Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

**Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth**
	1569–1795 bi-confederate monarchy in Europe
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Instance of	historical country (1795–);
Capital	Kraków (1569–1596); Warsaw (1596–1795); Vilnius (1569–1596);
Basic form of government	hereditary monarchy (1569–1573); elective monarchy (1573–1791); hereditary monarchy (1791–1792); elective monarchy (1792–1795); constitutional monarchy (1791–1792);
Legislative body	General sejm;
Official language	Polish; Ruthenian (–1696); Latin;
Anthem	Gaude Mater Polonia;
Currency	polish florint; złoty;
Has part(s)	Crown of the Kingdom of Poland; Grand Duchy of Lithuania;
Inception	11 June 1569;
Dissolved, abolished or demolished date	24 October 1795;
Population	7,500,000 (1580); 11,000,000 (1650); 12,300,000 (1771);
Area	865,000 km² (1580); 878,000 km² (1650); 718,000 km² (1771);
Replaces	Kingdom of Poland;
Different from	Second Polish Republic; I Rzeczpospolita; The Commonwealth of both nations;
	50° 03′ 00″ N, 19° 56′ 00″ E
Authority file
	Q172107; VIAF ID: 280847926; GND ID: 1060577984; NL CR AUT ID: xx0271930
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<nowiki>República de las Dos Naciones; Pólsk-litháíska samveldið; Komanwel Poland–Lithuania; Речь Посполитæ; Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; د پولينډ - ليتوانيا د ګډو ګټو دولت; Жечпосполита; Uniunea Polono-Lituaniană; 波蘭立陶宛聯邦; Republika oboch národov; Republica de las Doas Nacions; Муштаракулманофеи Лаҳистон-Литва; 波兰立陶宛联邦; Cunfederatzione Polacu-Lituana; Rech Pospolita; Respubliko de Ambaŭ Nacioj; Полско-литванска Државна Заедница; Poljsko-Litvanska Unija; Republica d'as Dos Nacions; république des Deux Nations; Poljsko-Litavska Unija; Republika Dweju Narodowu; פויליש-ליטווישע קאמאנוועלט; पोलिश-लिथुएनियन राष्ट्रकुल; Pólsko-Litawska; Vương quốc Ba Lan và Đại Công quốc Litva; რეჩ პოსპოლიტა; Pools-Litause Gemenebes; Државна заједница Пољске и Литваније; 波蘭立陶宛聯邦; República das Duas Nações; 波兰立陶宛联邦; 波兰立陶宛联邦; Det polsk-litauiske samveldet; Polen-Litauen; Reç Pospolita; Komonwelt han Polonya-Lituania; Poola-Leedu riik; Abidvėju Tautū Respoblėka; República das Duas Nações; Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; الكومنولث البولندي الليتواني; Republik an Div Vroad; Poole-Litaue; Polsk-litauiska samväldet; 波蘭立陶宛聯邦; Két Nemzet Köztársasága; Državna zajednica Poljske i Litvanije; Річ Посполита; Bi Nazioen Errepublika; لهستون-لیتوانی مشترک‌المنافع; República de les Dos Naciones; Confederació de Polònia i Lituània; Речь Посполитая; Polen-Litauen; Kemeneth Polonek-Lithuaniek; Komonuelthi Polako-Lituanez; Државна заједница Пољске и Литваније; 波蘭立陶宛聯邦; Den polsk-litauiske realunion; პოლონეთ-ლიტვის თანამეგობრობა; ポーランド・リトアニア共和国; Persemakmuran Polandia-Lituania; Lehistan-Litvanya Birliği; الكومنولث البولندى الليتوانى; مشترک‌المنافع لهستان–لیتوانی; האיחוד הפולני-ליטאי; Res Publica Utriusque Nationis; Речь Посполитая; پولینڈ-لتھوانیا دولت مشترکہ; 波兰立陶宛; Puola-Liettua; Abiejų Tautų