Imperial Russian Army

The Imperial Russian Army (Ру́сская импера́торская а́рмия) was the land armed force of the Russian Empire, active from around 1721 to the Russian Revolution of 1917. ^[1]

1880 relations: Abbasgulu Bakikhanov, Abdulhamid bey Gaytabashi, Abolition of serfdom in Poland, Abraham Krotoshinsky, Abram Dragomirov, Abram Petrovich Gannibal, Abram Slutsky, Abschwangen massacre, Adam Georg von Agthe, Adam Otto von Bistram, Adam Petrovich Ozharovsky, Adam Rzhevusky, Adjutant general, Adolf Taimi, Adrianov compass, Afrikan P. Bogaewsky, Aglay Dmitriyevich Kuzmin-Korovaev, Akiyama Yoshifuru, Albanian Battalion, Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea, Aleksander Bychowiec, Aleksander Jeljaszewicz, Aleksander Prystor, Aleksander Romanowicz, Aleksander Tõnisson, Aleksandr Baryatinsky, Aleksandr Bezak, Aleksandr Burago, Aleksandr Cherepanov (general), Aleksandr Gerngross, Aleksandr Krymov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Bezobrazov, Aleksandr Nikolayev (Usto Mumin), Aleksandr Roediger, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Aleksei Aleksandrovich Grechkin, Aleksei Antonov, Aleksei Baiov, Aleksei Brusilov, Aleksei Evert, Aleksey Kuropatkin, Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov, Aleksey Tillo, Alexander Albrecht (general), Alexander Alexandrovich Dushkevich, Alexander Andreyevich Svechin, Alexander Atabekian, Alexander Bagration-Imeretinsky (1796–1862), Alexander Barclay de Tolly-Weymarn, Alexander Bazhbeuk-Melikyan, ..., Alexander Bek, Alexander Bilderling, Alexander Bozheryanov, Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, Alexander Davidovich Nakashidze, Alexander Fok, Alexander Gildenshtubbe, Alexander Gorbatov, Alexander Imeretinsky, Alexander Iosafovich Ievreinov, Alexander J. Kravtsov, Alexander Kapitokhin, Alexander Kazakov, Alexander Kutepov, Alexander Litvinov, Alexander Lukomsky, Alexander Lvovich Davydov, Alexander Meller-Zakomelsky, Alexander Mikhailovich Lermontov, Alexander N. Rossolimo, Alexander Nikolaevich Manvelov, Alexander Nikonov, Alexander Orlov (Soviet defector), Alexander Prozorovsky, Alexander Ragoza, Alexander Rodzyanko, Alexander Samoylo, Alexander Samsonov, Alexander Sedyakin, Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov, Alexander Sirotkin, Alexander Suvorov, Alexander Todorsky, Alexander Tukhachevsky, Alexander Tumansky, Alexander V. Golubintzev, Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov, Alexander von Kaulbars, Alexander von Lüders, Alexander von Moller, Alexander von Taube, Alexander Yegorov (soldier), Alexandr Yakovlevich Tal, Alexandre Colonna-Walewski, Alexandre Michaud de Beauretour, Alexandros Kantakouzinos, Alexandru Plagino, Alexei Arbuzov (general), Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov, Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia, Alexei Polivanov, Alexey Brodovitch, Alexey Kaledin, Alexey Nikolayevich Krutikov, Alexey Tereshkov, Alexey V. 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relations, Estonian Air Force, Estonian Knighthood House, Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, Etropole, Eugen Iskritsky, Eugen Maximilianovich, 5th Duke of Leuchtenberg, Eugeniusz Pławski, Evgeny Chirikov, Evgeny Messner, Evgraf Davydov, Fabian Steinheil, Facial hair in the military, Fatali Khan, Father Akaki, February Revolution, Feldwebel, Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, Feliksas Baltušis-Žemaitis, Feodor Stepanovich Rojankovsky, Feofil Egorovich Meyendorff, Ferdinand von Wintzingerode, Fermor (Russian nobility), Field officer, Filip Konowal, Filipp Alyabushev, Filipp Parusinov, Filipp Rudkin, Filipp Zhevakhov, Finnish Civil War, Finnish Civil War prison camps, Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion, First Battle of Chruślina, First Battle of Ignacewo, First Battle of Nowa Wieś (1863), First Battle of the Masurian Lakes, First Western Army, Florian Znaniecki, Forcade, Foreign policy of the Russian Empire, Foresters' Corps, Fort Friedrichsburg, Francis McCullagh, Franciszek Żwirko, Franciszek 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Filitti, Ion Buzdugan, Ion Cămărășescu, Iosif Apanasenko, Iosif Gurko, Irish Legion, Irish Russians, Islam in Latvia, Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces, Ivan Andreyevich Argamakov, Ivan Bagramyan, Ivan Belov (commander), Ivan Bogdanov, Ivan Boldin, Ivan Davidovich Lazarev, Ivan Fedko, Ivan Fullon, Ivan Fyodorovich Emme, Ivan Ganetsky, Ivan Gudovich, Ivan Guryelov, Ivan Ivanovich Michelson, Ivan Ivanovich Shamshev, Ivan Khludenev, Ivan Konev, Ivan Kotliarevsky, Ivan Krasnov, Ivan Ksenofontov, Ivan Lesovoy, Ivan Lorents, Ivan Makarovich Orbeliani, Ivan Mosjoukine, Ivan Naumovich Dubovoy, Ivan Nikitich Konev, Ivan Orlov (aviator), Ivan Panfilov, Ivan Paskevich, Ivan Pokrovsky, Ivan Ratiev, Ivan Rubanyuk, Ivan Samosenko, Ivan Sidorovich Lazarenko, Ivan Smolin, Ivan Strod, Ivan Turchin, Ivan Tyulenev, Ivan Vasilievich Argamakov, Ivan Zaplatin, Ivan Zhevakhov, Ivane Abkhazi, Ivane Amilakhvari, Ivane Andronikashvili, Izmaylovsky Regiment, Jaan Maide, Jack London, Jacob Brafman, Jacob Elshin, Jacob Shaw's Regiment, Jacques Gershkovitch, Jacques Tati, Jafargulu agha Javanshir, Jaime, Duke of Madrid, Jakub Wygodzki, James Bruce (1732–1791), James Wolfe Murray, Jamshid Nakhchivanski, Jan Czerski, Jan Jelínek (legionary), Jan Latsis, Jan Lorentowicz, Jan Rogowski, Jan Rządkowski, January 1917, January Uprising, Jarosław Dąbrowski, Javanshir clan, Józef Łobodowski, Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki, Józef Haller, Józef Poniatowski, Józef Zajączek, Jānis Balodis, Jānis Buivids, Jānis Francis, Jāzeps Grosvalds, Jean de Forcade de Biaix, Jean Rémy, Jeronimas Plečkaitis, Jerzy Świrski, Jerzy Bordziłowski, Johan Laidoner, Johan Pitka, Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky, Johann Georg von Browne, Johann Hermann von Fersen, Johann Jakob Pistor, Johann Ludwig Alexius von Loudon, Johann Martin von Elmpt, Johann Mickl, Johannes Raudmets, Johannes Soodla, John Casimir Ehrnrooth, John Moberly (Royal Navy officer), Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst, Jonas Acus-Acukas, Jonas Steponavičius, José de Ribas, Josef (film), Josef Schnitter, Joseph Achron, Joseph Carl von Anrep, Joseph Galatte, Joshua ben Aaron Zeitlin, Joshua L. 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Abbasgulu Bakikhanov

Abbasgulu Bakikhanov (Abbasqulu ağa Bakıxanov Qüdsi) (21 June 1794, Amirjan – 31 May 1847, Wadi Fatima, near Jeddah), Abbas Qoli Bakikhanov, or Abbas-Qoli ibn Mirza Mohammad (Taghi) Khan Badkubi was an Azerbaijani writer, historian, journalist, linguist, poet and philosopher.

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Abdulhamid bey Gaytabashi

Abdulhamid Bey Sharif Bey oglu Gaytabashi (Əbdülhəmid bəy Şərif bəy oğlu Qaytabaşı; 1884 - June, 1920) was the last Chief of General Staff of Azerbaijani Armed Forces of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic before its occupation by the Red Army in April 1920.

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Abolition of serfdom in Poland

Abolition of serfdom in Poland occurred over a period of time.

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Abraham Krotoshinsky

Abraham Krotoshinsky (1892–1953) was a United States Army soldier who received the Distinguished Service Cross in recognition of his actions as part of The Lost Battalion.

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Abram Dragomirov

Abram Mikhailovich Dragomirov (21 April 1868 – 9 December 1955) was a General in the Imperial Russian Army.

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Abram Petrovich Gannibal

Abram Petrovich Gannibal, also Hannibal or Ganibal, or Abram Hannibal or Abram Petrov (Абра́м Петро́вич Ганниба́л; 1696 – 14 May 1781), was a Russian military engineer, general, and nobleman of African origin.

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Abram Slutsky

Abram Aronovich Slutsky (Абра́м Аро́нович Слу́цкий) (July 1898 - 17 February 1938, Moscow) headed the Soviet foreign intelligence service (INO), then part of the NKVD, from May 1935 to February 1938.

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Abschwangen massacre

Abschwangen (now Tishino, in Bagrationovsky District) was a small village near Preussisch Eylau in East Prussia some 30 km south of Königsberg, today Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia and the scene of a massacre of German civilians in August 1914.

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Adam Georg von Agthe

Adam Georg von Agthe (12 August 1777, Ahrensburg, now Kuressaare in Estonia – 26 August 1826, Kremenchuk, now in Ukraine) was a major general in the Imperial Russian Army during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Adam Otto von Bistram

Baron Adam Otto Wilhelm von Bistram or Adam Ivanovitch Bistrom (Russian: Адам Иванович Бистром, 23 October 1774, Märjamaa, Governorate of Estonia - 17 October 1828, Dresden) was a commander in the Imperial Russian Army during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Adam Petrovich Ozharovsky

Count Adam Petrovich Ozharovsky (Adam Ożarowski) (1776 – 30 November 1855, Warsaw) was a Russian general of Polish descent who distinguished himself during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Adam Rzhevusky

Adam Rzhevusky (1801 – April 17, 1888) was an Imperial Russian general.

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Adjutant general

An adjutant general is a military chief administrative officer.

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Adolf Taimi

Adolf Taimi (1881 – 1955) was a Finnish-Russian Bolshevik and a member of the People's Delegation during the Finnish Civil War.

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Adrianov compass

The Adrianov compass (Компас Адрианова) is a military compass designed by Russian Imperial Army topographist Vladimir Adrianov in 1907.

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Afrikan P. Bogaewsky

Afrikan Petrovich Bogaewsky (Африка́н Петро́вич Богае́вский), 8 January 1873, stanitsa Kamenskaya – October 1934 Paris), from the Don Cossacks family of Bogaewskich. He was a Lieutenant General of the Imperial Russian Army when the revolution broke out in 1917, and one of the leaders of the counterrevolutionary White movement on Don Host. Ataman of Don Republic.

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Aglay Dmitriyevich Kuzmin-Korovaev

Aglay (Aleksey) Dmitriyevich Kuzmin-Korovaev (May 23, 1864 – 1918) was an Imperial Russian lieutenant general and division commander.

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Akiyama Yoshifuru

was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, and is considered the father of modern Japanese cavalry.

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Albanian Battalion

The Albanian Battalions (1775-1859) were a series of mostly Albanian battalions under the Russian Imperial army which fought against the Ottoman Empire.

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Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea

Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea, also known as Aleco Filipescul, Alecsandru R. Filipescu or Alexandru Răducanu Filipescu (1775 – November 1856), was a Wallachian administrator and high-ranking boyar, who played an important part in the politics of the late Phanariote era and of the Regulamentul Organic regime.

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Aleksander Bychowiec

Aleksander Bychowiec of Mogiła (Александр Иосифович Биховец) was a Russian-Polish noble and an amateur historian of the Russian Empire from the Grodno Governorate.

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Aleksander Jeljaszewicz

Aleksander Jeljaszewicz, known as "Sasza" (pronounced "Sasha") - probably because of the family tradition of service in the Russian military (22 March 1902 – 18 August 1978).

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Aleksander Prystor

Aleksander Błażej Prystor (2 January 1874–11 August 1941) was a Polish politician, soldier and activist who served as 23rd Prime Minister of Poland from 1931 to 1933.

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Aleksander Romanowicz

Aleksander Romanowicz was a general of cavalry in both Russian Imperial Army and Polish Army.

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Aleksander Tõnisson

Aleksander Tõnisson VR I/1 (April 17, 1875 – June 30, 1941) was an Estonian military commander (Major General) during the Estonian War of Independence.

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Aleksandr Baryatinsky

Aleksandr Ivanovich Baryatinsky (Александр Иванович Барятинский; –) was a Russian General and Field Marshal (from 1859), Prince, governor of the Caucasus.

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Aleksandr Bezak

Aleksandr P Bezak (Russian, Александр Павлович Безак, 1800 – December 30, 1868) was an Imperial Russian colonel general.

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Aleksandr Burago

Aleksandr Petrovich Burago (Александр Петрович Бураго) was an officer of the Russian Imperial army.

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Aleksandr Cherepanov (general)

Aleksandr Ivanovich Cherepanov (– 6 July 1984) was a Soviet military leader. A peasant's son, Cherepanov served as a junior officer in the Russian Army in World War I and took part in the Russian Civil War and Polish-Soviet War with the Red Army. A 1923 graduate of the Red Army Military Academy, Cherepanov first came to China as a military adviser to Sun Yat-sen's National Revolutionary Army in 1923–1927. He returned as chief military adviser to Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang China during the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938–1939. Appointed a senior instructor at the General Staff Academy after returning from China, he was named commander of the 23rd Army in 1941 and promoted to lieutenant-general in 1943. A member of the Allied Control Commission in Bulgaria in 1944–1947 and the commission's chairman in 1947, he returned to the Soviet Union to become deputy chief in the Department of Military Colleges of the USSR Ministry of Defense in 1948–1955.

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Aleksandr Gerngross

Baron Alexandr Gerngross (Александр Алексеевич Гернгросс) (August 4, 1851 – March 17, 1925) was a general in the Imperial Russian Army during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Aleksandr Krymov

Aleksandr Mikhailovich Krymov (October 23, 1871—August 31, 1917, Крымов Александр Михайлович) was a Russian Imperial Lieutenant General, a military commander of Russo-Japanese War, World War I, and Russian Revolution times.

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Aleksandr Mikhailovich Bezobrazov

Aleksandr Mikhailovich Bezobrazov (Александр Михайлович Безобразов (1855-1931) was a Russian businessman and political adventurer who exerted a major influence on the foreign policies of the Russian Empire in the years prior to the Russo-Japanese War.

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Aleksandr Nikolayev (Usto Mumin)

Aleksandr Nikolayev (Usto Mumin) was a Soviet painter of Russian origin, who lived and worked in Uzbek SSR.

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Aleksandr Roediger

Aleksandr Fedorovich Roediger (Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ре́дигер;, Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Governorate, Russian Empire – 26 January 1920, Sevastopol, Crimean ASSR, Russian SFSR) was a Russian General of Infantry who fought in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, served as a member of the Imperial Russian State Council, and was the Minister of War of the Russian Empire (1905–1909).

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Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (11 December 1918 – 3 August 2008) was a Russian novelist, historian, and short story writer.

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Aleksei Aleksandrovich Grechkin

Aleksei Aleksandrovich Grechkin (Алексей Александрович Гречкин, 26 March 1893 – 30 August 1964) was a Soviet army commander.

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Aleksei Antonov

Aleksei Innokentievich Antonov (Алексе́й Инноке́нтьевич Анто́нов) (9 September 1896 – 16 June 1962) was a General of the Soviet Army, awarded the Order of Victory for his efforts in World War II.

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Aleksei Baiov

Aleksei Baiov (February 8, 1871 – May 8, 1935) was an Imperial Russian division, corps and army commander.

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Aleksei Brusilov

Aleksei Alekseevich Brusilov (Алексе́й Алексе́евич Бруси́лов; – 17 March 1926) was a Russian general most noted for the development of new offensive tactics used in the 1916 Brusilov Offensive, which was his greatest achievement.

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Aleksei Evert

Aleksei Ermolaevich Evert (Алексей Ермолаевич Эверт; Alexei Ewert; 4 March 185712 November 1918 or 10 May 1926) was an Imperial Russian General of Orthodox German extraction.

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Aleksey Kuropatkin

Aleksey Nikolayevich Kuropatkin (Алексе́й Никола́евич Куропа́ткин; March 29, 1848January 16, 1925) was the Russian Imperial Minister of War from 1898 to 1904, and often held responsible for major Russian defeats in the Russo-Japanese War, most notably at the Battle of Mukden and the Battle of Liaoyang.

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Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov

Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov (p; &ndash) was a Russian Imperial general of the 19th century who commanded Russian troops in the Caucasian War.

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Aleksey Tillo

Aleksey Tillo (Алексей Андреевич Тилло; Alexei Andreyevitch Tillo) (November 25 (O.S. November 13), 1839, Kiev Governorate – January 11 (O.S. December 30), 1900, Saint Petersburg) was a prominent Russian geographer, cartographer, land surveyor, lieutenant general of the Russian Imperial Army (1894).

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Alexander Albrecht (general)

Alexander Ivanovitch Albrecht (Russian: Александр Иванович Альбрехт; 3 November 1788 - 15 August 1828) was a commander of the Imperial Russian Army during the French invasion of Russia.

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Alexander Alexandrovich Dushkevich

Alexander Alexandrovich Dushkevich (September 20, 1853 – 1918) was an Imperial Russian division and corps commander.

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Alexander Andreyevich Svechin

Alexander Andreyevich Svechin (Александр Андреевич Свечин; 17 August 1878, Odessa – 28 July 1938) was a Russian and Soviet military leader, military writer, educator and theorist, and author of the military classic Strategy.

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Alexander Atabekian

Alexander Movsesi Atabekian (Ալեքսանդր Մովսեսի Աթաբեկյան; 2 February 1868 - 4 December 1933) was a prominent ethnic Armenian anarchist, author and publisher of anarchist literature in Russian.

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Alexander Bagration-Imeretinsky (1796–1862)

Alexander Bagration-Imeretinsky (ალექსანდრე ბაგრატიონ-იმერეტინსკი, Alek'sandre Bagration-Imeretinski; Александр Георгиевич Багратион-Имеретинский, Aleksandr Georgyevich Bagration-Imeretinsky; 1796 — 5 February 1862) was a Georgian royal prince of the Bagrationi dynasty of Imereti and a general in Imperial Russian service.

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Alexander Barclay de Tolly-Weymarn

Alexander Petrovich Barklai de-Tolli-Veimarn (December 22, 1824 – May 8, 1905) was an Imperial Russian regiment commander, division commander and corps commander.

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Alexander Bazhbeuk-Melikyan

Alexander Bazhbeuk-Melikyan (Ալեքսանդր Բաժբեուկ-Մելիքյան, ალექსანდრე ბაჟბეუქ-მელიქიანი, Александр Александрович Бажбеук-Меликов; 11 September 1891 – 20 July 1966) was a Soviet Georgian artist, graphic designer and sculptor of Armenian origin.

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Alexander Bek

Alexander Alfredovich Bek (Алекса́ндр Альфре́дович Бек; 2 November 1972), sometimes transliterated from the Russian Cyrillic as Aleksandr Bek or Anglicized to Alexander Beck, was a Soviet novelist and writer.

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Alexander Bilderling

Baron Alexander Alexandrovich (von) Bilderling (Александр Александрович (Фон) Бильдерлинг.; Alexander Freiherr von Bilderling or von Büldring-Bilterling) (–) was a Russian general of Baltic-German Ancestry, noted for this role in the Russo-Japanese War and an artist and monument designer.

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Alexander Bozheryanov

Alexander Bozheryanov (1825–) was an Imperial Russian regiment, brigade and division commander.

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Alexander Danilovich Menshikov

Prince Aleksander Danilovich Menshikov (Алекса́ндр Дани́лович Ме́ншиков; –) was a Russian statesman, whose official titles included Generalissimus, Prince of the Russian Empire and Duke of Izhora (Duke of Ingria), Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, Duke of Cosel.

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Alexander Davidovich Nakashidze

Prince Alexander Davidovich Nakashidze (ალექსანდრე ნაკაშიძე (Alexandre Nakashidze), Александр Давидович Накашидзе) (1837 – 25 September 1905) was a Georgian nobleman and Russian imperial general who was responsible for several decisive victories against rebellious factions during the Caucasus war.

