What Is a Special Agent? (Plus Where They Can Work)

Updated January 26, 2023

A special agent is an important federal professional who helps conduct criminal investigations and to convict offenders. They keep the nation safe by researching fraudulent activities and preparing cases against criminals. If you're considering a career as a special agent, it's important to understand the basic requirements and different areas of employment so you know what the job entails. In this article, we discuss what a special agent in federal law enforcement is, share some common job duties, list some federal agencies they can work at and look at their average salary.

What is a special agent in federal law enforcement?

A special agent in federal law enforcement is a detective with special arrest and investigative authority. They can arrest individuals violating federal laws in any state or territory. Special agents investigate suspicious criminal violations of local, state and federal laws to determine whether there's enough sufficient evidence to recommend prosecution. These agents also can specialize in a certain type of crime based on the government agency they work for, such as drug enforcement.Related: 20 Careers in Law Enforcement

Common job duties for special agents

Special agents investigate a variety of crimes, ranging from bank robberies to cyber crimes. Job duties for a special agent vary depending on the federal agency employing them. Some common responsibilities include:

Obtaining and using search warrants
Collecting and reviewing records
Determining operational procedures
Analyzing evidence in laboratories
Comparing crime scene fingerprints with those from suspects
Handling undercover assignments and maintaining surveillance
Conducting interviews or interrogations of those involved in a crime
Examining ongoing investigations for missing clues
Taking individuals into custody
Preparing required forms and reports
Offering protection to individuals, such as government leaders and political candidates
Creating written statements and affidavits from those who witnessed or participated in a crime
Testifying in court and explaining what actions they took to build their case
Issuing security clearances

Examples of federal agencies

Special agents can find employment opportunities in a variety of government sectors focusing on different areas of the law. The following are some examples of federal agencies where special agents can work:

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms (ATF) prevents unlawful use, manufacturing and possessing firearms and explosives. They also prevent the illegal trafficking of alcohol and tobacco products. Special agents working in this agency have specific training in how to handle dangerous items.Related: How To Join the ATF (Plus How To Become a Special Agent)

Defense Criminal Investigative Service

The Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS) is an arm of the Office of Inspector General (OIG). This agency investigates criminal activities involving computer crimes, terrorism, procurement fraud and illegal technology transfers.

Diplomatic Security Service

Special agents can also work for the Diplomatic Security Service (DSS), which secures diplomacy and protects the integrity of United States travel documents. Their focus in this type of agency is on conducting passports and visas fraud investigations. DSS special agents report to directly to the ambassador and has input on the final decision for security-related matters.

Drug Enforcement Administration

The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) combats drug trafficking and distribution in the U.S. This includes enforcing the controlled substances laws and regulations, coordinating with local law enforcement and performing community outreach to areas facing reoccurring drug and crime problems. They also gather and prepare evidence to help with prosecuting U.S. drug law violators.

Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) protects and defends U.S. citizens from intelligence threats. Special agents working in this agency prevent acts of international and domestic terrorism and enforce criminal laws. They also investigate criminal threats and track stolen goods or property.Related: The Pros and Cons of Being an FBI Agent (Plus FAQs)

Homeland Security Investigations

The Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) investigates transnational crimes and threats. They look into criminal organizations exploiting the global infrastructure through travel, international trade and finance move. From their research, these special agents build criminal cases against terrorist networks, transitional criminal organizations and facilitators threatening the U.S.Related: How To Become a Homeland Security Agent

Naval Criminal Investigative Service

The Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) safeguards secrets for the Navy and Marine Corps. They also defeat threats from foreign intelligence, criminals and terrorists to preserve the secrets of U.S. warfighters. Other responsibilities may include looking into non-combat deaths of former service members.Related: 8 NCIS Special Agent Requirements

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

The U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) defends U.S. citizens from cross-border crime. This includes enforcing border control, immigration, customs and trade regulations. These criminal investigators help with cases involving human trafficking, child exploitation, drug smuggling and national security threats.

U.S. Secret Service

Special agents working for the U.S. Secret Service (USSS) help identify counterfeit money. They use advanced technology to stop cybercriminals from robbing banks and businesses. These special agents can also can work on the protection side of USS and ensure safety for the U.S. president during travel to events.Please note that none of the companies mentioned in this article are affiliated with Indeed.

Job requirements and training for special agents

To become a special agent, complete formal training from the federal agency you plan to pursue a career. You may also want to develop relevant skills, such as cybersecurity and firearms. Some other basic requirements to become a special agent include:

Earn a bachelor's degree in criminal justice, law enforcement, criminology or another related field
Be between 21 and 37 years old
Gain at least two years of professional experience working in a law enforcement agency
Possess a valid driver's license
Complete a physical and psychological evaluation
Have U.S. citizenship
Pass a background screening

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Special agent salary and job outlook

On average, a special agent working in the U.S. makes $72,071 per year. Salaries vary depending on the type of agency you work for, years of experience and skills. In addition to a regular salary, special agents also earn availability pay to compensate for their need of being able to work substantial amounts of unscheduled duty and the type of work they do. This is typically 25% of their base pay.The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) estimates that employment opportunities for police and detectives may grow 7% from 2020 to 2030. This is close to the average growth rate for all other occupations. BLS predicts employment opportunities may depend on the location and what type of local or state budgets they have available. While crime rates may fall, BLS reports that the demand for police services may still be prevalent to provide public safety.