List of Bilderberg participants

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following is a list of prominent persons who are known to have attended one or more conferences organized by the Bilderberg meeting. The list is currently organized by category. It is not a complete list and it includes both living and deceased people. Where known, the year(s) they attended are denoted in parentheses, while years denoting unrelated titles and positions are in brackets.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Royalty[edit]

Belgium[edit]

United Kingdom[edit]

Netherlands[edit]

Norway[edit]

Spain[edit]

Politics[edit]

Austria[edit]

Belgium[edit]

Canada[edit]

Prime Ministers[edit]

China[edit]

  • Fu Ying (2011, 2012),[3][33] Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, former Ambassador to the UK and Australia

Czech Republic[edit]

Denmark[edit]

  • Thomas Ahrenkiel (2016),[16] Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Defence
  • Søren Pind (2016),[16] Minister of Justice

European Union[edit]

European Union Commissioners who have attended include:

Finland[edit]

France[edit]

Germany[edit]

Greece[edit]

Iceland[edit]

Ireland[edit]

Italy[edit]

Japan[edit]

Netherlands[edit]

Norway[edit]

Poland[edit]

Portugal[edit]

Spain[edit]

Sweden[edit]

Switzerland[edit]

Turkey[edit]

United Kingdom[edit]

Prime Ministers[edit]

United States[edit]

Senators[edit]

Governors[edit]

Military[edit]

Canada[edit]

Netherlands[edit]

United Kingdom[edit]

United States[edit]

Financial institutions[edit]

Austria[edit]

Belgium[edit]

Canada[edit]

  • Neil McKinnon, (1965), President of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC).
  • Louis Rasminsky, (1968), third Governor of the Bank of Canada from 1961 to 1973. (deceased)
  • Frank McKenna, (2006, 2008, 2010, 2012),[2][3][140] Deputy Chair of TD Bank Financial Group, Canadian Ambassador to the United States 2005–2006, Premier of New Brunswick 1987–1997
  • Marcel Faribault, (1966), Canadian notary, businessman and administrator, he became president of Trust Général du Canada. (deceased)
  • Mark Carney, (2011, 2012),[10] Governor of the Bank of England from July 2013 on, eighth governor of the Bank of Canada from 2008 to 2013 and the Chairman of the Financial Stability Board, an institution of the G20 based in Basel, Switzerland.[3][141]
  • Clark, Edmund, (2008, 2010, 2011, 2012),[2][22][3][10] President and CEO, TD Bank Financial Group

Finland[edit]

France[edit]

Germany[edit]

Greece[edit]

Italy[edit]

Netherlands[edit]

Poland[edit]

Portugal[edit]

Spain[edit]

Turkey[edit]

United Kingdom[edit]

United States[edit]

Corporations[edit]

Austria[edit]

  • René Benko (2016),[16] Founder and chairman of the advisory board, SIGNA Holding GmbH

Switzerland[edit]

  • Rolf Soiron (2011), CEO of Holcim Ltd.[37]

Canada[edit]

Denmark[edit]

Finland[edit]

France[edit]

Germany[edit]

Greece[edit]

Iceland[edit]

Ireland[edit]

Italy[edit]

Netherlands[edit]

Norway[edit]

Poland[edit]

Portugal[edit]

Russia[edit]

Spain[edit]

Sweden[edit]

Switzerland[edit]

Turkey[edit]

United Kingdom[edit]

United States[edit]

Venezuela[edit]

Academic[edit]

Canada[edit]

  • Yoshua Bengio (2016),[16] Professor in Computer Science and Operations Research, University of Montreal
  • James Orbinski, (2011),[10] Professor of Medicine and Political Science, University of Toronto, he was President of the International Council of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF, aka Doctors Without Borders) at the time the organization received the 1999 Nobel Peace Prize.