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Alexander Fok

Alexander Viktorovich Fok (also Foch) '''Александр Викторович Фок'''.; September 6, 1843 – 1926) was a lieutenant general of the Imperial Russian Army during the Russo-Japanese War.

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Alexander Gildenshtubbe

Alexander Gildenshtubbe (1801–1884) was an Imperial Russian division commander.

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Alexander Gorbatov

Alexander Vasilyevich Gorbatov (Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Горба́тов) (21 March 1891 – 7 December 1973) was a Russian and Soviet officer who served as an officer in the Imperial Russian Army during the First World War and as a Colonel-General in the Red Army during the Second World War.

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Alexander Imeretinsky

Alexander Konstantinovich Bagration-Imeretinsky (ალექსანდრე კონსტანტინეს ძე ბაგრატიონ-იმერეტინსკი (Aleksandre konstantines dze bagration-imeretinski), Алекса́ндр Константи́нович Имере́тинский, Aleksandr Imeretyński) (24 September 1837 - 17 November 1900) was a Georgian royal prince (batonishvili) and a General of the Russian Imperial Army.

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Alexander Iosafovich Ievreinov

Alexander Iosafovich Ievreinov (Алекса́ндр Иоаса́фович Иевреинов, August 28, 1851 – 1929) was an Imperial Russian brigade, division and corps commander.

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Alexander J. Kravtsov

Alexander J. Kravtsov (October 11, 1893 – 1920) was a Russian Imperial Army Yesaul during the First World War and a Commander of the North Groupe of Orenburg Army in White movement during the Ataman Alexander Dutovs revolt against the Soviet authorities in Orenburg in 1918.

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Alexander Kapitokhin

Alexander Grigoryevich Kapitokhin (Russian: Александр Григорьевич Капитохин; 6 June 1892 – 13 August 1958) was a Red Army Lieutenant general.

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Alexander Kazakov

Alexander Alexandrovich Kazakov (Kozakov, Kosakoff) (Александр Александрович Казаков) (2 January 1889 – 1 August 1919) (British Distinguished Service Order and Military Cross and the French Légion d'honneur) was the most successful Russian flying ace and fighter pilot during the First World War.

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Alexander Kutepov

Alexander Pavlovich Kutepov (Александр Павлович Кутепов; 28 September 1882 in Cherepovets, Vologda Governorate, Russian Empire – 26 January 1930 in Paris, France) was the leader of the anti-communist Volunteer Army during the Russian Civil War.

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Alexander Litvinov

Alexander Ivanovich Litvinov (Александр Иванович Литвинов; August 22, 1853 – 1932) was a general in the Imperial Russian Army.

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Alexander Lukomsky

Alexander Sergeyevich Lukomsky (10 July 1868 – 25 January 1939 in Paris) was a Russian military commander, General Staff, Lieutenant-General (April 1916).

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Alexander Lvovich Davydov

Alexander Lvovich Davydov (Александр Львович Давыдов; b. 1773 - 1833) was a major-general of the Russian Empire, who served in the era of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Alexander Meller-Zakomelsky

Alexander Nikolayevich Meller-Zakomelsky (Александр Николаевич Меллер-Закомельский; Alexander Nikolajewitsch Möller-Sakomelski; in St. Petersburg — 15 April 1928 in Nice) was a Russian Governor-General in the Imperial Russian Army and of the Russian Empire.

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Alexander Mikhailovich Lermontov

Alexander Mikhailovich Lermontov (27 February 1838 – 26 December 1906) was an Imperial Russian division commander.

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Alexander N. Rossolimo

Alexander N. Rossolimo is an American think tank executive, entrepreneur, and corporate director.

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Alexander Nikolaevich Manvelov

Alexander Nikolaevich Manvelov (ალექსანდრე მანველიშვილი Alexandre Manvelishvili. Манвелов, Александр Николаевич) (6 April 1824 – 2 April 1906) was a general of imperial Russia, Active Privy Councillor and a patron to several Russian civilian institutions.

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Alexander Nikonov

Alexander Nikonov (August 31, 1893 – October 26, 1937) was a Soviet komdiv (division commander).

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Alexander Orlov (Soviet defector)

Alexander Mikhailovich Orlov (Александр Михайлович Орлов) (born Leiba Lazarevich Feldbin; 21 August 1895 – 25 March 1973), was Major in the Soviet secret police and NKVD Rezident in the Second Spanish Republic.

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Alexander Prozorovsky

Prince Alexander Alexandrovich Prozorovsky (Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Прозоро́вский; 1733 – 21 August 1809) was the only Field Marshal from the Prozorovsky family.

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Alexander Ragoza

Alexander Frantsevich Ragoza (Александр Францевич Рагоза) (8 June 1858 – 29 June 1919) was a Minister of Defense of the Ukrainian State.

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Alexander Rodzyanko

Alexander Pavlovich Rodzyanko (Александр Павлович Родзянко; 18 August 1879 – 6 May 1970) was a lieutenant-general and a corps commander of the White Army during the Russian Civil War.

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Alexander Samoylo

Alexander Alexandrovich Samoylo (Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Само́йло; October 23 (November 4) 1869 – November 8, 1963) was a commander in the Imperial Russian Army and Red Army during World War I and the Russian Civil War.

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Alexander Samsonov

Aleksandr Vasilyevich Samsonov (Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Самсо́нов) was a career officer in the cavalry of the Imperial Russian Army and a general during the Russo-Japanese War and World War I.

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Alexander Sedyakin

Alexander Ignatyevich Sedyakin (November 26, 1893 – July 29, 1938) was a Soviet division commander and Komandarm 2nd rank.

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Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov

Prince Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov (Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Ме́ншиков; 26 August 17872 May 1869) was a Finno-Russian nobleman, military commander and statesman.

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Alexander Sirotkin

Alexander Sirotkin (August 6, 1890 – January 17, 1965) was a Soviet lieutenant general and division commander.

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Alexander Suvorov

Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Суво́ров, r Aleksandr Vasil‘evich Suvorov; or 1730 –) was a Russian military leader, considered a national hero.

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Alexander Todorsky

Alexander Ivanovich Todorsky (September 8, 1894 – August 27, 1965) was a Soviet general and corps commander.

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Alexander Tukhachevsky

Alexander Tukhachevsky (1793-1831) was a Russian military officer and a Colonel of Imperial Russian Army.

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Alexander Tumansky

Tumanskiy, Aleksandr Grigor’evich (Russian: Туманский, Александр Григорьевич) (1861–1920) was a Russian orientalist, military interpreter, and Major General of the Imperial Russian Army, belonging to an ancient aristocratic family which had originated from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

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Alexander V. Golubintzev

Alexander Vassilievich Golubintzev (Александр Васильевич Голубинцев) (February 28, 1882, Don Host Oblast - April 19, 1963 Cleveland, Ohio) was member of the Imperial Russian Army.

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Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov

Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov (Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Беляко́в; – 28 November 1982) was a Soviet flight navigator who, together with command pilot Valery Chkalov and co-pilot Georgy Baydukov, set a record for the longest uninterrupted flight in 1936 and made the first non-stop flight across the North Pole, flying from Moscow to Vancouver, Washington.

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Alexander von Kaulbars

Alexander Wilhelm Andreas Freiherr von Kaulbars (Russified into Александр Васильевич (фон) Каульбарс, Alexander Vasilyevich von Kaulbars; January 25, 1925) was a Baltic-German military leader, General of the Cavalry (1901), who served in the Imperial Russian Army during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and a noted explorer of Central Asia.

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Alexander von Lüders

Count Alexander Nikolajewitsch von Lüders (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич фон Ли́дерс; 14 January 1790 – 2 February 1874) was a Russian general and Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland.

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Alexander von Moller

Alexander Fedorovich von Moller (1796–1862) was an Imperial Russian division commander.

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Alexander von Taube

Baron Alexander Alexandrovich von Taube (August 21, 1864 – January 1919) was an Imperial Russian general.He fought in the war of Russia against the Empire of Japan.

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Alexander Yegorov (soldier)

Alexander Ilyich Yegorov or Egorov (Алекса́ндр Ильи́ч Его́ров, Alexandr Iljič Jegorov) (– February 23, 1939), was a Soviet military leader during the Russian Civil War, when he commanded the Red Army's Southern Front and played an important part in defeating the White forces in Ukraine.

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Alexandr Yakovlevich Tal

Alexandr Yakovlevich Tal (July 18, 1840 – October 16, 1911) was an Imperial Russian corps commander.

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Alexandre Colonna-Walewski

Alexandre Florian Joseph, Count Colonna-Walewski (Aleksander Florian Józef Colonna-Walewski; 4 May 181027 September 1868), was a Polish and French politician and diplomat.

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Alexandre Michaud de Beauretour

Alexandre Michaud, count of Beauretour (Russia: Александр Францевич Мишо; 19 January 1771, Nice, Kingdom of Sardinia – 22 July 1841, Palermo, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) was a Piedmontese general who served in the Imperial Russian Army as aide de camp to the tsar and as a military commander.

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Alexandros Kantakouzinos

Alexandru Cantacuzino-Deleanu or Alexandros Kantakouzinos (Αλέξανδρος Καντακουζηνός: 1787 in Iași, Moldavia – 1841 in Athens, Greece) was a Phanariote Romanian-Greek magnate and politician.

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Alexandru Plagino

Alexandru C. Plagino, or Plajino (August 21, 1821–October 4, 1894), was a Wallachian-born Romanian politician.

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Alexei Arbuzov (general)

Alexei Arbuzov (1792–1861) was an Imperial Russian general and division commander.

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Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov

Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov (Алексей Григорьевич Орлов; –) was a Russian soldier and statesman, who rose to prominence during the reign of Catherine the Great.

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Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia

Alexei Nikolaevich (Алексе́й Никола́евич) (12 August 1904 – 17 July 1918) of the House of Romanov, was the Tsarevich and heir apparent to the throne of the Russian Empire.

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Alexei Polivanov

Alexei Andreyevich Polivanov (Алексей Андреевич Поливанов) (March 16, 1855 – September 25, 1920) was a Russian military figure, infantry general (1915).

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Alexey Brodovitch

Alexey Vyacheslavovich Brodovitch (also Brodovich; Алексе́й Вячесла́вович Бродо́вич, Аляксей Брадовіч; 1898 – April 15, 1971) was a Russian-born photographer, designer and instructor who is most famous for his art direction of fashion magazine Harper's Bazaar from 1934 to 1958.

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Alexey Kaledin

Aleksei Maximovich Kaledin (Алексе́й Макси́мович Каледи́н; 24 October 1861 – 11 February 1918) was a Don Cossack Cavalry General who led the Don Cossack White movement in the opening stages of the Russian Civil War.

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Alexey Nikolayevich Krutikov

Alexey Nikolayevich Krutikov (20 July 1895 - 23 April 1949) was a Soviet military leader.

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Alexey Tereshkov

Alexey Dmitrievich Tereshkov (17 March 189318 March 1960) was a Belarusian Soviet Army Lieutenant general and a Hero of the Soviet Union.

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Alexey V. Kravtsov

Alexei V. Kravtzov (1879 – December 30, 1918), was a Colonel of the Imperial Russian Army and Don Republic officer, killed in the Battle of Loznoye during the Russian Civil War.

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Alfred Knox

Major-General Sir Alfred William Fortescue Knox (30 October 1870 – 9 March 1964) was a career British military officer and later a Conservative Party politician.

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Alfred Redl

Alfred Redl (14 March 1864 – 25 May 1913) was a Ukrainian military officer who rose to head the Evidenzbureau, the counter-intelligence wing of the Austro-Hungarian Army General Staff.

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Ali Aaltonen

Aleksi "Ali" Aaltonen (2 August 1884 – May 1918) was a Finnish journalist and former lieutenant of the Russian Imperial Army, who served as the first commander-in-chief of the Finnish Red Guards from November 1917 to the end of January 1918.

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Ali-Agha Shikhlinski

Ali-Agha Ismail-Agha oglu Shikhlinski (Əliağa İsmayılağa oğlu Şıxlinski), sometimes anglicized as Ali-Agha Shikhlinsky (Али-Ага Шихлинский; –)Dates indicated by the letters "O.S." are in the Julian calendar with the start of year adjusted to 1 January.

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Allan Jaffe

\ Allan Phillip Jaffe (April 24, 1935, Pottsville, Pennsylvania - March 9, 1987, New Orleans) was an American jazz tubist and the entrepreneur who developed Preservation Hall into a New Orleans jazz tradition.

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Allan Mallinson

Brigadier Allan Lawrence Mallinson (born 6 February 1949) is an English author and retired British Army officer.

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Allan Staffans

Allan Walfrid Staffans (13 February 1880 – 19 October 1946) was a Finnish technician, vuorineuvos and shipbuilder.

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Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

The Allied intervention was a multi-national military expedition launched during the Russian Civil War in 1918.

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Allies of World War I

The Allies of World War I, or Entente Powers, were the countries that opposed the Central Powers in the First World War.

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Alopaeus

Alopaeus (sometimes transliterated as Alopeus) is a Finnish family, originating from Vyborg.

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Ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland (1763–1794)

Ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland–Lithuania in the years 1763–1794 were among the most important characters in the politics of Poland.

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Anagnostaras

Anagnostaras (Αναγνωσταράς; 1760 in Poliani – May 8, 1825 in Sphacteria) was a Greek revolutionary, a leading member of the Filiki Etaireia, and later a general and War Minister of the Greek War of Independence.

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Anastasy Vonsiatsky

Anastasy Andreyevich Vonsyatsky (Анаста́сий Андре́евич Вонся́цкий, Anastazy Wąsacki; June 12, 1898 – February 5, 1965), better known in the United States as Anastase Andreivitch Vonsiatsky, was a Russian anti-Bolshevik émigré and fascist leader based in the United States from the 1920s.

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Anatolie Popa

Anatolie Popa (Анатолий Васильевич Попа, Anatoliy Vasilievich Popa; March 15, 1896 – June 25, 1920) was a Bessarabian-born military commander active during World War I and the Russian Revolution and Civil War, one of the organisers of the Moldavian armed resistance against the advancing Romanian troops in January 1918.

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Anatoliy Gekker

Anatoli Ilyich Gekker (Анатолий Ильич Геккер) (August 25, 1888 – July 1, 1937) was a Soviet military commander (Komkor) involved in the Russian Civil War.

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Anatoly Rogozhin

Anatoli Ivanovich Rogozhin was a Russian officer who served in the Imperial Russian Army, the White Army, and was the last commander of the Russian Corps in Serbia during World War II.

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Anatoly Stessel

Anatoly Mikhaylovich Stessel (Анато́лий Миха́йлович Сте́ссель), last name also Germanized Stoessel or Stößel (–) was a Russian baron of German descent, military leader, and general responsible for the fall of Port Arthur to the Japanese on January 2, 1905.

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Andranik

Andranik Ozanian, commonly known as Andranik (Անդրանիկ; 25 February 186531 August 1927) was an Armenian military commander and statesman, the best known fedayi and a key figure of the Armenian national liberation movement.

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Andrei Akimov (footballer)

Andrei Aleksandrovich Akimov (Андрей Александрович Акимов) (b. 1888, Nikolskoye, Vladimir Governorate — d. 1916) was a Russian football player who died during World War I.

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Andrei Gromyko

Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko (Андре́й Андре́евич Громы́ко; Андрэ́й Андрэ́евіч Грамы́ка; – 2 July 1989) was a Soviet communist politician during the Cold War.

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Andrei Sazontov

Andrei Sazontov (1894 – August 26, 1938) was a Soviet komkor (corps commander).

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Andrei Shkuro

Andrei Grigoriyevich Shkuro (Russian: Андрей Григорьевич Шкуро; Ukrainian: Андрій Григорович Шкуро) (19 January 1887 (O.S.: 7 January) – 17 January 1947) was a Lieutenant General (1919) of the White Army.

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Andrei Zayonchkovski

Andrei Medardovich Zayonchkovski or Zaionchkovski (Андре́й Меда́рдович Зайончко́вский) (- Moscow, Russia, March 22, 1926) commanded the defence of the Romanian-Bulgarian border in Dobruja upon Romania's entry into World War I in August 1916.

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Andrejs Auzāns

Andrejs Auzāns (1871–1953) was a Latvian general and topographer.

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Andrey Fedorovich Budberg

Andrey Feodorovich Budberg, also known as Baron Andreas Ludwig Karl Theodor von Budberg-Bönninghausen (born Riga, 1 January 1817 – died St Petersburg, 28 January 1881) was a Russian Empire diplomat.

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Andrey Glebov

Andrey Saviichevich Glebov (Андрей Савиичевич Глебов; 1770 in Berezna – 24 September 1854) was a colonel of the Russian Empire.

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Andrey Korf

Baron Andrey Nikolayevich Korf or Korff (Андрей Николаевич Корф; 1831–1893) was the first Viceroy (Governor General) of the Russian Far East (1884–93).

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Andrey Selivanov

Andrey Nikolayevich Selivanov (5 August 1847 – 15 July 1917) was a Russian politician and general notable for capturing Przemyśl during World War I.

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Andrey Yeryomenko

Andrey (Andrei) Ivanovich Yeryomenko (or Yeremenko, Eremenko; Андре́й Ива́нович Ерёменко; Андрій Іванович Єрьоменко; November 19, 1970) was a Soviet general during World War II and, subsequently, a Marshal of the Soviet Union.

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Andria Dadiani

Prince Andria Dadiani (ანდრია დადიანი.; 1850–1910), known in Russia as Andrey Davidovich Dadian-Mingrelsky (Андрей Давидович Дадиани), was a Georgian nobleman and a chess player.

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Andronik (Nikolsky)

Archbishop Andronik (also spelled Andronic; Архиепископ Андроник, secular name Vladimir Alexandrovich Nikolsky, Владимир Александрович Никольский; August 1, 1870 – July 7, 1918), was a bishop in the Russian Orthodox Church and a saint, glorified as Hieromartyr Andronik, Archbishop Of Perm in 2000.

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Andrzej Grzegorczyk

Andrzej Grzegorczyk (22 August 1922 – 20 March 2014) was a Polish logician, mathematician, philosopher, and ethicist noted for his work in computability, mathematical logic, and the foundations of mathematics.

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Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland

The Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland (or Anglo-Russian expedition to Holland, or Helder Expedition) was a military campaign from 27 August to 19 November 1799 during the War of the Second Coalition, in which an expeditionary force of British and Russian troops invaded the North Holland peninsula in the Batavian Republic.

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Anthony Veselovsky

Anthony Veselovsky (7 March 1865 – 1939) was an Imperial Russian division, corps and army commander.

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Antisemitism in Ukraine

Haidamakas hang a Jew. Ukrainian folk art, XIX century Antisemitism in Ukraine has been a historical issue in the country, but became even more widespread in the twentieth century.

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Anton Denikin

Anton Ivanovich Denikin (p; 8 August 1947) was a Russian Lieutenant General in the Imperial Russian Army (1916) and afterwards a leading general of the White movement in the Russian Civil War.

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Anton Irv

Anton Irv VR I/2, VR II/2, VR II/3 (17 September 1886 – 27 April 1919) was a highly decorated Estonian combat soldier and military officer during World War I and in the Estonian War of Independence.

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Anton Saltz

Baron Anton Egorovich Saltz (Anton FreiherrThe knighthood title of Freiherr was a hereditary title of the Saltza Family, not given.;; October 22, 1843February 9, 1916) was a Russian General of Baltic-German origin, he was the commander of the Kazan Military District, he was also one of the commanders of the Russian Army during the early stages of First World War.

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Anton Skalon

Anton Antonovich Skalon (Russian - Антон Антонович Скалон; 6 September 1767, Biysk fortress – 1812) was a Russian commander during the Napoleonic Wars, rising to the rank of major general in the Imperial Russian Army.

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Antoni Mroczkowski

Antoni Mroczkowski was a Polish ace pilot in the Imperial Russian Air Force during the World War I with 5 confirmed kills.

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Ants Kurvits

Ants Kurvits or Hans Kurvits (14 May 1887 – 27 December 1943) was an Estonian military commander, reaching rank of major general.

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Apostol Kostanda

Apostol S Kostanda (December 24, 1817 – December 5, 1898) was an Imperial Russian division commander.

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April 1915

The following events occurred in April 1915.

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Archibald Lucius Douglas

Admiral Sir Archibald Lucius Douglas, (8 February 1842 – 12 March 1913) was a Royal Navy officer of the 19th century.

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Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell

Field Marshal Archibald Percival Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell, (5 May 1883 – 24 May 1950) was a senior officer of the British Army.

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Arisaka

The Arisaka rifle (有坂銃 Arisaka-jū) is a family of Japanese military bolt-action service rifles, in production and use since approximately 1897, when it replaced the Murata rifle (村田銃 Murata-jū) family, until the end of World War II in 1945.

