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Nicomedia (İzmit)

Nicomedia (Greek: Νικομήδεια): capital of ancient Bithynia, modern İzmit.

Nicomedia, its lake and the Sangarius River

712/711 BCE: founded as a Greek colony called Astacus ("lobster")
Big lake in the hinterland, connected to the river Sangarius ("famous for its large quantities of fish^note) and the interior
Destroyed by Lysimachus
264 BCE: Rebuilt by Nicomedes I of Bithynia
91 BCE: Becomes Roman when the last Bithynian king, Nicomedes IV, bequeaths his realm to Rome
c. 87 CE: Birthplace of Arrian
c.110 CE: The ancient course of the Sangarius is reopened by Roman governor of Bithynia, Pliny the Younger.^note[Pliny the Younger, Letter 10.41.]
214: Visit by Caracalla
218/219: Visit by Heliogabalus
c.255: Sacked by "Scythians"^note[Zosimus, New History 1.35.1.]
Capital of Diocletian (who makes it a colonia) and Licinius, replaced by Constantinople
As a young man, Julian the Apostate resides in Nicomedia
358 CE: earthquake
sVI: expanded by Justinian
Military base for Byzantine campaigns against the Arabs

Nicomedia, Sea god

Nicomedia, Hellenistic Funerary relief

Nicomedia, Sarcophagus

Nicomedia, Portrait of Diocletian