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2.2.1动词知识点讲解
动词的分类 实义动词（有实在意义的动作，可以单独作谓语） 及物动词 实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。 The door opened.
不及物动词 实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。 He opened the door
系动词 本身带有一定的意义,不能独立充当谓语 She looks beautiful.
情态动词 情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。 He can swim across the river.
助动词 助动词的“助“是“帮助”之意，因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。 Does he like English
一般来讲，对于一个完整的英语句子来说，谓语动词是不可或缺的；也就是说，一个完整的英语句子可以没有主语或宾语等成分，但不能没有谓语动词。
动词可谓是英语造句的灵魂，所以有人称英语是“动词的语言”，这一点并不为过。比如英语句子的否定、疑问，英语的五种基本句型，英语句子谓语的时态、语态、语气，英语的非谓语动词等等，无不是有关动词的语法规则。这些用法规则占据了所有英语语法规则一半以上的内容，由此足见深入掌握动词的用法对于英语学习的重要意义！
我们先来讨论关于动词的两种基本且重要的分类：
一是关于句子的谓语构造的基本分类，涉及助动词、情态动词和实义动词，这关系到英语句子的否定和提问等结构变化。
二是关于实义动词的分类，这关系到英语句子的五种结构类型，关系到英语造句的大问题。
根据动词的词义和在谓语中的作用，我们可以把动词分为实义动词 、助动词和情态助动词。这是英文中关于动词的最为基本的分类。
具体的概念和分类:
1.实义动词:指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。（英语中除了助动词和情态动词以外，其他的均为实义动词。）
1. He lives quite near.
I like reading.
I bought a pen yesterday.
及物动词和不及物动词
实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。
实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。
①The door opened.(open后面没跟宾语，此时open是不及物动词，)
②He opened the door(open 后面有宾语 the door,此时open 是及物动词。)
注意:英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。
A.有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同
The meeting began at six begin.（begin是不及物动词。）（at six做状语）
We began the meeting at six (begin是及物动词，)
B.有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义不同地
The man walked away.(walk不及物动词，意为“走”。)
He walked the dog every day, (walk 是及物动词，“遛”，)
C.英语中一些动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，可能与汉语不同
He listens to the music every day, (listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。)
D、有些动词只能作及物动词，就必须带宾语
①I don't know what to do.第一个句子是正确的，what是do的宾语。
②I don' know why/how/when to do.第二个句子需要在 do 后加 it.
think insist agree reply等词
后面可直接跟宾语从句，但跟名词、代词等作宾语时，是不及物动词，要跟介词
I think it’s interesting.我认为这很有趣
what do you think of the film 你觉得这部电影怎么样？
I replied that I was unable to help them.我回答说我帮不了他们
He has not yet replied to my question.他还没回答我的问题。
He insisted that I (should) apologize to her.他坚持我应该向他道歉
He insisted on paying for the meal.他坚持要付饭钱。
连系动词（系动词）
系动词的判断方法
除系动词be之外，还有一些动词有时作为系动词来使用，有时候作为实义动词使用，我们称之为“半系动词”。判断一个动词是否作系动词用的方法有:
用系动词“be(是)”来替换句中的动词，如果替换后句子意思变化不大，则这个动词是系动词;如果替换后句意变化很大或者根本说不通，则该动词是实义动词看下面几个句子:
① She looks beautiful.她看起来很漂亮。
②The trees turn green in spring.树在春天变绿。
③The cloth feels soft.这布料摸起来很柔软
在这里，把looks, tum, feels变为is, are, is之后，前后句子的意思变化不大。因此，它们是系动词。
再看下面这组句子:
① He looked at me,他看着我
②He turned off the radio.他关掉了收音机
③ He felt the cloth with his hand.他用手摸了摸那布，
把这组句子中的动词用be替换后，句意变化很大且说不通，因此这些动词在这些句子中是实义动词，而不是系动词
注意:半系动词后面大多数情况是跟形容词作表语，但也有跟名词或其他词性作表语的，判断方法仍是看用系动词“be(是)”将其替换后句意变化是否大
He became a doctor.他成了医生。(became 是系动词)
The operation proved a complete success.手术证明是成功的。(prove 是系动词)
3.助动词
助动词的“助“是“帮助”之意，因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。它必须和实义动词连用，构成复合谓语。
英语的助动词有三个：be，do和have，它们分别具有各种变化形式。如下：
be: am, is, are, was, were, been, being
do: does, did
have: has, had, having
助动词 变化展式 例句 功能
be am,is,are,was,were等 I am studying grammar He is playing football 帮助构成进行时态
I was cheated. 帮助构成被动语态
do does,did I do not like English 帮助实义动词构成否定
Do you like English 帮助实义动词构成疑问
have has,had I have studied English for 3 years 帮助构成完成时态
需要提醒大家注意的是，三个助动词be，do和have，同时也可以用作实义动词。而作为助动词或实义动词，它们在词义和谓语中的作用这两方面是完全不同的。所以，不要混淆be作为系动词和助动词、do作为实义动词和助动词以及have作为实义动词和助动词。
例句：
be: I am a student. “是” 系动词，用作谓语
I am studying grammar. “无词义” 助动词，帮助构成进行时态。
have: I have two brothers. 实义动词,用作谓语
I have studied English for years. 无词义 助动词，帮助构成完成时态
do: I often do my homework at home. “做” 实义动词,用作谓语
I do not like English. 无词义 助动词，帮助构成否定句
助动词的作用：
1.帮助构成时态
①The boy is crying.
