most interesting numismatically as England descends towards Civil War in the latter part of the reign, with an increasing volume in types of coinage with many poorly struck as allegiances to the King, the Empress or the various noblemen wax and wane. The first so-called Watford type is the most abundant due to the fact that a major hoard of this type turned up in the Watford area in Victorian times, rather than something describing the design, but a well struck piece is hard to find. Some sixty miles west of Newcastle, the City of Carlisle on the River Eden was devastated by the Danes in 875 and in ruins until 1092 when William II fortified it by building a castle. The silver and lead mines on nearby Alston Moor were used to supply the mint with metal during the twelfth century and a Bishopric was established in 1133. David of Scotland seized the town on the accession of Stephen but later in the Peace of Durham, was confirmed to his son Henry. In 1139 the town was ceded with his Earldom of Northumbria to the Scottish crown and not restored to the English till 1157. Minting activity occurs from Henry I to Henry III with issues of David of Scotland and Henry of Northumbria. Provenance: Found near Cockermouth, 2008, EMC 2010:0082. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

GM24314

Stephen (1135-54), silver Baronial Penny, probably of Earl Henry of Northumbria (1136-52), derivative of Awbridge type (c.1154-58), posthumous northern style, near full facing crowned bust to bottom of coin, with arm and sceptre to right, depicted with open mouth and pelleted neck band of armour, cross pommee on arm as decoration, linear circle and legend surrounding, retrograde letters reading from lower left with S prone, +SEINN: RIN:, distinctive wide style letter N as used on other coins of Earl Henry, rev. voided cross pommee within voided and beaded quatrefoil, lis in each inner angle, pellet in each cusp below, beaded circle and legend surrounding, initial mark cross pommee, +INNIHINI DI[RIN:]?, weight 1.39g (BMC type VII p.397; cf.N.881; cf.S.1282; cf.S.5011-13). Some light short hairlines on obverse, weak in parts, though with a good and distinctive portrait for this extreme rarity, a bold very fine and extremely rare with only two others recorded of these dies. £9,750 Dr Martin Allen wrote an article about this specific period of the coinage in the 2006 British Numismatic Journal, volume 76, "The English coinage of 1153/4-1158" where this type of coin of distinctive portrait and lettering style is listed as an "Irregular issue" and matches the die 8 / die 9 combination, of which Dr Allen recorded only two examples. Dr Allen only recorded 17 irregular coins in total across 9 types of die. Only six of the coins recorded have the obverse with a sceptre right portrait like this piece, and this coin is better than the one found at Docking, Norfolk that was sold at Spink on 1st October 2009 lot 29 for £2,100 hammer which had the same reverse die, along with one other piece in the article. The lettering style is very similar and probably utilises the same character set as used on the Prince Henry of Northumberland Pennies; perhaps indicating a Moneyer in the Scottish Border area not wishing to show allegiance to any particular King or Prince at a time of uncertainty when Stephen has perhaps recently died. A fascinating piece, with an interesting history and a charming depiction of the King with sceptre right. It is the opinion of this cataloguer that this coin is strongly allayed with the coins of Henry of Northumberland and perhaps the jumbled mint signature maybe for Edinburgh(?) and the obverse legend may actually be totally in reverse so the S may be the terminal and may also associate with Earl Henry, or more intriguingly perhaps the legend is an effort to spell out the name of Henry’s half-brother Simon II de Senlis who succeeded him as Earl of Huntingdon, a short-lived title for Simon as he died in 1153 with the title then passing to his nephew Malcolm IV of Scotland. The reign of Stephen is perhaps one of the most interesting numismatically as England descends towards Civil War in the latter part of the reign, with an increasing volume in types of coinage with many poorly struck as allegiances to the King, the Empress or the various noblemen wax and wane. The first so-called Watford type is the most abundant due to the fact that a major hoard of this type turned up in the Watford area in Victorian times, rather than something describing the design, but a well struck piece is hard to find. Provenance: Found Kirton, near Newark, 18th February 2017, EMC 2017.0060. Ex Sovereign Rarities, purchased 2019. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

PERERIC M LEGEND LINCOLN MINT

GM24311 Stephen (1135-54), silver Penny, PERERIC M legend, cross moline Watford style (1141-54), Lincoln Mint, Moneyer Siward, crowned bust with sceptre right, legend and beaded border surrounding, +-RERIC M:, rev. cross moline, lis in each angle, legend and beaded border surrounding, +--PARD: ON: N--, weight 1.22g (BMC cf.233; SCBI Lincolnshire 27:950 and Williams 716, same dies; Allen BNJ 2012, p.112; Mack 46b, this coin; Mossop 13-14, and pl. lxxxvii; N.928; S.1279). Toned, a little uneven in shape, with partially flat legends, but the important identifying elements clear, nice portrait, a bold very fine and very rare. £3,750 The late Marion Archibald favoured the equation of the “PERERIC M” legend with a form of the Anglo-Norman Emperereiz (empress) followed by the initial m (Matilda), despite the fact that some mint towns issuing pereric coins were not under the control of Matilda; she postulated that mints who had ordered obverse dies from the Fitz Otto workshop after William

