Realgar
This page kindly sponsored by Douglas Merson
About Realgar
Formula:
As4S4
Colour:
Dark red to orange-red
Lustre:
Resinous, Greasy
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
3.56
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
From Arabic "rahj al-gahr", powder of the mine. Known as a mineral pigment in Byzantium (essentially Asia Minor and the Balkan Peninsula) at least by the beginning of the thirteenth century and presumably having a name by that time. An old realgar locality on the Balkan Peninsula is found at Allchar, Republic of Macedonia.
Alters to pararealgar on exposure to light.
Visually similar to sarabauite and other red arsenic-sulphur minerals.
Visually similar to sarabauite and other red arsenic-sulphur minerals.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Realgar.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3375
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3375:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
decbdebf-d464-41b5-93e3-597362da6d5d
Classification of Realgar
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Type description reference:
2.FA.15a
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
F : Sulfides of arsenic, alkalies; sulfides with halide, oxide, hydroxide, H2O
A : With As, (Sb), S
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
F : Sulfides of arsenic, alkalies; sulfides with halide, oxide, hydroxide, H2O
A : With As, (Sb), S
2.8.21.1
2 : SULFIDES
8 : AmXp, with m:p = 1:1
2 : SULFIDES
8 : AmXp, with m:p = 1:1
3.7.4
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
7 : Sulphides etc. of V, As, Sb and Bi
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
7 : Sulphides etc. of V, As, Sb and Bi
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Rlg | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Rlg | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Rgr | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Realgar
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon & Katya Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Realgar
Resinous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Dark red to orange-red
Streak:
Orange-red to red
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Sectile
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {010}, less good on {100}, {101}, {120}, {110}
Good on {010}, less good on {100}, {101}, {120}, {110}
Density:
3.56 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.59 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Realgar
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 2.538 nβ = 2.684 nγ = 2.704
2V:
Measured: 40° , Calculated: 38°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.166
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Anisotropism:
Strong.
Dispersion:
Relatively strong.
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R |
---|---|
400nm | 29.9% |
420nm | 28.6% |
440nm | 27.4% |
460nm | 26.3% |
480nm | 25.2% |
500nm | 24.2% |
520nm | 23.3% |
540nm | 22.4% |
560nm | 21.7% |
580nm | 21.1% |
600nm | 20.6% |
620nm | 20.3% |
640nm | 20.0% |
660nm | 19.7% |
680nm | 19.5% |
700nm | 19.3% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 29.9%.
Colour in reflected light:
Gray white.
Internal Reflections:
Yellow to red.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
Nearly colourless to pale golden yellow.
Chemical Properties of Realgar
Crystallography of Realgar
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.325(3) Å, b = 13.571(5) Å, c = 6.587(3) Å
β = 106.43°
β = 106.43°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.687 : 1 : 0.485
Unit Cell V:
799.54 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
16
Morphology:
Prismatic
Twinning:
Contact twins on {100}
Comment:
Space Group: P21/n.
