Texas' 2nd Congressional District

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Texas' 2nd Congressional District
Incumbent
Assumed office: January 3, 2019

Texas' 2nd Congressional District in the United States House of Representatives is represented by Daniel Crenshaw (R).

As of the 2020 Census, Texas representatives represented an average of 767,981 residents. After the 2010 Census, each member represented 701,901 residents.

Elections

2024

See also: Texas' 2nd Congressional District election, 2024

Texas' 2nd Congressional District election, 2024 (March 5 Republican primary)

Texas' 2nd Congressional District election, 2024 (March 5 Democratic primary)

General election

The candidate list in this election may not be complete.

General election for U.S. House Texas District 2

Incumbent Daniel Crenshaw, Peter Filler, and Chuck Benton are running in the general election for U.S. House Texas District 2 on November 5, 2024.


Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Texas District 2

Peter Filler advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Texas District 2 on March 5, 2024.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/peter_filler.jpg
Peter Filler Candidate Connection
 
100.0
 
16,873

Total votes: 16,873
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 2

Incumbent Daniel Crenshaw defeated Jameson Ellis in the Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 2 on March 5, 2024.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Dan_Crenshaw-1.jpg
Daniel Crenshaw
 
59.0
 
29,835
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Jameson-Ellis.jpg
Jameson Ellis Candidate Connection
 
41.0
 
20,691

Total votes: 50,526
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Libertarian convention

Libertarian convention for U.S. House Texas District 2

Chuck Benton advanced from the Libertarian convention for U.S. House Texas District 2 on March 23, 2024.

Candidate
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Chuck Benton (L)

Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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2022

See also: Texas' 2nd Congressional District election, 2022

General election

General election for U.S. House Texas District 2

Incumbent Daniel Crenshaw defeated Robin Fulford in the general election for U.S. House Texas District 2 on November 8, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Dan_Crenshaw-1.jpg
Daniel Crenshaw (R)
 
65.9
 
151,791
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/_Robin_Fulford_.jpg
Robin Fulford (D) Candidate Connection
 
34.1
 
78,496

Total votes: 230,287
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Texas District 2

Robin Fulford advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Texas District 2 on March 1, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/_Robin_Fulford_.jpg
Robin Fulford Candidate Connection
 
100.0
 
17,160

Total votes: 17,160
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 2

Incumbent Daniel Crenshaw defeated Jameson Ellis, Martin Etwop, and Milam Langella in the Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 2 on March 1, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Dan_Crenshaw-1.jpg
Daniel Crenshaw
 
74.5
 
45,863
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Jameson-Ellis.jpg
Jameson Ellis Candidate Connection
 
16.6
 
10,195
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Martin_Etwop.JPG
Martin Etwop Candidate Connection
 
4.5
 
2,785
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Milam-Langella.PNG
Milam Langella Candidate Connection
 
4.5
 
2,741

Total votes: 61,584
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

2020

See also: Texas' 2nd Congressional District election, 2020

General election

General election for U.S. House Texas District 2

Incumbent Daniel Crenshaw defeated Sima Ladjevardian and Elliott Scheirman in the general election for U.S. House Texas District 2 on November 3, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Dan_Crenshaw-1.jpg
Daniel Crenshaw (R)
 
55.6
 
192,828
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Sima_Ladjevardian.jpg
Sima Ladjevardian (D)
 
42.8
 
148,374
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/ES.jpg
Elliott Scheirman (L) Candidate Connection
 
1.6
 
5,524

Total votes: 346,726
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Democratic primary runoff election

The Democratic primary runoff election was canceled. Sima Ladjevardian advanced from the Democratic primary runoff for U.S. House Texas District 2.

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Texas District 2

Sima Ladjevardian and Elisa Cardnell advanced to a runoff. They defeated Travis Olsen in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Texas District 2 on March 3, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Sima_Ladjevardian.jpg
Sima Ladjevardian
 
47.6
 
26,536
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/80182230_img_5323_retouched_1-min.jpg
Elisa Cardnell Candidate Connection
 
31.0
 
17,279
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Travis Olsen
 
21.3
 
11,881

Total votes: 55,696
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 2

Incumbent Daniel Crenshaw advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 2 on March 3, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Dan_Crenshaw-1.jpg
Daniel Crenshaw
 
100.0
 
48,693

Total votes: 48,693
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Libertarian convention

Libertarian convention for U.S. House Texas District 2

Elliott Scheirman defeated Laura Antoniou and Carol Unsicker in the Libertarian convention for U.S. House Texas District 2 on March 14, 2020.


Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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2018

See also: Texas' 2nd Congressional District election, 2018

General election

General election for U.S. House Texas District 2

Daniel Crenshaw defeated Todd Litton, Patrick Gunnels, and Scott Cubbler in the general election for U.S. House Texas District 2 on November 6, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Dan_Crenshaw-1.jpg
Daniel Crenshaw (R)
 
52.8
 
139,188
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/ToddLitton2024.jpg
Todd Litton (D)
 
45.6
 
119,992
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/magapat.jpg
Patrick Gunnels (L)
 
0.9
 
2,373
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Cubbler.jpg
Scott Cubbler (Independent)
 
0.7
 
1,839

Total votes: 263,392
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Republican primary runoff election

Republican primary runoff for U.S. House Texas District 2

Daniel Crenshaw defeated Kevin Roberts in the Republican primary runoff for U.S. House Texas District 2 on May 22, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Dan_Crenshaw-1.jpg
Daniel Crenshaw
 
69.5
 
19,430
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Kevin_Roberts_TX.jpg
Kevin Roberts
 
30.5
 
8,523

Total votes: 27,953
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Texas District 2

Todd Litton defeated J. Darnell Jones, Silky Malik, H. P. Parvizian, and Ali Khorasani in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Texas District 2 on March 6, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/ToddLitton2024.jpg
Todd Litton
 
52.8
 
15,113
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/J_Darnell_Jones.JPG
J. Darnell Jones
 
22.1
 
6,308
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Silky_Malik.jpeg
Silky Malik
 
9.7
 
2,770
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/H.P._Parvizian.jpeg
H. P. Parvizian
 
7.9
 
2,259
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Ali_A._Khorasani.jpg
Ali Khorasani
 
7.5
 
2,148

Total votes: 28,598
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 2

The following candidates ran in the Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 2 on March 6, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Kevin_Roberts_TX.jpg
Kevin Roberts
 
33.0
 
15,273
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Dan_Crenshaw-1.jpg
Daniel Crenshaw
 
27.4
 
12,679
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/KathaleenWall1.jpg
Kathaleen Wall
 
27.1
 
12,524
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Rick_Walker.PNG
Rick Walker
 
7.2
 
3,320
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Jonny Havens
 
2.0
 
936
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Justin-Lurie120--WEB-VERSION-Chris-Gillett-Houston-Headshot-Photographer.jpg
Justin Lurie
 
0.9
 
425
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Jon-Spiers.PNG
Jon Spiers
 
0.9
 
418
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
David Balat
 
0.8
 
348
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Malcolm Whittaker
 
0.7
 
322

Total votes: 46,245
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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2016

See also: Texas' 2nd Congressional District election, 2016

Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Republican. Incumbent Ted Poe (R) defeated Pat Bryan (D), James Veasaw (L) and Joshua Darr (G) in the general election on November 8, 2016. No candidates in the race faced a primary opponent on March 1, 2016.[1][2]

U.S. House, Texas District 2 General Election, 2016
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngTed Poe Incumbent 60.6% 168,692
     Democratic Pat Bryan 36% 100,231
     Libertarian James Veasaw 2.3% 6,429
     Green Joshua Darr 1% 2,884
Total Votes 278,236
Source: Texas Secretary of State

2014

See also: Texas' 2nd Congressional District elections, 2014

The 2nd Congressional District of Texas held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 4, 2014. Incumbent Ted Poe (R) defeated Niko Letsos (D), James Veasaw (L) and Mark Roberts (G) in the general election.