Respublika; Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; Πολωνική-Λιθουανική Κοινοπολιτεία; போலந்து-லித்துவேனியா பொதுநலவாயம்; Confederazione polacco-lituana; Рэч Паспалітая; Lehistan-Litvaniya birligi; Polonia-Lituania; Rzeczpospolita; Puolejis-Lītovys Sadraudzeiba; Ռեչ Պոսպոլիտա; Pho-lân Lietuva; لهیستان-لیتوانی بیرلیگی; Речь посполита; Polsko-litevská unie; Državna zajednica Poljske i Litvanije; Commonwealth tal-Polonja u tal-Litwanja; Lehistan-Litvaniya birligi; Poalsk-Litouske Mienebest; पोलिश-लिथुआनियन कमनवेल्थ; Poljsko-litovska zveza; پولینڈ-لتھوانیا دولت مشترکہ; Gweriniaeth Pwyl a Lithwania; Реч Посполита; เครือจักรภพโปแลนด์-ลิทัวเนีย; Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów; Co-fhlaitheas na Pòlainn - Liotuàinia; Pools-Litouwse gemenebest; Рэч Паспалітая; 波蘭立陶宛聯邦; Польско-литовска уния (1569–1795); 폴란드-리투아니아; República das Dúas Nacións; Comhlathas na Polainne - na Liotuáine; Confederasion połaco-lituana; Polijas—Lietuvas ūnija; (1569-1795) antíguo país de Europa Oriental formado por la unión del Reino de Polonia y el Gran Ducado de Lituania; a lengyel–litván államiság reáluniós korszaka (1569–1795); федерация Королевства Польского и Великого княжества Литовского, возникшая в результате Люблинской унии в 1569 году и ликвидированная в 1795; Adelsrepublik, historischer feudaler Ständestaat und Wahlkönigtum (1569–1795); федэратыўная манархія, што ўтварылася ў 1569 годзе з Вялікага Княства Літоўскага, Рускага і Жамойцкага і Польскага Каралеўства; 1569-1795年間的波蘭歷史時期; Historisk kongedømme i Europa; 1569-1795 Avrupa'da iki konfederasyonlu monarşi; かつて東ヨーロッパに存在した国家; historisk stasbildning; східноєвропейська федеративна держава, що існувала на території сучасних Польщі, Литви, України, Білорусі, Латвії, Росії протягом 1569–1795 рр; foedus Poloniae et Lituaniae ab anno 1569 ad annum 1795; itäeurooppalainen valtio vuosina 1569–1795; eksŝtato en Eŭropo (1569–1795); historický státní útvar; bivša dvofederalna država; monarchia elettiva dell'Europa orientale, esistita tra il 1569 e il 1795; État polono-lituanien, de 1569 à 1795; Poola kuningriigi ning Leedu suurvürstiriigi liitriik (aadlivabariik); historiski stat w srjedźnej a wuchodnej Europje; Monarquia bi-confederada de 1569–1795 na Europa; stat doppju u bikonfederazzjoni; Valsts Eiropā no 1569. līdz 1795. gadam; Lenkijos karalystės ir LDK federacinė aristokratinė monarchija, susikūrusi po Liublino unijos 1569 m. ir gyvavusi iki 1791 m. gegužės 3 d.; Monarquia bi-confederada de 1569–1795 na Europa; konfederasi dua monarki di Eropa dari 1569 hingga 1795; wielonarodowościowe państwo w Europie (Korona Królestwa Polskiego, Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie; 1569–1795); føderal monarki-republikk mellom Kongedømmet Polen og Storfyrstedømmet Litauen (1569–1795); confederale kiesmonarchie van Polen en Litouwen; מונרכיה בעת החדשה; Stát, déchónaidhm stairiúil, a bhí inti ó 1569 go dtí 1795; 1569–1795 bi-confederate monarchy in Europe; دولة سابقة; 1569년 ~ 1795년 유럽의 동군연합 군주국; personalna unija Kraljevine Poljske i Velike Kneževine