Crystallographic forms of Realgar
Crystal Atlas:
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0003933 | Realgar | Kyono A, Kimata M, Hatta T (2005) Light-induced degradation dynamics in realgar: in situ structural investigation using single crystal X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy American Mineralogist 90 1563-1570 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
0003934 | Realgar | Kyono A, Kimata M, Hatta T (2005) Light-induced degradation dynamics in realgar: in situ structural investigation using single crystal X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy American Mineralogist 90 1563-1570 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
0003935 | Realgar | Kyono A, Kimata M, Hatta T (2005) Light-induced degradation dynamics in realgar: in situ structural investigation using single crystal X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy American Mineralogist 90 1563-1570 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
0003936 | Realgar | Kyono A, Kimata M, Hatta T (2005) Light-induced degradation dynamics in realgar: in situ structural investigation using single crystal X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy American Mineralogist 90 1563-1570 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
0003937 | Realgar | Kyono A, Kimata M, Hatta T (2005) Light-induced degradation dynamics in realgar: in situ structural investigation using single crystal X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy American Mineralogist 90 1563-1570 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
0004856 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004857 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004858 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004859 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004860 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004861 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004862 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004863 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004864 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004865 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004866 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004867 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004868 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004869 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004870 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004871 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004872 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004873 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004874 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004877 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004882 | Realgar | Kyono A (2009) Molecular conformation and anion configuration variations for As4S4 and As4Se4 in an anion-substituted solid solution American Mineralogist 94 451-460 | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0009149 | Realgar | Ito T, Morimoto N, Sadanaga R (1952) The crystal structure of realgar Acta Crystallographica 5 775-782 | 1952 | Saimoko, Japan | 0 | 293 | |
0010732 | Realgar | Mullen D J E, Nowacki W (1972) Refinement of the crystal structures of realgar, AsS and orpiment, As2S3 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 136 48-65 | 1972 | Lengenbach quarry, Binnatal, Switzerland | 0 | 293 | |
0011671 | Realgar | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Crystal Structures 1 85-237 | 1963 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
5.40 Å | (100) |
3.19 Å | (90) |
2.94 Å | (80) |
2.73 Å | (80) |
1.859 Å | (60) |
2.49 Å | (50) |
2.14 Å | (50) |
Comments:
Allchar, Macedonia.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
11 : Volcanic fumarole minerals; reduced phases (see also #45) | |
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
14 : Hot springs, geysers, and other subaerial geothermal minerals | |
Near-surface Processes | |
24 : Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments (see also #17) | |
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Synonyms of Realgar
Other Language Names for Realgar
Catalan:Realgar
Czech:Realgar
Dutch:Realgaar
French:Réalgar
Arsenic Rouge
Arsenic Rouge
Hungarian:Realgár
Italian:Realgar
Japanese:鶏冠石
Lithuanian:Realgaras
Low Saxon/Low German:Realgar
Polish:Realgar
Portuguese:Realgar
Romanian:Realgar
Russian:Реальгар
Simplified Chinese:雄黄
Slovak:Realgár
Spanish:Rejalgar
Eolita
Realgarita
Eolita
Realgarita
Swedish:Realgar
Common Associates
Arsenolite | As2O3 |
Baryte | BaSO4 |
Calcite | CaCO3 |
Orpiment | As2S3 |
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
465 photos of Realgar associated with Orpiment | As2S3 |
348 photos of Realgar associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
243 photos of Realgar associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
177 photos of Realgar associated with Arsenic | As |
162 photos of Realgar associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
119 photos of Realgar associated with Stibnite | Sb2S3 |
109 photos of Realgar associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
94 photos of Realgar associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
85 photos of Realgar associated with Pararealgar | As4S4 |
62 photos of Realgar associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.FA. | Anorpiment | As2S3 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
2.FA. | Bonazziite | As4S4 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
2.FA. | Paradimorphite | As4S3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
2.FA.05 | Duranusite | As4S | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
2.FA.10 | Dimorphite | As4S3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
2.FA.15b | Pararealgar | As4S4 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
2.FA.15d | UM1970-18-S:As | As4S4 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
2.FA.20 | Alacránite | As8S9 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
2.FA.25 | Uzonite | As4S5 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
2.FA.30 | Laphamite | As2Se3 | Mon. 2/m |
2.FA.30 | Orpiment | As2S3 | Mon. 2/m |
2.FA.35 | Getchellite | AsSbS3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
2.FA.40 | Wakabayashilite | [(As,Sb)6S9][As4S5] | Orth. mm2 : Pna21 |
2.FA.40 | Kalgoorlieite | As2Te3 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Heated in a closed tube, it melts, volatilizes, and gives a transparent red sublimate. Heating slowly in an open tube, it gives sulphurous fumes and a white crystalline sublimate.
Notes:
Soluble in caustic alkalies.
Special Storage/
Display Requirements:
Display Requirements:
Decomposes to orange pararealgar with exposure to light.
Health Risks:
Contains arsenic - always wash hands after handling. Avoid inhaling dust when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest.
References for Realgar
Reference List:
Localities for Realgar
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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No. 5 Mine, Baia Sprie, Maramureș County, Romania