Referat patofisiologi asites pada sirosis hepatis. Di negara ! arat yang tersering aki! Stadiu a/al sirosis sering tanpa ge#ala sehingga kadang diteukan pada /aktu pasien elakukan peeriksaan kesehatan rutin atau karena kelainan penyakit lain."e#ala a/al sirosis *kopensata+ eliputi perasaan udah lelah dan leas% seleraakan ! Mungkin disertai adanya gangguan pe! Se! agian ! esar *3.

Di K keatian karena sirosis telaheningkat dari 6 per 1. Sekitar 4 dari populasi eiliki fungsi hati yang a! Mana#een yang efektif dari asites eerlukan peahaan enyeluruh tentang patofisiologi pe!

• Patofisiologi ascites pdf. Ayu Resfalina Putri, Amd.Kep 1. Materi KMB : Ascites atau Asites.Pengertian Ascites atau asites adalah meningkatanya jumlah cairan intra peritoneal.
• Artikel Pengembangan Pendidikan Keprofesian Berkelanjutan (P2KB) Patofisiologi dan Diagnosis Asites pada Anak Brigitta Godong Rumah Sakit Mitra Keluarga Kelapa Gading, Jakarta Abstrak: Asites adalah masalah yang.
• Etiologi dan Patofisiologi Sirosis Hepatis. retensi cairan dan lama-kelamaan menyebabkan asites dan juga edema. Patofisiologi sirosis hepatis sendiri. Dan-Patofisiologi-Sirosis-Hepatis.pdf. Jan 09, 2013 by.

Patofisiologi Asites. PENDEKATAN DIAGNOSIS. Riwayat Penyakit. Perut membesar pertama kali diketahui penderita dari ukuran ikat pinggang dan pakaian yang semakin besar, timbulnya hernia abdominal dan inguinal, atau pembesaran. ASITES. Patofisiologi asites Asites adalah penimbunan cairan yang abnormal di rongga peritoneum. Asites dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai penyakit, namun yang terutama adalah sirosis hati dan hipertensi porta. Patofisiologi. Patofisiologi Asites pada Sirosis Hepatis Pembimbing : Dr. Arif Lianto Lie, Sp.PD Disusun Ole : Desrain! 'nardini #unadiputri. PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd. Flag for inappropriate content. More information Show less.

Asites pankreas dapat dilihat pada orang dengan pankreatitis kronis (lama berdiri) atau peradangan pada pankreas. Penyebab paling umum dari pankreatitis kronis adalah penyalahgunaan alkohol berkepanjangan. Pankreas. PATOFISIOLOGI EDEMA DAN ASITES. ALI IMRON YUSUF, Dr, Sp.PD-KGEH DIVISI GASTRO-HEPATOLOGI BAG-/SMF. ILMU PENYAKIT DALAM FK.UNILA/ R.S. Dr. H. ABDUL MOELOEK BANDAR LAMPUNG EDEMA • Definisi: adalah timbunan cairan yang. Patofisiologi asites Asites adalah penimbunan cairan yang abnormal di rongga peritoneum. Asites dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai penyakit, namun yang terutama adalah sirosis hati dan hipertensi porta. pdf doc txt Title.

Patofisiologi Asites pada Sirosis Hepatis. 0 Daftar Isi. PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd. Flag for inappropriate content. Show more Show less. Related. On Writing: A Memoir Of The Craft. On Writing: A Memoir Of The.

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Arranger: Jacques Larocque. Publisher Info.: Saint- Maurice, QC: Productions du Moliantegok, 2. Moli 2. 01. 05. 0, 2. Copyright: Creative Commons Attribution- Non.