China[edit]

Finland[edit]

France[edit]

Germany[edit]

Greece[edit]

Italy[edit]

Netherlands[edit]

Russia[edit]

Spain[edit]

Switzerland[edit]

Turkey[edit]

United Kingdom[edit]

United States[edit]

Media[edit]

Austria[edit]

Canada[edit]

Denmark[edit]

France[edit]

Germany[edit]

Greece[edit]

Italy[edit]

Spain[edit]

Switzerland[edit]

Turkey[edit]

United Kingdom[edit]

United States[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "'High Priests of Globalization' In Istanbul". Turkish Daily News. 31 May 2007. The Turkish state minister and chief negotiator, Ali Babacan, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Administrator Kemal Dervis, the Association of Turkish Industrialists and Businessmen (Tusiad) Chairwoman Arzuhan Dogan Yalcindag, Koc Holding Executive Board President Mustafa Koc and the Bogazici University rector, Prof Dr Ayse Soysal, will attend the meeting on behalf of Turkey. Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, Queen Sofia of Spain, Crown Prince Philippe of Belgium, Greek National Economy and Finance Minister Yeoryios Alogoskoufis, former Prime Minister Francisco Pinto Balsemao of Portugal, former Foreign Minister Michel Barnier of France, Foreign Minister Carl Bildt of Sweden, Finance Minister Anders Borg of Sweden, Foreign Trade Minister Frank Heemskerk of the Netherlands, Finance Minister Jyrki Katainen of Finland, former US secretary of state, Henry Kissinger, Agriculture Minister Christine Lagarde of France, Justice Minister Michael McDowell of Ireland, International Monetary Fund (IMF) Managing Director Rodrigo de Rato, the EU commissioner for enlargement, Olli Rehn, and the US ambassador to Turkey, Ross Wilson, are among foreign guests of the meeting. Meanwhile, tight security measures were taken in and around the Ritz Carlton Hotel, the venue of the meeting.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba "Bilderberg Meetings Chantilly, Virginia 5–8 June 2008". Bilderberg Meetings. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
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  4. ^ Ronson, Jon (28 March 2001). "Exposed: The Secret Club of Powermongers Who Really Rule the World". The Mirror. Prince Charles and Bill Clinton have been to sessions.
  5. ^ Stead, Jean (28 April 1986). "Prince Charles attends meeting on South Africa". The Guardian. London). The 34th Bilderberg conference ended at Gleneagles Hotel, Perthshire, yesterday after a debate on the South African crisis attended by Prince Charles. He arrived for the economic debate on Saturday and stayed overnight at the hotel.
  6. ^ "Duke of Edinburgh in Como Talks". The Times. 3 April 1965. p. 7. The Duke of Edinburgh took part today in the opening session of the Bilderberg meeting at the Villa d'Este on Lake Como.
  7. ^ "Court Circular". The Times. 3 April 1967. p. 12.
  8. ^ Le groupe Bilderberg à la télévision belge [Video showing DSK, Queen Beatrix and James Wolfensohn among others at Bilderberg 2000]. Daily Motion. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 29 February 2020. {{cite AV media}}: Check |url= value (help)
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  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds "Participants | Bilderberg Meetings". www.bilderbergmeetings.org.
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  18. ^ "BILDERBERGGRUPPEN Kronprinsen til Toppmøte" [BILDERBERG GROUP Crown prinse to Summit Meeting]. Aftenposten. 28 April 2004. p. 1.
    "Kronprins Harald på Bilderbergmøte: Verdifull informasjon" [Crown prince Harald to Bilderberg meeting: Valuable information]. Aftenposten. 28 April 2004. p. 10.
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  26. ^ a b "Secret Meeting Held in Cannes". The Washington Post. 30 March 1963.
  27. ^ a b c d Mcgregor, Glen (24 May 2006). "Ottawa to host top-secret meeting—or maybe not: Rumours run rampant that ultra-influential Bilderberg to come here". Ottawa Citizen. Several Canadian political figures have spoken at Bilderbergs, including prime ministers Pierre Trudeau and Jean Chrétien, New Brunswick premiers Bernard Lord and Frank McKenna, and former Ontario premier Mike Harris. Prime Minister Stephen Harper's office would not say yesterday whether he has been invited to attend the rumoured Ottawa meetings. Mr. Harper attended the 2003 conference in Versailles, France.
  28. ^ Holehouse, Matthew (6 June 2013). "Bilderberg Group 2013: guest list and agenda". The Daily Telegraph. London.
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  31. ^ "2. Son fonctionnement".