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Arkady Dmitrievich Stolypin

Arkady Dmitrievich Stolypin (1822–1899) was an Imperial Russian general of artillery, governor of Eastern Rumelia and commandant of the Kremlin Palace guard.

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Arkady Nikanorovich Nishenkov

Arkady Nikanorovich Nishenkov (1855–1940) was an Imperial Russian corps commander.

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Arkady Skugarevsky

Arkady Platonovich Skugarevsky (Russian, Аркадий Платонович Скугаревский, January 17, 1847 -) was an Imperial Russian division and corps commander.

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Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu

Armand-Emmanuel Sophie Septimanie de Vignerot du Plessis, 5th Duke of Richelieu and Fronsac (25 September 176617 May 1822), was a prominent French statesman during the Bourbon Restoration.

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Armenia

Armenia (translit), officially the Republic of Armenia (translit), is a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Armenian battalions

Armenian battalions refer to military units formed by Armenian volunteer conscripts, mostly fighting against the Ottoman forces.

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Armenian Genocide denial

Armenian Genocide denial is the act of denying the planned systematic genocide of 1.5 million Armenians during World War I, conducted by the Ottoman government.

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Armenian national liberation movement

The Armenian national liberation movement (Հայ ազգային-ազատագրական շարժում Hay azgayin-azatagrakan sharzhum) aimed at the establishment of an Armenian state. It included social, cultural, but primarily political and military movements that reached their height during World War I and the following years. Influenced by the Age of Enlightenment and the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire, the Armenian national movement developed in the early 1860s. Its emergence was similar to that of movements in the Balkan nations, especially the Greek revolutionaries who fought the Greek War of Independence. The Armenian élite and various militant groups sought to defend the mostly rural Armenian population of the eastern Ottoman Empire from the Muslims, being Christian, but the ultimate goal was to push for reforms in the Six vilayets at first and after this failed, the creation of an Armenian state in the Armenian-populated areas controlled at the time by the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire. Since the late 1880s, the movement engaged in guerrilla warfare with the Ottoman government and the Kurdish irregulars in the eastern regions of the empire, led by the three Armenian political parties named the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, the Armenakan Party and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Armenians generally saw Russia as their natural ally in the fight against Turks although Russia maintained an oppressive policy in the Caucasus. Only after losing its presence in Europe after the Balkan Wars, the Ottoman government was forced to sign the Armenian reform package in early 1914, however it was disrupted by World War I. During World War I, the Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated by the government in the Armenian Genocide. According to some estimates, from 1894 to 1923, about 1,500,000—2,000,000 Armenians were killed by the Ottoman Empire. After the decision to exterminate the Armenians was taken by the Ottoman Ministry of Interior and first implemented with the Directive 8682 on February 25, 1915, tens of thousands of Russian Armenians joined the Russian army as Armenian volunteer units with a Russian promise for autonomy. By 1917, Russia controlled many Armenian-populated areas of the Ottoman Empire. After the October Revolution, however, the Russian troops retreated and left the Armenians irregulars one on one with the Turks. The Armenian National Council proclaimed the Republic of Armenia on May 28, 1918, thus establishing an Armenian state in the Armenian-populated parts of the Southern Caucasus. By 1920, the Bolshevik Government in Russia and Ankara Government had successfully came to power in their respective countries. The Turkish revolutionaries successfully occupied western half of Armenia, while the Red Army invaded and annexed the Republic of Armenia in December 1920. A friendship treaty was signed between Bolshevik Russia and Kemalist Turkey in 1921. The formerly Russian-controlled parts of Armenia were mostly annexed by the Soviet Union, in parts of which the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic was established. Hundreds of thousands of genocide refugees found themselves in the Middle East, Greece, France and the US giving start to a new era of the Armenian diaspora. Soviet Armenia existed until 1991, when the Soviet Union disintegrated and the current (Third) Republic of Armenia was established.

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Armenian volunteer units

The Armenian volunteer units (Հայ կամավորական ջոկատներ Hay kamavorakan jokatner) were units composed of Armenians within the Imperial Russian Army during World War I. Composed of several groups at battalion strength, its ranks were primarily made up of Armenians from the Russian Empire, though there were also a number of Armenians from the Ottoman Empire.

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Army

An army (from Latin arma "arms, weapons" via Old French armée, "armed" (feminine)) or land force is a fighting force that fights primarily on land.

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Army Group Archduke Karl

Army Group Archduke Karl (Heeresgruppe "Erzherzog Karl") was an army group of Austria-Hungary during World War I, established in June 1916 to fight against the Russian Empire on the Eastern Front and later in the campaign against the Kingdom of Romania.

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Arnold Majewski

Arnold Majewski (29 November 1892, Tallinn – 10 October 1942, Rukajärvi) was a legendary Finnish cavalry officer of Polish origin.

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Arshak Ter-Gukasov

Arshak Ter-Gukasov (Արշակ Տեր-Ղուկասով; 1819 – 8 January 1881) was a Lieutenant-General of the Russian Empire.

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Arthur Aspelin

Lieutenant Colonel Gustaf Arthur Aspelin (2 February 1868, Lestijärvi - 22 September 1949) was an officer in the Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland, in the Imperial Russian Army and in the Finnish Defence Forces, a lawyer and a politician.

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Arveds Bergs

Arveds Bergs, full name Arveds Kārlis Kristaps Bergs, (born September 13, 1875 Riga, Russian Empire – died December 19, 1941, Chkalov, Soviet Union) was a Latvian lawyer, newspaper editor and politician actively advocating establishing of an independent Latvian state and later, as the leader of National Union, member of Saeima.

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Ashgabat

Ashgabat (Aşgabat,; ɐʂxɐˈbat) — named Poltoratsk (p) between 1919 and 1927, is the capital and the largest city of Turkmenistan in Central Asia, situated between the Karakum Desert and the Kopet Dag mountain range.

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Athanasios Pipis

Athanasios Pipis (died 1821) was a Greek priest and the Greek Orthodox revolutionary commander in the Greek War of Independence (1821–1830).

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August 1914

The following events occurred in August 1914.

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August 1914 (novel)

August 1914 is a Russian novel by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn about the defeat of the Imperial Russian Army at the Battle of Tannenberg in East Prussia.

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August 1915

The following events occurred in August 1915.

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August 1918

The following events occurred in August 1918.

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August Kork

August Kork (also Аугуст Яанович Корк; 11 June 1937) was an Estonian Red Army commander (Komandarm 2nd rank) who was tried and executed during the Great Purge in 1937.

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August Torma

August Torma (born August Schmidt; 19 February 1895 – 12 March 1971) was an Estonian military officer, minister and diplomat.

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August von Mackensen

Anton Ludwig August von Mackensen (6 December 1849 – 8 November 1945), born August Mackensen, was a German field marshal.

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Austin Armoured Car

The Austin Armoured Car was a British armoured car produced during the First World War.

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Australia–Russia relations

Australia–Russia relations (Российско-австралийские отношения) date back to 1807, when the Russian warship ''Neva'' arrived in Sydney as part of its circumnavigation of the globe.

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Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867.

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AVUS

The Automobil-Verkehrs- und Übungsstraße ('Automobile traffic and training road'), known as AVUS, is a public road in Berlin, Germany.

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Ğabdulla Tuqay

Ğabdulla Tuqay (-) was a Tatar poet, a classic of the Tatar literature, a critic and a publisher.

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Żurawiejka

Żurawiejka was a short, two-line facetious couplet, written specifically for cavalry regiments of the Polish Army in the interbellum period.

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Žanis Bahs

Žanis Bahs (also Žanis Bachs; 1885-1941) was a Latvian general.

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Bad Sooden-Allendorf

Bad Sooden-Allendorf is a town in the Werra-Meißner-Kreis in Hesse, Germany.

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Bahmani family

The Bahmani family, also Bahmani-Qajar is an aristocratic Persian family belonging to one of the princely families of the Qajar dynasty, the ruling house that reigned Iran 1785–1925.

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Bahram bey Nabibekov

Bahram bey Nabibekov (Bəhram bəy Nəbibəyov, Бахрам-бек Набибеков; December 6, 1884 - July 1930) was an Azerbaijani colonel in the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic army and one of the leaders of Sheki uprising in 1930.

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Balakishi Arablinski

Balakishi Arablinski Alibey oglu (Balakişi Ərəblinski Əlibəy oğlu; 1828 – 2 January 1902) was an Avar general in the Russian Imperial Army.

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Balder Tomasberg

Balder Tomasberg (1897, Paldiski – 1919, near Saint Petersburg) was an Estonian artist.

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Baltic Germans

The Baltic Germans (Deutsch-Balten or Deutschbalten, later Baltendeutsche) are ethnic German inhabitants of the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, in what today are Estonia and Latvia.

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Baltiysk

Baltiysk (Балти́йск), before 1946 known by its German name Pillau (Piława; Piliava; Yiddish: פּילאַווע, Pilave), is a seaport town and the administrative center of Baltiysky District in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the northern part of the Vistula Spit, on the shore of the Strait of Baltiysk separating the Vistula Lagoon from the Gdańsk Bay.

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Bar Confederation

The Bar Confederation (Konfederacja barska; 1768–1772) was an association of Polish nobles (szlachta) formed at the fortress of Bar in Podolia in 1768 to defend the internal and external independence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against Russian influence and against King Stanisław II Augustus with Polish reformers, who were attempting to limit the power of the Commonwealth's wealthy magnates.

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Bashkirs

The Bashkirs (Башҡорттар, Başqorttar,; Башкиры, Baškiry) are a Turkic ethnic group, indigenous to Bashkortostan and to the historical region of Badzhgard, extending on both sides of the Ural Mountains, in the area where Eastern Europe meets North Asia.

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Bashlyk

A bashlyk, also spelled Bashlik (Shkharkhon, Başlıq, Başlıq, Turkish: Başlık; "baş" - head, "-lıq" (Tatar) / "-lık" (Turkish) - derivative suffix), is a traditional Circassian, Turkic and Cossack cone-shaped headdress hood, usually of leather, felt or wool, an ancient round topped felt bonnet with lappets for wrapping around the neck.

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Basil Nikitin

Basil Nikitin (1885 – 7 June 1960) was a Russian orientalist and diplomat.

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Batman (military)

A batman is a soldier or airman assigned to a commissioned officer as a personal servant.

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Battenberg family

The Battenberg family was formally a morganatic branch of the House of Hesse-Darmstadt, rulers of the Grand Duchy of Hesse in Germany.

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Battle cry

A battle cry is a yell or chant taken up in battle, usually by members of the same combatant group.

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Battle of Antrea

Battle of Antrea was a Finnish Civil War battle, fought in Antrea (now Kamennogorsk, Russia) and Jääski (now Lesogorsky, Russia), Finland in 11 February – 25 April 1918 between the Finnish Whites against the Finnish Reds.

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Battle of Austerlitz

The Battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805/11 Frimaire An XIV FRC), also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Battle of Łomża (1939)

Battle of Łomża (7–10 September 1939) was a series of armed engagements during the Nazi German and Soviet Invasion of Poland.

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Battle of Białołęka

The Battle of Białołęka was fought from February 24 to February 25, 1831, in the village of Białołęka, Poland, during the November Uprising.

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Battle of Białystok

The Battle of Białystok was a battle of the Polish–Soviet War that took place near and within Białystok, Poland on August 22, 1920.

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Battle of Birże

The Battle of Biržai was a series of skirmishes during the January Uprising.

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Battle of Bitlis

The Battle of Bitlis refers to a series of engagements in the summer of 1916 for the town of Bitlis and to a lesser extent nearby Moush, between Russian Imperial forces and their Ottoman counterparts.

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Battle of Bobruysk (1918)

The Battle of Bobrujsk took place between February 2 – March 11, 1918.

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Battle of Borowe Młyny

The Battle of Borowe Mlyny, one of many skirmishes of the January Uprising, took place on April 16, 1863, near the village of Borowe Mlyny in southeastern part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Buda Zaborowska

The Battle of Buda Zaborowska, one of many skirmishes of the January Uprising, took place on April 14, 1863, near the village of Buda Zaborowska in central part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Chroberz

The Battle of Chroberz, one of many skirmishes of the January Uprising, took place on March 17, 1863, near the village of Chroberz in southwestern corner of Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Depułtycze

The Battle of Depultycze, one of many clashes of the January Uprising, took place on August 5, 1863, near the village of Depultycze Krolewskie, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Dobra (1863)

The Battle of Dobra took place on February 24, 1863 near the village of Dobra, Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Dobrich

The battle of Dobrich, also known as the Battle of Bazargic or the Dobrich epopee (Добричка епопея), took place between 5 and 7 September 1916 between the armies of Bulgaria and Romania, Serbia and the Russian Empire.

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Battle of Dragashani

The Battle of Dragashani (or Battle of Drăgășani) was fought on 19 June 1821 in Drăgășani, Wallachia, between the Ottoman forces of Sultan Mahmud II and the Greek Filiki Etaireia insurgents.

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Battle of Dunajetz

The Battles of Dunajetz occurred in May 1915 as part of the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive during World War I. They were fought between the Russians (who were camped out along the line of the Dunajec river, the right tributary of the Vistula) and a force led by German General August von Mackensen to push the Russians out of Galicia and Vistula land (what is now Poland).

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Battle of Erzurum (1877)

The Battle of Erzurum was a military engagement fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878.

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Battle of Eylau

The Battle of Eylau or Battle of Preussisch-Eylau, 7 and 8 February 1807, was a bloody and inconclusive battle between Napoleon's Grande Armée and the Imperial Russian Army under the command of Levin August, Count von Bennigsen near the town of Preussisch Eylau in East Prussia.

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Battle of Fajsławice

The Battle of Fajslawice, one of many clashes of the January Uprising, took place on August 24, 1863, near the village of Fajslawice, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Friedland

The Battle of Friedland (June 14, 1807) was a major engagement of the Napoleonic Wars between the armies of the French Empire commanded by Napoleon I and the armies of the Russian Empire led by Count von Bennigsen.

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Battle of Ginietyny

The Battle of Ginietyny, one of many skirmishes of the January Uprising, took place on April 21, 1863, near Lithuanian village of Ginietyny (Genėtiniai), located about west of Raguva.

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Battle of Gnila Lipa

The Battle of Gnila Lipa took place early in the World War I on 29–30 August 1914, when the Imperial Russian Army invaded Galicia and engaged the defending Austro-Hungarian Army.

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Battle of Horki

The Battle of Horki was a series of three clashes between Polish-Lithuanian insurgent forces and units of the Imperial Russian Army during the January Uprising.

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Battle of Hsimucheng

The Battle of Hsimucheng (Бой у Симучена) was a minor land engagement of the Russo-Japanese War.

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Battle of Huta Krzeszowska

The Battle of Huta Krzeszowska was one of many clashes of the January Uprising.

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Battle of Iłża (1864)

The Battle of Iłża, one of many clashes of the January Uprising, took place on January 17, 1864, near the town of Iłża, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Igołomia

The Battle of Igolomia, one of many skirmishes of the January Uprising, took place on March 21, 1863, near the village of Igolomia in southwestern corner of Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Jastków

The Battle of Jastków was a World War I battle that took place July 31–August 3, 1915, near the village of Jastków, then part of the Russian Empire.

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Battle of Jerusalem

The Battle of Jerusalem occurred during the British Empire's "Jerusalem Operations" against the Ottoman Empire, when fighting for the city developed from 17 November, continuing after the surrender until 30 December 1917, to secure the final objective of the Southern Palestine Offensive during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I. Before Jerusalem could be secured, two battles were recognised by the British as being fought in the Judean Hills to the north and east of the Hebron–Junction Station line.

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Battle of Kaniów

Battle of Kaniv, or Battle of Kaniów took place during World War I on the night of 10–11 May 1918, near Kaniv, Ukraine (Канів, Kaniów) between Polish and German army troops.

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Battle of Kay

The Battle of Kay (Schlacht bei Kay), also referred to as the Battle of Sulechów, Battle of Züllichau, or Battle of Paltzig, was an engagement fought on 23 July 1759 during the Seven Years' War.

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Battle of Kazan (1774)

The Battle of Kazan (1774) was a major battle during the Pugachev Rebellion.

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Battle of Kobylanka

The Battle of Kobylanka, one of many skirmishes of the January Uprising, took place on May 1 and May 6, 1863, in the Kobylanka Forest, located near the village of Borowiec, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Komorów

The Battle of Komorow, one of many clashes of the January Uprising, took place on June 20, 1863, near the village of Komorow (now Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship), which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Konary

The battle of Konary took place during the Great War, in May and June 1915 in the Sandomierz Uplands, near the town of Klimontów, Poland, between the Russian Army and the forces of Józef Piłsudski's Polish Legions.

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Battle of Korsakov

The Battle of Korsakov, a naval engagement of the Russo-Japanese War, was fought on 20 August 1904.

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Battle of Kostiuchnówka

The Battle of Kostiuchnówka was a World War I battle that took place July 4–6, 1916, near the village of Kostiuchnówka (Kostyukhnivka) and the Styr River in the Volhynia region of modern Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire.

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Battle of Krasnobród (1863)

The Battle of Krasnobrod was one of the many battles of the January Uprising against the Russian control over Poland.

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Battle of Krechowce

The Battle of Krechowce (Polish: Bitwa pod Krechowcami) took place on 24 July 1917, during World War I. Polish uhlans, who fought in the Imperial Russian Army, were ordered to halt the advance of German Army, which tried to capture the city of Stanisławów, located at that time in Austrian Galicia.

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Battle of Krzywopłoty

The Battle of Krzywoploty took place on November 17 - 18, 1914, near the village of Krzywoploty, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland, and was located near the border with Austrian Galicia.

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Battle of Krzywosądz

The Battle of Krzywosadz was one of battles of the January Uprising.

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Battle of Laski and Anielin

The Battle of Laski and Anielin took place on October 22–26, 1914, during World War I. 1st Brigade, Polish Legions, a unit of the Austro-Hungarian Army commanded by Józef Piłsudski, clashed with the Imperial Russian Army near Anielin and Laski.

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Battle of Liaoyang

The (Сражение при Ляояне) was the first major land battle of the Russo-Japanese War, on the outskirts of the city of Liaoyang in present-day Liaoning Province, China.

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Battle of Limanowa

The Battle of Limanowa took place from 1 December to 13 December 1914, between the Austro-Hungarian Army and the Russian Army near the town of Limanowa (south-east of Kraków).

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Battle of Lubartów (1863)

The Battle of Lubartow, which took place in the night of January 22/23, 1863, was one of the first battles of the January Uprising.

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Battle of Lututów

The Battle of Lututow was a clash between Polish rebel forces and units of the Imperial Russian Army.

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Battle of Möckern

The Battle of Möckern was a series of heavy clashes between allied Prusso-Russian troops and Napoleonic French forces south of Möckern.

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Battle of Mełchów

The Battle of Melchow, one of many clashes of the January Uprising, took place on September 30, 1863, in the village of Melchow (near Lelow), which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Miropol

The Battle of Miropol took place on May 16–17, 1863, near the town of Miropol, Volhynia, Russian Empire, during the January Uprising.

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Battle of Mołotków

The Battle of Mołotków (Polish: Bitwa pod Mołotkowem) took place on October 29, 1914, near the village of Mołotków (Molotkiv), Austrian Galicia (current Ukraine).

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Battle of Motovilivka

The Battle of Motovilivka was a military engagement fought between forces of the Ukrainian State and the Directorate of Ukraine.

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Battle of Mrzygłód

The Battle of Mrzyglod took place on March 1, 1863 near the village of Mrzyglod (now a district of Myszkow), Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Mukden

The, one of the largest land battles to be fought before World War I and the last and the most decisive major land battle of the Russo-Japanese War, was fought from 20 February to 10 March 1905 between Japan and Russia near Mukden in Manchuria.

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Battle of Nagoszewo

The Battle of Nagoszewo was a clash between Polish rebel forces and units of the Imperial Russian Army during the January Uprising.

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Battle of Nanshan

The was one of many vicious land battles of the Russo-Japanese War.

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Battle of Opatów (1863)

The First Battle of Opatow, one of many clashes of the January Uprising, took place on November 25, 1863, in the town of Opatow, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Opatów (1864)

The Second Battle of Opatow, one of many clashes of the January Uprising, took place on February 21, 1864, near the town of Opatow, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Ossa

The Battle of Ossa, one of many clashes of the January Uprising, took place on July 10, 1863, near the village of Ossa, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Pakosław

The Battle of Pakoslaw took place in the night of May 19–20, 1915, near the village of Pakoslaw, Congress Poland.

