Józef Poniatowski
French Marshal and Polish prince (1763–1813) / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈjuzɛf anˈtɔɲi pɔɲaˈtɔfskʲi]; 7 May 1763 – 19 October 1813) was a Polish general, minister of war and army chief, who became a Marshal of the French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.[1][2]
Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski | |
|---|---|
 Portrait by Josef Grassi, ca. 1810 | |
| Nickname(s) | The Polish Bayard |
| Born | 7 May 1763 (1763-05-07) Palais Kinsky, Vienna, Habsburg Monarchy |
| Died | 19 October 1813 (1813-10-20) (aged 50) White Elster River, Kingdom of Saxony |
| Allegiance |  Habsburg monarchy  Poland–Lithuania  France  Duchy of Warsaw |
| Years of service | 1780–1813 |
| Rank | Marshal of the Empire |
| Awards |      .jpg){kind=small} |
| Spouse(s) | Zelia Sitańska |
| Signature |  |
A nephew of king Stanislaus Augustus of Poland (r. 1764–1795), Poniatowski began his military career in 1780 in the Austrian army, where he attained the rank of colonel. In 1789, after leaving Austrian service, he joined the Polish army at the request of his uncle. Poniatowski, now in the rank of major general and commander of the Royal Guards, took part in the Polish–Russian War of 1792, leading the crown forces at the victorious Battle of Zieleńce. After the king's support for the Targowica Confederation of 1792, Poniatowski felt compelled to resign. In 1794 he participated in the Kościuszko Uprising and took charge of defending Warsaw - for which the Russian authorities subsequently exiled him until 1798.
In 1807, after Napoleon Bonaparte established the Duchy of Warsaw, Józef Poniatowski was appointed the minister of war. He commanded a 16,000-strong army during the Austro-Polish War (April to October 1809) and achieved tactical success over a larger and more experienced Austrian force in the Battle of Raszyn. There followed a Polish advance into the territory of Galicia. The conflict ended with a Polish victory, which allowed the Duchy to recover some of the lands lost in the Partitions of Poland.
A staunch ally and supporter of Emperor Napoleon I of France, Poniatowski voluntarily took part in the French invasion of Russia of 1812. Injuries received during the fighting for Moscow eventually forced his return to Warsaw, where he worked on the reconstruction of the Polish forces intended to fight in Germany. Covering the retreat of the French army after Napoleon lost the "Battle of the Nations" at Leipzig (1813), Poniatowski was repeatedly wounded and drowned in the Elster river.