Texas' 13th Congressional District

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Texas' 13th Congressional District
Incumbent
Assumed office: January 3, 2021

Texas' 13th Congressional District in the United States House of Representatives is represented by Ronny L. Jackson (R).

As of the 2020 Census, Texas representatives represented an average of 767,981 residents. After the 2010 Census, each member represented 701,901 residents.

Elections

2024

See also: Texas' 13th Congressional District election, 2024

Texas' 13th Congressional District election, 2024 (March 5 Republican primary)

General election

The candidate list in this election may not be complete.

General election for U.S. House Texas District 13

Incumbent Ronny L. Jackson and Mike Kolls are running in the general election for U.S. House Texas District 13 on November 5, 2024.

Candidate
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Ronny-Jackson.jpg
Ronny L. Jackson (R)
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Mike_KollsTX.jpg
Mike Kolls (L)

Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Democratic primary election

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 13

Incumbent Ronny L. Jackson advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 13 on March 5, 2024.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Ronny-Jackson.jpg
Ronny L. Jackson
 
100.0
 
81,330

Total votes: 81,330
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Libertarian convention

Libertarian convention for U.S. House Texas District 13

Mike Kolls advanced from the Libertarian convention for U.S. House Texas District 13 on March 23, 2024.

Candidate
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Mike_KollsTX.jpg
Mike Kolls (L)

Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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2022

See also: Texas' 13th Congressional District election, 2022

General election

General election for U.S. House Texas District 13

Incumbent Ronny L. Jackson defeated Kathleen Brown in the general election for U.S. House Texas District 13 on November 8, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Ronny-Jackson.jpg
Ronny L. Jackson (R)
 
75.4
 
161,767
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/_Kathleen_Brown_.jpg
Kathleen Brown (D) Candidate Connection
 
24.6
 
52,910

Total votes: 214,677
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Texas District 13

Kathleen Brown advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Texas District 13 on March 1, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/_Kathleen_Brown_.jpg
Kathleen Brown Candidate Connection
 
100.0
 
10,807

Total votes: 10,807
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 13

Incumbent Ronny L. Jackson advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 13 on March 1, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Ronny-Jackson.jpg
Ronny L. Jackson
 
100.0
 
71,554

Total votes: 71,554
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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2020

See also: Texas' 13th Congressional District election, 2020

General election

General election for U.S. House Texas District 13

Ronny L. Jackson defeated Gus Trujillo and Jack Westbrook in the general election for U.S. House Texas District 13 on November 3, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Ronny-Jackson.jpg
Ronny L. Jackson (R)
 
79.4
 
217,124
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/GusTrujillo.jpg
Gus Trujillo (D) Candidate Connection
 
18.5
 
50,477
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Jack_Westbrook.jpg
Jack Westbrook (L)
 
2.2
 
5,907

Total votes: 273,508
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Democratic primary runoff election

Democratic primary runoff for U.S. House Texas District 13

Gus Trujillo defeated Greg Sagan in the Democratic primary runoff for U.S. House Texas District 13 on July 14, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/GusTrujillo.jpg
Gus Trujillo Candidate Connection
 
66.4
 
4,988
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Greg_Sagan_.jpg
Greg Sagan
 
33.6
 
2,529

Total votes: 7,517
(100.00% precincts reporting)
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Republican primary runoff election

Republican primary runoff for U.S. House Texas District 13

Ronny L. Jackson defeated Josh Winegarner in the Republican primary runoff for U.S. House Texas District 13 on July 14, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Ronny-Jackson.jpg
Ronny L. Jackson
 
55.6
 
36,684
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Josh__Winegarner.jpg
Josh Winegarner
 
44.4
 
29,327

Total votes: 66,011
(100.00% precincts reporting)
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Texas District 13

Gus Trujillo and Greg Sagan advanced to a runoff. They defeated Timothy Gassaway in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Texas District 13 on March 3, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/GusTrujillo.jpg
Gus Trujillo Candidate Connection
 
42.2
 
6,995
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Greg_Sagan_.jpg
Greg Sagan
 
34.7
 
5,752
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/TimothyGassaway2024.jpg
Timothy Gassaway
 