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New typeset from Richard Johnson Editions of Karol Mikuli's authoritative version of the works of Chopin published by Kistner in 1879, researched and updated. Download and Print piano free sheet music of Nocturne Op.9 No.1 for piano solo by Frederic Chopin, high quality digital edition plus Mp3 and MIDI files. Composition Date: 1831: Composition Info: The Nocturnes, Op. 9 are a set of three nocturnes written by Frederic Chopin between 18 and dedicated to Madame. A M.me Marie Pleyel Nocturne Frédéric Chopin Op. 9 N. 2 ç. Æ 1 3 ç. Andante ( 5 =132) Piano 2 54Æ 1 ç 12 8 2 1 ç. 1 Æ Æ ç. ç. 2 ç. 5 1 ç. 3 12 8 espress.

#4652 蕭邦Nocturne No.7 In C-sharp Minor Op.27-1. Chopin 2票 from 李正皓 ove pdf. Sheet music for Nocturne (Nocturne in Eb major) by Frédéric Chopin, arranged for Flute and Piano. Free printable PDF score and MIDI track.

The Chopin nocturnes constitute 21 pieces for solo piano written by Frédéric Chopin between 18. They are generally considered among the finest short solo. The Nocturnes, Op. 9 are a set of three nocturnes written by Frédéric Chopin between 18, published that year, and dedicated to Madame Camille Pleyel. February 16, 2016 is IMSLP's 10th Anniversary! New mirrors and a new download speed test is now available to speed up downloads from IMSLP.

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Blood Sorcery: Sacraments & Blasphemies (Vampire: The Requiem) Publisher: White Wolf Page Count: 72 Cost: $18.99 ($11.99 PDF) Release Date: 09/13/2012. Vampire the Requiem Blood Magic PDF # Discipline. PDF # Discipline. Crúac is the common name for the pagan blood sorcery practiced by the Circle of the Crone.

Blood Sorcery: Sacraments & Blasphemies - White Wolf. Blood Sorcery: Sacraments and Blasphemies is a sourcebook for Vampire: The Requiem. It provides insight into Kindredblood magic and the rituals needed to invoke them. From the Onyx Path catalog: God doesn't love me. But He's given me these teeth to spill your blood and these words to speak over your remains. And when I do that, He's going to make my dreams come true. God is good.- - Sister Snow, upstart Bishop of New Orleans.

Blood Sorcery: Sacraments and Blasphemies: pdf: 09/12: Dropped Like a Stone (Campaign Seed) Google Doc: 07/14. Militant vampires created by blood sorcery. Blood Sorcery: Sacraments and Blasphemies is a sourcebook for Vampire: The Requiem. It provides.

Blood Sorcery: Sacraments & Blasphemies. Vampire: The Requiem. Rose Bailey - September 13th, 2012, 7:27 pm. Bottom line at the top: Blood Sorcery: Sacraments. New Release: Blood Sorcery: Sacraments and Blasphemies. Vampire: The Requiem. Ian A. A. Watson - September 13th, 2012, 2:32 pm. Blood Sorcery: Sacraments. /tg/ Traditional Games Warning: All the content of this page originally come from 4chan.org. This is only a partial archive made to avoid destruction.

Being a vampire is inherently trading humanity for power, but most Kindred don't do it on purpose. Blood sorcery is about wrapping your arms around blood sacrifice or inhuman philosophy and holding it close against your silent heart. As presented in Vampire: The Requiem, sorcery is a series of rituals passed down from hierophant to acolyte, pastor to parishioner. The blood caked on these rituals is dark and dried, and they are ancient and horrible indeed. That's what this book is: a gory and grand new exploration of blood sorcery from the powers of the great covenants to the dirty secrets of the street to the figures that lurk in the shadowed history of the Kindred. This book includes: A flexible new system for blood sorcery, allowing you to build and enact your own rituals. Threnodies, sacrificial charms that build on Disciplines and add a little mojo to any character.

Hey all! I have a new sheets up on the site. These are Expanded Ritual sheets for use with the 'Blood Sorcery: Sacraments & Blasphemies' book for Requiem.

A legion of occult antagonists, from the heartless Sons of Phobos to the enigmatic Empty Liars Fiction: Boon & Kitty 1. Edit Fiction: Boon & Kitty 1.