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Battle of Pieskowa Skała

The Battle of Pieskowa Skala, one of many skirmishes of the January Uprising, took place on March 4, 1863, near Pieskowa Skala in southwestern corner of Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Praszka

The Battle of Praszka, one of many skirmishes of the January Uprising, took place on April 11, 1863, near Praszka in southwestern corner of Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Pyzdry (1863)

The Battle of Pyzdry, one of many skirmishes of the January Uprising, took place on April 29, 1863, near the town of Pyzdry, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Rafajlowa

The Battle of Rafajlowa took place in the night of January 23–24, 1915, during World War I. The 2nd Brigade, Polish Legions, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Army repelled a night raid of the Russian Imperial Army, which was aimed at blocking all passes through Gorgany mountain range in Eastern Carpathians.

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Battle of Rawa (1863)

Battle of Rawa The Battle of Rawa was one of skirmishes of the Polish January Uprising.

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Battle of Rybnica

The Battle of Rybnica, one of many clashes of the January Uprising, took place on October 20, 1863, near the village of Rybnica, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Salicha

The Battle of Salicha was a clash between Polish insurgent forces and units of the Imperial Russian Army during the January Uprising.

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Battle of Sandepu

The Battle of Sandepu (also known as the Battle of Heikoutai) (黒溝台会戦 (Kokkōdai no kaisen), Сражение при Сандепу) was a major land battle of the Russo-Japanese War.

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Battle of Sędziejowice

The Battle of Sejdziejowice, one of many clashes of the January Uprising, took place on September 6, 1863, near the village of Sedziejowice, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Słupcza

The Battle of Slupcza took place on February 8, 1863, near the village of Slupcza, Congress Poland, during the January Uprising.

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Battle of Skała

The Battle of Skala, one of many skirmishes of the January Uprising, took place on 5 March 1863 near the town of Skała in the southwestern corner of Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Sosnowiec

The Battle of Sosnowiec was one of battles of the January Uprising.

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Battle of Sowia Góra

The Battle of Batorz of September 6, 1863, also known as the Battle of Sowia Góra hill near the village of Batorz, was one of many battles of the January Uprising against the tsarist oppression.

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Battle of Stok

The Battle of Stok, one of many skirmishes of the January Uprising, took place in the night of May 4/5, 1863, near the village of Stok, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Szydłowiec

The Battle of Szydlowiec took place in the night of January 23/24, 1863, during the January Uprising.

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Battle of Tarłów

The Battle of Tarlow took place on June 30 – July 2, 1915, near the town of Tarlow, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Tápióbicske

The Battle of Tápióbicske was a battle in the Spring Campaign of the Hungarian War of Independence (1848–1849), fought on 4April 1849 between the Austrian Empire and the Hungarian Revolutionary Army.

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Battle of Te-li-Ssu

The Battle of Te-li-ssu (得利寺の戦い), also called Battle of Wafangou (Бой у Вафангоу) after the nearby railway station, was a land battle of the Russo-Japanese War.

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Battle of the Alma

The Battle of the Alma was a battle in the Crimean War between an allied expeditionary force made up of French, British and Turkish forces and Russian forces defending the Crimean Peninsula on 20September 1854.

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Battle of the Valerik River

The Battle of the Valerik River on July 11, 1840 was fought as part of the Russian conquest of the Caucasus.

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Battle of the Yalu River (1904)

The Battle of the Yalu River lasted from 30 April to 1 May 1904, and was the first major land battle during the Russo-Japanese War.

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Battle of Złoczew

The Battle of Zloczew, one of many clashes of the January Uprising, took place on August 22, 1863, near the town of Zloczew, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of Zieleńce

The Battle of Zieleńce was a battle in the Polish–Russian War of 1792, in defence of the Polish Constitution of 3 May 1791.

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Battledress

A battledress is a type of uniform used as combat uniforms, as opposed to dress uniforms or formal uniform worn at parades and functions.

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Bayan-class cruiser

The Bayan class was a group of four armored cruisers built for the Imperial Russian Navy around the beginning of the 20th century.

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Bedel Pass

Bedel Pass (Kyrgyz: Бедел ашуусу) is a mountain pass in the Tian-Shan mountain range between Kyrgyzstan and China's Xinjiang province.

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Bekir Sami Kunduh

Bekir Sami Kunduh (Къуындыхаты Муссæйы фырт Бечыр; 1867 – January 16, 1933) was a Turkish politician of Ossetian origin.

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Belarusian People's Republic

The Belarusian People's Republic (Белару́ская Наро́дная Рэспу́бліка,, transliterated as Bielarúskaja Naródnaja Respúblika, BNR), (Белорусская народная республика) (transliterated as Belorusskaya narodnaya respublika), historically referred to as the White Ruthenian Democratic Republic (Weißruthenische Volksrepublik) was a failed attempt to create a Belarusian state on the territory controlled by the German Imperial Army during World War I. The BNR existed from 1918 to 1919.

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Belgian Expeditionary Corps in Russia

The Belgian Expeditionary Corps of Armoured Cars in Russia (Corps Expeditionnaire des Autos-Canons-Mitrailleuses Belges en Russie) was a Belgian military formation during the First World War which was sent to Russia to fight the German Army on the Eastern Front.

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Bell of Chersonesos

The Bell of Chersonesos, located close to the ruins of Chersonesos Taurica, Crimea, is the symbol of Chersonesos and one of the main sights of Sevastopol.

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Benedikt Livshits

Benedikt Konstantinovich Livshits (Бенеди́кт Константи́нович Ли́вшиц, 24 December 1886 (Old Style)/6 January 1887 (New Style) – 21 September 1938) was a poet and writer of the Silver Age of Russian Poetry, a French–Russian poetry translator.

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Berdan rifle

The Berdan rifle (винтовка Бердана/vintovka Berdana in Russian) is a Russian rifle created by famous American firearms expert and inventor Hiram Berdan in 1868.

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Bereket

Bereket, formerly Gazandjyk or Kazandzhik (Казанджик or Газанджык gɑˈzɑnd͡ʒik), is a city in Balkan Province in western Turkmenistan.

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Biała Podlaska

Biała Podlaska (Біла Bila, Alba Ducalis), is a city in eastern Poland with 58,047 inhabitants (2005).

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Black-necked cranes in Bhutan

Black-necked cranes in Bhutan (Grus nigricollis) are winter visitors during late October to mid February to the Phobjikha Valley as well as Ladakh, India, and Arunachal Pradesh, India.

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Bloody Wednesday (Poland)

Bloody Wednesday (Krwawa środa) refers to the events of 15 August 1906 in the (Congress) Kingdom of Poland, where the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party (OB PPS) carried out a series of attacks on Russians, primarily police officers and informants.

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Bolesław Kontrym

Lieutenant Bolesław Kontrym (Zatruka, Russian Empire, 27 August 1898 – 20 January 1953, Warsaw, Poland), also known by codenames Żmudzin, Biały, Bielski and Cichocki, was a Polish Army officer, a Home Army soldier, participant in the Warsaw Uprising and organizer of underground secret-police force Cichociemni.

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Bolesław Masłowski

Bolesław Masłowski was a Polish chemist born in 1851 in Włodawa.

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Bolesław Mościcki

Bolesław Euzebiusz Mościcki was a Colonel of both Imperial Russian Army and Polish Army.

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Bolimów

Bolimów is a village in Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.

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Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki (p; derived from bol'shinstvo (большинство), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority"), were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

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Boris Donskoy

Boris Mikhailovich Donskoy (Борис Михайлович Донской) (1894 – 10 August 1918) was a Russian terrorist-revolutionary.

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Boris Gorbachyov

Boris Sergeevich Gorbachyov (August 19, 1892 – July 3, 1937) was a Soviet komkor.

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Boris Gyllenbögel

Karl Volter Boris Gyllenbögel (30 March 1884 Kauhajoki – 22 June 1948 Helsinki) was a Finnish Colonel, a Diplomat and a principal.

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Boris L. Tageev

Boris Leonidovich Tageev (Борис Леонидович Тагеев) (1871–1938) was a Russian Orientalist, explorer, and writer.

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Boris Legran

Boris Vasilyevich Legran or Legrand (Russian: Борис Васильевич Легран, 18841936) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet official who represented the interests of the Russian SFSR in Armenia and Transcaucasia, during the 1920s and worked as a consular official in China during the 1920s.

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Boris Shaposhnikov

Boris Mikhailovitch Shaposhnikov (Бори́с Миха́йлович Ша́пошников) (– March 26, 1945) was a Soviet military commander, Chief of the Staff of the Red Army, and Marshal of the Soviet Union.

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Boris Shelkovnikov

Boris Martynovich Shelkovnikov (Борис Мартынович Шелковников; 1837 – 10 February 1878), was a Russian general of the imperial army.

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Boris Sheremetev

Boris Petrovich Sheremetev (Бори́с Петро́вич Шереме́тев; –) was a Russian diplomat and general field marshal during the Great Northern War.

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Boris Shteifon

Boris Aleksandrovich Shteifon (6 December 1881 – 30 April 1945) (Борис Александрович Штейфон) was a general in the Imperial Russian Army, who subsequently served as a general in the Russian anti-communist White army, and as the leader of the Nazi-allied Russian Corps in Serbia during World War II.

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Boris Smyslovsky

Boris Alexeyevich Smyslovsky (also Smyslovsky-Holmston and Holmston-Smyslovsky) (3 December 1897 – 5 September 1988) was a Russian general, émigré, and anti-communist.

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Boris Stürmer

Baron Boris Vladimirovich Stürmer (Бори́с Влади́мирович Штю́рмер, Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer) (27 July 1848 – 9 September 1917) was a Russian lawyer, a Master of Ceremonies at the Russian Court, and a district governor.

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Boris Vasilyev (writer)

Boris Lvovich Vasilyev (Бори́с Льво́вич Васи́льев; 21 May 1924 – 11 March 2013) was a Russian writer and screenwriter.

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Boris Zakhava

Boris Evgenyevich Zakhava (1896–1976; Борис Евгеньевич Захава) was a Russian theatre director, actor and acting coach.

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Borjomi (water)

Borjomi (ბორჯომი, often russified as Боржом, Borzhom) is a brand of naturally carbonated mineral water from springs in the Borjomi Gorge of central Georgia.

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Borys Karnicki

Borys Karnicki (September 25, 1907 – February 15, 1985) was a submarine commander of the Polish Navy during World War II.

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Bršadin

Bršadin (Бршадин) is a village in Trpinja municipality, Vukovar-Srijem County, Croatia.

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Briey

Briey is a former commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in northeastern France.

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Bronisław Bohatyrewicz

Bronisław Bohatyrewicz of Ostoja (1870–1940) was a Polish military commander and a general of the Polish Army.

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Bronislav Grombchevsky

Bronislav Grombchevsky (Бронислав Людвигович Громбчевский; Bronisław Grąbczewski, 1855–1926) was an ethnic Polish officer in the Imperial Russian Army and an explorer/spy, famed for his participation in The Great Game.

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Bronze Horseman

The Bronze Horseman (Медный всадник, literally "copper horseman") is an equestrian statue of Peter the Great in the Senate Square in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Brusilov Offensive

The Brusilov Offensive (Брусиловский прорыв Brusilovskiĭ proryv, literally: "Brusilov's breakthrough"), also known as the "June Advance", of June to September 1916 was the Russian Empire’s greatest feat of arms during World War I, and among the most lethal offensives in world history.

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Bulgarians

Bulgarians (българи, Bǎlgari) are a South Slavic ethnic group who are native to Bulgaria and its neighboring regions.

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Bumbarash

Bumbarash (Бумбараш) is a 1971 Soviet adventure film, a musical comedy in two episodes loosely based on some early works and the novel Bumbarash by Arkady Gaidar.

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Burkhard Christoph von Münnich

Count Burkhard Christoph von Münnich (9 May 1683 – 16 October 1767) (Христофо́р Анто́нович Миних) was a German soldier-engineer who became a field marshal and political figure in the Russian Empire.

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Camps for Russian prisoners and internees in Poland (1919–24)

Camps for Russian prisoners and internees in Poland that existed during 1919–1924 housed two main categories of detainees: the personnel of the Imperial Russian Army and civilians, captured by Germany during World War I and left on Polish territory after the end of the war; and the Soviet military personnel captured during the Polish–Soviet War, the vast majority of them captured as a result of the battles of 1920.

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Canon de 155 L modèle 1877/14 Schneider

The Canon de 155 L modèle 1877/14 Schneider was a French heavy artillery piece designed before and produced during the First World War.

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Canon de 155 L modèle 1918 Schneider

The Canon de 155 L modèle 1918 Schneider was a French heavy artillery piece designed and produced during the First World War.

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Canon de 155 L Modele 1917 Schneider

The Canon de 155 L Modele 1917 Schneider was a French heavy artillery piece designed and produced during the First World War.

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Cantonist

Cantonists (Russian language: кантонисты; more properly: военные кантонисты, "military cantonists") were underage sons of Russian conscripts who from 1721 were educated in special "canton schools" (Кантонистские школы) for future military service (the schools were called garrison schools in the 18th century).

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Carabinier

A carabinier (also sometimes spelled carabineer or carbineer) is in principle a soldier armed with a carbine.

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Carl Enckell

Carl Johan Alexis Enckell (7 June 1876 — 26 March 1959) was a Finnish politician, diplomat, officer and businessman.

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Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim

Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (4 June 1867 – 27 January 1951) was a Finnish military leader and statesman.

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Carl von Clausewitz

Carl Philipp Gottfried (or Gottlieb) von Clausewitz (1 June 1780 – 16 November 1831)Bassford, Christopher (2002).

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Caucasus Cavalry Division (Russian Empire)

The Caucasus Cavalry Division (Кавказская кавалерийская дивизия, Kavkazskaya Kavaleriiskaya Diviziya) was an cavalry formation of the Russian Imperial Army.

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Caucasus Front (Russian Republic)

The Caucasus Front (Кавказский фронт) was a major formation of the army of the Russian Republic (the successor to the Imperial Russian Army) during the First World War.

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Caucasus Grenadier Division (Russian Empire)

No description.

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Caucasus Military District

The Caucasus Military District (Кавказский военный округ, Kavkazskiy voenniy okrug) was a military formation of the Imperial Russian Army.

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César Cui

César Antonovich Cui (Це́зарь Анто́нович Кюи́; 13 March 1918) was a Russian composer and music critic of French, Polish and Lithuanian descent.

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Central Agricultural Zone (Russia)

The Central Agricultural Zone is a traditional region of Russia.

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Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Poland

The Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Poland (Polish: Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów), or KPRM, is the executive office for the Prime Minister of Poland.

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Charge of Rokitna

The Charge of Rokitna (Szarża pod Rokitną) was a charge of a cavalry squadron of the 2nd Brigade of Polish Legions, fighting for the Austro-Hungarian Army.

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Charles Edward Stuart, Count Roehenstart

Charles Edward Augustus Maximilian Stuart, Baron Korff, Count Roehenstart (– 28 October 1854) was the natural son of Prince Ferdinand of Rohan (1738–1813), Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cambrai, by Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany, herself the natural but legitimised daughter of Charles Edward Stuart, "The Young Pretender" or "Bonnie Prince Charlie".

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Charles Frederick Williams

Charles Frederick Williams (4 May 1838 – 9 February 1904), was a Scottish-Irish writer, journalist, and war correspondent.

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Charles Hesse

Charles Hesse (c. 1791 – 24 February 1832) was a Prussian-born officer of the British Army, notable for his liaison with the young Princess Charlotte of Wales.

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Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg

Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg (Carl Michael Herzog zu Mecklenburg; (Михаил Георгиевич; – 6 December 1934) was an officer in the Imperial Russian Army, heir presumptive to the throne of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and from 1918 head of the Grand Ducal House.

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Chełm

Chełm (Kulm, Холм) is a city in eastern Poland with 63,949 inhabitants (2015).

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Chemical weapons in World War I

The use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years, but the first large scale use of chemical weapons was during World War I. They were primarily used to demoralize, injure, and kill entrenched defenders, against whom the indiscriminate and generally very slow-moving or static nature of gas clouds would be most effective.

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Chernyakhovsk

Chernyakhovsk (Черняхо́вск); prior to 1946 known by its German name (Įsrutis; Wystruć) is a town and the administrative center of Chernyakhovsky District in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Instruch and Angrapa Rivers, forming the Pregolya.

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Christian Louis Casimir of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigsburg

Count Christian Louis Casimir of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigsburg (Graf Christian Ludwig Casimir zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg in Ludwigsburg) (13 July 1725, Berleburg – 6 May 1797, Rheda) was a Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigsburg in 1750–1796.

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Christmas Battles

The Christmas Battles (Latvian:Ziemassvētku kaujas; German:Aa-Schlachten; Russian:Митавская операция) were offensive operations of the Russian army and Latvian units during World War I in the area of Jelgava, Latvia, by the Russian 12th Army of the Northern Front.

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Christopher Roop

Christopher Khristoforovich Roop (Russian, Христофор Христофорович Рооп, May 1, 1831 - 1917) was an Imperial Russian army officer.

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Chung Il-kwon

Chung Il-kwon (정일권; Hanja: 丁一權, November 21, 1917 – January 17, 1994) was a South Korean politician, diplomat and soldier.

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Circassian genocide

The Circassian genocide was the Russian Empire's ethnic cleansing, killing, forced migration, and expulsion of the majority of the Circassians from their historical homeland Circassia, which roughly encompassed the major part of the North Caucasus and the northeast shore of the Black Sea.

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Colonel Thomas Hoyer Monstery

Thomas Hoyer Monstery (born: Thomas Hoyer Mönster) (April 21, 1824 - December 31, 1901) was a Danish-American fencing and boxing instructor, duelist and soldier-of-fortune who fought in a number of Central and South American conflicts during the mid-19th century.

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Commissariat

A commissariat is a department or organization commanded by a commissary or by a corps of commissaries.

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Comparative officer ranks of World War I

The following table shows comparative officer ranks of several Allied and Central powers during World War I. Not all combatant countries are shown in the table.

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Conscription in Russia

Conscription in Russia (in Russia is known as or "universal military obligation" or "liability for military service") is a 12-month draft, mandatory for all male citizens age 18–27, with a number of exceptions.

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Conscription in the Russian Empire

Conscription in the Russian Empire was introduced by Peter I of Russia.

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Constantine Kromiadi

Constantine Gregorievich Kromiadi (Константин Григориевич Кромиади) (1893 - 1990) was a Caucasus Greek-born military officer and anti-communist who served in the Imperial Russian Army, the White Army, he headed Russian National People's Army and finally he commanded the headquarters of Nazi collaborator Russian Liberation Army.

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Constitution of 3 May 1791

The Constitution of 3 May 1791 (Konstytucja 3 Maja, Gegužės trečiosios konstitucija) was adopted by the Great Sejm (parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a dual monarchy comprising the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

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Convention of Tauroggen

The Convention of Tauroggen was an armistice signed 30 December 1812 at Tauroggen (now Tauragė, Lithuania) between General Ludwig Yorck on behalf of his Prussian troops and General Hans Karl von Diebitsch of the Imperial Russian Army.

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Corps of Topographs (Russian Empire)

The Corps of Topographs of the Imperial Russian Army has a long history dating back to the mid-18th century.

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Cossack host

A Cossack host (Козаче військо, kozache viysko; каза́чье во́йско, kazachye voysko), sometimes translated as Cossack army, was an administrative subdivision of Cossacks in the Russian Empire.

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Cossacks

Cossacks (козаки́, translit, kozaky, казакi, kozacy, Czecho-Slovak: kozáci, kozákok Pronunciations.

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Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689

The Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 (Крымские походы, Krymskiye pokhody) were two military campaigns of the Tsardom of Russia against the Crimean Khanate.

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Croatia–Russia relations

Croatia–Russia relations (Российско-хорватские отношения, Rusko-hrvatski odnosi) refer to bilateral foreign relations between Croatia and Russia.

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Curtain forces

Curtain forces (Отряды завесы, войска завесы, завеса) were military forces created soon after signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk by Soviet Russia in 1918 to withstand the inner regions of the state and initially served as border troops.

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Cyprian Kreutz

Baron Cyprian Antonovich von Kreutz (Киприан Антонович Крейц; 10 July 1777 - 13 July 1850) was a general of the Russian Imperial Army known for his service in the Napoleonic Wars and the November Uprising.

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Częstochowa

Częstochowa,, is a city in southern Poland on the Warta River with 240,027 inhabitants as of June 2009.

