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Kingdoms of Eastern Europe - Mazovia
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The Polish region of Mazovia
was an eastern borderland territory which also encompassed western-central
parts of Prussia. As one of
a series of small states of
Western Polans it was probably formed in the ninth or tenth century
from the West Slavic tribe of the Masovians. It also incorporated
elements of a Western Baltic
tribe called the
Galindians who, for
some two millennia, had occupied Masuria and the northern fringes of Mazovia.
In previous centuries the well-equipped cavalry of the southern Baltic tribes,
especially it must be assumed the Galindians and the neighbouring
Yotvingians, served
to prevent the Slavs from penetrating into Baltic lands, but by the eighth and
ninth centuries the Slavs were becoming an increasingly powerful threat to
them.
This new Polan micro-state was quickly incorporated into the newly unified
Polish state under
Mieszko Piast. At this time in the tenth century, the Polish state encompassed
territory similar to that of modern
Poland. Until the arrival
of the Teutonic Knights,
the Prussian region of
Chełmno (known by
the Germans as Culmerland or Kulmerland) was a disputed part of Mazovia, a
south-western tip of territory which was encircled by the River Vistula to
the west and the Drewenz to the east.
992
The period in which
Polish
King Boleslaw succeeds to the ducal throne is a confused one, but he is undisputed ruler of Poland in 992 (Greater Poland, Mazovia, Kuiavia, and parts of
Pomerania, forming something close to the modern
Polish territory).
Poland
is partitioned three ways, with Mieszko II
probably in Great Poland, Mazovia, and Kuiavia. This possibly represent the
first true division of Polish territory since its unification by 992.
1037/1038
The Polish 'state'
collapses into anarchy. The Pagan Rebellion involves many minor princes,
none of whose names or territories
are known, except for Mieclaw of Mazovia, who tries to establish his own
independent state.
In summer 1039, Kazimierz I Karol Odnowiciel, 'the Restorer', gains control
of Greater Poland and Kuiavia, gaining with it the title of prince of
Poland.
c.1037 - 1047
Mieclaw
The cup-bearer of Mieszko II.
1040/1041
Kazimierz I gains control of Mazovia, uniting it with his growing
Polish state. The fate
of Mieclaw is unknown, but it is probable that he or his successor remains
in place as a duke paying homage to the prince of Poland. Documented princes
of Mazovia are patchy between here and 1138, making it unclear whether there
is a recognised and permanent prince of the region or not.
The death of Yaroslav 'the Wise' in 1054 saw the end of the
descent of Rurikid power via agnatic seniority. His division
of the succession weakened Kiev by creating what soon turned
out to be rival principalities for each of his sons (click or tap on
map to view full sized)
1058 - 1079
Wladyslaw I Herman
Probably sub-prince in Mazovia.
1102 - 1107
Zbigniew
Co-ruler in
Poland, in Greater
Poland, Kuiavia & Mazovia.
Duchy of Mazovia AD 1138 - 1526
On 28 October 1138,
Poland
was
again divided into several principalities: Great
Poland, Mazovia, Kujavia, Silesia, and Sandomierz. Little Poland
was reserved for the senior Polish prince who was nominal overlord for all the
principalities until 1180. Further subdivisions occurred in Mazovia throughout the next
two centuries which fractured the duchy into several tiny 'statelets' that
were picked off by anyone with an eye to territorial expansion until,
finally, the remainder was re-united towards the end of the fifteenth
century, just before the duchy was reabsorbed back into Poland.
1138 - 1173
Boleslaw IV
Kedzierzawy (the Curly)
First duke of Mazovia-Kuyavia.
1141 - 1146
Boleslaw IV rebels against Wladyslaw II between 1141-1143, and again from
1144-1146, securing the position of senior prince of
Poland for himself.
Under
Prince Konrad, attempts to conquer the
Prussians are intensified, with large battles and crusades
taking place in 1209, 1219, 1220, and
1222.
1228
Prince Konrad invites the
Teutonic Knights to settle in the Lower Vistula on the border with the
Prussians, who have been ravaging Mazovia. This is a district that straddles the Vistula
between the heartland of
Poland and Prussia (and occasionally includes the
Prussian region of
Chełmno). The Order attempts to
Christianise the pagan Prussians and form its own military-religious state
(known as the Ordenstaat) which it governs for the next three hundred years.
1229 - 1241
Prince Konrad opposes the prince of Krakow, Wladyslaw III, in 1229 and 1231,
and then his successor, Henryk I, in 1233. Only in 1241 is he successful in
becoming the senior ruler in
Poland,
and then only
for two years.
Prince Konrad of Mazovia challenged continually for control of
Poland, finally achieving his purpose in 1241. He was also
responsible for inviting the Teutonic Knights into Prussia
Duchy of Mazovia in Plock
Subdivisions of Mazovia occurred under Konrad I and after his death. Plock
formed the main division of the duchy under his son, Boleslaw I. The other
division was Czersk.
1234 - 1248
Boleslaw I
Son of Konrad I. First duke of Mazovia (in Plock).
1248 - 1262
Ziemowit I / Siemowit I
Brother.