Edit Introduction Edit Fiction: Boon & Kitty 1. Boon & Kitty 1. Edit Chapter One: Rites of Damnation Edit Fiction: Boon & Kitty 1. Edit Chapter Two: Threnodies Edit Fiction: Boon & Kitty 2. Edit Chapter Three: Antagonists Edit Background Information Edit. This book filled the slot originally intended for Secrets of the Covenants, which was pushed further back in the Onyx Path schedule.

According to developer Russell Bailey, this book was intended to hit three notes. First, make blood sorcery the gory, theophanic experience it should be. You don’t have a spell list, you have a list of violations you can perform in the name of your red- handed God. Second.. I want to provide an optional blood magic system that’s open- ended, à la. Mage or Witchfinders. Finally, we’re going to introduce new, occult- themed antagonists, secretive creatures that play up some aspect of the vampiric condition and distort it.[1] Memorable Quotes Edit Characters Edit References Edit↑White Wolf Blogs, December 1.

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A comprehensive A-Z directory of Calligraphy techniques and a step-by-step guide to their use.

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Radioisotope thermoelectric generator - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG, RITEG) is an electrical generator that uses an array of thermocouples to convert the heat released by the decay of a suitable radioactive material into electricity by the Seebeck effect.

Production, Distribution, and Applications of Californium-252 Neutron Sources R. C. Martin, J. B. Knauer, and P. A. Balo Chemical Technology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory* Oak Ridge, TN 3783 l-6385 U.S.A. To. Nuclear Power Assessment Study–Final NUCLEAR POWER ASSESSMENT STUDY Final Report Radioisotope Power Systems Program. IAEA-TECDOC-1430 Radioisotope handling facilities and automation of radioisotope production December 2004. This contribution is designed to document the radioisotope dating data for groups of chondrites, stony achondrites, pallasites and mesosiderites, and irons. A trace radioisotope is a radioisotope that occurs naturally in trace amounts (i.e., extremely small). Generally speaking, trace radioisotopes have half-lives that are short in comparison to the age of the Earth, since.

This generator has no moving parts. RTGs have been used as power sources in satellites, space probes, and unmanned remote facilities such as a series of lighthouses built by the former Soviet Union inside the Arctic Circle. RTGs are usually the most desirable power source for unmaintained situations that need a few hundred watts (or less) of power for durations too long for fuel cells, batteries, or generators to provide economically, and in places where solar cells are not practical. Safe use of RTGs requires containment of the radioisotopes long after the productive life of the unit. History[edit]. A pellet of 2. Pu. O2 as used in the RTG for the Cassini and Galileo missions. This photo was taken after insulating the pellet under a graphite blanket for several minutes and then removing the blanket.

Cyclotron produced radionuclides: principles and practice international atomic energy agency vienna, 2008 technical reports series no. 465. Document QAS/08.262/FINAL November 2008 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (November 2008) This text was adopted at the Forty-third WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for. A radioisotope power generator must meet stringent safety criteria. Under no circumstance should it subject people to undue radiation exposure.It must also be reliable, operating for long periods of time without failure.

The pellet is glowing red hot because of the heat generated by radioactive decay (primarily О±). The initial output is 6. RTGs were developed in the US during the late 1. Mound Laboratories in Miamisburg, Ohio under contract with the United States Atomic Energy Commission. The project was led by Dr.

Bertram C. Blanke.[1]The first RTG launched into space by the United States was SNAP 3 in 1. Navy Transit 4. A spacecraft. One of the first terrestrial uses of RTGs was in 1. US Navy at uninhabited Fairway Rock in Alaska. RTGs were used at that site until 1. A common RTG application is spacecraft power supply.

Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) units were used for probes that traveled far from the Sun rendering solar panels impractical. As such, they were used with Pioneer 1. Pioneer 1. 1, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Galileo, Ulysses, Cassini, New Horizons and the Mars Science Laboratory. RTGs were used to power the two Viking landers and for the scientific experiments left on the Moon by the crews of Apollo.