(is用来帮助构成现在进行时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词。)
②He has arrived.
(has 用来帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived一起作谓语，是助动词。)
I have been painting all day.
(have been 用来帮助构成现在完成进行时是助动词。)
2.帮助构成否定句和疑问句
Does he like English
(does 帮助构成一般疑问句没有具体意义，是助动词。)
He doesn't have lunch at home.
(does只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)
3.帮助构成被动语态
①Trees are planted in spring.
(are 帮助构成被动语态没有具体意义，是助动词。)
The house has been palled down.
(has been 帮助构成1在完成时和被动语态，是助动词。)
4.帮助构成虚拟语气
If he had come yesterday, I wouldn't have made such a mistake (had, would, have 帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的分部分。)
5.帮助构成倒装句
so much did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday ( 如此爱他的母条以至午他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物、did只是帮助构成倒装句,没有具体意义。是助动词。)
6.帮助构成强调意义
He did come yesterday.
(他昨天确实来过，did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。)
因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词
一个词既可以作实义动词又可以作助动词时，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能 He did his homework at seven o'clock.(did 单独作谓语，意为“做”，是实义动词。)
Did he do his homework yesterday
(did 是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句，do单独作谓语，意为“做”，是实义动词。)
He has had breakfast,(has是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时，had是实义动词，意为“吃”。has had 一起构成了句子的谓语。)
4.情态动词
情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义，如
①He can swim across the river.(can的词义为“能够”）
②You must stay at home.(must 的词义为“必须”)
③I might leave tomorrow,(might 的词义为“或许”)补充零碎知识点:
英文中的情态动词主要有下列10个：
can/could, may/might, shall/should, will/would, must和had better。
另外还有一些与上述情态动词有关的短语动词：
be able to（与can类似）
be going to（与will类似）
ought to, be supposed to（与should类似）
have to, have got to（与must类似）
此外，need和dare既可以用作情态动词，也可以用作实义动词。
例句：
Two men were standing at a bar.
该句的谓语是were standing，其中were是助动词，没有词义，只是用来帮助 构成过去进行时态；standing是实义动词。由此看到，助动词不能单独作谓语，必 须与实义动词一起构成谓语。
2) One man turned to the other and said,...
该句有两个并列谓语：turned和said，都是实义动词。由此看出，实义动词 能单独作谓语。
3) I'll bet you $100 that I can bite my left eye.
该句是一个主从复合句，所以有两个谓语：主句的谓语will bet和从句的谓 语can bite。在主句的谓语中，'ll bet是will bet的缩写，这里will是情态动词，词义可 以解释为“愿意”；bet是实义动词。在从句的谓语中，can是情态动词，词义可以解 释为“能够”；bite是实义动词。由此看到，情态动词具有特定的词义，但与助动词 一样不能单独作谓语，必须与实义动词一起构成谓语。
The wager was accepted,...
该句的谓语是was accepted，其中was是助动词，没有词义，只是用来帮助构成被动语态；accepted是实义动词。由此看到，助动词不能单独作谓语，必须与实 义动词一起构成谓语。
... and the man popped out his glass eye and bit it.
该句有两个并列谓语：popped out和bit，都是实义动词。由此看出，实义动词能单独作谓语。
"Now," he said, "I'll give you a chance to win your money back.
