Louis X of France

Louis X (4 October 1289 – 5 June 1316), known as the Quarrelsome (French: le Hutin), was King of France from 1314 and King of Navarre as Louis I from 1305 until his death. He emancipated serfs who could buy their freedom and readmitted Jews into the kingdom. His short reign in France was marked by tensions with the nobility, due to fiscal and centralisation reforms initiated during the reign of his father by Grand Chamberlain Enguerrand de Marigny.

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Louis X
Miniature depiction from the Life of Saint Louis, c. 1330–1340
King of France (more...)
Reign	29 November 1314 – 5 June 1316
Coronation	24 August 1315, Reims
Predecessor	Philip IV
Successor	John I
King of Navarre
Reign	4 April 1305 – 5 June 1316
Coronation	1 October 1307, Pamplona
Predecessor	Joan I and Philip I
Successor	John I
Born	4 October 1289 Paris, France
Died	5 June 1316 (aged 26) Vincennes, Val-de-Marne, France
Burial	7 June 1316[1] Saint Denis Basilica
Spouses	Margaret of Burgundy ​ ​ (m. 1305; died 1315)​ Clementia of Hungary ​ ​ (m. 1315)​
Issue	Joan II of Navarre John I of France
House	Capet
Father	Philip IV of France
Mother	Joan I of Navarre

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Louis' first wife, Margaret, implicated in the Tour de Nesle affair, was found guilty of infidelity and was imprisoned until her death on 14 August 1315. Louis and Clémence of Hungary were married that same year, but he died on 5 June 1316 leaving a pregnant wife. Queen Clémence gave birth to a boy, who was proclaimed king as John I, but the infant lived only five days. Louis' brother Philip, Count of Poitiers, succeeded John to become Philip V, King of France.

Louis was born in Paris, the eldest son of Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre.^[2] He inherited the kingdom of Navarre on the death of his mother, on 4 April 1305, and was crowned on 1 October 1307.^[3] On 21 September 1305, at age 15, he married Margaret of Burgundy and they had a daughter, Joan.^[2] Louis was known as "the Quarreler",^[4] "the Quarrelsome",^[5] as the result of the tensions prevailing throughout his reigns.

Both Louis and Margaret became involved in the Tour de Nesle affair towards the end of Philip's reign. In 1314, Margaret, Blanche and Joan — the latter two being the wives of Louis' brothers Charles and Philip, respectively — were arrested on charges of infidelity.^[6] Margaret and Blanche were both tried before the French parlement later that year and found guilty. Their alleged lovers were executed, and the women had their hair shorn and were sentenced to life imprisonment.^[6] Philip stood by his wife Joan, who was ultimately found innocent and released. Margaret would be imprisoned at Chateau Gaillard in Normandy.^[6]

On the death of his father in 1314, Louis became King of France. Margaret of Burgundy would not be released from imprisonment or crowned, but as his wife, she technically became Queen of France. Without an incumbent pope, Louis could not annul his marriage. The imprisoned Queen of France died on 14 August 1315 and Louis remarried five days later, on 19 August to Clémence of Hungary,^[2] the daughter of Charles Martel of Anjou and the niece of Louis' own uncle and close advisor, Charles of Valois. Louis and Clémence were crowned at Reims in August 1315.^[7]

In 1305, Louis married Margaret of Burgundy, with whom he had a daughter, Joan II of Navarre. Margaret was later convicted of adultery, was imprisoned in Château Gaillard, caught a cold and died in 1315,^[6] although another source states that she was strangled to death.^[8] In 1315, Louis married Clémence of Hungary, who gave birth to John I of France five months after the king's death. The infant John's death a few days later led to a disputed succession.^[9][10] With an unknown woman, Louis had a daughter, Eudeline, who joined the Order of St. Claire^[11] and became the abbess of the Franciscan nuns of Paris, 1334-1339.^{[12][lower-alpha 1]}

Louis was king of Navarre for eleven years and king of France for less than two years. His reign was dominated by continual feuding with the noble factions within the kingdom, and major reforms designed to increase royal revenues, such as the freeing of the French serfs and the readmittance of the Jews.

Regional leagues

By the end of Philip IV's reign opposition to the fiscal reforms was growing. With Philip's death and the accession of Louis, this opposition rapidly developed into more open revolt, some authors citing Louis' relative youth as one of the reasons behind the timing of the rebellions.^[13] Leagues of regional nobles began to form around the country, demanding changes.^[14] Charles of Valois took advantage of this movement to turn against his old enemy, Philip IV's former minister and chamberlain Enguerrand de Marigny, and convinced Louis to bring corruption charges against him. When these failed, Charles then convinced Louis to bring sorcery charges against him instead, which proved more effective and led to de Marigny's execution at Vincennes in April 1315.^[15] Other former ministers were similarly prosecuted.^[16] This, combined with the halting of Philip's reforms, the issuing of numerous charters of rights^[16] and a reversion to more traditional rule, largely assuaged the regional leagues.^[14]

Challenge of Flanders

Louis X continued the effort of his predecessor to achieve a military solution to the vexing problem of Flanders. The Count of Flanders ruled an "immensely wealthy state"^[22] which enjoyed a largely autonomous existence on the margins of the French realm; French kings claimed to exercise suzerainty over Flanders, but heretofore with little success.^[22] Philip IV had attempted to assert royal overlordship, but his army, led by Robert II of Artois, had been defeated at Courtrai in 1302;^[22] despite a later French victory at the Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle the relationship remained testy and unsettled.

Louis mobilised an army along the Flemish border, but the French position rapidly became strained by the demands of maintaining a wartime footing. Louis had prohibited exports of grain and other material to Flanders in 1315. This proved challenging to enforce, and the king had to pressure officers of the Church in the borderlands,^[23] as well as Edward II of England, to support his effort to prevent Spanish merchant vessels from trading with the embargoed Flemish.^[24] An unintended result of the embargo was the rise of smuggling activities that reduced the advantage (and consequently the amount) of trading in compliance with royal restrictions in the border region. Louis was also forced to requisition food directly for his forces, resulting in a series of complaints from local lords and the Church.^[25]

Louis was a keen player of jeu de paume, or real tennis, and became notable as the first person to construct indoor tennis courts in the modern style. Louis was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly had indoor, enclosed courts made in Paris "around the end of the 13th century".^[26] In due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe.^[26] On 5 June 1316 at Vincennes, following a particularly exhausting game, Louis drank a large quantity of cooled wine and subsequently died of either pneumonia or pleurisy, although there were also suspicions of poisoning.^[27] Because of the contemporary accounts of his death, Louis is history's first tennis player known by name.^[28] He and his second wife Clémence are interred in Saint Denis Basilica.

Louis' second wife Clémence was pregnant at the time of his death, leaving the succession in doubt. A son would have primacy over Louis' daughter, Joan.^[29] A daughter, however, would have a weaker claim to the throne, and would need to compete with Joan's own claims, although suspicions hung over Joan's parentage following the scandal of 1314.^[30] As a result, Louis' brother Philip was appointed regent for the five months remaining until the birth of his brother's child, John I, who lived only five days. Philip then succeeded in pressing his claims to the crowns of France and Navarre.

All de jure monarchs of Navarre from 1328 onwards were descended from Louis through his daughter, Joan, including Jeanne d'Albret, the mother of Henry IV of France, and therefore the entire royal House of Bourbon.

Louis is a major character in Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings), a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon. He was portrayed by Georges Ser [fr] in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series, and by Guillaume Depardieu in the 2005 adaptation.^[31][32]