SNAP 2. 7s). Because the Apollo 1. RTG rests in the South Pacific ocean, in the vicinity of the Tonga Trench.[2] RTGs were also used for the Nimbus, Transit and LES satellites. By comparison, only a few space vehicles have been launched using full- fledged nuclear reactors: the Soviet RORSAT series and the American SNAP- 1. A. In addition to spacecraft, the Soviet Union constructed many unmanned lighthouses and navigation beacons powered by RTGs.[3] Powered by strontium- 9. Sr), they are very reliable and provide a steady source of power. Critics[who?] argue that they could cause environmental and security problems as leakage or theft of the radioactive material could pass unnoticed for years, particularly as the locations of some of these lighthouses are no longer known due to poor record keeping.

In one instance, the radioactive compartments were opened by a thief.[3] In another case, three woodsmen in Georgia came across two ceramic RTG heat sources that had been stripped of their shielding. Two of the three were later hospitalized with severe radiation burns after carrying the sources on their backs. The units were eventually recovered and isolated.[4]There are approximately 1,0.

RTGs in Russia. All of them have long exhausted their 1. They are likely no longer functional, and may be in need of dismantling. Some of them have become the prey of metal hunters, who strip the RTGs' metal casings, regardless of the risk of radioactive contamination.[5]The United States Air Force uses RTGs to power remote sensing stations for Top- ROCC and SEEK IGLOO radar systems predominantly located in Alaska.[6]In the past, small "plutonium cells" (very small 2. Pu- powered RTGs) were used in implanted heart pacemakers to ensure a very long "battery life".[7] As of 2. The design of an RTG is simple by the standards of nuclear technology: the main component is a sturdy container of a radioactive material (the fuel).

Thermocouples are placed in the walls of the container, with the outer end of each thermocouple connected to a heat sink. Radioactive decay of the fuel produces heat. It is the temperature difference between the fuel and the heat sink that allows the thermocouples to generate electricity. A thermocouple is a thermoelectric device that converts thermal energy directly into electrical energy using the Seebeck effect.

It is made of two kinds of metal (or semiconductors) that can both conduct electricity. They are connected to each other in a closed loop. If the two junctions are at different temperatures, an electric current will flow in the loop. Criteria for selection of isotopes[edit]The radioactive material used in RTGs must have several characteristics: Its half- life must be long enough so that it will release energy at a relatively constant rate for a reasonable amount of time.

The amount of energy released per time (power) of a given quantity is inversely proportional to half- life. An isotope with twice the half- life and the same energy per decay will release power at half the rate per mole.

Typical half- lives for radioisotopes used in RTGs are therefore several decades, although isotopes with shorter half- lives could be used for specialized applications. For spaceflight use, the fuel must produce a large amount of power per mass and volume (density). Density and weight are not as important for terrestrial use, unless there are size restrictions. The decay energy can be calculated if the energy of radioactive radiation or the mass loss before and after radioactive decay is known. Energy release per decay is proportional to power production per mole. Alpha decays in general release about 1.

Radiation must be of a type easily absorbed and transformed into thermal radiation, preferably alpha radiation. Beta radiation can emit considerable gamma/X- ray radiation through bremsstrahlung secondary radiation production and therefore requires heavy shielding.

Isotopes must not produce significant amounts of gamma, neutron radiation or penetrating radiation in general through other decay modes or decay chain products. The first two criteria limit the number of possible fuels to fewer than 3.

Plutonium- 2. 38, curium- 2. Plutonium- 2. 38 has a half- life of 8. Pu has the lowest shielding requirements; Only three candidate isotopes meet the last criterion (not all are listed above) and need less than 2. Pu (the best of these three) needs less than 2. Pu RTG, as the casing itself is adequate. Pu has become the most widely used fuel for RTGs, in the form of plutonium(IV) oxide (Pu.