这里有一个直接引语。引语外的句子的谓语said是实义动词。引语中的句子 的谓语是'll give，是will give的缩写。这里的will是情态动词，词义可以解释为“愿 意”；give是实义动词。由此看出，情态动词有特定的词义，但与助动词一样不能 单独作谓语，必须与实义动词一起构成谓语。
I'll bet you another $ 100 that I can bite my right eye.
该句是一个主从复合句，所以有两个谓语：主句的谓语will bet和从句的谓 语can bite。在主句的谓语中，'ll bet是will bet的缩写，这里will是情态动词，词义可 以解释为“愿意”；bet是实义动词。在从句的谓语中，can是情态动词，词义可以解 释为“能够”；bite是实义动词。由此看出，情态动词具有特定的词义，但与助动词 一样不能单独作谓语，必须与实义动词一起构成谓语。
He can't have two glass eyes,...
该句的谓语是can't have，其中can't是情态助动词，词义可以解释为“能够”； have是实义动词，表示“有”的意思。注意这里的have不是助动词。
... thought the other man,...
该句是一个倒装句，谓语是thought这个实义动词，主语是the other man。
... and he plunked down his money.
该句的谓语是plunked，是实义动词。由此看出，实义动词能单独作谓语。
Then the first man took out his false teeth and bit his right eye.
该句有两个并列谓语：took out和bit，都是实义动词。由此看出，实义动词 能单独作谓语。
动词的过去式是一个动词，单独作谓语，不能与助动词、情态动词连用。它的词性与动词的第三人称单数一样。而动词的过去分词是动词的一种非谓语形式，也叫非限定性动词。不能独立作谓语。只能与助动词一起构成谓语。助动词有be(am/is/are;was/were;been/being) do(does/do) ,have(has/had/having) shall(should) ,will(would)。
动词过去式变化规则分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。规则动词过去式的构成:
1、一般情况下，动词原形词尾加-ed，如:work --worked play--played wanted---wanted act----acted
2、以不发音的 e 结尾动词，动词词尾加-d，如:live---lived move----moved taste--tasted hope--hoped
3、以辅音字母 +y结尾的动词，把-y变为-i再加-ed，如:study--studied copy---copied cry---cried carry---carried
4、以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加-ed，如:stop--stopped plan---planned
口诀:动词变过去式有规律，一般词尾加-ed.
如果结尾是哑 e，只在后面加个d 小t
结尾若是“辅+y”，把y变i加-ed。
若是重读闭音节，双写之后加-ed。( h pove gob sitta,ist
不规则动词过去式的构成看不规则动词变化表。
动词和短语动词
短语动词是许多省高考的必考内容。在平时的学习中，我们要有意识地去积累这方面的知识，这样才能使学习更高效。掌握好常用的短语动词和习惯表 达对于我们做完形和阅读的帮助也很大。
常用短语动词
break相关短语
break down (机器、车辆)停止运转；(健康、 精神)崩溃；(系统、讨论等)出问题；分解
break away 打破陈规，摈弃习惯；奋力挣脱
break out (战争、疫情、火灾等)爆发
break in/into 破门而入
break up 打碎，分裂；分手
① Let's break up the whole into parts.让我们化整为零。
② You must break away from these old customs.你们必须破除这些旧风俗。
③ The dog broke away from its owner and ran away. 狗挣脱了主人，跑了。
④ After a long time of hard work,he almost broke down.
长时间艰苦劳动之后，他的身体几乎垮了。
⑤ Why did the peace talks break down 为什么和谈失败了
⑥ This matter will break down in water.这种物质在水中会分解。
call相关短语
call at a place 拜访某地
call on/upon sb. 拜访或看望某人
call for sth./sb 需要，要求；接(某人),来取(某 物);喊着要人取来
call off 叫走，转移开；取消，不举行
call on/upon sb to do sth. 号召某人做某事
call up (给……)打电话；想起，回忆起
call in 收回，召回
call out 大声喊
① Call your dog off. 把你的狗叫走。
② The match was called off because of bad weather.由于天气不好，比赛取消了。
③ This problem calls for careful thought.这个问题需要好好想一想。
④ I'll call for you at seven this evening.今晚七点我来接你。
⑤ We call for the package at the post office.我们到邮局去取包裹。
⑥ The toy company has decided to call in the defective products all over the world.