U.S. House, Texas District 2 General Election, 2014
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngTed Poe Incumbent 67.9% 101,936
     Democratic Niko Letsos 29.6% 44,462
     Libertarian James Veasaw 1.5% 2,316
     Green Mark Roberts 0.9% 1,312
Total Votes 150,026
Source: Texas Secretary of State

2012

See also: Texas' 2nd Congressional District elections, 2012

The 2nd Congressional District of Texas held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 6, 2012, in which incumbent Ted Poe (R) won re-election. He defeated Jim Dougherty (D), Kenneth Duncan (L) and Mark Roberts (G) in the general election.[3]

U.S. House, Texas District 2 General Election, 2012
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngTed Poe Incumbent 64.8% 159,664
     Democratic Jim Dougherty 32.7% 80,512
     Libertarian Kenneth Duncan 1.7% 4,140
     Green Mark A. Roberts 0.8% 2,012
Total Votes 246,328
Source: Texas Secretary of State "Official Election Results, 2012 General Election"


2010
On November 2, 2010, Ted Poe won re-election to the United States House. He defeated David Smith (L) in the general election.[4]

U.S. House, Texas District 2 General Election, 2010
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngTed Poe incumbent 88.6% 130,020
     Libertarian David Smith 11.4% 16,711
Total Votes 146,731


2008
On November 4, 2008, Ted Poe won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Craig Wolfe (L) in the general election.[5]

U.S. House, Texas District 2 General Election, 2008
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngTed Poe incumbent 88.9% 175,101
     Libertarian Craig Wolfe 11.1% 21,813
Total Votes 196,914


2006
On November 7, 2006, Ted Poe won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Gary Binderim (D) and Justo Perez (L) in the general election.[6]

U.S. House, Texas District 2 General Election, 2006
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngTed Poe incumbent 68% 104,099
     Democratic Gary Binderim 30.2% 46,303
     Libertarian Justo Perez 1.7% 2,668
Total Votes 153,070


2004
On November 2, 2004, Ted Poe won election to the United States House. He defeated Nick Lampson (D) and Sandra Leigh Saulsbury (L) in the general election.[7]

U.S. House, Texas District 2 General Election, 2004
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngTed Poe 55.5% 139,951
     Democratic Nick Lampson 42.9% 108,156
     Libertarian Sandra Leigh Saulsbury 1.6% 3,931
Total Votes 252,038


2002
On November 5, 2002, Jim Turner won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Van Brookshire (R) and Peter Beach (L) in the general election.[8]

U.S. House, Texas District 2 General Election, 2002
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngJim Turner incumbent 60.8% 85,492
     Republican Van Brookshire 38.2% 53,656
     Libertarian Peter Beach 1% 1,353
Total Votes 140,501


2000
On November 7, 2000, Jim Turner won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Gary Lyndon Dye (L) in the general election.[9]

U.S. House, Texas District 2 General Election, 2000
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngJim Turner incumbent 91.1% 162,891
     Libertarian Gary Lyndon Dye 8.9% 15,939
Total Votes 178,830


1998
On November 3, 1998, Jim Turner won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Brian Babin (R) and Wendell Drye (L) in the general election.[10]

U.S. House, Texas District 2 General Election, 1998
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngJim Turner incumbent 58.4% 81,556
     Republican Brian Babin 40.8% 56,891
     Libertarian Wendell Drye 0.8% 1,142
Total Votes 139,589


1996
On November 5, 1996, Jim Turner won election to the United States House. He defeated Brian Babin (R), Henry McCullough (I), David Constant (L) and Gary Hardy (Natural Law) in the general election.[11]

U.S. House, Texas District 2 General Election, 1996
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngJim Turner 52.2% 102,908
     Republican Brian Babin 45.6% 89,838
     Independent Henry McCullough 1.2% 2,390
     Libertarian David Constant 0.6% 1,240
     Natural Law Gary Hardy 0.3% 595
Total Votes 196,971


1994
On November 8, 1994, Charles Wilson won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Donna Peterson (R) in the general election.[12]

U.S. House, Texas District 2 General Election, 1994
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngCharles Wilson incumbent 57% 87,709
     Republican Donna Peterson 43% 66,071
Total Votes 153,780


1992
On November 3, 1992, Charles Wilson won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Donna Peterson (R) in the general election.[13]

U.S. House, Texas District 2 General Election, 1992
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngCharles Wilson incumbent 56.1% 118,625
     Republican Donna Peterson 43.6% 92,176
     N/A Write-in 0.3% 549
Total Votes 211,350


1990
On November 6, 1990, Charles Wilson won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Donna Peterson (R) in the general election.[14]

U.S. House, Texas District 2 General Election, 1990
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngCharles Wilson incumbent 55.6% 76,974
     Republican Donna Peterson 44.4% 61,555
Total Votes 138,529


District map

Redistricting

2020-2021

See also: Redistricting in Texas after the 2020 census

Texas enacted new congressional districts on October 25, 2021. The Senate released a proposed congressional map on September 27, 2021, and approved an amended version of the proposal on October 8, 2021.[15] On October 13, 2021, the House Redistricting Committee approved an amended version of the congressional map, and both chambers of the legislature approved a finalized version of the map on October 18, 2021. The Senate approved the proposal in an 18-13 vote, and the House approved the bill in an 84-59 vote.[16] Gov. Greg Abbott (R) signed the map into law on October 25, 2021.[17] This map took effect for Texas' 2022 congressional elections.