O2). Unlike the latter RTG fuels, 2. Pu must be specifically synthesized and is not abundant as a nuclear waste product. At present only Russia has maintained consistent 2. Pu production, while the USA restarted production at circa 1.

At present these are the only countries with declared production of 2. Pu in quantities useful for RTGs. Pu is produced at typically 8. Strontium- 9. 0 has been used by the Soviet Union in terrestrial RTGs. Sr decays by ОІ emission, with minor Оі emission. While its half life of 2.

Pu, it also has a lower decay energy with a power density of 0. Because the energy output is lower it reaches lower temperatures than 2. Pu, which results in lower RTG efficiency. Sr is a high yield waste product of nuclear fission and is available in large quantities at a low price.[1. Some prototype RTGs, first built in 1. US Atomic Energy Commission, have used polonium- 2. This isotope provides phenomenal power density (pure 2.

Po emits 1. 40 W/g) because of its high decay rate, but has limited use because of its very short half- life of 1. A half- gram sample of 2. Po reaches temperatures of over 5. В°C (9. 00 В°F).[1. Americium- 2. 41 is a potential candidate isotope with a longer half- life than 2. Pu: 2. 41. Am has a half- life of 4.

However, the power density of 2. Am is only 1/4 that of 2.

Pu, and 2. 41. Am produces more penetrating radiation through decay chain products than 2. Pu and needs more shielding.

Even so, its shielding requirements in an RTG are the second lowest of all possible isotopes: only 2. Pu requires less. With a current global shortage[1. Pu, 2. 41. Am is being studied as RTG fuel by ESA.[1. An advantage over 2. Pu is that it is produced as nuclear waste and is nearly isotopically pure.

Prototype designs of 2. Am RTGs expect 2- 2.

We/kg for 5- 5. 0 We RTGs design, putting 2. Am RTGs at parity with 2. Pu RTGs within that power range.[1. Life span[edit]9. Sr- powered Soviet RTGs in dilapidated condition.

Most RTGs use 2. 38. Pu, which decays with a half- life of 8. RTGs using this material will therefore diminish in power output by a factor of 1в€’0. One example is the RTG used by the Voyager probes.

In the year 2. 00. RTG had decreased in power by 1. W, after this length of time it would have a capacity of only 3. W. A related loss of power in the Voyager RTGs is the degrading properties of the bi- metallic thermocouples used to convert thermal energy into electrical energy; the RTGs were working at about 6. By the beginning of 2. Voyager RTGs had dropped to 3.

W for Voyager 1 and to 3. W for Voyager 2.[1. Efficiency[edit]RTGs use thermocouples to convert heat from the radioactive material into electricity. Thermocouples, though very reliable and long- lasting, are very inefficient; efficiencies above 1.

RTGs have efficiencies between 3–7%. Thermoelectric materials in space missions to date have included silicon–germanium alloys, lead telluride and tellurides of antimony, germanium and silver (TAGS). Studies have been done on improving efficiency by using other technologies to generate electricity from heat.

Achieving higher efficiency would mean less radioactive fuel is needed to produce the same amount of power, and therefore a lighter overall weight for the generator. This is a critically important factor in spaceflight launch cost considerations.

Top 1. 0 Struts Interview Question And Answer. This time its Struts interview questions, After writing Spring interview questions few weeks back I was thinking what to pick for my interview series and than I thought about any web framework, and on that struts is my favorite. Struts are open source framework used for web application.

• Top 50 Struts Interview Questions. Download PDF. Q1. What are the components of Struts Framework? Ans: Struts framework is comprised of following components.
• Struts Interview Questions And Answers Pdf This is probably the most asked question in struts2 interview. What are Interview questions and answers – free pdf.
• . I am listing down some of the important Struts2 interview questions with answers to help you in interview. struts 2 struts2 interview questions. Written by.