该玩具公司已决定在全世界范围内召回那些有缺陷的产品。
⑦ The boy called out for help.那个男孩大声呼救。
come相关短语
come about 发生(不及物)(bring about,使发 生，及物)
come across 偶然遇到(meet with和run into也有 这个意思)
come along 进展； 一起来
come up with 想出(主意或计划等)
come out (书、唱片、电影等)出版发行； (花)开放
come to oneself 苏醒过来(oneself可以省略)
come to realize 开始意识到
come up (在谈话或会议中)被提及，被讨论
cut相关短语
cut down/back 减少
cut in 插话；(车从前面突然)插入
cut off 切断，终止(供应、电话等)使与外界隔断
cut up 切成碎片
① The government has announced plans to cut back on
defense spending by 10%next year.政府已宣布计划明年减少防务开支10%。
② I'm trying to cut down on caffeine.我在尽力减少咖啡因的摄入量。
③ I was just talking to Jane,when Dave cut in (on us/our conversation)
我正和简谈话，这时戴夫突然插话进来。
④ Did you see that white car cut in (on us/in front of us)
你看到那辆白色的车突然插入(到我们前面)了吗
⑤ If this bill is not paid within five days,your gas supply will be cut off.
如果这个账单五天内不付，你的液化气供应将切断。
⑥ Many villages have been cut off by the heavy snow.
许多村庄因为大雪与外界隔断。
⑦ He cut the wood up to build a fire.他把木头砍成碎片来生火。
get相关短语
get along/on (人)相处融洽；(工作)进展 ……
get down to 开始认真做某事(to是介词)
get through 结束，完成；成功地联络；通过(考 试);渡过难关(也常用go through, be through
get away 逃脱；离开
get away with 做成某坏事而未被发觉或处罚
get changed 换衣
get across 使理解，使相信
get over 战胜，克服(困难)
get together 聚会
get to sb 使某人受到影响(cause sb.to suffer or be upset)
① How are you getting along/on with your job
你的工作进展得怎么样
② She got through her exams without too much trouble.
她没有遇到太大麻烦就通过了考试。
③ I don't know how I got through the first couple of months after Andy's death.
我不知道在安迪死后我是怎样度过前几个月的。
④ The thief got away in the dark.那个贼趁着黑暗逃脱了。
⑤ If someone commits a murder,he won't get away with it.
如果一个人犯了谋杀罪，他是不会逃脱惩罚的。
⑥ I wanted to come along,but couldn't get away.
我想要一起走，但是走不开。
⑦ We tried to get our point across, but he just wouldn't listen.
我们尽力想使他理解我们的意思，但他就是不听。
⑧ The heat was beginning to get to me,so I went indoors.
炎热开始使我感到难受，因此我走进屋里。
⑨ I know he's annoying,but you shouldn't let him get to you.
我知道他很烦人，但你不应当让他影响你。
give相关短语
give away 捐赠；泄露(秘密)
give in 屈服，投降
give out (机器或身体某部分)停止工作；(指人可译作“筋疲力尽”);用 完，用尽；分发(作业、文件、物 品);散布，公布(消息、文件等)
give off/out 发出(气味、热、光等)
give up 放弃(后跟动名词)
① The party was meant to be a surprise,but Sharon gave it away .
本打算这个派对秘密准备，但莎伦却泄了密。
② She thinks no one knows how much she likes him,but her face gave her away!
她认为没有人知道她多么爱他，但她的表情却告诉了我们一切。
③ All machines gave out eventually.
所有的机器最终都停止了运转。
④ Our food supplies gave out.
我们的食物供应已经耗尽。
⑤ Both the man and the horse gave out after the long ride.
赶了很长一段路后，人马俱乏。
⑥ The government gave out food to people out of work.
政府向失业者分发食物。
⑦ They stood there, giving out the leaflets to the passers-by.
他们站在那里，向过路人散发传单。
⑧ This milk must be bad,for it is giving off a nasty smell.
牛奶 一 定变质了，因为它散发出 一种令人恶心的气味。
⑨ The sun gives out light and heat to the earth. 太阳向地球 发出光和热。
⑩ He gave up teaching only two years ago.两年前他才离开教学岗位。
go相关短语
go about 着手做某事(后跟动名词)(相当于 begin to do/deal with sth.);到处 走动
go over 复习；仔细察看
go off 爆炸；(枪、闹铃)响
go red/mad/blind hungry go是系动词，“变得”
go ahead (with 开始(继续)做某事
go through (法律、计划等)通过，批准； 经受(困难);全面检查
① How can we go about solving this problem
我们怎样着手解决这个问题
② Didn't you hear your alarm clock going off this morning
你没听到你的闹钟今天早上响了吗
③ We've received permission to go ahead with the music festival in spite of opposition from local residents.