Litve; Confederación Polaco Lituana; Confederacion Polaco Lituana; Mancomunidad polaco-lituana; Manocomunidad polaco lituana; Mancomunidad Polaco Lituana; Mancomunidad de Polonia-Lituania; Mancomunidad de Polonia Lituania; Primera República de Polonia; Confederación Polaco-Lituana; Manocomunidad polaco-lituana; Republica de las Dos Naciones; Primera Republica de Polonia; Confederacion Polaco-Lituana; Unión Polaco-Lituana; Reino de Polonia; Primera República polaca; Primera Republica polaca; Lengyel–Litván Nemzetközösség; Mancomunitat poloneso-lituana; Mancomunitat polonès-lituana; Mancomunitat polaco-lituana; Mancomunitat de Polònia-Lituània; Mancomunitat de Polonia-Lituania; Imperi Polonès; República de les Dues Nacions; Gweriniaeth y Ddwy Genedl; Ríocht na Polainne agus Ard-Diúcacht na Liotuáine; Լեհական թագավորություն և Լիտվական մեծ իշխանություն; Ржечпосполита; Полско-литовската държава; Ржеч Посполита; Полско-литовска държава; Жеч Посполита; Реч Посполита; Полша-Литва; Republikken af to Nationer; Rzeczpospolita; Polsk-litauiske realunion; Polen-Litauen; Polonya-Litvanya Cumhuriyeti; Polonya-Litvanya Birliği; 二民族の共和国; ポーランド・リトアニア連合国家; ポーランド＝リトアニア共和国; 両国民の共和国; ポーランド・リトアニア; 両民族の共和国; 二国民の共和国; Polsk-litauiska riket; Polen-Litauen; Polen–Litauen; הקהילייה הפולנית ליטאית; חבר העמים הפולני ליטאי; האיחוד הפולני ליטאי; היסטוריה של פולין: האיחוד הפולני-ליטאי; האיחוד הליטאי-פולני; רפובליקת שני העמים; חבר העמים הפולני-ליטאי; איחוד פולין ליטא; Serenissima res publica coronae regni Poloniae magnique ducatus Lithuaniae; Šľachtická republika; Prvá rzeczpospolita; Prvá poľská republika; Poľsko-litovský štát; Poľsko-litovská únia; 두 민족의 공화국; 폴란드-리투아니아 연방; 폴란드 연방; 폴란드-리투아니아 동군연합; สหพันธรัฐโปแลนด์-ลิธูเอเนีย; Republic of the Two Nations; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; จักรภพโปแลนด์-ลิธูเอเนีย; Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; Komunumo Pola-Litova; Pollando-Litovio; Respubliko de Pola Kronlando kaj de Granda Duklando de Litovio; Nejjasnější Republika polská; Republika obou národů; První rzeczpospolita; Polsko-litevský stát; Šlechtická republika; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; Republik Beider Nationen; Erste Polnische Republik; Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów; Königreich Polen und Großfürstentum Litauen; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; Unione Polonia-Lituania; Repubblica delle Due Nazioni; Republica dei Due Popoli; Repubblica dei due Popoli; Polonia e Lituania; Regno polacco-lituano; Confederazione lituano-polacca; Polonia-Lituania; Stato polacco-lituano; პოლონეთ-ლიტვის სახელმწიფო; ჟეჩ პოსპოლიტა; რეჩ პოსპოლიტა; Pologne-Lituanie; Pologne-Lithuanie; République polono-lituanienne; République nobiliaire; Rzeczpospolita; royaume de Pologne et Lituanie; Première république de Pologne; Cộng hòa hai quốc gia; Nước cộng hòa thanh bình nhất; Khối thịnh vượng chung Ba Lan - Litva; Cộng hòa lưỡng quốc Ba Lan-Litva; Liên bang Ba Lan–Litva; Liên bang Ba Lan – Litva; Khối thịnh vượng chung Ba Lan-Lithuania; Liên bang Ba Lan-Litva; Cộng