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Czechoslovak Legion

The Czechoslovak Legion (Československé legie in Czech and Slovak) were volunteer armed forces composed predominantly of Czechs with a small number of Slovaks (approximately 8 percent) fighting together with the Entente powers during World War I. Their goal was to win the Allied Powers' support for the independence of Bohemia and Moravia from the Austrian Empire and of Slovak territories from the Kingdom of Hungary, which were then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

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Daniel Bek-Pirumian

Daniel Bek-Pirumyan (Դանիել Բեկ-Փիրումյան; 22 November 1861 – 1921) was an Armenian military commander.

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David Gurieli

David Gurieli (დავით გურიელი, Davit' Gurieli; Давид Мамиевич Гуриель, David Mamiyevich Guriel; 1818 – 23 August 1839) was a Georgian nobleman of the House of Gurieli.

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David Ivanovich Orlov

David Ivanovich Orlov (6 July 1840 – 24 August 1916) was an Imperial Russian lieutenant general and division commander.

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David Mikhailovich Machavariani

Machavariani David Mikhailovich, (Russian: Мачавариани Давид Михайлович) (born 08.30.1886) Colonel, The Commander of the 490th Infantry Rzhevsky Regiment in Russian Imperial Army from 04.26.1916 Awarded the Order of St. George 4th Class.

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De Bange 155 mm cannon

The de Bange 155 mm long cannon mle.

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Death squad

A death squad is an armed group that conducts extrajudicial killings or forced disappearances of persons for the purposes of political repression, genocide, or revolutionary terror.

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December 1914

The following events occurred in December 1914.

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December 1916

The following events occurred in December 1916.

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December 1917

The following events occurred in December 1917.

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Decembrist revolt

The Decembrist revolt or the Decembrist uprising (r) took place in Imperial Russia on.

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Decolonization

Decolonization (American English) or decolonisation (British English) is the undoing of colonialism: where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over one or more other territories.

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Defense of Van (1915)

The Defense of Van (also known as the Siege of Van or Van Resistance to the Armenians (Վանի հերոսամարտ Vani herosamart) was a self-defensive measure by the Armenian population of Van against the Ottoman Empire. Armenian forces fought against the attempts to massacre the Armenian population in the Van Vilayet. The resistance broke out during the Caucasus Campaign, in which the Dashnak militias were supported by the Imperial Russian army to defend the Ottoman Armenian population. Such measures had not been intended or planned by the Armenians.Herbert Adams Gibbons, Armenia in the World War, 1926.. Several contemporaneous observers and later historians have concluded that the Ottoman government deliberately instigated the armed Armenian resistance by enforcing the conditions on their subjects and then used this insurgency as a main pretext to justify the forced deportations of Armenians from all over the empire. However, the decisions of deportation and extermination were made before the Van resistance. The assessment of witness reports maintained that the Armenian posture at Van was defensive and an act of resistance to massacre. Based mostly in the city of Van, it was one of the few instances during the Armenian Genocide when Armenians fought against the Ottoman Empire's armed forces.

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Demetrios Ypsilantis

Demetrios Ypsilantis (also spelt using Dimitrios, Demetrius and/or Ypsilanti; Δημήτριος Υψηλάντης; Dumitru Ipsilanti; 1793August 16, 1832) was a member of a prominent Phanariot Greek family Ypsilantis, a dragoman of the Ottoman Empire, served as an officer in the Imperial Russian Army and played an important role in the Greek War of Independence.

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Designations of Russian artillery

The official designations of Russian and Soviet artillery consists of three sequential parts – weapon caliber, weapon type, and finally a unique identifier for each variant.

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Dimitar Petkov

Dimitar Nikolov Petkov (2 November 1858, Tulcea – 11 March 1907, Sofia) was a leading member of the Bulgarian People's Liberal Party and the country's Prime Minister from November 5, 1906 until he was assassinated in Sofia the following year.

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Dimitri Mikhailovich Youzefovitch

Dimitri Mikhailovich Youzefovitch (1777–1821) was a Russian nobleman from the Poltava region.

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Dionizy Czachowski

Dionizy Feliks Czachowski (born April 6, 1810 in Niedabyl, died November 6, 1863 in Jawor Solecki) was a Polish general and commander of the Sandomierz Voivodeship during the January Uprising in Congress Poland.

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Dmitri Baltermants

Dmitri Baltermants (Дмитрий Николаевич Бальтерманц, May 13, 1912 – 1990) was a prominent Soviet photojournalist.

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Dmitri Parsky

Dmitri Pavlovich Parsky (Дмитрий Павлович Парский) (17 (26) October, 1866 – 20 December, 1921) was a Russian general of the Imperial Russian Army during World War I, who fought on the Eastern Front.

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Dmitry Bagration-Imeretinsky

Prince Dmitry Bagration-Imeretinsky (დიმიტრი გიორგის ძე ბაგრატიონ-იმერეტინსკი) (1799–1845) was a Georgian royal prince (batonishvili) of the royal Bagrationi dynasty of Imereti.

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Dmitry Fesenko

Dmitry Fesenko (September 1895 – October 15, 1937) was a Soviet komkor (corps commander).

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Dmitry Ivanovich Sviatopolk-Mirsky

Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Svyatopolk-Mirsky (Дмитрий Иванович Святополк-Мирский, 1825–1899) was a Imperial Russian Army general, a politician and a member of the princely Svyatopolk-Mirsky family.

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Dmitry Karbyshev

Dmitry Mikhaylovich Karbyshev (Дмитрий Михайлович Карбышев) (Omsk — February 18, 1945, Mauthausen, Austria) was an officer of the Russian Imperial Army, a Red Army general, professor of the Soviet General Staff Academy (Doctor of Military Sciences), and Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously).

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Dmitry Milyutin

Count Dmitry Alekseyevich Milyutin (Дмитрий Алексеевич Милютин; 28 June 1816, Moscow – 25 January 1912, Simeiz near Yalta) was Minister of War (1861–81) and the last Field Marshal of Imperial Russia (1898).

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Dmitry Nikolayevich Nadyozhny

Dmitry Nikolayevich Nadyozhny (Дмитрий Николаевич Надёжный;, Nizhny Novgorod - 22 February 1945, Moscow) was a commander in the Russian Imperial Army who later joined the Red Army.

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Dmitry Petrovich Dokhturov

Dmitry Petrovich Dokhturov (May 25, 1838 – March 25, 1905) was an Imperial Russian brigade, division and corps commander.

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Dmitry Putyata

Dmitry Vasilyevich Putyata (Дмитрий Васильевич Путята) was a Captain of the Imperial Russian Army and a Russian explorer of the Pamir Mountains.

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Dmitry Shcherbachev

Dmitry Grigoryevich Shcherbachev (Дми́трий Григо́рьевич Щербачёв; 18 January 1932) was a general in the Russian Army during World War I and a prominent leader of the White Movement during the Russian Civil War.

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Dmitry Shmidt

Dmitry Arkadievich Shmidt (born David Aronovich Gutman (August or 19 December 189619 June 1937) was a Jewish Red Army Komdiv. Shmidt became a revolutionary before World War I and was imprisoned. He was drafted into the Imperial Russian Army at the beginning of 1915 and fought in World War I. Shmidt became a Full Cavalier of the Cross of St. George and an officer. After the February Revolution he led the Bolsheviks in his divisional committee. Shmidt joined the Red Army and fought in the Russian Civil War, initially as a partisan. He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for his actions. After the end of the war he held command positions in cavalry units. He became commander of the 8th Mechanized Brigade in 1934. In 1936, Shmidt was one of the first Red Army officers to be arrested in the Great Purge, and was executed a year later. He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1957.

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Dmitry Shuvayev

Dmitry Savelyevich Shuvayev (Дмитрий Савельевич Шуваев in Russian) (10.(24).12.1854 — 19 December 1937) was a Russian military leader, Infantry General (1912) and Minister of War (1916).

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Dmitry von Fölkersam

Baron Dmitry Gustavovich von Fölkersam (Дмитрий Густавович фон Фелькерзам) (29 April 1846 – 24 May 1905) was an admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy.

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Dmitry Zuyev

Dmitry Zuyev (June 11, 1854 – September 4, 1917) was an Imperial Russian Army general.

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Dobrovolsk

Dobrovolsk (Добровольск, lit. "Voluntary Town".; Pillkallen. or Schloßberg.; Pilkalnis.; Pilkały.), formerly Pillkallen (1510-1938) and Schloßberg (1938-1947) is a village in Krasnoznamensky District of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Doctor Zhivago (film)

Doctor Zhivago is a 1965 British-Italian epic romantic drama film directed by David Lean.

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Doctor Zhivago (novel)

Doctor Zhivagois a novel by Boris Pasternak, first published in 1957 in Italy.

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Dominik Semashko

Dominik Semashko (Дамінік Сямашка; 16 August 1878 – 27 November 1932) was a Belarusian activist.

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Don Cossacks

Don Cossacks (Донские казаки) are Cossacks who settled along the middle and lower Don.

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Down and Out in Paris and London

Down and Out in Paris and London is the first full-length work by the English author George Orwell, published in 1933.

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Downary-Plac

Downary-Plac is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Goniądz, within Mońki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.

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Dragoon

Dragoons originally were a class of mounted infantry, who used horses for mobility but dismounted to fight on foot.

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Dragoon helmet

A dragoon helmet was an ornate style of metal combat helmet featuring a tall crest; they were initially used by dragoons, but later by other types of heavy cavalry and some other military units.

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Drelów

Drelów is a village in Biała Podlaska County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

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Duchess Alexandra Petrovna of Oldenburg

Grand Duchess Alexandra Petrovna of Russia (Russian: Александра Петровна; 2 June 1838 – 25 April 1900) was a great-granddaughter of Emperor Paul I of Russia and the wife of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia, the elder.

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Duke Alexander of Württemberg (1771–1833)

Duke Alexander of Württemberg (Mömpelgard/Montbéliard, then Württemberg (now France), 5 May 1771 – Gotha, Thuringia, Germany, 4 July 1833)p.448, Mikaberidze was a Duke of Württemberg.

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Duke Eugen of Württemberg (1788–1857)

Duke Eugen of Württemberg (Herzog Friedrich Eugen Carl Paul Ludwig von Württemberg; 8 January 1788 – 16 September 1857) was a German prince and a General of Infantry in the Imperial Russian Army during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Dukla

Dukla is a town and an eponymous municipality in southeastern Poland, in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship.

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Dziecinów, Kozienice County

Dziecinów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

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East Prussia

East Prussia (Ostpreußen,; Prusy Wschodnie; Rytų Prūsija; Borussia orientalis; Восточная Пруссия) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 1871); following World War I it formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia, until 1945.

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Eastern Front (World War I)

The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I (Восточный фронт, Vostochnıy front, sometimes called the Second Fatherland War or Second Patriotic War (Вторая Отечественная война, Vtoraya Otechestvennaya voyna) in Russian sources) was a theatre of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on the other. It stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, included most of Eastern Europe and stretched deep into Central Europe as well. The term contrasts with "Western Front", which was being fought in Belgium and France. During 1910, Russian General Yuri Danilov developed "Plan 19" under which four armies would invade East Prussia. This plan was criticised as Austria-Hungary could be a greater threat than the German Empire. So instead of four armies invading East Prussia, the Russians planned to send two armies to East Prussia, and two Armies to defend against Austro-Hungarian forces invading from Galicia. In the opening months of the war, the Imperial Russian Army attempted an invasion of eastern Prussia in the northwestern theater, only to be beaten back by the Germans after some initial success. At the same time, in the south, they successfully invaded Galicia, defeating the Austro-Hungarian forces there. In Russian Poland, the Germans failed to take Warsaw. But by 1915, the German and Austro-Hungarian armies were on the advance, dealing the Russians heavy casualties in Galicia and in Poland, forcing it to retreat. Grand Duke Nicholas was sacked from his position as the commander-in-chief and replaced by the Tsar himself. Several offensives against the Germans in 1916 failed, including Lake Naroch Offensive and the Baranovichi Offensive. However, General Aleksei Brusilov oversaw a highly successful operation against Austria-Hungary that became known as the Brusilov Offensive, which saw the Russian Army make large gains. The Kingdom of Romania entered the war in August 1916. The Entente promised the region of Transylvania (which was part of Austria-Hungary) in return for Romanian support. The Romanian Army invaded Transylvania and had initial successes, but was forced to stop and was pushed back by the Germans and Austro-Hungarians when Bulgaria attacked them in the south. Meanwhile, a revolution occurred in Russia in February 1917 (one of the several causes being the hardships of the war). Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a Russian Provisional Government was founded, with Georgy Lvov as its first leader, who was eventually replaced by Alexander Kerensky. The newly formed Russian Republic continued to fight the war alongside Romania and the rest of the Entente until it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in October 1917. Kerensky oversaw the July Offensive, which was largely a failure and caused a collapse in the Russian Army. The new government established by the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers, taking it out of the war and making large territorial concessions. Romania was also forced to surrender and signed a similar treaty, though both of the treaties were nullified with the surrender of the Central Powers in November 1918.

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Eastern Orthodoxy in the Republic of Ireland

Orthodox Christianity in Ireland (Ceartchreideamh in Éirinn) consists of parishes belonging to several self-governing ecclesiastical bodies, primarily the Russian Orthodox Church, the Ecumenical Patriarchate, and the Romanian Orthodox Church.

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Eduard Totleben

Eduard Ivanovich Totleben (Эдуа́рд Ива́нович Тотле́бен, sometimes transliterated as Todleben; &ndash) was a Baltic German military engineer and Imperial Russian Army general.

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Elena Apreleva

Elena Ivanovna Apréleva (Елена Ивановна Апрелева, Blaramberg; 24 February 1846 — 4 December 1923), also known by her pseudonym E. Ardov, was a Russian prose writer, memoirist, playwright, and children's writer.

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Elena Guro

Elena Genrikhovna Guro (a; in marriage Matyushina (a; January 10, 1877 – May 6, 1913) was a Russian Futurist painter, playwright, poet, and fiction writer.

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Eliezer Steinman

Eliezer Steinman (אליעזר שטיינמן; born 1892, died 7 August 1970) was a Russian-born Israeli writer, journalist and editor.

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Eliziejus Draugelis

Eliziejus Draugelis (11 April 1888 – 8 October 1961 in São Paulo) was a Lithuanian physician and politician.

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Emanuel Moravec

Emanuel Moravec (17 April 1893 – 5 May 1945) was a colonel in the Czechoslovak Army who served as the collaborationist minister of education of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.

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Emilia Plater

Countess Emilia Plater (Broel-Plater, Emilija Pliaterytė; 13 November 1806 – 23 December 1831) was a noblewoman and revolutionary from the lands of the partitioned Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Emilija Vileišienė

Emilija Vileišienė née Jasmantaitė (1861–1935) was a Lithuanian activist.

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Engineer Battalion (Estonia)

Engineer Battalion (Pioneeripataljon) is a combat engineering battalion of the Estonian Defence Forces, based out of Tapa Army Base.

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Epaulette

Epaulette (also spelled epaulet) is a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations.

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Epidemic typhus

Epidemic typhus is a form of typhus so named because the disease often causes epidemics following wars and natural disasters.

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Ernst Gideon von Laudon

Baron Ernst Gideon von Laudon (German: Ernst Gideon Freiherr von Laudon (originally Laudohn or Loudon) (13 February 1717 – 14 July 1790) was an Austrian generalisimo, one of the most successful opponents of the Prussian king Frederick the Great, allegedly lauded by Alexander Suvorov as his teacher. He served the position of military governorship of Habsburg Serbia from his capture of Belgrade in 1789 until his death, cooperating with the resistance fighters of Koča Anđelković.

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Ernst Löfström

Ernst Löfström (31 May 1865 – 5 January 1937) was a Finnish general in World War I and the Finnish Civil War.

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Ernst Põdder

Ernst Põdder VR I/1 (10 February 1879 - 24 June 1932) was a famous Estonian military commander in the Estonian War of Independence.

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Erzurum Offensive

The Erzurum Offensive (Эрзурумское сражение Erzurumskoe srazhenie;Turkish: Erzurum Taarruzu) or Battle of Erzurum (Turkish: Erzurum Muharebesi) was a major winter offensive by the Imperial Russian Army on the Caucasus Campaign, during the First World War, that led to the capture of the strategic city of Erzurum.

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Estonia–Russia relations

Estonia–Russia relations (Российско-эстонские отношения, Eesti-Vene suhted) refers to bilateral foreign relations between Estonia and Russia.

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Estonian Air Force

The Estonian Air Force (Eesti Õhuvägi) is the aviation branch of the Estonian Defence Forces.

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Estonian Knighthood House

The Estonian Knighthood House (Estonian: Eestimaa rüütelkonna hoone, German: Haus der Estländischen Ritterschaft) is a building in Toompea, the upper part of Vanalinn, the historic inner town of Tallinn, the capital of Estonia.

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Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (Estonian SSR or ESSR; Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik ENSV; Эстонская Советская Социалистическая Республика ЭССР, Estonskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ESSR), also known as Soviet Estonia or Estonia was an unrecognized republic of the Soviet Union, administered by a subordinate of the Government of the Soviet Union.

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Etropole

Etropole (Етрополе) is a town in western Bulgaria, part of Sofia Province.

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Eugen Iskritsky

Eugen A. Iskritsky (August 15, 1874 – July 27, 1949) was Russian military commander, author, teacher, a hero of the First world war, Lieutenant General in the Imperial Russian army, who fell in with the winning side in the Russian Civil War yet was still a victim of Stalin's purges.

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Eugen Maximilianovich, 5th Duke of Leuchtenberg

Eugen Maximilianovich Romanowsky, 5th Duke of Leuchtenberg, Prince Romanowsky (8 February 1847 - 31 August 1901) was a son of Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg and Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia Duke of Leuchtenberg.

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Eugeniusz Pławski

Eugeniusz Józef Stanisław Pławski (March 26, 1895 – May 23, 1972) was a Polish Navy officer who served in World War I and World War II.

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Evgeny Chirikov

Evgeny Nikolayevich Chirikov (Евге́ний Никола́евич Чи́риков), 5 August 1864 – 18 January 1932, was a Russian novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, and publicist.

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Evgeny Messner

Evgeny Messner (Евгений Эдуардович Месснер, Eugen Messner; 1891–1974) was a Russian professional soldier and military theorist.

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Evgraf Davydov

Evgraf Vladimirovich Davydov (Евгра́ф Влади́мирович Давы́дов; b. 1775 - 20 December 1823) was a major-general of the Russian Empire, who served in the era of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Fabian Steinheil

Count Fabian Gotthard von Steinheil (Фадде́й Фёдорович Ште́йнгель, Faddei Fjodorovitš Šteingel; 14 October 1762 – 23 February 1831) was a Russian military officer, and the Governor-General of Finland between 1810 and 1824.

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Facial hair in the military

Facial hair in the military has been at various times common, prohibited, or an integral part of the uniform.

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Fatali Khan

Fatali Khan of Quba or Fath Ali-Khan of Quba (فتحعلی‌خان قبه‌ای; Fətəli xan Qubalı or Fətx Əli-xan Qubalı; 1736 - March 29, 1789) – was a khan of the Quba Khanate (1758–1789).

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Father Akaki

Father Akaki, civil name Andrei Kuznetsov (October 27, 1873 – January 30, 1984 Heinävesi) was a Russian Orthodox monk who died as the oldest person of Nordic countries and Finland's oldest man ever before Aarne Arvonen.

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February Revolution

The February Revolution (p), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution, was the first of two revolutions which took place in Russia in 1917.

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Feldwebel

Feldwebel (Fw or F), literally "field usher", is a non-commissioned officer (NCO) rank in several countries.

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Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski

Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski (9 June 1885,http://www.generals.dk/general/S%C5%82awoj-Sk%C5%82adkowski/Felicjan/Poland.html Gąbin – 31 August 1962) was a Polish physician,Waclaw Jedrzejewicz Piłsudski: A Life for Poland Hippocrene, 1982 Page 246 general and politician who served as Minister of Internal Affairs and is 28th Prime Minister of Poland before World War II.

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Feliksas Baltušis-Žemaitis

Feliksas Baltušis-Žemaitis (Феликс Рафаилович Балтушис-Жемайтис, November 30, 1897 – June 1, 1957) was a Lithuanian Red Army major general.

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Feodor Stepanovich Rojankovsky

Feodor Stepanovich Rojankovsky (Фёдор Степанович Рожанковский) (December 24, 1891 – October 12, 1970), also known as Rojan, was a Russian émigré illustrator.

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Feofil Egorovich Meyendorff

Feofil Egorovich Meyendorff (August 4, 1838 – October 18, 1919) was an Imperial Russian corps commander.