1262 - 1264
Prejeslawa
Widow of Ziemowit and regent.
1262 - 1313
Boleslaw II
Duke of Mazovia.
1313 - 1320
There
is a period of uncertainty and division in
Poland,
during which Mazovia, having been united by Boleslaw II, is then divided
between his sons. Rawa is created as a new
subdivision. On 20
January 1320, all of Poland (except for Silesia,
Pomerania, and Mazovia)
is reunited
into the Polish kingdom with the coronation of Wladyslaw. Mazovia remains
divided.
Belz, Gostynin, and
Rawa are annexed by
Poland
while Plock, Plonsk, Wizna and Zawkrze go to the duchy of Warsaw.
1471 - 1495
Janusz II
Brother of Kazimierz III. Duke of Plock.
1495
The duchy is annexed by
Poland
following the death of Janusz.
Duchy of Czersk (& Warsaw)
Subdivisions of Mazovia occurred under Konrad I and after his death. Czersk
was in northern Poland. The other division at this time was in
Plock.
1264 - 1294
Konrad / Conrad II
First duke of Czersk.
1294 - 1310
Czersk is probably merged into other Mazovian territories, but in 1310 it
becomes a territory which is united with the duchy of Warsaw.
1310 - 1341
Trojden I
Brother of Ziemowit II of
Rawa? Duke of Czersk & Warsaw.
1323 - 1349
Maria, sister of Andrei, is the heiress of
Galicia-Lvov upon her brother's
death. Already married to Trojden I of Mazovia, the duchy is drawn closer to
the Polish crown and Trojden's son, Boleslaw, becomes its ruler when he is
invited to ascend the throne of Halicz.
1341 - 1355
Kazimierz I / Casimir I
Duke of Czersk & Warsaw.
1355 - 1373
Czersk and Warsaw are merged into
Plock by Ziemowit III / Siemowit III, but his territory is again divided
after his death.
Belz, Gostynin, and
Rawa are annexed by
Poland
while Plock, Plonsk, Wizna and Zawkrze go
to the duchy of Warsaw.
1471 - 1488
Boleslaw V
Son of Boleslaw IV.
1488
Following the death of Boleslaw V, the duchy is united under his brother to
the remainder of Mazovia.
Duchy of Rawa
Further subdivisions of Mazovia occurred after the reign of Boleslaw
II following his reunification of the entire duchy. Rawa was to the
south-east of Plock and to the south-west
of Warsaw.
Rawa is probably merged into other Mazovian territories.
1426 - 1442
Ziemowit V / Siemowit V
Son of Ziemowit IV?
1442 - 1459
Margareth of Raciborz
1459
Margareth receives Gostynin as her dowry while the remainder of Rawa is
annexed by Plock.
Duchy of Halicz
Halicz, or
Galicia, was acquired by Boleslaw Jerzy II after the previous
ruling dynasty died out. Maria, heiress of Galicia-Lvov, was already married to Trojden I of Czersk,
so the duchy had been drawn closer to
the Polish crown. In 1323, the boyars invited Boleslaw to rule Galicia. He converted to Orthodoxy and assumed the
name Yuri II, but eventually proved unpopular.
1323 - 1340
Boleslaw Jerzy II / Yuri II (Boleslaw)
Son of Trojden I of Czersk.
Poisoned by the boyars.
1340 - 1366
Following the death of Boleslaw,
Halicz
is ruled locally, before being partitioned between
Poland
and
Lithuania.
Duchy of Belz
Belz was a short-lived division which existed only for the lifetime of its
sole ruler. In 1382, it had been a part of
Plock which was seized by the
Teutonic
Knights.
Following the death of Kazimierz I, Belz is absorbed back into
Plock.
Duchy of Mazovia
As
Poland began to annexe Mazovian territory, and the number of divisions
was reduced, a single Mazovia began to re-emerge in the fifteenth century.
1454 - 1503
Konrad III Rudy (the Red)
Son of Boleslaw IV.
1488
The duchy of Czersk is united to the
remainder of Mazovia following the death of Boleslaw V.
The first royal castle in Mazovia was built as a wooden fortress
in the fourteenth century but this was replaced by the present
building by later kings of Poland
1504 - 1524
Stanislaw I
Son.
1504 - 1526
Janusz III
Brother and co-regent.
1504 - 1518
Anne Radziwill
Mother and regent.
1526
Mazovia is absorbed into
Poland, bringing the duchy to an end.
1793
The
Second Partition of Poland-Lithuania
is carried out on 23 January. Great Poland and parts of Mazovia go to
Prussia
while
Russia
gains
Podolia (which is attached to
Ukraine), Volynia, and more of
Lithuania.
1795
The Third Partition of
Poland-Lithuania
is enacted on 7 January. It removes both states entirely from the map.
Russia grabs
the rest of
Lithuania
and almost
all of
Belarus as well as terminating the duchy of
Courland.
Prussia
takes the rest of Mazovia (as New East Prussia) and Warsaw, while
Austria
gains Krakow and Little Poland, which are added to
Galicia &
Lodomeria.