hòa của hai quốc gia; Khối thịnh vượng chung Ba Lan-Litva; Cộng hòa Ba Lan - Litva; Рэч Паспалітая Абодвух Народаў; Puolan kuningaskunta ja Liettuan suuriruhtinaskunta; Liettua-Puola; Molempien kansojen tasavalta; Molempain kansojen tasavalta; Речь Посполита; Республика Обоих Народов; Ржеч Посполита; Жечь Посполитая; Жечь Посполита; Республіка Обох Націй; Республіка Обидвох Націй; Pools-Litouws Gemenebest; Republiek der Beide Volkeren; Polen-Litouwen; Pools-Litouwse confederatie; Žečpuospolėta; Žečpospolėta; Republika wobeju narodow; Prěnja pólska republika; Primeira República Polonesa; Serenissima Respublica Poloniae; Comunidade polaco-lituana; Rzeczpospolita obojga narodów; Comunidade dos Dois Povos; Comunidade polonesa-lituana; Polônia-lituânia; Comunidade das Duas Nações; Serenissima Respublica Poloniæ; Primeira República da Polônia; Primeira República Polaca; Rzeczpospolita Korony Polskiej i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego; Królestwo Polskie i Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie; Rzeczpospolita; Pierwsza Rzeczpospolita; Ržečpospolita; Žečpospoļita; Reča Pospoļita; Polijas-Lietuvas savienība; Polijas-Lietuvas ūnija; Ržečpospoļita; Polija-Lietuva; Polijas-Lietuvas kopvalsts; Žečpospolita; Polija-Lietuva ūnija; Polija - Lietuva; Pole-Litaue; Žečpospolita; ATR; LLV; Lenkijos-Lietuvos valstybė; Poljska-Litva; republika obeh narodov; republika dveh narodov; prva poljska republika; Konfederasi Lituania-Polandia; Persemakmuran Lituania Polandia; Konfederasi Polandia-Lituania; Persemakmuran Polandia-Lithuania; Primeira República Polonesa; Serenissima Respublica Poloniae; Comunidade polaco-lituana; Rzeczpospolita obojga narodów; Comunidade dos Dois Povos; Comunidade polonesa-lituana; Polônia-lituânia; Comunidade das Duas Nações; Serenissima Respublica Poloniæ; Primeira República da Polônia; Primeira República Polaca; Poola-Leedu; Mõlema Rahva Vabariik; I vabariik; Polonya-Lituania nga Komonwelt; Rzeczpospolita; Tonasjonsrepublikken; Den polsk-litauiske realunion; Den polsk-litauiske realunionen; Det polsk-litauiske samvelde; Den polsk-litauiske realunion; Det polsk-litauiske samvelde; Rzeczpospolita; Det polsk-litauiske samveldet; Polsk-litauiske samveldet; Reç Pospolita dövləti; Пољско-литванска заједница; Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów; Пољско-литванска државна заједница; Државна заједница оба народа; Речь Посполитая; Republica d'as Dos Nazions; Unija dva naroda; Poljska-Litva; Republic of Both Nations; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; Commonwealth of Poland; Poland-Lithuania; الإتحاد البولندي الليتواني; الكومنولث البولندي اللتواني; 波蘭-立陶宛聯邦; 波蘭立陶宛邦聯; 波立聯邦; 波兰立陶宛联邦; 波兰第一共和国; 波兰-立陶宛王国; Uniunea celor două naţiuni; Uniunea celor două națiuni; Republica celor două națiuni; Uniunea polono-lituaniană; Republica celor două naţiuni; Federaţia celor două naţiuni; Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów; Uniunii statale polono-lituaniene; Federația celor două națiuni; Uniunea statală polono-lituaniană</nowiki>