23.1
 
3,825

Total votes: 16,572
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 13

The following candidates ran in the Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 13 on March 3, 2020.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Josh__Winegarner.jpg
Josh Winegarner
 
38.9
 
39,062
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Ronny-Jackson.jpg
Ronny L. Jackson
 
20.0
 
20,048
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/80182230_chrisekstrom.jpg
Chris Ekstrom Candidate Connection
 
15.3
 
15,387
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Elaine_Hays.jpg
Elaine Hays
 
7.7
 
7,701
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/LeeHarvey.jpg
Lee Harvey
 
3.8
 
3,841
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/VanceSnider.jpg
Vance Snider II
 
3.5
 
3,500
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/MarkNeese.jpg
Mark Neese Candidate Connection
 
3.0
 
2,984
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/MattMcArthur.jpg
Matt McArthur
 
1.8
 
1,816
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/DianeKnowlton.png
Diane Knowlton
 
1.5
 
1,464
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/80182230_ar-303309899.jpg
Richard Herman Candidate Connection
 
0.9
 
915
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/AsusenaResendizTX.png
Asusena Resendiz
 
0.8
 
818
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/80182230_culley_2020.jpg
Jamie Culley Candidate Connection
 
0.8
 
779
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/monique2.jpg
Monique Worthy Candidate Connection
 
0.7
 
748
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Catherine_Carr.jpg
Catherine Carr Candidate Connection
 
0.7
 
707
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/JF.jpg
Jason Foglesong Candidate Connection
 
0.6
 
579

Total votes: 100,349
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Libertarian convention

Libertarian convention for U.S. House Texas District 13

Jack Westbrook advanced from the Libertarian convention for U.S. House Texas District 13 on March 21, 2020.

Candidate
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Jack_Westbrook.jpg
Jack Westbrook (L)

Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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2018

See also: Texas' 13th Congressional District election, 2018

General election

General election for U.S. House Texas District 13

Incumbent Mac Thornberry defeated Greg Sagan and Calvin DeWeese in the general election for U.S. House Texas District 13 on November 6, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Mac_Thornberry.jpg
Mac Thornberry (R)
 
81.5
 
169,027
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Greg_Sagan_.jpg
Greg Sagan (D)
 
16.9
 
35,083
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Calvin DeWeese (L)
 
1.5
 
3,175

Total votes: 207,285
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Texas District 13

Greg Sagan advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Texas District 13 on March 6, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Greg_Sagan_.jpg
Greg Sagan
 
100.0
 
7,322

Total votes: 7,322
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 13

Incumbent Mac Thornberry advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Texas District 13 on March 6, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Mac_Thornberry.jpg
Mac Thornberry
 
100.0
 
71,018

Total votes: 71,018
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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2016

See also: Texas' 13th Congressional District election, 2016

Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Republican. Incumbent Mac Thornberry (R) defeated Calvin DeWeese (L) and Rusty Tomlinson (G) in the general election on November 8, 2016. Thornberry faced no opposition in the Republican primary on March 1, 2016. No Democrats filed to run in the race.[1][2]

U.S. House, Texas District 13 General Election, 2016
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngMac Thornberry Incumbent 90% 199,050
     Libertarian Calvin DeWeese 6.7% 14,725
     Green Rusty Tomlinson 3.4% 7,467
Total Votes 221,242
Source: Texas Secretary of State

2014

See also: Texas' 13th Congressional District elections, 2014

The 13th Congressional District of Texas held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 4, 2014. Incumbent Mac Thornberry (R) defeated Mike Minter (D), Emily Pivoda (L) and Don Cook (G) in the general election.

U.S. House, Texas District 13 General Election, 2014
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngMac Thornberry Incumbent 84.3% 110,842
     Democratic Mike Minter 12.8% 16,822
     Libertarian Emily Pivoda 2.2% 2,863
     Green Don Cook 0.7% 924
Total Votes 131,451
Source: Texas Secretary of State

2012

See also: Texas' 13th Congressional District elections, 2012

The 13th Congressional District of Texas held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 6, 2012, in which incumbent Mac Thornberry (R) won re-election. He defeated John Robert Deek (L) and Keith Houston (G) in the general election.[3]