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Deverell, John (31 May 1996). "Vast array of international VIPs talk things over at secretive Bilderberg '96 in King City". Toronto Star. Lord Carrington, Conference chairman; former NATO secretary-general; Francisco Pinto Balsemao, Former prime minister of Portugal; Queen Beatrix, Netherlands; Lloyd Bentsen, Former treasury secretary, U.S.; Carl Bildt, The High Representative Sweden; Conrad Black, Chairman, Hollinger, Canada; Frits Bolkestein, Liberal party leader, Netherlands; Jean Chrétien, Prime minister of Canada; Etienne Davignon, Executive chairman, Societe Generale de Belgique, Belgium; Stanley Fischer, International Monetary Fund; Charles Freeman, Former assistant secretary of defence, U.S.; Mike Harris, Premier of Ontario; Richard Holbrooke, Former assistant secretary of state, U.S.; Peter Job, Chief executive, Reuters Holding, Britain; Lionel Jospin, Socialist party leader, France; Henry Kissinger, Former U.S. secretary of state; Andrew Knight, News Corp., Britain; Winston Lord, Assistant secretary of state, U.S.; Paul Martin, Finance minister, Canada; Philippe Maystadt, Finance minister, Belgium; John Monks, Union leader, Britain; Mario Monti, European commissioner; Sam Nunn, U.S. senator; William Perry, Defence secretary, U.S.; Jan Petersen, Conservative party leader, Norway; Malcolm Rifkind, Foreign secretary, Britain; Renato Ruggiero, Director-general, World Trade Organization; Mona Sahlin, Member of parliament, Sweden; Klaus Schwab, President, World Economic Forum; Queen Sofia, Spain; George Soros, President, Soros Fund Management, U.S.; George Stephanopoulos, Senior adviser to the president, U.S.; Peter Sutherland, Former director-general, GATT and WTO, Ireland; J. Martin Taylor, Chief executive, Barclays Bank, Britain; Alex Trotman, Chairman, Ford Motor, U.S.; John Whitehead, Former deputy secretary of state, U.S.; James Wolfensohn, World Bank president.
  33. ^ Skelton, Charlie (13 June 2011). "Bilderberg 2011: Handbags at Dawn". The Guardian. London.
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  35. ^ Schwarzenberg se v USA zúčastnil utajeného setkání globálních elit (Czech). Mladá fronta DNES. Published on 9 June 2008.
  36. ^ a b "Answer given by Mr Prodi on behalf of the Commission". European Parliament. 15 May 2003.
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  45. ^ "Urpilainen Bilderberg-kokouksessa yksityishenkilönä veronmaksajien rahoilla" (in Finnish). June 2012.
  46. ^ "American Trip by M. Defferre Hope of Meeting the President". The Times. 20 March 1964. p. 13. The main purpose of M. Defferre's visit however, is to attend the annual Bilderberg Colloquy at which leaders of western thought are invited to speak their minds in the strictest secrecy.
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  84. ^ a b c "Western Issues Aired". The Washington Post. 24 April 1978. The three-day 26th Bilderberg Meeting concluded at a secluded cluster of shingled buildings in what was once a farmer's field. Zbigniew Brzezinski, President Carter's national security adviser, Swedish Prime Minister Thorbjorrn Falldin, former secretary of state Henry Kissinger and NATO Commander Alexander M. Haig Jr. were among 104 North American and European leaders at the conference.
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  97. ^ "Register of Members' Interests". 8 June 2004. 3–6 June 2004, to Stresa, Italy, to attend Bilderberg Conference. I paid for my own air fare; the hotel accommodation for three nights was paid for by the organisers.
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  106. ^ Ronson, Jon (10 March 2001). "Who pulls the strings? (part 3)". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 July 2009. During the Falklands war, the British government's request for international sanctions against Argentina fell on stony ground. But at a Bilderberg meeting in, I think, Denmark, David Owen stood up and gave the most fiery speech in favour of imposing them. Well, the speech changed a lot of minds. I'm sure that various foreign ministers went back to their respective countries and told their leaders what David Owen had said. And you know what? Sanctions were imposed.
  107. ^ "Heath asks nation to be calm, fair, responsible, constructive". The Times. 29 April 1968. p. 2. The outstretched hand of Mr. Powell was rejected by the leader of a coloured delegation which tried to present a petition to him today at the ski lodge at Mont Tremblanc Quebec, where Mr. Powell was attending the seventeenth annual Bilderberg conference.