These Struts interview questions are based on my experience as well as collected by friends and colleague and they are not only good for interview practice but also shows a new direction of learning for any one who is not very familiar with struts. Best way to use these interview questions is do revise before going for any Struts interview or any Java or J2. EE interview. I have also provided answers of these struts interview questions but you can also research more on Google but these answers of struts are sufficient on interview perspective. Question 1: What is Struts?

Struts2 Interview Questions And Answers Pdf Download PDF Ans: Following Steps are required for Struts1 to Struts2 migration: Move Struts1 actionForm to Struts2 POJO. Mohammad Makhanawala Page 1 Struts interview questions 1.What is MVC? Model-View-Controller (MVC) is a design pattern put together to help control change.

Why you have used struts in your application or project. Now why we use Struts?

So main reason is if we go with servlet all HTML code which is related with design part mostly will come inside java code which makes code unmaintainable and complex similarly if use JSP, all java code related with business come inside design part which again make code complex, that’s why MVC pattern come into existence and which separate the business, design and controller and struts was made based upon this pattern and easy to develop web application. The keyword to answer this Struts interview questions is MVC design pattern, Front Controller Pattern and better flow management which mostly interviewer are looking to hear. You can read more design pattern interview question on my post 1. Interview question on Singleton Pattern in Java.

Question 2: What are the main classes which are used in struts application? Ans 2: This is another beginner’s level Struts interview question which is used to check how familiar candidate is with Struts framework and API. Main classes in Struts Framework are: Action servlet: it’s a back- bone of web application it’s a controller class responsible for handling the entire request. Action class: using Action classes all the business logic is developed us call model of the application also. Action Form: it’s a java bean which represents our forms and associated with action mapping.

And it also maintains the session state its object is automatically populated on the server side with data entered from a form on the client side. Action Mapping: using this class we do the mapping between object and Action. Action. Forward: this class in Struts is used to forward the result from controller to destination. Question 3: How exceptions are handled in Struts application?

Ans: This is little tough Struts interview question though looks quite basic not every candidate knows about it. Below is my answer of this interview questions on Struts: There are two ways of handling exception in Struts: Programmatically handling: using try {} catch block in code where exception can come and flow of code is also decided by programmer . Declarative handling: There are two ways again either we define < global- Exception> tag inside struts config. Base. error. invalid.

Currency. Type"      path="/Availble. Currency. jsp"      type="Stock. Currency. Type. Exception"> < /exception> Programmatic and Declarative way is some time also asked as followup questions given candidate’s response on knowledge on Struts. Key: The key represent the key present in Message. Resource. properties file to describe the exception.

Type: The class of the exception occurred. Path: The page where the controls are to be followed is case exception occurred. Question 4: How validation is performed in struts application?

Ans: Another classic Struts interview question it’s higher on level than previous interview questions because it’s related to important validation concept on web application. In struts validation is performed using validator framework, Validator Framework in Struts consist of two XML configuration files. You can add new validation rules by adding an entry in this file. This was the original beauty of struts which makes it highly configurable. Validation. xml files which contain details regarding the validation routines that are applied to the different Form Beans. These two configuration file in Struts should be place somewhere inside the /WEB- INF folder of the application to keep it safe from client and make it available in Classpath.< !- -  Validator plugin - -> < plug- in class. Name="org. apache.

Validator. Plug. In"> < set- propertyproperty="pathnames"value="/WEB- INF/validator- rules. WEB- INF/validation. Now the next step towards validation is create error messages inside the message resource property file which is used by validator framework. Message resource Contain: 1. Currency. Converter. Form. from. Currency = From Currency.

Currency. Converter. Form. to. Currency=To currency. Then validation rules are defined in validation.

Form bean code that extend Dyna. Validator. Form. Eg; < form- beans> < form- bean name="Currency. Converter. Form" type="org. Dyna. Validator. Form"> < form- property name="from.

Currency" type="java. Currecny" type="java. Validation. xml file contains< form- validation> < formset> < form name=" Currency. Converter. Form "> < field property=" from. Currency " depends="required"> < arg key=" Currency. Converter. Form. from. Currency "/> < /field> < field property=" to.