U.S. House, Texas District 13 General Election, 2012
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngMac Thornberry Incumbent 91% 187,775
     Libertarian John Robert Deek 6.2% 12,701
     Green Keith F. Houston 2.9% 5,912
Total Votes 206,388
Source: Texas Secretary of State "Official Election Results, 2012 General Election"


2010
On November 2, 2010, Mac Thornberry won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Keith Dyer (I) and John Burwell, Jr. (L) in the general election.[4]

U.S. House, Texas District 13 General Election, 2010
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngMac Thornberry incumbent 87% 113,201
     Independent Keith Dyer 8.6% 11,192
     Libertarian John Burwell, Jr. 4.3% 5,650
Total Votes 130,043


2008
On November 4, 2008, Mac Thornberry won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Roger James Waun (D) in the general election.[5]

U.S. House, Texas District 13 General Election, 2008
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngMac Thornberry incumbent 77.6% 180,078
     Democratic Roger James Waun 22.4% 51,841
Total Votes 231,919


2006
On November 7, 2006, Mac Thornberry won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Roger Waun (D) and Jim Thompson (L) in the general election.[6]

U.S. House, Texas District 13 General Election, 2006
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngMac Thornberry incumbent 74.4% 108,107
     Democratic Roger Waun 23% 33,460
     Libertarian Jim Thompson 2.6% 3,829
Total Votes 145,396


2004
On November 2, 2004, Mac Thornberry won re-election to the United States House. He defeated M.J. Smith (L) in the general election.[7]

U.S. House, Texas District 13 General Election, 2004
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngMac Thornberry incumbent 92.3% 189,448
     Libertarian M.J. Smith 7.7% 15,793
Total Votes 205,241


2002
On November 5, 2002, Mac Thornberry won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Zane Reese (D) in the general election.[8]

U.S. House, Texas District 13 General Election, 2002
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngMac Thornberry incumbent 79.3% 119,401
     Democratic Zane Reese 20.7% 31,218
Total Votes 150,619


2000
On November 7, 2000, Mac Thornberry won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Curtis Clinesmith (D) and Brad Clardy (L) in the general election.[9]

U.S. House, Texas District 13 General Election, 2000
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngMac Thornberry incumbent 67.6% 117,995
     Democratic Curtis Clinesmith 31.1% 54,343
     Libertarian Brad Clardy 1.2% 2,137
Total Votes 174,475


1998
On November 3, 1998, Mac Thornberry won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Mark Harmon (D) and Georganne Baker Payne (L) in the general election.[10]

U.S. House, Texas District 13 General Election, 1998
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngMac Thornberry incumbent 67.9% 81,141
     Democratic Mark Harmon 31% 37,027
     Libertarian Georganne Baker Payne 1.1% 1,298
Total Votes 119,466


1996
On November 5, 1996, Mac Thornberry won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Samuel Brown Silverman (D) and Don Harkey (Natural Law) in the general election.[11]

U.S. House, Texas District 13 General Election, 1996
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngMac Thornberry incumbent 66.9% 116,098
     Democratic Samuel Brown Silverman 32.3% 56,066
     Natural Law Don Harkey 0.8% 1,463
Total Votes 173,627


1994
On November 8, 1994, Mac Thornberry won election to the United States House. He defeated incumbent Bill Sarpalius (D) in the general election.[12]

U.S. House, Texas District 13 General Election, 1994
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngMac Thornberry 55.4% 79,466
     Democratic Bill Sarpalius incumbent 44.6% 63,923
Total Votes 143,389


1992
On November 3, 1992, Bill Sarpalius won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Beau Boulter (R) in the general election.[13]

U.S. House, Texas District 13 General Election, 1992
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngBill Sarpalius incumbent 60.3% 117,892
     Republican Beau Boulter 39.7% 77,514
Total Votes 195,406


1990
On November 6, 1990, Bill Sarpalius won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Dick Waterfield (R) in the general election.[14]

U.S. House, Texas District 13 General Election, 1990
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngBill Sarpalius incumbent 56.5% 81,815
     Republican Dick Waterfield 43.5% 63,045
Total Votes 144,860


District map

Redistricting

2020-2021

See also: Redistricting in Texas after the 2020 census

Texas enacted new congressional districts on October 25, 2021. The Senate released a proposed congressional map on September 27, 2021, and approved an amended version of the proposal on October 8, 2021.[15] On October 13, 2021, the House Redistricting Committee approved an amended version of the congressional map, and both chambers of the legislature approved a finalized version of the map on October 18, 2021. The Senate approved the proposal in an 18-13 vote, and the House approved the bill in an 84-59 vote.[16] Gov. Greg Abbott (R) signed the map into law on October 25, 2021.[17] This map took effect for Texas' 2022 congressional elections.