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Ferdinand von Wintzingerode

Ferdinand, Freiherr of Wintzingerode (15 February 1770, Allendorf – 16 June 1818, Wiesbaden) was a German nobleman and officer in several different armies of the Napoleonic Wars, finally ending up as a general in the Imperial Russian army and fighting in the War of the Sixth Coalition against the French invasion of Russia and the subsequent campaigns in Germany and France.

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Fermor (Russian nobility)

Fermor is the name of noble family of Scottish origin.

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Field officer

A field officer, field-grade officer, or senior officer is an army, Marine, or air force commissioned officer senior in rank to a company officer but junior to a general officer.

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Filip Konowal

Filip Konowal VC (Пили́п Миронович Конова́л; Pylyp Myronovych Konoval; 15 September 1888 – 3 June 1959) was a highly decorated Ukrainian Canadian soldier.

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Filipp Alyabushev

Filipp Fyodorovich Alyabushev (November 13, 1893 – June 25, 1941) was a Soviet major general in World War II.

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Filipp Parusinov

Fillip Alekseevich Parusinov (November 27, 1893 – October 25, 1973) was a Soviet army group commander.

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Filipp Rudkin

Filipp Nikitovich Rudkin (27 November 1893 12 October 1954) was a Belarusian Soviet Army major general and a Hero of the Soviet Union.

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Filipp Zhevakhov

Filipp Semyonovich Zhevakhov (Филипп Семенович Жевахов) (1752 – c. 1817) was a Georgian nobleman and a general of the Imperial Russian Army noted for his participation in the Napoleonic Wars.

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Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Civil War was a conflict for the leadership and control of Finland during the country's transition from a Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire to an independent state.

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Finnish Civil War prison camps

Finnish Civil War prison camps were operated by the White side of the 1918 Finnish Civil War.

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Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion

Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion (Henkikaartin 3., Livgardets 3:e finska skarpskyttebataljon, Leib-gvardii 3-j strelkovyi Finski bataljon), colloquially known as Guard of Finland (Suomen kaarti, Finska gardet) was a Finnish military unit during 1829-1905 based in Helsinki.

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First Battle of Chruślina

The First Battle of Chruslina was a clash between Polish insurgent forces and units of the Imperial Russian Army during the January Uprising.

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First Battle of Ignacewo

The First Battle of Ignacewo was one of many clashes of the January Uprising.

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First Battle of Nowa Wieś (1863)

The First Battle of Nowa Wies took place on February 21, 1863, near the village of Nowa Wies, Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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First Battle of the Masurian Lakes

The First Battle of the Masurian Lakes was a German offensive in the Eastern Front during the early stages of World War I. It pushed the Russian First Army back across its entire front, eventually ejecting it from Germany.

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First Western Army

The First Western Army was created in 1810 as part of the reorganisation of the Imperial Russian Army, and was intended as a defense against the north-western part of the Empire from the expected invasion by Napoleon.

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Florian Znaniecki

Florian Witold Znaniecki (15 January 1882 – 23 March 1958) was a Polish philosopher and sociologist who taught and wrote in Poland and in the United States.

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Forcade

Forcade (de), also written Fourcade (de), Forcada (de), Forquade (de), Forquada (de), Forcade (de la), Fourcade (de la), Laforcade (de) and Lafourcade (de) belongs to the nobility of GuyenneChaix d'Est-Ange (1922), Tome 18, p. 310 and Gascony,Chaix d'Est-Ange (1922), Tome 18, p. 313 in France, and of the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Foreign policy of the Russian Empire

The Foreign policy of the Russian Empire covers Russian foreign relations down to 1917.

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Foresters' Corps

The Foresters' Corps (Корпус лесничих) was a special corps in the Land Forces of the Russian Empire, and from 1869, part of the Forests Department of the Ministry of State Property.

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Fort Friedrichsburg

Friedrichsburg is situated in the western Pregel in this map of Königsberg from 1905. Fort Friedrichsburg in modern Kaliningrad Fort Friedrichsburg or Feste Friedrichsburg was a fort in Königsberg, Germany.

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Francis McCullagh

Francis McCullagh (1874 – 26 November 1956) was a British journalist, war correspondent, and author.

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Franciszek Żwirko

Franciszek Żwirko (16 September 1895 – 11 September 1932) was a prominent Polish sport and military aviator.

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Franciszek Młokosiewicz

Franciszek Młokosiewicz (May 5, 1769, Koźminek – March 23, 1845, Warsaw) was a Polish officer who served during the Napoleonic Wars and the November Uprising.

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Frankfurt (Oder)

Frankfurt (Oder) (also Frankfurt an der Oder, abbreviated Frankfurt a. d. Oder, Frankfurt a. d. O., Frankf., 'Frankfurt on the Oder') is a town in Brandenburg, Germany, located on the Oder River, on the German-Polish border directly opposite the town of Słubice, which was part of Frankfurt until 1945.

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Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf

K.u.k. Feldmarschall Franz Xaver Joseph Conrad Graf von Hötzendorf Franz Xaver Josef Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf (11 November 1852 – 25 August 1925), sometimes anglicised as Hoetzendorf, was an Austrian Field Marshal and Chief of the General Staff of the military of the Austro-Hungarian Army and Navy 1906–1917.

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Franz Lefort

Franz Jakob Lefort (Франц Яковлевич Лефорт; December 23, 1655 – March 2(12), 1699) was a Russian military figure of Genevan Huguenot origin, general admiral (1695), and close associate of Tsar Peter the Great.

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Franz Perkhorovich

Franz Iosifovich Perkhorovich (27 May 1894 11 October 1961) was a Belarusian Soviet Army lieutenant general and a Hero of the Soviet Union.

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Frederick Heiden

Count Frederick Maurice van Heiden (Фёдор Ло́гинович/Логгинович Ге́йден; 15 September 1821 – 18 January 1900) was a general of infantry in the Imperial Russian Army.

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Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)

The Free City of Danzig, sometimes referred to as the Republic of Danzig, was a semi-independent city-state established by Napoleon on 9 September 1807, during the time of the Napoleonic Wars following the capture of the city in the Siege of Danzig in May.

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French invasion of Russia

The French invasion of Russia, known in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812 (Отечественная война 1812 года Otechestvennaya Voyna 1812 Goda) and in France as the Russian Campaign (Campagne de Russie), began on 24 June 1812 when Napoleon's Grande Armée crossed the Neman River in an attempt to engage and defeat the Russian army.

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Freydun Atturaya

Freydon Bet-Abram Atoraya (ܦ̮ܪܝܕܢ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ; Freydon the Assyrian) (1891 – 1926) was an Assyrian physician born in the town of Charbash in the district of Urmia in Iran.

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Friedrich Caspar von Geismar

Friedrich Caspar von Geismar (also known as Fyodor Geismar, Фёдор Клементьевич Гейсмар; 1783-1848) was an Austrian-German military officer who spent the best part of his career in the service of Imperial Russian Army.

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Friedrich Heinrich Ferdinand Leopold von Forcade de Biaix

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Friedrich Karl von Tettenborn

Baron Friedrich Karl of Tettenborn (19 February 1778, in what was then the Baden part of the County of Sponheim - 9 December 1845, Vienna) was a famous cavalry commander in the Austrian and Russian armies during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Friedrich Maximilian Klinger

Friedrich Maximilian von Klinger (17 February 1752 – 25 February 1831) was a German dramatist and novelist.

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Friedrich Parrot

Johann Jacob Friedrich Wilhelm Parrot (25 October 179115 January 1841) was a Baltic German naturalist, explorer, and mountaineer, who lived and worked in Dorpat (today Tartu, Estonia) in what was then the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire.

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Friedrich Wilhelm Ferdinand Ernst Heinrich von Forcade de Biaix

Friedrich Wilhelm Ferdinand Ernst Heinrich von Forcade de Biaix,Schlesische Provinzialblätter, Nov.

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Friedrich Wilhelm Leopold Konstantin Quirin Freiherr von Forcade de Biaix

Friedrich Wilhelm Leopold Konstantin Quirin Freiherr von Forcade de Biaix, aka Friedrich Wilhelm Leopold Konstantin Quirin von Forcade de Biaix,Zedlitz-Neukirch, Band 4, Page 391 Blažek, Part 3, pp.

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Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg

Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert Graf von Berg (Frederick William Rembert, Count Berg; Russified into Граф Фёдор Фёдорович фон Берг, Graf Feodor Feodorovich von Berg) was an Baltic-German nobleman, statesman, diplomat and military leader who served in the Imperial Russian Army, the count of Austria (from 9.1849) and Finland (from 26.8.1856), and was the 5th last Field Marshal (promoted in 1866) in the history of the Russian Empire.

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Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden

Friedrich Wilhelm Count von Buxhoevden (Фёдор Фёдорович Буксгевден, Fyodor Fyodorovich Buksgevden; other spellings: Feodor Buxhoeveden, Buxhœwden, Buxhöwden) (September 14, 1750 Võlla, Governorate of Livonia – August 23, 1811 near Kullamaa) was a Russian infantry general and government official.

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Fritz Rumey

Fritz Rumey (March 3, 1891 – September 27, 1918) Pour le Mérite, Golden Military Merit Cross was a German fighter pilot in the First World War, credited with 45 victories.

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Fyodor Bakunin

Fyodor Alexeyevich Bakunin (2 March 189822 January 1984) was a Soviet Army major general.

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Fyodor Chernozubov

Fyodor Grigoryevich Chernozubov (14 September 1863 – 14 November 1919; sometimes seen as Theodore G. Chernozubov) was a Russian Imperial Army officer who became lieutenant general on 20 February 1915.

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Fyodor Drizen

Baron Fyodor Vasilyevich Drizen (10 August 1781 – 30 September 1851) was a General Officer of the Imperial Russian Army.

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Fyodor Gogel

Fyodor Grigorevich Gogel (Фёдор Григорьевич Гогель; born 1775 - died 1827) was a lieutenant-general of the Russian Empire, principally known for his service during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Fyodor Keller

Count Fyodor Keller (1850 – 31 July 1904) was a general in the Imperial Russian Army, noted for his role in the Battle of Motien Pass during the Russo-Japanese War.

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Fyodor Kolchuk

Fyodor Samuilovich Kolchuk (Фёдор Самуилович (Самойлович) Колчук;, – January 3, 1972) was a soldier of the Imperial Russian Army in World War I who rose to the rank of major general of the Red Army during the Second World War.

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Fyodor Korol

Fyodor Petrovich Korol (23 November 1894 29 September 1942) was a Red Army major general.

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Fyodor Kostenko

Fyodor Ya.

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Fyodor Kostyayev

Fyodor Vasilyevich Kostyayev (Фёдор Васи́льевич Костя́ев; 20 February 1878 – 27 September 1925) was a military officer in the Russian Imperial Army and following the October Revolution in the Red Army.

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Fyodor Kuznetsov

Fyodor Isidorovich Kuznetsov (Фёдор Исидо́рович Кузнецо́в; 29 September 1898 – 22 March 1961) was a Colonel General and military commander in the Soviet Union.

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Fyodor Ogorodnikov

Fyodor Evlampievich Ogorodnikov (June 16, 1867 – March 3, 1939) was a Russian and Soviet military activist and historian.

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Fyodor Palitzin

Fyodor Fyodorovich Palitzin (Фёдор Фёдорович Палицын; – 20 February 1923) (also known as Palitsyn) was a Russian General who commanded the Russian Expeditionary Force in France.

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Fyodor Pirotsky

Fyodor Apollonovich Pirotsky (Фёдор Аполлонович Пироцкий; -) was a Russian engineer of Ukrainian origin and inventor of the world's first railway electrification system and electric tram.

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Fyodor Radetsky

Fyodor Fyodorovich Radetsky (1820–1890) was a Russian general.

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Fyodor Shubin

Fyodor Kuzmich Shubin II (Федор Кузьмич Шубин-второй; 1783 – ?) was a military intelligence officer, explorer, and Colonel in the Imperial Russian Army during Napoleonic Wars.

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Fyodor van Tuyll van Serooskerken

Fyodor van Tuyll van Serooskerken (Russian: Фёдор Васильевич Тейль ван Сераскеркен), born Diederik Jacob van Tuyll van Serooskerken, was a Dutch nobleman who became a Russian major general and ambassador.

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Gamliel Rabinowitz

Gamliel HaKohen Rabinowitz (Rappaport) is a rosh yeshiva of Shaar Hashamayim Yeshiva in Jerusalem, Israel.

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Gaspar Voskanyan

Gaspar Voskanyan (January 22, 1887 – September 20, 1937) was an ethnic Armenian Soviet komkor (corps commander).

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Gatchina

Gatchina (Га́тчина) is a town and the administrative center of Gatchinsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Gates of Tashkent

The Gates of Tashkent, in present-day Uzbekistan, were built around the town at the close of the 10th century, but did not survive to the present.

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Gavriil Ignatyev

Gavriil Alexandrovich Ignatyev (1786 - 24 March 1852) was an Imperial Russian Army general of the artillery who led the defence of the Babruysk fortress and the city of Babruysk from Napoleon's forces in 1812.

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Günther Blumentritt

Günther Blumentritt (10 February 1892 – 12 October 1967) was an officer in World War I, who became a Staff Officer under the Weimar Republic and went on to serve as a general for Nazi Germany during World War II.

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Gefreiter

Gefreiter (abbr. Gefr.) is a German, Swiss and Austrian military rank that has existed since the 16th century.

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General of the Artillery (Imperial Russia)

In the Imperial Russian army, General of the Artillery was the second-highest possible rank, below Generalissimo of Russia or General-Fieldmarshal, produced by splitting General-in-Chief into service branches.

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General of the branch

A "general of the branch" or "general of the branch of service" is a rank equivalent to a three-star lieutenant general or four-star general.

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General of the cavalry

General of the Cavalry (General der Kavallerie) was a General officer rank in the cavalry in various states of which the modern states of German and Austria are successors or in other armies which used the German model.

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General of the Infantry (Imperial Russia)

General of the Infantry (Генера́л от инфанте́рии) was an Imperial Russian Army military rank.

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General officer

A general officer is an officer of high rank in the army, and in some nations' air forces or marines.

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General Staff Academy (Imperial Russia)

The General Staff Academy was a Russian military academy, established in 1832 in St.Petersburg.

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Generalissimo

Generalissimo is a military rank of the highest degree, superior to field marshal and other five-star ranks in the countries where they are used.

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Generalissimus of the Soviet Union

Generalissimus of the Soviet Union (Генералиссимус Советского Союза; Generalissimus Sovyétskogo Soyuza) was a proposed military rank created on 27 June 1945, following the tradition of the Imperial Russian Army (the rank in question only ever having been held by Count Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Suvorov who served during the reign of Catherine II the Great.). It was granted to Joseph Stalin following World War II; however, Stalin refused to officially approve the rank and died with the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union.

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Genrich Eiche

Henrich Christoforovich Eiche (Latvian. Indriķis Eiche; September 29 (October 12) 1893, Riga — June 25, 1968, Jūrmala) — served in World War I as an officer in the Russian Imperial Army, and in 1917 was elected Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee of his regiment.

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Georg Wilhelm de Gennin

Georg Wilhelm de Gennin (Георг Вильгельм де Геннин) or Vilim Ivanovich de Gennin (Вилим Иванович де Геннин) (October 11, 1665 — April 12, 1750) was a German-born Russian military officer and engineer who specialized in mining and metallurgy.

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George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan

Field Marshal George Charles Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan, (16 April 1800 – 10 November 1888), styled Lord Bingham before 1839, was an Anglo-Irish aristocrat and British Army officer.

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George Gershwin

George Jacob Gershwin (September 26, 1898 July 11, 1937) was an American composer and pianist.

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George Grebenstchikoff

George Dmitrievich Grebenstchikoff (Георгий Дмитриевич Гребенщиков; 6 May 1883 – 11 January 1964) was a writer and professor of Russian literature.

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George Kisevalter

George Kisevalter (4 April 1910 – October 1997) was an American operations officer of the CIA, who handled Major Pyotr Popov, the first Soviet GRU officer run by the CIA, and Colonel Oleg Penkovsky.

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George Kovalenko

George Kovalenko, SJ (born in 1900, Russian Empire - died on 5 November 1975, Rome, Italy) was a Russian Jesuit, a priest of the Catholic Church and a member of Russian apostolate.

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George Mikhailovich, Count Brasov

George Mikhailovich, Count Brasov (Георгий Михайлович, граф Брасов; – 21 July 1931) was a Russian noble and a descendant of the House of Romanov through a morganatic line.

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George Shevelov

George Yurii Shevelov (Schneider) (Юрий Владимирович Шевелёв, Юрій Володимирович Шевельов) (pseud: Yurii Sherekh, Hryhory Shevchuk, Šerech, Sherekh, Sher; Гр. Ш., Ю. Ш. and others) (December 17, 1908 – April 12, 2002) was a Ukrainian-American professor, linguist, philologist, essayist, literary historian, and literary critic.

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George Trofimoff

Colonel George Trofimoff (March 9, 1927 – September 19, 2014) was a former United States military intelligence officer of Russian descent.

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Georgi Yungvald-Khilkevich

Georgi Yungvald-Khilkevich (22 October 1934 – 11 November 2015) was a Soviet and Russian film director, screenwriter, producer, actor, theatre director and set designer.

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Georgian Armed Forces

The Georgian Armed Forces (tr) is the name of the unified armed forces of Georgia.

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Georgian Hussar Regiment

The Georgian Hussar Regiment (Грузинский гусарский полк; Gruzinskiy Hussarskiy Polk) was a military unit of the Russian Imperial Army which predominantly consisted by Moscow's Georgian community.

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Georgii Stackelberg

Baron Georgii Karlovich Stackelberg (Георгий Карлович Штакельберг) (July 30, 1851 – 1913) was a cavalry general in the Imperial Russian Army during the late 19th century and early 20th century.

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Georgy Bazilevich

Georgy Dmitrievich Bazilevich (January 26, 1889 – March 3, 1939) was a Soviet komkor (corps commander).

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Georgy Bobrikov

Georgy Ivanovich Bobrikov (Russian, Георгий Иванович Бобриков, 1840 - 1924) was an Imperial Russian division commander.

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Georgy Bondar

Georgy I Bondar (1893 – March 10, 1939) was a Soviet komkor (corps commander).

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Georgy Bulatsel

Georgy Viktorovich Bulatsel (187528 April 1918), was a lieutenant colonel in the Imperial Russian Army.

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Georgy Malenkov

Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov (– 14 January 1988) was a Soviet politician who succeeded Joseph Stalin as Premier of the Soviet Union, holding this position from 1953 to 1955.

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Georgy Orbeliani

Prince Georgy Ilyich Orbeliani (გიორგი ილიას ძე ორბელიანი; Гео́ргий Ильи́ч Орбелиа́ни; 1853–1924) was a general in the Imperial Russian Army during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.

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Georgy Rodin

Georgy Semyonovich Rodin (Russian: Георгий Семёнович Родин; 19 November 1897 – 6 January 1976) was a Red Army lieutenant general.

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Georgy Sofronov

Georgy Pavlovich Sofronov (19 April 1893 – 17 March 1973) was a Soviet general.

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Georgy Tumanov

Georgy Tumanov (Туманов, Георгий Евсеевич, გიორგი თუმანიშვილი (Giorgi Tumanishvili), Գեորգի Թումանով) (16 March 1839 – 30 May 1901) was member of the Georgian-Armenian royal house of Tumanishvili.

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Georgy Vasmund

Georgy Robertovich Vasmund (Russian, Георгий Робертович Васмунд, December 25, 1840 - May 30, 1904) was an Imperial Russian division commander.

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Georgy Zhukov

Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (– 18 June 1974) was a Soviet Red Army General who became Chief of General Staff, Deputy Commander-in-Chief, Minister of Defence and a member of the Politburo.

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Gerhard Benkowitz

Gerhard Benkowitz (2 June 1923 – 29 June 1955) was a school teacher and a resistance activist against the one party dictatorship of the German Democratic Republic.

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German Empire

The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.

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German Quarter

German Quarter (Неме́цкая слобода́, Nemetskaya sloboda), also known as the Kukuy Quarter (слобода Кукуй), was a neighborhood in the northeast of Moscow, located on the right bank of the Yauza River east of Kukuy Creek (hence the name Kukuy Quarter), within the present-day Basmanny District of Moscow.

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Germany–Russia relations

Germany–Russia relations display cyclical patterns, moving back and forth from cooperation and alliance to strain and to total warfare.

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Geysar Kashiyeva

Geysar Seyfulla qizi Kashiyeva (Azeri: Qeysər Kaşıyeva; 7 June 1893, Tiflis – 17 April 1972, Baku) was an Azerbaijani painter.