Fitz Otto had personally declared for Matilda were thus inscribed and issued in the summer of 1141 (BNJ 1991, pp.15-16). However, the most recent snippet on the mystery of this legend was written by the late Michael Sharp in the April 2012 edition of the Spink Numismatic Circular, where he wrote up as a tribute to the late Roderick Palmer domicile of France, who collected Anglo-Gallic coins the decipherment of the legend. Palmer had remarked that ERIC in his field of interest was written as a legend for “HENRY” in the reign of Henry IV. The addition of PER on the front would mean “For Henry” likely meaning Henry of Anjou (later Henry II) the son of Empress Matilda with the M after for Matilda his mother. This would date the coins to after 1151 when Matilda’s husband Geoffrey Plantagenet the previous Count of Anjou had died on 7 th September passing the title to their son Henry. This would seem to be the most likely explanation for these irregular and rare pieces. The reign of Stephen is perhaps one of the most interesting numismatically as England descends towards Civil War in the latter part of the reign, with an increasing volume in types of coinage with many poorly struck as allegiances to the King, the Empress or the various noblemen wax and wane. The first so-called Watford type is the most abundant due to the fact that a major hoard of this type turned up in the Watford area in Victorian times, rather than something describing the design, but a well struck piece is hard to find. The City of Lincoln situated on the north bank of the River Witham some 33 miles north east of Nottingham was occupied by the Danes in 918 but the army there submitted to Edward the Elder and in 942 was one of the Five Boroughs. William I built a castle here in 1067 and the minster of St Mary was taken by Remigius of Dorchester as his cathedral in 1072. Later Rannulf the Earl of Chester and William de Roumare Earl of Loncoln, seized the castle to hold against King Stephen in 1140. The King besieged the castle and was captured in defeat at the Battle of Lincoln with the town sacked and burnt. The castle was later surrendered to Stephen by Rannulf who three years later granted it back to him. Minting activity is thought to commence here with the “St Martin” coinage and then from Eadred to Henry III. In the middle of the reign of Henry I the signature of the Lincoln Mint changes to NICOLE until the end of Stephen’s first type and in some later short cross coinage, this being a French name for the city seen in some mediaeval documents, with Lincolnia being the name in Latin. Provenance: From the South Kyme, Lincolnshire Hoard, before 1860. Ex British Museum Duplicates. Ex Gilbert C. Drabble, part II, Glendining, 13th December 1943, lot 999, illustrated plate IV. Ex A. H. Baldwin, December 1981 Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 428. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

NORTHERN VARIANTS CARLISLE AREA

GM24306 Stephen (1135-54), silver Penny, Northern variant of Watford type (c.1136-45), Northern Mint probably a Carlisle variant, Moneyer Erebald, crude crowned bust with sceptre right, no inner circle, legend and beaded border surrounding, +STIEFNE, rev. saltire at centre of cross moline, lis in each angle, legend and beaded border surrounding, +EREBALD ON ER:., the last E could even be meant to be a B or E?, weight 1.08g (cf.BMC type I; cf.Mack 280-281; N.873; S.1278). With a clear portrait, though reverse off-centre, one tiny rim split, legends not all visible, otherwise a bold very fine for a crude issue, seemingly the handiwork of Erebald of Carlisle and reminiscent of the cross-border EDEN Mint reading pieces of the Edinburgh Mint of David II, an extremely rare piece. £5,250 The legends translate as "Stephen" on obverse and "Erebald of Eden" on the reverse probably for River Eden on which Carlisle is situated. The moneyer William minted some of the early coins from the Carlisle mint and from Bamborough for both Henry of Scotland and Stephen. He could be either William FitzBaldwin or his grandson William FitzErembald or possibly both of them. The reign of Stephen is perhaps one of the most interesting numismatically as England descends towards Civil War in the latter part of the reign, with an increasing volume in types of coinage with many poorly struck as allegiances to the King,

the Empress or the various noblemen wax and wane. The first so-called Watford type is the most abundant due to the fact that a major hoard of this type turned up in the Watford area in Victorian times, rather than something describing the design, but a well struck piece is hard to find. Some sixty miles west of Newcastle, the City of Carlisle on the River Eden was devastated by the Danes in 875 and in ruins until 1092 when William II fortified it by building a castle. The silver and lead mines on nearby Alston Moor were used to supply the mint with metal during the twelfth century and a Bishopric was established in 1133. David of Scotland seized the town on the accession of Stephen but later in the Peace of Durham, was confirmed to his son Henry. In 1139 the town was ceded with his Earldom of Northumbria to the Scottish crown and not restored to the English till 1157. Minting activity occurs from Henry I to Henry III with issues of David of Scotland and Henry of Northumbria. Provenance: Found at Larling, Norfolk, TC9889, 5th September 2013 - EMC 2013.0298. Ex Sovereign Rarities, purchased 2019. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