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  111. ^ a b c Bill Hayton (29 September 2005). "Inside the secretive Bilderberg Group". BBC.
  112. ^ a b "Clinton; Tony and Gordon just have to work this out; The former president, who is expected to play a starring role at the Labour conference, talks to Toby Harnden about the party; its future and its leadership contest". The Spectator. 16 September 2006. p. 14. In fact, Clinton, then governor of Arkansas and considered a rank outsider for the 1992 presidential race, first met Brown in June 1991 at the Bilderberg conference in the Black Forest resort of Baden-Baden. By all accounts, the two clicked.
  113. ^ "Twenty-fifth Bilderberg meeting held". Facts on File World News Digest. 14 May 1977. Alec Douglas-Home, the former prime minister of Great Britain, chaired the conference, replacing Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, who had previously headed the Bilderberg invitation committee. (Prince Bernhard had resigned all public positions after the 1976 Lockheed scandal.)
  114. ^ "News in Brief". The Times. 26 April 1975. p. 5. Mrs Thatcher, the Conservative leader and Mr Healey, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, were among participants in the twenty second Bilderberg Conference.
  115. ^ a b Caroline Moorehead (18 April 1977). "Times Profile: The Bilderberg Group". The Times. p. 9. Henry Kissinger will be there. So will Helmut Schmidt, Baron Edmond de Rothschild, Joseph Luns, Giovanni Agnelli and Mrs Thatcher. This is the twenty-fifth Bilderberg meeting.
  116. ^ "Bogus gun threat at Bilderberg". The Times. 29 April 1986. p. 2. A man slipped through tight security to enter the grounds of the Gleneagles Hotel in Perthshire where the Prime Minister and other Western leaders were in conference over the weekend.
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  118. ^ a b c d "Conspiracists Push "Bilderberger" Theory". AOL News. 15 March 2008.
  119. ^ "George W. Ball Papers, 1880s–1994" (PDF). Princeton University Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2007.
  120. ^ "Text of Remarks by National Security Advisor Samuel R. Berger to the Bilderberg Steering Committee; "Strengthening the Bipartisan Center: An Internationalist Agenda for America"". Federal News Service. 4 November 1999.
  121. ^ "FOIA 2008-0637-F – Bilderberg Conferences". Clinton Digital Library. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  122. ^ "Herter, Christian Archibald, 1895–1966. Papers: Guide". Houghton Library, Harvard. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 12 November 2006.
  123. ^ Aubourg, Valerie (2003). "Organizing Atlanticism: the Bilderberg group and the Atlantic institute, 1952–1963". Intelligence and National Security. 18 (2): 92–105.
  124. ^ a b Alden Hatch (1962). H.R.H. Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands: An authorized biography. London: Harrap. B0000CLLN4
  125. ^ "Bilderberg Evian Conference Report 1992" (PDF). info.publicintelligence.net. 30 April 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2020.
  126. ^ Maxwell, Kenneth (2004). "The Case of the Missing Letter in Foreign Affairs:: Kissinger, Pinochet and Operation Condor". David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007.
  127. ^ "Participants 2018".
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  129. ^ "Here are all the CEOs and politicians going to the top secret Bilderberg Conference this week". Business Insider. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  130. ^ "U.S. Sen. John Edwards at Bilderberg. (UPI Top Stories)". UPI NewsTrack. 6 June 2004.
  131. ^ Cowell, Alan; Halbfinger, David M. (11 July 2004). "The Nation: Conspiracy Theorists Unite; A Secret Conference Thought to Rule the World". The New York Times.
  132. ^ Jackie Kucinich (12 May 2005). "World leaders attend meeting that they won't talk about". The Hill. p. 4. Several members of Congress have been said to be on the guest list in the past, including Sens. Kay Bailey Hutchison (R-Texas), Chris Dodd (D-Conn.), Jon Corzine (D-N.J.), Chuck Hagel (R-Neb.) and Evan Bayh (D-Ind.). Sen. John Edwards (D-N.C) took a break from the campaign trail to attend the meeting last year. Hagel's office confirmed that he had attended the conference in 1999 and 2000.
  133. ^ "Bilderberg Meetings Chantilly, Virginia, USA, 31 May – 3 June 2012 Final List of Participants". BilderbergMeetings.org. 31 May 2012. USA Daniels, Jr., Mitchell E. Governor of Indiana