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Gheorghe Rosnovanu

Gheorghe Rosnovanu (March 1, 1832–October 2, 1904) was a Moldavian-born Romanian soldier and politician.

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Gherman Pântea

Gherman V. Pântea (surname also spelled Pîntea; Герман Васильевич Пынтя, German Vasilievich Pyntya; Герман Васильович Пинтя, Herman Vasilyovich Pyntya or Pintia; May 13, 1894 – February 1, 1968) was a Bessarabian-born soldier, civil servant and political figure, active in the Russian Empire and Romania.

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Ghukasyan

Ghukasyan (Ղուկասյան)) is an Armenian surname, meaning 'son of Ghukas', the Armenian equivalent of Luke. In Russia, Azerbaijan and other countries some holders of this surname changed to Gukasov (ɡʊˈkasəf). Known people with the name Ghukasyan.

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Giorgi Kazbegi

Giorgi Kazbegi (გიორგი ყაზბეგი; Георгий Николаевич Казбек, Georgy Nikolayevich Kazbek) (November 3, 1840 – April 14, 1921) was a Georgian nobleman and general in the Imperial Russian service.

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Giorgi Mazniashvili

Giorgi Mazniashvili (გიორგი მაზნიაშვილი) (6 April, 1870 – 16 December, 1937) was a Georgian general and one of the most prominent military figures in the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921).

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Gleb Plaksin

Gleb Vasilyevich Plaksin (Глеб Васильевич Плаксин; 16 August 192521 November 2008) was a French-born Soviet and Russian film actor and musician.

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Gomes Freire de Andrade

Gomes Freire de Andrade, ComC (27 January 1757, in Vienna – 18 October 1817) was a field marshal and distinguished officer of the Portuguese army who served France at the end of his military career.

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Gorna Oryahovitsa

Gorna Oryahovitsa (Горна Оряховица) is a town in northern Bulgaria, situated in Veliko Tarnovo Province, from Veliko Tarnovo.

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Gostan Zarian

Gostan, Constant, or Kostan Zarian (Կոստան Զարեան, Shamakhi,February 2, 1885 – Yerevan, December 11, 1969) was an Armenian writer who produced short lyric poems, long narrative poems of an epic cast, manifestos, essays, travel impressions, criticism, and fiction.

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Gotthard August von Helffreich

Gotthard August von Helffreich or Bogdan Borisovich Gelfreich (Russian - Богда́н Бори́сович Гельфре́йх 1-й or Готтгард Август фон Гельфрейх; 27 January 1776, Purgel province, Estonia – 24 November 1843, Revel) was a commander of the Imperial Russian Army during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Gourgen Yanikian

Gourgen Mkrtich Yanikian or in Western Armenian Kourken Mgrditch Yanigian (Գուրգէն Մկրտիչ Եանիկեան, December 24, 1895 – February 27, 1984) was an Armenian American engineer, Armenian Genocide survivor, best known for the assassination of two Turkish consular officials, Los Angeles Consul General Mehmet Baydar and Consul Bahadır Demir, in California in 1973.

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Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia (О́льга Алекса́ндровна; – 24 November 1960) was the youngest child of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and younger sister of Emperor Nicholas II.

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Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)

Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (Russian: Николай Николаевич Романов (младший – the younger); 18 November 1856 – 5 January 1929) was a Russian general in World War I. A grandson of Nicholas I of Russia, he was commander in chief of the Russian armies on the main front in the first year of the war, and was later a successful commander-in-chief in the Caucasus.

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Great Retreat (Russian)

The Great Retreat was a strategic withdrawal from the Galicia-Poland salient conducted by the Imperial Russian Army during September 1915 in World War I. The Russians' critically under-equipped and (at the points of engagement) outnumbered forces suffered great losses in the Central Powers' July–September summer offensive operations, this leading to the Stavka ordering a withdrawal to shorten the front lines and avoid the potential encirclement of large Russian forces in the salient.

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Greek Battalion of Balaklava

The Greek Battalion of Balaklava was a military unit of the Imperial Russian Army which participated in the Russo-Turkish wars of 1768–1774, 1787–1792 and 1806–1812.

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Grigorij Fedorovitch Tchernozubov

Grigorij Fedorovitch Tchernozubov (January 30, 1835 – ?) was an Imperial Russian brigade commander.

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Grigory Ivanovich Choglokov

Grigory Ivanovich Choglokov (November 4, 1867 – June 27, 1921) was a division commander of the Imperial Russian Army.

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Grigory Karizhsky

Grigory Ivanovich Karizhsky (Russian: Григорий Иванович Карижский; 21 November 1895 – 5 February 1971) was a Soviet Army Major general and Hero of the Soviet Union.

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Grigory Khakhanyan

Grigory Davidovich Khakhanyan (January 10, 1896 – February 22, 1939) was a Georgian-born ethnic Armenian Soviet komkor (corps commander).

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Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov

Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov, or Semenov (Григо́рий Миха́йлович Семёнов; September 13 (25), 1890 – August 30, 1946), was a Japanese-supported leader of the White movement in Transbaikal and beyond from December 1917 to November 1920, Lieutenant General and Ataman of Baikal Cossacks (1919).

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Grigory Verzhbitsky

Grigory Afanasyevich Verzhbitsky (Григорий Афанасьевич Вержбицкий) (born January 25, 1875, Letychiv, Podolia Governorate — died December 20, 1942 Tianjin, China) was one of the leaders of the White movement in Transbaikal and Primoriye during the Russian Civil War, Lieutenant-General (1918).

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Guard of honour

A guard of honour (en-GB), guard of honor (en-US), also honour guard (en-GB), honor guard (en-US), also ceremonial guard, is a guard, usually military in nature, appointed to receive or guard a head of state or other dignitary, the fallen in war, or to attend at state ceremonials, especially funerals.

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Guards Tape

The Guards Tape, (Гвардейская лента), is a military decoration awarded in the Soviet Union in 1942 for the elite soviet Guards unit, during the Great Patriotic War.

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Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast

Gusev (Гу́сев), previously known by its German name Gumbinnen (Gumbinė; Gąbin), is a town and the administrative center of Gusevsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Pissa and Krasnaya Rivers, near the border with Poland and Lithuania, east of Chernyakhovsk.

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Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer

Gustaw Konstanty Orlicz-Dreszer (October 2, 1889 − July 16, 1936) was a Polish general, and a political and social activist.

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Gustaw Paszkiewicz

Gustaw Paszkiewicz (1 April 1892 – 27 February 1955) was a soldier of the Imperial Russian Army, and officer of the Polish Army.

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Gymnastyorka

Gymnastyorka (usually translated in English as Gimnasterka; also spelled Gymnastiorka; p) was a Russian military shirt-tunic comprising a pullover-style garment with a standing collar having double button closure.

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Gyumri

Gyumri (Գյումրի), is an urban municipal community and the second largest city in Armenia, serving as the administrative centre of Shirak Province in the northwestern part of the country.

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Haberberg Church

Haberberg Church (Haberberger Kirche) or Holy Trinity Church (St.) was a Protestant church in the Haberberg quarter of Königsberg, Germany.

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Habib Bey Salimov

Habib bey Haji Yusif oglu Salimov (Həbib bəy Səlimov Hacı Yusif oğlu; February 8, 1881 - December 30, 1920) was the first Chief of General Staff of Azerbaijani Armed Forces of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.

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Hamina Cadet School

Finland Cadet school was the common name for the Fredrikshamn cadet school during the period 1819–1901.

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Hans Kalm

Hans Kalm (21 April 1889 – 1 February 1981) was an Estonian soldier who served in the armies of Russian Empire, Finland and Estonia.

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Harold Williams (linguist)

Harold Whitmore Williams (6 April 1876 – 18 November 1928) was a New Zealand journalist, foreign editor of The Times and polyglot who is considered to have been one of the most accomplished polyglots in history.

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Hayk Bzhishkyan

Hayk Bzhishkyan (Հայկ Բժշկյան, Persian هایک پزشکیان, Russian: Гайк Бжишкян, also known as Guy Dmitrievich Guy, Gai Dmitrievich Gai (Гай Дмитриевич Гай), Gaya Gai (Гая Гай), or Bzhishkyan, – 11 December 1937), was a Soviet military commander of the Russian Civil War and Polish-Soviet War.

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Heimito von Doderer

Franz Carl Heimito, Ritter von Doderer; known as Heimito von Doderer (5 September 1896, Weidlingau (now part of, Penzing, the 14th District of Vienna) 23 December 1966, Vienna) was an Austrian writer.

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Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein

Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein (14 August 1916 – 21 January 1944) was a German night fighter pilot and flying ace during World War II.

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Helen Mirren

Dame Helen Lydia Mirren, (born 26 July 1945) is an English actor.

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Henry Lloyd (soldier)

Henry Humphrey Evans Lloyd (c.1718 – 19 June 1783) was a Welsh army officer and military writer.

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Henryk Siemiradzki

Henryk Hektor Siemiradzki (24 October 1843 – 23 August 1902) was a Polish Rome-based painter, best remembered for his monumental Academic art.

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Henryk Sienkiewicz

Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz (also known by the pseudonym "Litwos"; 5 May 1846 – 15 November 1916) was a Polish journalist, novelist and Nobel Prize laureate.

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Herbert Brede

Herbert Lorentz Brede (25 April 1888 in Püssi – 6 October 1942 in Norilsk) was an Estonian soldier and general.

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Hermann Paul Reißhaus

Paul Reißhaus (29 September 1855 - 5 September 1921) was a pioneering German politician.

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Hibiya incendiary incident

The was a major citywide riot which erupted in Tokyo on 5 September 1905 in protest of the terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth, which ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.

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History of Christianity in Ukraine

The history of Christianity in Ukraine dates back to the earliest centuries of the apostolic church and according to Radziwiłł Chronicle Saint Andrew has ascended on hills of the future city of Kiev.

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History of European exploration in Tibet

Tibet has attracted European missionaries and explorers for over 500 years.

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History of Galicia (Eastern Europe)

With the arrival of the Hungarians into the heart of the Central European Plain around 899, Slavic tribes of Vistulans, White Croats, and Lendians found themselves under Hungarian rule.

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History of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, the largest country of the Eurasian Steppe, has been a historical "crossroads" and home to numerous different peoples, states and empires throughout history.

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History of Lviv

Lviv (Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv; Lwów; Lemberg; לעמבערג; Lvov, see also other names) is an administrative center in western Ukraine with more than a millennium of history as a settlement, and over seven centuries as a city.

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History of Poland (1795–1918)

In 1795 the third and the last of the three 18th-century partitions of Poland ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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History of Poland during World War I

While Poland did not exist as an independent state during World War I, its geographical position between the fighting powers meant that much fighting and terrific human and material losses occurred on the Polish lands between 1914 and 1918.

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History of Russia (1892–1917)

Under Tsar Nicholas II (reigned 1894–1917), the Russian Empire slowly industrialized while repressing opposition in the political center and on the far left.

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History of Russian military ranks

Modern Russian military ranks trace their roots to Table of Ranks established by Peter the Great.

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History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–27)

The history of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union reflects a period of change for both Russia and the world.

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History of Taganrog

The southern Russian city of Taganrog began as one of Russia's first planned cities under Peter the Great.

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History of Tarnobrzeg

History of Tarnobrzeg - In the late 16th century, the area of current Tarnobrzeg, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland emerged as a local center of industry, with several bloomeries mentioned here in 1565.

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History of the Jews in Finland

Finnish Jews are Jews who are citizens of Finland.

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History of the Poles in the United States

The history of Poles in the United States dates to the American Colonial era.

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History of Vilnius

This article is about the history of Vilnius, the capital and largest city of Lithuania.

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Hmayak Babayan

Hmayak Grigoryevich Babayan (15 August 1901 21 April 1945) was an Armenian Red Army major general and a Hero of the Soviet Union.

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HMS Glory (1899)

HMS Glory was a pre-dreadnought battleship of the British Royal Navy and a member of the.

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HMS President (1829)

HMS President was a large frigate in the British Royal Navy (RN).

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Howard Vincent

Colonel Sir Charles Edward Howard Vincent (31 May 1849 – 7 April 1908), known as Howard Vincent or C. E. Howard Vincent, was a British soldier, barrister, police official and Conservative Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1908.

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Hugo W. Koehler

Hugo William Koehler (July 19, 1886 – June 17, 1941) (pronounced KAY-ler) was a United States Navy commander, secret agent and socialite.

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Hungarian State (1849)

The Hungarian State (Magyar Álladalom) was a short-lived state that existed for 4 months in the last phase of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848–49.

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Hurva Synagogue

The Hurva Synagogue, (בית הכנסת החורבה, translit: Beit ha-Knesset ha-Hurva, lit. "The Ruin Synagogue"), also known as Hurvat Rabbi Yehudah he-Hasid ("Ruin of Rabbi Judah the Pious"), is a historic synagogue located in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem.

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Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski

Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski, or Nakhichevansky, francised spelling: Hussein Nahitchevansky (Hüseyn xan Naxçıvanski; Гусейн-хан Нахичеванский or Хан-Гуссейн Нахичеванский) (28 July 1863 in Nakhchivan City – January 1919 in St. Petersburg), was a Russian Cavalry General of Azerbaijani origin.

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Ibrahim bey Usubov

Ibrahim bey Usubov Musa Agha oglu (Ibrahim bəy Usubov Musa Ağa oğlu; March 6, 1872 - June 16, 1920) was an Azerbaijani Major General in Russian Imperial Army and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.

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Ibrahim Heski

Ibrahim Heski or Ibrahim Pasha Haski TelloDana Adams Schmidt, Journey among brave men, Little, Brown, 1964, (Kurdish: Biroyê Heskê Têlî; ? - July 25, 1931, Siah Cheshmeh, West Azarbaijan province, Iran), was a Kurdish Jalali tribesman, soldier and politician.

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Ice March

The Ice March (Russian: Ледяной походъ), also called the First Kuban Campaign (Russian: Первый кубанскій походъ), a military withdrawal lasting from February to May 1918, was one of the defining moments in the Russian Civil War of 1917 to 1921.

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Ieronim Uborevich

Ieronim Petrovich Uborevich (Jeronimas Uborevičius; January 14, 1896 – June 12, 1937) was a Soviet military commander of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.

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Ignacy Oziewicz

Ignacy Oziewicz (pseudonyms: Czesław, Czesławski, Netta, Jenczewski;7 May 1887 – 10 January 1966) was a Polish military colonel.

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Igor Sikorsky

Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky (a, tr. Ígor' Ivánovič Sikórskij; May 25, 1889 – October 26, 1972),Fortier, Rénald.

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Iivo Ahava

Iivo Ahava (born Afanasev, 19 February 1896, died 16 April 1919) was a Karelian-born Finnish military officer and nationalist who supported the idea of an independent East Karelia.

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Ilia Ivanovitch Alekseyev

Ilya Ivanovich Alexeyev (Russian: Илья Иванович Алексеев), born July 18, 1772 and died October 3, 1830 is one of the commanders of the Russian Imperial Army during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Ilie Cătărău

Ilie V. Cătărău (reportedly born Katarov, last name also Cătărău-Orhei; Bogdan Florin Popovici,,; retrieved October 20, 2011 1888 – ca. 1952) was a Bessarabian-born political adventurer, soldier and spy, who spent parts of his life in Romania.

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Illarion Illarionovich Vasilchikov

Illarion Illarionovich Vasilchikov (1805 – 12 November 1862) was an Imperial Russian general.

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Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov

Count Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov Илларион Иванович Воронцов-Дашков (27 May 1837 – 15 January 1916) was a notable representative of the Vorontsov family.

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Ilya Alekseevich Shatrov

Ilya Alekseevich Shatrov (April 1, 1879 (or 1885) - May 2, 1952) was a Russian military musician, conductor and composer, known for composing the waltz On the Hills of Manchuria in 1906, recounting his experiences at the Battle of Mukden during the Russo-Japanese War, which he dedicated to one of his comrades fallen at the battle.

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Ilya Garkavyi

Ilya Ivanovich Garkavyi (1888–1937) was a Soviet komkor (corps commander) and organizer of Red Guards detachments in Tiraspol.

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Ilya Repin

Ilya Yefimovich Repin (p; Ilja Jefimovitš Repin; r; – 29 September 1930) was a Russian realist painter.

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Ilya Smirnov

Ilia K Smirnov (July 30, 1887 – June 28, 1964) was a Soviet army commander.

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Imperial Army

An Imperial Army is literally an army of any empire.

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Imperial Russian Air Service

The Imperial Russian Air Service (Императорскiй военно-воздушный флотъ, literally Emperor's Military Air Fleet) was an air force founded in 1912 for Imperial Russia.

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Imperial Russian Army formations and units (1914)

This article lists Imperial Russian Army formations and units in 1914 prior to World War I mobilisation for the Russian invasion of Prussia and liberation Austro-Hungarian province of Galicia.

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Imperial Russian Navy

The Imperial Russian Navy was the navy of the Russian Empire.

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Incorporation of Polish children into the Imperial Russian Army (1831-1832)

Incorporation of Polish children into the Imperial Russian Army occurred during and after the defeat of the November Uprising (1830–1831), when penalised Polish adolescents were incorporated into the Imperial Army of the Russian Empire.

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Infiltration tactics

In warfare, infiltration tactics involve small independent light infantry forces advancing into enemy rear areas, bypassing enemy front-line strongpoints, possibly isolating them for attack by follow-up troops with heavier weapons.

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Inner Mongolian Army

The Inner Mongolian Army, also sometimes called the Mengjiang National Army, referred to the Inner Mongolian military units in service of Imperial Japan and its puppet state of Mengjiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War, particularly those led by Prince Demchugdongrub.

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Inochentism

Inochentism (occasionally translated as Innocentism or the Inochentist church; Russian: Иннокентьевцы, Innokentevtsy) is a millennialist and Charismatic Christian sect, split from mainstream Eastern Orthodoxy in the early 20th century.

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Inozemsky Prikaz

Inozemsky Prikaz (Иноземский приказ, lit. Office for the Affairs of the Foreigners) was a central government agency in the 17th-century Russia, which dealt with the affairs of the foreigners, including those hired by the Russian military.

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Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)

The Intelligence Bureau (سراغرسانی کا دفتر; Reporting name: IB), is a civilian intelligence agency in Pakistan.

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International relations, 1648–1814

International relations from 1648–1814 covers the major interactions of the nations of Europe, as well as the other continents, with emphasis on diplomacy, warfare, migration, and cultural interactions, from the Peace of Westphalia to the Congress of Vienna.

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International Squadron (Cretan intervention, 1897–1898)

The International Squadron was a naval squadron formed in early 1897 by a number of Great Powers just before the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 to intervene in a native Greek rebellion on Crete against rule by the Ottoman Empire.

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Invasion of Sakhalin

The Invasion of Sakhalin was the last land battle of the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War.

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Ioan C. Filitti

Ioan Constantin Filitti (first name also Ion; Francized Jean C. Filitti; May 8, 1879 – September 21, 1945) was a Romanian historian, diplomat and conservative theorist, best remembered for his contribution to social history, legal history, genealogy and heraldry.

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Ion Buzdugan

Ion Alion Buzdugan (Romanian Cyrillic and Ион Буздуган, born Ivan Alexandrovici Buzdâga;Onisifor Ghibu, "Trei luni din viața Basarabiei", in Societatea de Mâine, Nr. 13/1924, p. 283Constantin Poenaru, "Viața bucovineană în Rîmnicu-Vâlcea postbelic (II)", in Revista Română (ASTRA), Nr. 4/2009, p. 14 March 9, 1887 – January 29, 1967) was a Bessarabian-Romanian poet, folklorist, and politician.

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Ion Cămărășescu

Ion Cămărășescu (January 27, 1882 – March 25, 1953) was a Romanian politician.

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Iosif Apanasenko

Iosif Rodionovich Apanasenko (April 15, 1890 – August 5, 1943) was a Soviet division commander.

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Iosif Gurko

Count Iosif Vladimirovich Romeyko-Gurko (Ио́сиф Влади́мирович Роме́йко-Гурко́; —), also known as Joseph or Ossip Gourko, was a prominent Russian field marshal during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878).

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Irish Legion

Napoleon's Irish Legion (Légion irlandaise) was a French light infantry battalion established in 1803 for an anticipated invasion of Ireland.

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Irish Russians

Irish Russians are Russian nationals whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Ireland.

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Islam in Latvia

The presence of Muslims in Latvia was first recorded in the early 19th century.

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Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces

The Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces (نیروی زمینی ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران), acronymed NEZAJA (نزاجا) is the ground forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army.