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (or Commonwealth of Both Nations) was a federal aristocratic republic formed by the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1569 with roots in the Polish-Lithuanian Union of 1387, lasting until 1795.

Maps[edit]

After the Treaty of Dywilino
Voivodeships
Commonwealth of Both Nations at the peak of its strength
Borders of the Commonwealth in 1619, superimposed on present-day national borders
Commonwealth during The Deluge and Chmielnicki's Uprising

Partitions[edit]

First partition
Second partition
Third partition
Partitions of Poland - English map from the 18th century

Parliament[edit]

Marshals[edit]

The Marshal's cane was the insignium of the power in the parliament
Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, 1667
Franciszek Bieliński, 18th century

Senate[edit]

Senate session in the Jasna Góra Monastery, 1661
Senate Chamber at the Wawel Castle in Kraków, second half of the 16th century
Old Senate Chamber at the Royal Castle in Warsaw, second half of the 16th century (demolished)
New Senate Chamber at the Royal Castle in Warsaw, 1733

Chamber of Deputies[edit]

Diet (Seym) session (two chambers together) at the Royal Castle in Warsaw, 1622
Chamber of Deputies at the Wawel Castle in Kraków, first half of the 16th century
Old Chamber of Deputies at the Royal Castle in Warsaw, first half of the 16th century
New Chamber of Deputies at the Royal Castle in Warsaw, second half of the 17th century

Civitates Orbis Terrarum[edit]

People[edit]

Women[edit]

Infanta Anna Jagiellon
Tsarina Marina Mniszech
Urszula Meyerin
Queen Constance of Austria
Elisabeth Sophie Hohenzollern
Raina Movilă of Moldavia
Princess Anna Vasa of Sweden
Katarzyna Potocka and Maria Lupu of Moldavia
Queen Marie Louise Gonzaga de Nevers
Katarzyna von Bessen Denhoffowa
Klara Izabella de Mailly Lascaris
Queen Marie Casimire d'Arquien
Elżbieta Sieniawska
Katarzyna Opalińska
Maria Leszczyńska
Maria Karolina Sobieska
Anna Orzelska
Rozalia Lubomirska
Izabela Lubomirska
Izabela Poniatowska
Dorothea von Medem
Izabela Czartoryska

Army[edit]

Polish winged hussars - detail of the so-called "Stockholm Roll", 1605
Polish cavalry marching in the wood, Roelant Savery, 1614
Polish Rider - Lisowczyk, Rembrandt, 1655
Chainmail armor of an "Armoured companion", 17th century

Economy[edit]

Przybyła Granary in Kazimierz Dolny, 1591
Allegory of Gdańsk trade, 1608
Lamentation over the dead credit, ca. 1655
Kretkowski-Guldenstern carpet, ca. 1667

Art and culture[edit]

Architecture[edit]

Fortifications[edit]

Fortifications of Zamość, 1617
Fortified Krzyżtopór Palace, 1655
Fortifications of the Holy Trinity, 1660s
Fortifications of Gdańsk, 1740

Tenements[edit]

Black House in Lviv, Pietro di Barbona, 1588–1589
Golden House in Gdańsk, Abraham van den Blocke, 1609–1618
Star House in Toruń, 1697
Prażmowski House in Warsaw, Jakub Fontana, 1754

Timber[edit]

Manor house in Czarnożyły, 17th century
St. Paraskeva Church in Kwiatoń, 1700
Carmelite Church in Kėdainiai, 1703-1766
Synagogue in Gąbin, 1710

Town Halls[edit]

Town Hall in Zamość, Bernardo Morando and Jan Jaroszewicz, 1591–1651
Town Hall in Mahilyow, Master Kruzberg of Bykhaw, 1679–1692
Town Hall in Buchach, Bernard Meretyn, 1750-1751
Town Hall in Kaunas, Jonas Matekeris, 1771-1775

Painting[edit]

Dance of Salome, Szymon Boguszowicz, 1610s
Still life with a squirrel and a pitcher, Andreas Stech, 1658
Allegory of Summer, Jerzy Siemiginowski, 1684-1686
Ethiopian king meeting ambasadors of Persia, Franciszek Smuglewicz, 1785

Catholic[edit]