How does redistricting in Texas work? In Texas, both congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn by the Texas State Legislature. These lines are subject to veto by the governor.[18]

If the state legislature is unable to approve a state legislative redistricting plan, a backup commission must draw the lines (the backup commission is not involved in congressional redistricting). This backup commission, established in 1948, comprises the following members:[18]

  1. Lieutenant governor
  2. Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives
  3. Attorney general
  4. State comptroller
  5. Commissioner of the General Land Office

The Texas Constitution requires that state legislative districts be contiguous and "that they preserve whole counties when population mandates permit."[18]

Texas District 13
until January 2, 2023

Click a district to compare boundaries.

Texas District 13
starting January 3, 2023

Click a district to compare boundaries.

The 13th Congressional District of Texas, prior to the 2010-2011 redistricting process.
See also: Redistricting in Texas after the 2010 census

Following the 2010 United States Census, Texas gained four congressional seats. Texas' final congressional redistricting plan was approved by the Texas Legislature and signed by Gov. Rick Perry (R) in June 2013.[19][20][21]

District analysis

See also: The Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index
See also: FiveThirtyEight's elasticity scores

2022

Heading into the 2022 elections, based on results from the 2020 and 2016 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+26. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 26 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Texas' 13th the 7th most Republican district nationally.[22]

Daily Kos calculated what the results of the 2020 presidential election in this district would have been following redistricting. Joe Biden (D) would have received 26.5% of the vote in this district and Donald Trump (R) would have received 72.0%.[23]

2018

Heading into the 2018 elections, based on results from the 2016 and 2012 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+33. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 33 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Texas' 13th Congressional District the most Republican nationally.[24]

FiveThirtyEight's September 2018 elasticity score for states and congressional districts measured "how sensitive it is to changes in the national political environment." This district's elasticity score was 1.01. This means that for every 1 point the national political mood moved toward a party, the district was expected to move 1.01 points toward that party.[25]

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. Texas Secretary of State, "2016 March Primary Election Candidate Filings by County," accessed December 15, 2015
  2. The New York Times, "Texas Primary Results," March 1, 2016
  3. Politico, "2012 Election Map, Texas," November 6, 2012
  4. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
  5. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 2008," accessed March 28, 2013
  6. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2006," accessed March 28, 2013
  7. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2004," accessed March 28, 2013
  8. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 2002," accessed March 28, 2013
  9. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2000," accessed March 28, 2013
  10. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1998," accessed March 28, 2013
  11. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 1996," accessed March 28, 2013
  12. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1994," accessed March 28, 2013
  13. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1992," accessed March 28, 2013
  14. U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 1990," accessed March 28, 2013
  15. Texas Tribune, "Texas Senate approves congressional map that draws no new Black or Hispanic districts even as people of color fueled population growth," October 8, 2021
  16. Texas Legislature Online, "SB 6," accessed October 20, 2021
  17. Texas Tribune, "Gov. Greg Abbott signs off on Texas’ new political maps, which protect GOP majorities while diluting voices of voters of color," October 25, 2021
  18. 18.0 18.1 18.2 All About Redistricting, "Texas," accessed May 7, 2015
  19. All About Redistricting, "Texas," accessed May 7, 2015
  20. All About Redistricting, "Litigation in the 2010 cycle, Texas," accessed May 7, 2015
  21. Barone, M. & McCutcheon, C. (2013). The almanac of American politics 2014 : the senators, the representatives and the governors : their records and election results, their states and districts. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  22. Cook Political Report, "The 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)," accessed February 6, 2023
  23. Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2020 presidential results by congressional district, for new and old districts," accessed September 15, 2022
  24. Cook Political Report, "Introducing the 2017 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index," April 7, 2017
  25. FiveThirtyEight, "Election Update: The Most (And Least) Elastic States And Districts," September 6, 2018


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