尽管当地居民反对，但我们得到允许继续举办音乐 节。
④ I always go over my revision notes just before I go into an exam.
在考试之前，我总是认真复习我的复习笔记。
⑤ You must go over the instructions of how it works before you use the microwave oven.
在使用微波炉前要先看看它的使用说明。
⑥ I'm going through my wardrobe and throwing out all the clothes I don't wear any more.
我全面检查了我的衣柜，把我不穿的衣服都拿了 出来。
⑦ Remember to go through the pockets before you put those trousers in the washing machine.
在把裤子放进洗衣机之前，记着看一下口袋。
look相关短语
look around/ about 环视四周
look back on sth. 回顾(某事),回想(某事)
ook down on/upon 看不起，瞧不起
look forward to 期待，盼望(后跟动名词)
look up 抬头看；(在书、字典中)查找；好转
look over 审阅，检查(quickly examine)
look sb.over 上下打量(某人)
look through 翻阅，浏览(read sth.quickly)
look into sth 调查，研究，了解； look into one's eyes直视
look out 注意，小心(也可用watch out)
look out for 留意(try to notice,也可用watch out for,keep an eye out for)
look up to sb 钦佩，敬仰某人(look down upon瞧不 起 )
look after 照料，照看
look on/upon sb.as 把某人当作……看待
① I still shudder when I look back on the past.想起过去，我仍然不寒而栗。
② Things are looking up. 情况在好转。
③ You shouldn't look down upon the poor.你不应该瞧不起穷人。
④ The police are looking into the cause of the accident. 警方正调查事故原因。
⑤ Look out. There's a car coming! 当心!汽车来了!
⑥ I had a few minutes before the meeting to look over what he'd written.
在会前我有几分钟时间来快速查看他写的内容。
⑦ He looked her over and nodded lightly.他上下打量她，然后徽微点了点头。
⑧ We looked on her as a daughter.我们把她当作女儿看待。
⑨ While shopping here,you must look out for pickpockets.
在这里购物时，你一定要留意扒手。
⑩ Many fans look up to Yao Ming.许多粉丝都很钦佩姚明。
pay 相关短语
pay back 偿还；报复
pay off 还清(债务、欠款);(得到)回报
pay sb.off 付清工资解雇某人
pay sb.some money for sth 因为某物/事付给某人多少钱
pay down 当场支付，现金支付
Can you lend me some money I'll pay you/it back tomorrow.
你能借给我一些钱吗 我明天还你。
② He swore he'd pay her back for all she'd done to him.
他发誓他要为她所做的一切报复她。
③ We should be able to pay off the debt within two years.
我们应该两年内能还清债务。
④ All her hard work paid off in the end,and she finally passed the exam.
她所有的努力最后都得到了回报，她终于通过了考试。
pick相关短语
pick up 捡起，拿起
去拿某物，去接某人
中途搭载乘客
(在实践中)学得(语言习惯等)
买(便宜货),用较少的钱买到
见到，听到，闻到(微弱光、声音、 气味)
(无线电)接收到(信号)
(中断后)重新开始，继续
跌倒后站(爬)起来
增加，改善(increase or improve): (风)变大，(车)提速，(生意、生 产、天气、健康等)好转，有起色等
pick out (从众多人、物中)辨认出；挑选
① I went to pick up the phone/receiver ,but it had stopped ringing.
我想去拿起电话听筒，但它已停止响了。
② When you're in town,could you pick up the books I ordered
当你在镇上的时候，请把我订购的书拿回来好吗
③ Whose turn is it to pick the children up after school
该谁去接孩子了
④ The train stopped several times to pick up passengers.
火车沿途停了好几次，让乘客上车。
⑤ My friends knew where to pick up a good second-hand bike.
我的朋友知道在哪里可以便宜地买到好的二手自 行车。
⑥ We picked up the harbor lights as we sailed along.我们向前航行时看见了港口灯塔。
⑦ Police dogs picked up the scent(气味) of the two men from clothes they had left behind.