Currecny " depends="required "> < arg key=" Currency. Converter. Form. to. Currency "/> < /field> < /form> < /formset> < /form- validation> To associate more than one validation rule to the property we can specify a comma- delimited list of values. The first rule in the list will be checked first and then the next rule and so on. Answer of this Struts questions gets bit longer but it’s important to touch these important concept to make it useful. Top 1. 0 Interview Questions asked in Struts. Question 5: What is the Difference between Dispatch.

Action and Lookup. Dispatch. Action in Struts Framework? This Struts interview questions is pretty straight forward and I have put the differences in tabular format to make it easy to read. Dispatch Action. Lookup. Dispatch. Action.

It’s a parent class of  Lookup. Dispatch. Action. Subclass of Dispatch Action. Dispatch. Action provides a mechanism for grouping a set of related functions into a single action, thus eliminating the need to create separate actions for each function. An abstract Action that dispatches to the subclass mapped executes method.

This is useful in cases where an HTML form has multiple submit buttons with the same name. The button name is specified by the parameter property of the corresponding Action. Mapping. If not using Internalization functionality then dispatch action is more useful.

Lookup Dispatch Action is useful when we are using Internalization functionality. Dispatch. Action selects the method to execute depending on the request parameter value which is configured in the xml file. Dispatch. Action is not useful for I1. NLookup. Dispatch. Action is used for I1. N Question 6: How you can retrieve the value which is set in the JSP Page in case of Dyna.

Action. Form? Ans: Dyna. Action. Form is a popular topic in Struts interview questions. Dyna. Action. Form is subclass of Action. Form that allows the creation of form beans with dynamic sets of properties, without requiring the developer to create a Java class for each type of form bean. Dyna. Action. Form eliminates the need of Form. Bean class and now the form bean definition can be written into the struts- config. So, it makes the Form.

Bean declarative and this helps the programmer to reduce the development time. For Example: we have a Currency. Converter. Form and we don't want a java class. Currency. Converter. Form has properties from. Currency, to. Currencyin the struts- config. Currency. Converter.

Form " type="org. Dyna. Action. Form"> < form- property name=" from. Currency " type="java. String"/> < form- property name=" to.

Currency " type="java. String "/> < /form- bean> Add action mapping in the struts- config. Currency" type="com.

Convert. Currency. Action" name=" Currency. Converter. Form " scope="request" validate="true" input="/pages/ currency. Converterform. jsp"> < forward name="success" path="/jsp/success. In the Action class. Convert. Currency. Action extends Action { public Action.

Forward execute( Action. Mapping mapping, Action. Form form, Http. Servlet. Request request, Http. Servlet. Response response) throws Exception{ Dyna. Action. Form currency. Converter. Form = (Dyna.

Action. Form)form; // by this way we can retrieve the value which is set in the JSP Page String from. Currency = (String) currency. Converter. Form. get("from. Currency "); String to. Currency = (String) currency. Converter. Form. get("to.

Currency "); return mapping. Forward("success"); } } } In the JSP page < html: text property=" from. Currency " size="3.

Currency " size="3. Question 7: what the Validate () and reset () method does? Ans: This is one of my personal favorite Struts interview questions.

Used to validate properties after they have been populated, and this ,method is  Called before Form. Bean is passed  to Action.

Returns a collection of Action. Error as Action. Errors. Following is the method signature for the validate() method.

Action. Errors validate(Action. Mapping mapping, Http. Servlet. Request request) { Action.

Errors errors = new Action. Errors(); if ( String. Utils. is. Null. Or. Empty(username) & & String. Utils. is. Null. Or. Empty(password)){ errors. Action. Errors. GLOBAL_ERROR, new Action.

Error("error. usernamepassword. Struts Framework with each request that uses the defined Action. Form. The purpose of this method is to reset all of the Action. Form's data members prior to the new request values being set. Example : public void reset(Action. Mapping mapping, Http.