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Ivan Andreyevich Argamakov

Ivan Andreyevich Argamakov (Russian: Иван Андреевич Аргамаков; 15 December 1775, Osokino, Kostroma - 9 March 1820) was a commander of the Imperial Russian Army during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Ivan Bagramyan

Ivan Khristoforovich Bagramyan (Հովհաննես Քրիստափորի Բաղրամյան; Ива́н Христофо́рович Баграмя́н), also known as Hovhannes Khachaturi Baghramyan (Հովհաննես Խաչատուրի (alternatively, Քրիստափորի, Kristapori) Բաղրամյան; Оване́с Хачату́рович Баграмя́н) (– 21 September 1982), was a Soviet military commander and Marshal of the Soviet Union of Armenian origin.

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Ivan Belov (commander)

Ivan Panfilovich Belov (June 27, 1893 – June 29, 1938) was a Soviet Komandarm 1st rank.

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Ivan Bogdanov

Ivan Aleksandrovich Bogdanov (6 November 1897 – 22 July 1942) was a Soviet general and army commander.

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Ivan Boldin

Ivan Vasilievich Boldin (Иван Васильевич Болдин;, Vysokaya – March 28, 1965, Kiev) was a senior Red Army general during the Second World War.

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Ivan Davidovich Lazarev

Ivan Davidovich Lazarev (Հովհաննես Դավթի Լազարյան, Hovhannes Davti Lazarian; Иван Давыдович Лазарев; 17 October 1820 – 14 August 1879) was an Imperial Russian Army general of Armenian origin.

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Ivan Fedko

Ivan Fedko (July 6, 1897 – February 26, 1939) was a Soviet Komandarm 1st rank and army commander.

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Ivan Fullon

Ivan Alexandrovich Fullon (July 23 (Aug. 4), 1844 – 1920) was an Imperial Russian division and corps commander.

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Ivan Fyodorovich Emme

Ivan Fyodorovich Emme (Иван Фёдорович Эмме; 1763–1839) was a Russian lieutenant general in the Napoleonic Wars.

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Ivan Ganetsky

Ivan Ganetsky (October 8, 1810 – 1887) was an Imperial Russian division commander.

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Ivan Gudovich

Count Ivan Vasilyevich Gudovich (Russian: Иван Васильевич Гудович; 1741–1820) was a Russian noble and military leader of Ukrainian descent.

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Ivan Guryelov

Prince (knyaz) Ivan Stepanovich Gurielov (Иван Степанович Гурьелов) also known as Guryalov (Гурьялов) or Gurieli (Гуриэли; გურიელი) (1770–1818) was a Russian general of Georgian origin who fought in several campaigns, most notably in the 1812-14 wars against Napoleon I of France.

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Ivan Ivanovich Michelson

Ivan Ivanovich Michelson (sometimes transliterated as Mikhelson; Ива́н Ива́нович Михельсо́н; Johann von Michelsohnen; 3 May 1740 – 17 August 1807) was a Baltic-German military commander who served in the Russian Imperial Army.

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Ivan Ivanovich Shamshev

Ivan Ivanovich Shamshev (May 4, 1819 – April 21, 1892) was an Imperial Russian lieutenant general, adjutant general and division commander.

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Ivan Khludenev

Ivan Guryanovich Khludenev (Иван Гурьянович Хлуденев) was a Russian military officer and a Colonel of the Imperial Russian Army.

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Ivan Konev

Ivan Stepanovich Konev (Ива́н Степа́нович Ко́нев; – 21 May 1973) was a Soviet military commander who led Red Army forces on the Eastern Front during World War II, retook much of Eastern Europe from occupation by the Axis Powers, and helped in the capture of Germany's capital, Berlin.

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Ivan Kotliarevsky

Ivan Petrovych Kotliarevsky (Іван Петрович Котляревський) (in Poltava – in Poltava, Russian Empire, now Ukraine), was a Ukrainian writer, poet and playwright, social activist, regarded as the pioneer of modern Ukrainian literature.

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Ivan Krasnov

Ivan Ivanovich Krasnov Краснов, Иван Иванович (1802–1871) was a Russian general and author.

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Ivan Ksenofontov

Ivan Ksenofontovich Ksenofontov (August 29, 1884 – March 23, 1926) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and one of the founding fathers and leaders of the Soviet secret police and state security agency (Cheka, GPU and OGPU).

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Ivan Lesovoy

Ivan Martynovich Lesovoy (Иван Мартынович Лесовой, 22 November 1835 – ?) was a Russian Imperial Army general who fought in the Russo-Turkish War and served as the Minister of War of the Principality of Bulgaria.

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Ivan Lorents

Ivan Leopoldovich Lorents (Иван Леопольдович Лоренц) (2 October 1890 – 28 July 1941) was a Polish-born Soviet diplomat.

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Ivan Makarovich Orbeliani

Prince Ivan Makarovich Dzhambakurian-Orbeliani (ივანე მამუკას ძე ორბელიანი Ivane Mamukas dze Orbeliani. Ива́н Мака́рович Орбелиа́ни) (9 September 1844 – 13 November 1919) was a Russian imperial general, governor of Kutaisi and Georgian prince.

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Ivan Mosjoukine

Ivan Ilyich Mozzhukhin (p; —18 January 1939), usually billed using the French transliteration Ivan Mosjoukine, was a Russian silent film actor.

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Ivan Naumovich Dubovoy

Ivan Naumovich Dubovoy (September 24, 1896 – July 29, 1938) was a Ukrainian-born Soviet army commander.

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Ivan Nikitich Konev

Ivan Nikitich Konev (5 January 1899 – 19 November 1983) was a Soviet major general during World War II and a Hero of the Soviet Union.

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Ivan Orlov (aviator)

Podporuchik Ivan Aleksandrovich Orlov (19 January 1895 – 4 July 1917) was a Russian flying ace during World War I. He was a prewar flier, having built both gliders and an airplane, and having earned pilot's license no.

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Ivan Panfilov

Ivan Vasilyevich Panfilov (Иван Васильевич Панфилов; – 18 November 1941) was a Soviet general and a posthumous Hero of the Soviet Union, known for his command of the 316th Rifle Division during the defense of Moscow at the Second World War.

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Ivan Paskevich

Prince (1831) Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich (Ива́н Фёдорович Паске́вич; &ndash) was an imperial Russian military leader.

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Ivan Pokrovsky

Ivan Kornil'yevich Pokrovsky (known in the Duma as Pokrovsky 1st; Иван Корнильевич Покровский; 1845, Chelyabinsk — after 1912) was a podporuchik of Imperial Russian Army, provincial secretary, entrepreneur, a deputy of Chelyabinsk City Duma, a party "agent" of the Constitutional Democratic Party in Chelyabinsk and a deputy of the Third Imperial Duma from 1907 to 1912.

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Ivan Ratiev

Ivan Dimitrievich Ratiev (Иван Дмитриевич Ратиев), also known as Ivane Dimitris dze Ratishvili (ივანე რატიშვილი) (July 17, 1868 – April 26, 1958) was a Georgian prince and a prominent officer of the Imperial Russian Army.

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Ivan Rubanyuk

Ivan A. Rubanyuk (August 29, 1896 – October 3, 1959) was a Soviet colonel general.

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Ivan Samosenko

Ivan Samosenko (Іван Семосенко, 1894–1920) was a Ukrainian military leader and a war criminal who was involved in anti-Jewish pogroms in Ukraine and for which he was executed.

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Ivan Sidorovich Lazarenko

Ivan Sidorovich Lazarenko (Иван Сидорович Лазаренко; 8 October 1895 – 26 June 1944) was a Red Army major general and a posthumous Hero of the Soviet Union.

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Ivan Smolin

Ivan Ivanovich Smolin (5 July 1895 – 20 September 1937) was a Soviet army commander.

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Ivan Strod

Ivan Yakovlevich Strod (Jānis Strods, Иван Яковлевич Строд) (April 10, 1894 – February 4, 1938) was a Red Army officer during the Russian Civil War in the Russian Far East from 1918 to 1923.

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Ivan Turchin

Ivan Vasyliovych Turchyn; December 24, 1822 – June 18, 1901) better known by his Anglicised name of John Basil Turchin, was a Union army brigadier general in the American Civil War. He led two critical charges that saved the day at Chickamauga and was among the first to lead soldiers up Missionary Ridge.

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Ivan Tyulenev

Ivan Vladimirovich Tyulenev (28 January 189215 August 1978) was a Soviet military commander, one of the first to be promoted to the rank of General of the Army in 1940.

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Ivan Vasilievich Argamakov

Ivan Vasilievich Argamakov (Russian: Иван Васильевич Аргамаков; 1763 – 1834) was a commander of the Imperial Russian Army during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Ivan Zaplatin

Ivan Vasilyevich Zaplatin (Иван Васильевич Заплатин; January 21, 1872, Orenburg Governorate — after 1919) was a major (voyskovoy starshina) of Imperial Russian Army, a bakery butter producer, a deputy of the Second Imperial Duma from the Orenburg Governorate in 1907, who had "moderately progressive" political position.

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Ivan Zhevakhov

Ivan Semyonovich Zhevakhov (Иван Семенович Жевахов.), also known as Ivane Simonis dze Javakhishvili (ივანე ჯავახიშვილი.) (1762 – July 24, 1837) was a Georgian nobleman and a general of the Imperial Russian Army.

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Ivane Abkhazi

Ivane Abkhazi (ივანე აფხაზი) or Ivan Nikolayevich Abkhazov (Иван Николаевич Абхазов) (1764 or 1786 – 1831) was a nobleman from Georgia, who served in the Imperial Russian military and rose to the rank of major-general during the Caucasus War.

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Ivane Amilakhvari

Ivane Amilakhvari (ივანე ამილახვარი, Иван Гивич Амилахвари; January 26, 1829 – August 27, 1905) was a Georgian nobleman and a military commander in Imperial Russian service.

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Ivane Andronikashvili

Prince Ivane Andronikashvili (ივანე ანდრონიკაშვილი), also known as Knyaz Ivan Malkhazovich Andronnikov (Иван Малхазович Андронников) (1798 – November 19, 1868) was a Georgian nobleman and general in the Imperial Russian service.

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Izmaylovsky Regiment

The Izmaylovsky Regiment (Izmáylovskiy leyb-gvárdii polk) was one of the oldest regiments of the Russian army, a subdivision of the 1st Guards Infantry Division of the Imperial Russian Guard.

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Jaan Maide

Jaan Maide, VR II/3 (30 May 1896 – 10 August 1945) was a senior Estonian Army officer who fought in World War I, the Estonian War of Independence and World War II.

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Jack London

John Griffith "Jack" London (born John Griffith Chaney; January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916) was an American novelist, journalist, and social activist.

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Jacob Brafman

Iakov Aleksandrovich Brafman (1825—28 December 1879), commonly known as Jacob Brafman, was a Russian Jew from near Minsk, who became notable for converting first to Lutheranism and then the Russian Orthodox Church.

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Jacob Elshin

Jacob Alexander Elshin (1892-1976) was a Russian American artist.

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Jacob Shaw's Regiment

Jacob Shaw's Regiment (Бельские немцы Яковлевы роты Ша) was a first Russian regular infantry regiment of the Russian Army.

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Jacques Gershkovitch

Jacques Gershkovitch (1884–1953) was a Russian conductor and musician who became the first music director of the Portland Junior Symphony (now known as the Portland Youth Philharmonic), the first youth orchestra in the United States, based in Portland, Oregon.

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Jacques Tati

Jacques Tati (born Jacques Tatischeff,; 9 October 1907 – 5 November 1982) was a French filmmaker, actor, and screenwriter.

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Jafargulu agha Javanshir

Jafargulu agha Javanshir (Cəfərqulu xan Məhəmmədhəsən ağa oğlu Sarıcalı-Cavanşir; 1787 — 1866) was an Azerbaijani poet and public figure and was a major-general of the Russian Army.

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Jaime, Duke of Madrid

Jaime de Borbón y de Borbón-Parma, known as Duke of Madrid and as Jacques de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou in France (27 June 1870 – 2 October 1931), was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Jaime III and the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France as Jacques I.

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Jakub Wygodzki

Jakub Wygodzki (18561941; Jokūbas Vygodskis, יעקב ויגודסקי) was a Polish–Lithuanian Jewish politician, Zionist activist and a medical doctor.

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James Bruce (1732–1791)

Count James Bruce or Yakov Alexandrovich Bruce (1732–30 November 1791) was a Russian general.

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James Wolfe Murray

Lieutenant-General Sir James Wolfe Murray (13 March 1853 – 17 October 1919) was a British Army officer who served in the Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War, Second Boer War and First World War.

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Jamshid Nakhchivanski

Jamshid Jafargulu oglu Nakhchivanski (Cəmşid Cəfərqulu oğlu Naxçıvanski; August 23, 1895 – August 26, 1938), also known as Jamshid Khan Nakhichevanski, was a Russian Imperial, Azerbaijani and Soviet military commander.

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Jan Czerski

Jan Stanisław Franciszek Czerski (b. 3 May 1845 in Swolna d. 25 June 1892 nr. Kolyma) was a Polish paleontologist, osteologist, geologist, geographer and explorer of Siberia.

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Jan Jelínek (legionary)

Jan Jelínek (8 April 1893 – 5 July 1974) was a Czech legionnaire and author of a book about legionnaires from the Boskovice region.

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Jan Latsis

Jan Latsis (February 20, 1897 – March 10, 1937) was a Latvian-born Soviet division commander and Komkor (corps commander).

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Jan Lorentowicz

Jan Lorentowicz (14 March 1868 – 15 January 1940; occasional pen name, M. Chropieński) was a Polish theatre director, literary critic, publicist, editor and book collector; president of the Polish PEN Club (1925–27); and from 1938, an elected member of the prestigious Polish Academy of Literature.

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Jan Rogowski

Jan Rogowski (cichociemny) (noms de guerre Jan Szulak, Piotr Jaczynski, Julian Koba, Zbigniew Plecki, Piotr Pomerski, Stefan Zawidzki, Czarka, Kacz) was a soldier of the Polish Army, Polish Armed Forces in the West and the Home Army.

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Jan Rządkowski

Jan Piotr Rządkowski (1860–1934) was a Polish military officer and a General of the Polish Army.

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January 1917

The following events occurred in January 1917.

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January Uprising

The January Uprising (Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1863 m. sukilimas, Belarusian: Паўстанне 1863-1864 гадоў, Польське повстання) was an insurrection instigated principally in the Russian Partition of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against its occupation by the Russian Empire.

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Jarosław Dąbrowski

Jarosław Żądło-Dąbrowski (also known as Jaroslav Dombrowski; 13 November 1836 – 23 May 1871) was a Polish nobleman and military officer in the Imperial Russian Army, a left-wing independence activist for Poland, and general and military commander of the 1871 Siege and Commune of Paris.

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Javanshir clan

The Javanshirs--> (Cavanşirlər; جوانشیران – Javānširān) were a Turkic clan in Karabakh, who belonged to the Afshar tribe and were in turn a branch of the Oghuz Turks.

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Józef Łobodowski

Józef Stanisław Łobodowski was a Polish poet and political thinker.

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Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki

Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki (Iosif Romanovich while in the Russian military; sometimes also Dowbór-Muśnicki; 25 October 1867 – 26 October 1937) was a Russian military officer and Polish general, serving with the Imperial Russian and then Polish armies.

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Józef Haller

Józef Haller von Hallenburg (13 August 1873 – 4 June 1960) was a Lieutenant General of the Polish Army, a legionary in the Polish Legions, harcmistrz (the highest Scouting instructor rank in Poland), the President of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association (ZHP), and a political and social activist.

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Józef Poniatowski

Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski (7 May 1763 – 19 October 1813) was a Polish leader, general, minister of war and army chief, who became a Marshal of the French Empire.

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Józef Zajączek

Prince Józef Zajączek (1 November 1752, Kamieniec Podolski — 28 August 1826, Warsaw) was a Polish general and politician.

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Jānis Balodis

Jānis Balodis (20 February 1881 – 8 August 1965) was an army general, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Latvia (1919–1921), Minister of War (1931–1940) and politician who was one of the principal figures during the Latvian War of Independence and the dictatorship of Kārlis Ulmanis, when he officially was the number two of the regime as the Minister of War, Deputy Prime Minister and Vice President.

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Jānis Buivids

Jānis Buivids (8 September 1864 – 2 April 1937) was a general in the Latvian Army.

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Jānis Francis

Jānis Francis (July 3, 1877 – October 24, 1956) was a general of the Latvian Army, recipient of the Order of Lāčplēsis, the 3rd class.

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Jāzeps Grosvalds

Jazeps Grosvalds (Latvian: Jāzeps Grosvalds) (24 April 1891 – 1 February 1920) was a Latvian painter from Riga.

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Jean de Forcade de Biaix

Jean de Forcade de Biaix,Picamilh, Tome 1, Page 421 aka Jean de Forcade, Marquis de Biaix,Priesdorff, Band 1, Page 114, Nr.

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Jean Rémy

Jean Stanislas Rémy, commonly known as Jean Rémy, (Paris, October 3, 1899 - Toulouse, August 15, 1955) was a French colonel, a member of the Free French, and a Companion of the Liberation.

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Jeronimas Plečkaitis

Jeronimas Plečkaitis (10 December 1887 in Keturvalakiai, Russian Empire – 29 October 1963 in Pilviškiai, Lithuanian SSR) was a Lithuanian politician.

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Jerzy Świrski

Jerzy Włodzimierz Świrski (5 April 1882, Kalisz – 12 June 1959, London) was a Polish vice admiral and officer in the Russian Imperial Navy and later the Polish Navy.

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Jerzy Bordziłowski

Jerzy Bordziłowski (Юрий Вячеславович Бордзиловский; 1900-1983) was a Polish and Soviet military officer and communist politician.

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Johan Laidoner

Johan Laidoner (12 February 1884 – 13 March 1953) was an Estonian general and statesman.

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Johan Pitka

Johan Pitka, VR I/1, (19 February 1872 in Jalgsema, Järva County, Estonia – disappeared September 1944 in Läänemaa, Estonia) was a famous Estonian military commander from the Estonian War of Independence until World War II.

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Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky

Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky (21 November 1710 – 9 August 1775) was a Prussian merchant with a successful trade in trinkets, silk, taft, porcelain, grain and bills of exchange.

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Johann Georg von Browne

Count Johann Georg von Browne (or Johann Georg von Browne-Camus; 20 September 1767 – January 1827) was an officer in the Russian army, and settled in Vienna where he was a patron of Ludwig van Beethoven during the composer's early career.

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Johann Hermann von Fersen

Ivan Ivanovitch Hermann von Fersen (died 1801) was a Saxon-born infantry general who served from 1770 in the Imperial Russian Army.

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Johann Jakob Pistor

Johann Jakob von Pistor was an 18th-century German general who served in the Imperial Russian Army.

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Johann Ludwig Alexius von Loudon

Johann Ludwig Alexius von Loudon, born 10 January 1767 – died 22 September 1822, was the nephew of Feldmarschall Ernst Gideon von Laudon.

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Johann Martin von Elmpt

Field Marshal Ivan Karpovich Elmpt (Ива́н Ка́рпович Эльмпт, Johann-Martin von Elmpt; 1725) was a military officer of the Russian Empire.

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Johann Mickl

Johann Mickl (18 April 1893 – 10 April 1945) was an Austrian-born Generalleutnant and division commander in the German Army during World War II, and was one of only 882 recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.

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Johannes Raudmets

Johannes Raudmets (also known as Ivan Ivanovich Raudmets) (January 1, 1892 – September 9, 1937) was an Estonian Soviet Komdiv (division commander).

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Johannes Soodla

Johannes Soodla (14 January 1897 in Kudina Parish, (now in Palamuse Parish) – 16 May 1965) was an Estonian military officer during World War I, Estonian War of Independence and World War II, serving in Kuperjanov's Partisan Battalion and the 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian).

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John Casimir Ehrnrooth

Johan Casimir Gustavovich Ehrnrooth (also Ernrot or Ehrnroth; 1833–1913) was a Swedish-speaking Finnish soldier in the service of Imperial Russia, who also acted as Prime Minister of Bulgaria.

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John Moberly (Royal Navy officer)

Captain John Moberly was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, of English parentage, in 1789.

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Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst

Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst (JB MDL) is a United States military facility located southeast of Trenton, New Jersey.

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Jonas Acus-Acukas

Jonas Asevicius-Acus-Acukas (July 29, 1885 in Jieznas – July 11, 1976 in Kaunas) was a Lithuanian army officer and chemist.

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Jonas Steponavičius

Jonas Steponavičius (10 March 1880 – 8 December 1947) was a Lithuanian Roman Catholic priest active in Lithuanian cultural and political life.