警犬从那两个人丢下的衣服上闻到了他们的气味。
⑧ Can you pick up Moscow on your radio 你的收音机能收到莫斯科电台吗
⑨ After lunch shall we pick up where we left off yesterday
午饭后我们从昨天停的那个地方开始吗
⑩ She fell off her bike,but quickly picked herself up.
她从自行车上摔了下来，但马上爬了起来。
The truck picked up speed slowly.卡车慢慢提速。
The wind always picks up in the evening.夜晚时风总是变大。
His spirits picked up when he got the good news. 当得知好消息后，他精神焕发。
The economy is finally beginning to pick up again. 经济终于又开始有所好转。
He picked up nicely after a long careful treatment. 经过较长时间精心治疗后，他的健康恢复得很好。
It seems as if the weather may pick up soon.
看上去天气好像很快要放晴了。
Let me pick out some good ones for you.
让我来替你挑几个好的。
put相关短语
put aside 留出(钱或时间等);暂置一边
put sth.away 把某物收拾起来
put sth.back 放回原处
put down 镇压；写下；放下
put forward 提出(建议等)
put off 推迟(后跟动名词作宾语)
put on 穿衣；上演
put out 扑灭(火)
put up 张贴；搭建；举起；提供临时住处
put up with 忍受
① He put aside some money every month for future uses.
他每月都留出一部分钱以备后用。
② Let's put our differences aside.
让我们把我们的异议先搁置一边。
③ The proposals that you have put forward deserve serious
consideration.
你提出的建议值得认真考虑。
④ Sally is putting me up for the weekend.
这个周末我住萨莉家。
⑤ I can't put off going to the dentist any longer.
我再也不能推迟去看牙医了。
⑥ Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.
不要把今天能做的事推到明天做。
set 相关短语
set about doing 开始，着手(start to do/deal with something,后跟动名词，意同go about)
set out/off 出发(start a journey)
set out to do 开始做，着手做(start an activity with a particular aim)
set off 点燃，引烬
set aside 留出(时间、钱等);暂置一边(也可用put aside)
set sb.apart 使区别开来
set down 写入，印入(正式文件中)
set up 建立(公司、组织、体系等);组织(会议、活动等)
sh be set up 受陷害，中圈套
set back 推迟；使受挫
set/lay the table 整理餐桌(put a cloth,knives and forks,etc.on the table in preparation for a meal)
set a record 创纪录
I've no idea how to set about changing a tyre on a car.
我不知道怎样着手换车上的轮胎。
② I tried to apologize,but I think I set about it the wrong
way. 我想尽力道歉，但是我想我一开始方式就错了。
③ He had some money in an account that he'd set aside for his kids.
他账户上有一些钱，是留出给他孩子用的。
④ I set aside half an hour every evening to hear Erik read.
我每天晚上留出半小时时间来听埃里克读书。
⑤ In times of war people tend to set aside political differences.
在战争时期，人们倾向于把政治问题暂置一边。
⑥ What set her apart was that she had a lot of original ideas. 使她与众不同的是，她有许多原创的主意。
⑦ What time will we have to set off/out for the station tomorrow
我们明天必须什么时候开始出发去车站
⑧ They set out to discover a cure for cancer.
他们着手来寻找治愈癌症的办法。
⑨ Be careful that you don't set the fireworks off by mistake.
当心点，别一不小心引起那些爆竹爆炸。
⑩ The rules of the club are set down in the members'
handbook.
这个俱乐部的规章制度被印在成员的手册中。
A committee has been set up to organize social events in the college.
成立了一个委员会以组织大学的社交活动。
We need to set up a meeting to discuss the proposals.
我们需要组织一个会议来讨论这些提议。
They claimed that they weren't selling drugs,but that
they'd been set up by the police.
他们声称他们没有卖毒品，他们是中了警方的圈套。
The accident has set them back several weeks.
那次事故已使他们耽搁了几个星期。
All their efforts at the reform have been set back.
他们所有的改革努力都遭受到挫折。
take 相关短语
take apart 拆卸，拆开
take after sb (在外貌、性格上)像某人
take down 写下，记下(别人所说的)
take effect 生效，起作用
Take…for granted 想当然，认为……是真实的；低估了……的价值
take sb.in 欺骗某人
take off 休假；(事业)腾飞；脱衣；(飞机)起飞
take on 展现出，呈现出(begin to have a particular quality)
take over 接手，接管
take sth.out on sb. 拿某人出气
take up 占去时间、空间、位置等;开始从事某项工作或活动
take chances 碰运气，冒险
① He takes after his mother.