DURHAM MINT

GM24308

Stephen (1135-54), silver Penny, North Eastern variant of Watford type (c.1136-45), Durham Mint, Moneyer Forbund, crude crowned bust with sceptre right, star to right of sceptre handle, legend and beaded border surrounding, +STIEFNE RE, rev. saltire at centre of cross moline, annulet over lis in each angle, annulet in spandrel at each limb of cross, legend and beaded border surrounding, +---ND: ON DVN, weight 0.98g (BMC Uncertain 252; Allen DM XXX; Mack 188; N.916; S.1304). Toned, struck a little off-centre with clear design elements, about very fine for issue, an extremely rare piece. £4,250 The legends translate as "Stephen King" on obverse and "Fobund of Durham" on the reverse. This issue is theorised in North to have an ecclesiastical connection to the Bishop of Durham and is only known for this moneyer Fobund. The See of Durham had the mineral rights to the area, and it is known that quantities of silver were mined from lead ores, to therefore supply the local Mint. Perhaps the symbols upon this issue may indicate silver from this Bishopric source? The Bishops of Durham in this reign were Geoffrey Rufus 1133-40, William Cumin 1141-43, William of St Barbara 1143-53, and finally the nephew of King Stephen, Hugh De Puiset 11595. Only a few examples of these star marked coins are known. The reign of Stephen is perhaps one of the most interesting numismatically as England descends towards Civil War in the latter part of the reign, with an increasing volume in types of coinage with many poorly struck as allegiances to the King, the Empress or the various noblemen wax and wane. The first so-called Watford type is the most abundant due to the fact that a major hoard of this type turned up in the Watford area in Victorian times, rather than something describing the design, but a well struck piece is hard to find. Durham is situated on the River Wear and the Norman cathedral was built between the years of 1093 and 1133. King Stephen advanced to Durham against King David of Scotland in 1135 and peace was signed there in 1139. The castle was later seized by Henry of Northumbria and William Cumin in 1141. Minting activity occurs there from the reign of William I to Henry III. Provenance: Ex Dix Noonan and Webb, Auction 173, 8th April 2020, lot 139. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.

UNCERTAIN MINT AND MONEYER

GM24302 Stephen (1135-1154), silver Baronial Penny, variety of Cross Moline type, uncertain mint, uncertain moneyer, small crowned bust right holding sceptre within linear circle, mixed legend surrounding +I:· CIMACC----, rev. cross moline “Watford” style design within beaded circle, legend surrounding, +----IIO: III—IOI*L, 0.91g (BMC 1 var.; Mack 199c, this coin; N.948, this coin; S 1278 var.). Crudely executed portrait and some legend missing, otherwise fine and toned, an intriguing piece of the highest rarity and believed the only known specimen. £4,750 A long provenance accompanies this coin harking back to the Kent hoard, which was written about by Christopher Blunt, F. Elmore Jones and Paul Robinson, British Numismatic Journal volume 37, 1968, “On Some Hoards of the Time of Stephen” and this coin is discussed on page 39. This article reveals this coin was also illustrated in John Lindsay's “Remarkable Medieval Coins,” 1849, on pl. 2, number 43, and Lindsay's cataloguer attributed it to Henry Newburgh, Earl of Warwick. This coin has more recently been associated, with Ranulf, Earl of Chester, who held the city and royal castle at Lincoln from 1140 to 1146 but this may be incorrect. The visible legends are not straight forward or wholly decipherable. The reign of Stephen is perhaps one of the most interesting numismatically as England descends towards Civil War in the latter part of the reign, with an increasing volume in types of coinage with many poorly struck as allegiances to the King, the Empress or the various noblemen wax and wane. The first so-called Watford type is the most abundant due to the fact that a major hoard of this type turned up in the Watford area in Victorian times, rather than something describing the design, but a well struck piece is hard to find.

Provenance: From the Gravesend 1817/Dartford c. 1825/6 (Kent) Find passed direct to grand-father of Charles Richard Taylor and with the latter by the 1840s. G.R. Smith Collection, Sotheby Auction, 17-18th July 1848, lot 102 part, sold for 10/- purchased by Lindsay via Webster. John Lindsay Collection, Sotheby Auction, 14-17th August 1867, lot 132 sold as Baron Henry Newburgh, Earl of Warwick. H.M. Reynolds Collection, Part II, Sotheby Auction, 5-6th June 1919, lot 95, sold for £9/15 to Spink, as Ranulf, Earl of Chester. Valentine John Eustace Ryan Collection, Part II, Glendining Auction, 22-24th January 1952, lot 946, sold for £17 as uncertain but mentions Ranulf. Thomas Ollive Mabbott Collection, Part IV, Hans Schulman Auction (New York), 26-28th May 1970, lot 1005, sold for $120 as Ranulf Earl of Chester? Ex Marvin Lessen, North York Moors Collection, part 2, 3rd July 2019, lot 427. Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.