How does redistricting in Texas work? In Texas, both congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn by the Texas State Legislature. These lines are subject to veto by the governor.[18]

If the state legislature is unable to approve a state legislative redistricting plan, a backup commission must draw the lines (the backup commission is not involved in congressional redistricting). This backup commission, established in 1948, comprises the following members:[18]

  1. Lieutenant governor
  2. Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives
  3. Attorney general
  4. State comptroller
  5. Commissioner of the General Land Office

The Texas Constitution requires that state legislative districts be contiguous and "that they preserve whole counties when population mandates permit."[18]

Texas District 2
until January 2, 2023

Click a district to compare boundaries.

Texas District 2
starting January 3, 2023

Click a district to compare boundaries.

The 2nd Congressional District of Texas, prior to the 2010-2011 redistricting process.
See also: Redistricting in Texas after the 2010 census

Following the 2010 United States Census, Texas gained four congressional seats. Texas' final congressional redistricting plan was approved by the Texas Legislature and signed by Gov. Rick Perry (R) in June 2013.[19][20][21]

District analysis

See also: The Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index
See also: FiveThirtyEight's elasticity scores

2022

Heading into the 2022 elections, based on results from the 2020 and 2016 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+15. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 15 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Texas' 2nd the 88th most Republican district nationally.[22]

Daily Kos calculated what the results of the 2020 presidential election in this district would have been following redistricting. Joe Biden (D) would have received 37.9% of the vote in this district and Donald Trump (R) would have received 60.7%.[23]

2018

Heading into the 2018 elections, based on results from the 2016 and 2012 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+11. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 11 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Texas' 2nd Congressional District the 124th most Republican nationally.[24]

FiveThirtyEight's September 2018 elasticity score for states and congressional districts measured "how sensitive it is to changes in the national political environment." This district's elasticity score was 1.15. This means that for every 1 point the national political mood moved toward a party, the district was expected to move 1.15 points toward that party.[25]

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. Texas Secretary of State, "2016 March Primary Election Candidate Filings by County," accessed December 15, 2015
  2. The New York Times, "Texas Primary Results," March 1, 2016
  3. Politico, "2012 Election Map, Texas," November 6, 2012
  4. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
  5. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 2008," accessed March 28, 2013
  6. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2006," accessed March 28, 2013
  7. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2004," accessed March 28, 2013
  8. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 2002," accessed March 28, 2013
  9. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2000," accessed March 28, 2013
  10. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1998," accessed March 28, 2013
  11. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 1996," accessed March 28, 2013
  12. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1994," accessed March 28, 2013
  13. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1992," accessed March 28, 2013
  14. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 1990," accessed March 28, 2013
  15. Texas Tribune, "Texas Senate approves congressional map that draws no new Black or Hispanic districts even as people of color fueled population growth," October 8, 2021
  16. Texas Legislature Online, "SB 6," accessed October 20, 2021
  17. Texas Tribune, "Gov. Greg Abbott signs off on Texas’ new political maps, which protect GOP majorities while diluting voices of voters of color," October 25, 2021
  18. 18.0 18.1 18.2 All About Redistricting, "Texas," accessed May 7, 2015
  19. All About Redistricting, "Texas," accessed May 7, 2015
  20. All About Redistricting, "Litigation in the 2010 cycle, Texas," accessed May 7, 2015
  21. Barone, M. & McCutcheon, C. (2013). The almanac of American politics 2014 : the senators, the representatives and the governors : their records and election results, their states and districts. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  22. Cook Political Report, "The 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)," accessed February 6, 2023
  23. Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2020 presidential results by congressional district, for new and old districts," accessed September 15, 2022
  24. Cook Political Report, "Introducing the 2017 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index," April 7, 2017
  25. FiveThirtyEight, "Election Update: The Most (And Least) Elastic States And Districts," September 6, 2018


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