他长得像他的母亲。
② International sanctions were beginning to take effect. 国际制裁的效果开始显现出来。
③ The traffic laws don't take effect until the end of the year. 交通法到年底才生效。
④ We have to re-educate the public about something they have always taken for granted.
关于公众一直想当然的一些事情，我们不得不再对他 们进行教育。
⑤ I can't believe she was taken in by him.
我真不敢相信她被他骗了。
⑥ He took off two weeks in September.
他9月休了两周假。
⑦ Her singing career had just begun to take off.
她的歌唱事业才刚刚腾飞。
⑧ Her voice took on a troubled tone.
她的声音中显示出她被什么事困扰着。
⑨ She took over as manager two weeks ago.
她两周前接手经理这一职位。
⑩ I know you've had a bad day,but there's no need to take it out on me!
我知道你今天不顺心，但也没有必要拿我出气。 This desk takes up too much room.
这个桌子占去了太多空间。
Have you ever thought of taking up acting
你考虑过从事演艺吗
Dennis wasn't a man to take chances.
丹尼斯不是一个靠碰运气/冒险做事的人。
turn相关短语
turn against 背叛，反对
turn down 拒绝，谢绝(某人建议、忠告) 关小(声音)
turn in 上交(也用hand in)
turn over 翻过来
turn to sb.for help 向某人求助
turn out 聚集(参加公众活动或娱乐)
turn out (to be) 证明是，结果是
turn up (人或机会出乎意料或事先无计划 地)出现
① Please turn/hand in your homework on time.
请按时交作业。
② After six years of fighting,public opinion has turned against the war.
经过六年战争之后，公众也开始反对这场战争。
③ He turned down the job because it involved too much
travelling.
他拒绝了这个工作，因为它出差太多。
④ Thousands of people turned out to welcome the England team home.
数千人聚集在那里，来欢迎英国队归来。
⑤ She turned up at my house late one night.
一天夜里她突然来到我家。
⑥ This job turned up just when I needed it.
当我需要这个工作时，它突然出现了。
常考动词的用法
search A for B
search 后是搜的地方， for 后面才是要找的对象。
① The police are searching the suspect(嫌犯) . ×
(需要在 searching后加for 才正确)
② She searched her desk for the necessary information.
她在她的书桌上搜寻必要的信息。
③ The man took her suitcase from her and then searched her.
那名男子拿过她手中的提箱，然后对她搜身。
believe 与 believe in
believe sb. 相信某人所说的话 believe sth.相信某事是真
believe in sb.信任某人
believe in sth. 相信某事是好的；相信某物是存在的
① I believe in life after death.
我相信人死后生命会以某种形式存在。
② We believe in him,who is always true to his word.
我们信任他，他总是说话算话。
join sb.in sth. 加入到某人当中一起做某事
join后跟人或团体； in后面跟事或活动。
His wife and children moved to join him in their new home.
他的妻子和孩子们搬进了他们的新家，和他 一起生活。
② They may apply to join the organization.
他们可以申请加入该组织。
③We're going to play football.Do you want to join in
我们去踢足球。你来不来
ask 与 ask for
ask sb. 询问
ask for sth. 索要某物
ask sb.for sth. 向某人要某物
Don't be afraid to ask for advice about ordering the meal.
点餐时可以大胆征求意见。
serve sb. “为某人服务”,不能说 serve for sb., 因为serve是及物动词
Wherever you work,you must serve the people whole heartedly.
不论你在哪里工作，你都必须全心全意为人民服务。
enter 的用法
A. 作“进入”讲时是及物动词，不能说 enter into
They had entered the country and had applied for permanent residence.
他们已经入境该国，并申请了永久居留权，
B.enter 作“参加，报名参加比赛”时，可作及物动词也
可作不及物动词
① I run so well I'm planning to enter some races.
我跑步很不错，正在考虑参加一些比赛。
② He entered for many competitions,winning several gold
medals. 他参加过多次比赛，赢得了数枚金牌。
find 与 find out
find 找到，发现；
find out 通过调查、询问、观察等发现
事情的真相。
① A block up the street I found a parking lot.
沿着街道过了一个街区，我找到了一个停车场。
② The traitor was finally found out and put in prison.
那个卖国贼终于被人发现并被监禁了起来。

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