Leżajsk organ, Stanisław Studziński and Jan Głowiński, 1693
Our Lady of the Scapular of Bydgoszcz in silver riza, 1700
Interior of the St. Anne's Church in Kraków, Baldassare Fontana and Monti brothers, 1705
Dominican Church in Lviv, Jan de Witte, 1744-769

Eastern[edit]

The Last Judgment from Lipie, 17th century
Pokrov of Our Lady - detail with King John III Sobieski and Queen Marysieńka, 1670s
Iconostasis in the Holy Spirit Church in Vilnius, Johann Christoph Glaubitz, 1753–1756
Greek-Catholic St. George's Cathedral in Lviv, Bernard Meretyn, 1746–1762

Jewish[edit]

Aron Kodesh of the Zamość Synagogue, 1610-1620
Sefer ha-Zohar Yalkut Hadash, Lublin, 1648
Synagogue of Zhovkva,^[1] Piotr Beber, 1692-1698
Central Bimah of Łańcut Synagogue,^[2] 1761

Protestant[edit]

Allegory of salvation and sin, Hans Vredeman de Vries, 1596
Epitaph of Edward Blemke in Gdańsk, Willem van den Blocke, 1591
Church of the Holy Ghost in Toruń, Ephraim Schröger, 1755-1756
Holy Trinity Church in Warsaw, Szymon Bogumił Zug, 1777–1782

Armenian[edit]

Our Lady of the Trinitarians, Armenian painter, turn of the 16/17th century
Armenian Houses in Zamość, 1632-1674
Belltower of the Armenian Cathedral in Lviv, 17th century
Karacena of John III Sobieski, Armenian workshop in Lviv, 17th century

Muslim[edit]

Lithuanian Field Hetman portraited with a Persian style kalkan shield, 1650-1651
Kilim with the Czartoryski family emblems, Iran, 17th century
Tatar Mosque in Kruszyniany, after 1717
Harem in Grabki Duże,^[3] Francesco Placidi, 1742

Notes[edit]

↑ Construction was financially supported by king John III Sobieski - king's coat of arms (Janina) and the Polish eagle were placed inside of the building in gratitude for helping.
Z wdzięczności Sobieskiemu za pomoc przy budowie synagogi starsi żydowscy kazali umieścić wewnątrz jego herb (Janina) i orła polskiego. Stefan Gąsiorowski (2001) Chrześcijanie i Żydzi w Żółkwi w XVII i XVIII wieku (Christians and Jews in Zhovkva in the 17th and 18th centuries), Polska Akademia Umiejętności, p. 119 ISBN: 83-88857-39-8.
↑ The synagogue was established by Stanisław Lubomirski.
After a fire had destroyed a wooden synagogue in 1733 Stanislaw Lubomirski decided to found a new bricked synagogue building. Polin Travel. Lancut. www.jewish-guide.pl. Retrieved on 2010-09-02.
↑ Constructed for Stanisław Rupniewski, castellan of Małogoszcz, who converted to Islam.

[1] Construction was financially supported by king John III Sobieski - king's coat of arms (Janina) and the Polish eagle were placed inside of the building in gratitude for helping.
Z wdzięczności Sobieskiemu za pomoc przy budowie synagogi starsi żydowscy kazali umieścić wewnątrz jego herb (Janina) i orła polskiego. Stefan Gąsiorowski (2001) Chrześcijanie i Żydzi w Żółkwi w XVII i XVIII wieku (Christians and Jews in Zhovkva in the 17th and 18th centuries), Polska Akademia Umiejętności, p. 119 ISBN: 83-88857-39-8.

[2] The synagogue was established by Stanisław Lubomirski.
After a fire had destroyed a wooden synagogue in 1733 Stanislaw Lubomirski decided to found a new bricked synagogue building. Polin Travel. Lancut. www.jewish-guide.pl. Retrieved on 2010-09-02.

[3] Constructed for Stanisław Rupniewski, castellan of Małogoszcz, who converted to Islam.

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Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

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