  134. ^ "John Hickenlooper violated ethics laws twice in 2018, commission finds". The Denver Post. 5 June 2020.
  135. ^ Christy Hoppe (31 May 2007), "Perry off to secret forum in Turkey", The Dallas Morning News, retrieved 21 July 2009
  136. ^ a b "Why is our governor visiting this group". The Augusta Chronicle. 19 June 2008. p. 8. Some of the names on the list are intriguing. Some of the well-known names include:Ben Bernanke – chairman, Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System; Condoleezza Rice – U.S. secretary of state; James A. Johnson – tasked with choosing U.S. Sen. Barack Obama's running mate; Paul Wolfowitz – with the Institute for Public Policy Research. The one name that stands out in my opinion this year is South Carolina Gov. Mark Sanford.
  137. ^ Valerie Aubourg (June 2003). Organizing Atlanticism: the Bilderberg Group and the Atlantic Institute 1952–63.
  138. ^ Die Presse am Sonntag, 6 June 2010, S.18&19,58. "Bilderberg"- Konferenz: Das Geheimnis von Sitges online 5 June 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010
  139. ^ "Faymann bei mysteriösen Bilderbergern". Wiener Zeitung (in German). 5 June 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
  140. ^ Robert Benzie (12 June 2006). "Ontario to build nuclear reactors". Toronto Star.
  141. ^ "Bank of Canada's Mark Carney". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 3 November 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  142. ^ Charlie Skelton (18 May 2009). "Our man at Bilderberg: I should be ashamed". The Guardian. He shows me another: a long-range shot of two happy globalists in an inflatable doughnut ring and Speedos, skidding about behind a powerboat. If only the image was sharper we might see Peter Mandelson snatching a chat with Jean-Claude Trichet, the president of the European Central Bank. "So how do we sell ... splooosh! ... wooo! ... the abolition of the pound to the ... sploosh! ... electorate? Again! Again! Once more round the bay!"
  143. ^ a b Caroline Moorehead (18 April 1977). "An exclusive club, perhaps without power, but certainly with influence: The Bilderberg group". The Times.
  144. ^ a b "Official 2005 Bilderberg Participant List on grazingsheep.com". 12 June 2012.
  145. ^ a b c d "Bruno Fay's blog on Le Monde". Archived from the original on 6 May 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  146. ^ "Announcement on master agreement on securities trading". Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  147. ^ a b c d e "Bilderberg Meeting of 1997 Assembles". PR Newswire. 13 June 1997. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  148. ^ "Bilderberg List 2006". Lone Lantern. Archived from the original on 2 November 2006.
  149. ^ "Degrees of separation, Ireland's Bilderberg Attendees". 2 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 June 2015.
  150. ^ "Secretive Bilderberg group sets sights on Michael O'Leary: Ryanair chief asked to join select conference reputed to truly govern international affairs". The Irish Times. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 8 June 2015.
  151. ^ a b c "A press release distributed by PR Newswire Europe". Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  152. ^ Njølstad p.540
  153. ^ Nasjonens Skygge, del 2 [Shadow of the Nation, part 2] (in Norwegian). Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. 2012. Event occurs at 19:30. Bilderberg-gruppen opererer i det skjulte. Gruppens første samling finner sted på Hotel Bilderberg i Holland i 1954. [...] I hans etterlatte arkiver avsløres hyppig korrespondanse med Bilderberg-organisasjonene grunnlegger. Her kommer det frem at Hauge har en sentral plass i styret i den hemmelige gruppen.
  154. ^ WeAreChange (30 May 2019), Journalists Thrown in Jail Cell As Bilderberg Arrives in Switzerland, archived from the original on 21 December 2021, retrieved 5 June 2019
  155. ^ "Participants | Bilderberg Meeting 2018". www.bilderbergmeetings.org. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  156. ^ "1984 Bilderberg Meeting Participant List | Public Intelligence". publicintelligence.net. 13 February 2010.
  157. ^ "Bill Gates hablará sobre energía y cómo combatir la pobreza en Club Bilderberg". 20 minutos (in Spanish). 5 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  158. ^ "Bilderberg Group Meets in Georgia in Secrecy 120 of Elite Make Up Informal Think Tank". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 13 June 1997.:

    "What do Henry Kissinger, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, Colin Powell, David Rockefeller and IBM Chairman Louis Gerstner have in common?"

    "They are among 120 dignitaries from Europe and the United States meeting at a secluded resort in Georgia as part of an organization called the Bilderberg Group."

    "For four days that began Thursday, the group's influential guests are part of an informal think tank on world issues."
  159. ^ "Bilderberg 2012: Global Leaders Gather For Shadowy Conference At Virginia Hotel", HuffPost
  160. ^ "Bilderberg Group 2013: guest list and agenda", The Telegraph
  161. ^ "2015: Final List of Participants". Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  162. ^ Richard Pipes (2006). Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10965-2. when I attended the Bilderberg meeting at the Bürgenstock Hotel above Lake Lucerne
  163. ^ "Bundeskanzler Faymann bei Bilderberg-Treffen in St. Moritz" [Bundeskanzler Faymann at Bilderberg meeting in St. Moritz]. Der Standard (in German). Vienna, Austria. 10 June 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  164. ^ a b "Latest News from Toronto, Canada & World | Toronto Sun".
  165. ^ Goddard, Jacqui (15 February 2004). "Prufrock: Rulers of the world prepare to expel Black". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 8 May 2010. The final straw came this month when Black said he would sue Henry Kissinger and Richard Perle, both directors of Hollinger and fellow Bilderbergers. Now he is going to be pressed to leave the group.
  166. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  167. ^ "David Frum on Bilderberg: International group of mystery | Full Comment | National Post". Archived from the original on 14 October 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  168. ^ "Seidenfaden gives Bilderberg insight". Politiken. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
  169. ^ "Emmanuel Macron s'explique sur ses anciens revenus de banquier". Le Point (in French). 19 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
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  171. ^ "Leaders' meeting exclusive, secret: Chance for relaxed discussions". Hamilton Spectator (Ontario, Canada). 1 June 1996.
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