Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile
This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2018) |

Ferdinand II of Aragon's marriage to Isabella I of Castile produced seven children, five of whom survived birth and lived to adulthood. They arranged strategic political marriages for all of these children to powerful monarchs and well-connected women. Although several bloodlines were cut short and the rest initially intermarried to form a close-knit group centered around the House of Habsburg, this group became the most powerful family in Europe. Within only six generations of the Catholic Monarchs their offspring ruled in the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of France, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Portugal (before, during and after the Iberian Union), the Archduchy of Austria with the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Kingdom of Hungary in personal union, the Kingdom of Poland with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in personal union, Electorate of Brandenburg with the Duchy of Prussia in personal union, the Electorate of Saxony, the Duchy of Mantua, the Duchy of Montferrat, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Lorraine and others.
Among the living descendants of Isabella I and Ferdinand II are all of the current European monarchs from hereditary monarchies (i.e. not Andorra and Vatican City). Felipe VI of Spain, Henri of Luxembourg are both descended in the male line from Philip V of Spain, whose grandmother Maria Theresa of Spain was a male-line descendant of Ferdinand and Isabella's daughter Joanna the Mad. Many other paths are possible to find due to interbreeding. Philippe of Belgium is also a descent multiple time over. One such path goes through Leopold III of Belgium, Miguel I of Portugal and Charles IV of Spain back to Philip V again. Although the Protestant Reformation divided Europe in half in terms of royal intermarriage, through the children of Maria of Austria, Duchess Consort of Jülich-Cleves-Berg the bloodline also entered the Protestant noble houses and can therefore be traced to Britain, the Scandinavia and the Netherlands. The most commons line pass through Maria's great-great-granddaughter Princess Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg.


Some British lines descend from Henrietta Maria of France, granddaughter of Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany. Although her legitimate descendants in Britain were banished during the Glorious Revolution, many remain descending from the bastard children of Charles II and James VII. Princess Diana was and her sons and grandchildren are among this group by virtue of descent from Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton and Henrietta FitzJames.
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom as well as every monarch of Britain since George III are descendants. George III's mother was Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, a great-granddaughter of Elisabeth Sophie. Margrethe II of Denmark and Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden share as their grandmother Princess Margaret of Connaught, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, herself granddaughter to George III. Harald V of Norway's grandmother was Maud of Wales, another granddaughter of Victoria. A different line from Maria of Austria passes through Duchess Sophie of Prussia and her great-great-grandson William IV, Prince of Orange, whose grandson was elevated in rank to become William I of the Netherlands. Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands is his descendant, although not in the male line, but through a series of three queens-regnant of the Netherlands.
The two princes Albert II of Monaco and Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein also have this blood. Albert's was introduced to the Grimaldi family by Lady Mary Victoria Douglas-Hamilton, granddaughter of Charles, Grand Duke of Baden. Charles was, among other ways this descent can be traced, a double great-grandson of Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, a great-grandson of Elisabeth Sophie. Hans-Adam has the bloodline from his grandmother Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria, who was both a Habsburg with near male-line descent (excluding Maria Theresa and Joanna the Mad) and a granddaughter of Miguel I of Portugal mentioned above as an ancestor of Philippe of Belgium.
Image | Name | Birth | Death | Marriage |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Isabella of Aragon, Queen Consort of Portugal[1] | 2 Oct 1470 | 23 Aug 1498 | 1. Afonso, Prince of Portugal, no issue 2. Manuel I, King of Portugal, had issue |
John, Prince of Asturias[1] | 30 Jun 1478 | 4 Oct 1497 | Margaret of Austria, had issue | |
![]() |
Joanna I, Queen of Castile and Aragon[2] | 6 Nov 1479 | 12 Apr 1555 | Philip I, King of Castile, had issue |
![]() |
Maria of Aragon, Queen Consort of Portugal[1] | 29 Jun 1482 | 7 Mar 1517 | Manuel I, King of Portugal, had issue |
![]() |
Catherine of Aragon, Queen Consort of England[3] | 16 Dec 1485 | 7 Jan 1536 | 1. Arthur, Prince of Wales, no issue 2. Henry VIII, King of England, had issue |
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Fernández Álvarez, Manuel (2003). Isabel la Católica. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, S.A. ISBN 84-670-1260-9.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Johanna von Castilien – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Catherine of Aragon | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ de Sousa, António Caetano (1737). História Genealógica da Casa Real Portugueza, Volume 3. Lisbon: Occidental, Officina de Joseph Antonio da Sylva, Impressor da Academia Real. ISBN 9781390257083.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Eleonore von Oesterreich (Tochter Philipp's von Oesterreich) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ a b "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Karl V. – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Elisabeth (eigentlich Isabella von Oesterreich) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "John III | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Ferdinand I. (deutscher Kaiser) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Elisabeth (Isabella von Portugal) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ Buescu, Ana Isabel (2019). Beatriz de Portugal (1504-1538). A Infanta esquecida. Lisbon: Manuscrito. ISBN 9789898871732.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria (Königin von Ungarn) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ Martins, Afonso Eduardo (1989). Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil. Lisbon: Zairol Lda. p. 382. ISBN 9789729362231.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Katharina (Tochter Philipp's I.) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ Serrão, Joel (1965). Dicionário de História de Portugal, Volume 2. Lisbon: Iniciativas Editoriais. pp. Fernando (1507-1534). ISBN 9726611601.
- ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of July 1, 1517". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ Weir, Alison (1999). Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy. London: The Bodley Head. p. 152.
- ^ "Henry | king of Portugal [1512–1580]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ Martins, Afonso Eduardo (1989). Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil, Volume 1. Lisbon: Zairol Lda. p. 651. ISBN 9789729362231.
- ^ "Mary I | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ Bricka, Carl Frederik. "566 (Dansk biografisk Lexikon / VI. Bind. Gerson - H. Hansen)". runeberg.org (in Danish). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ Bricka, Carl Frederik. "306 (Dansk biografisk Lexikon / IV. Bind. Clemens - Eynden)". runeberg.org (in Danish). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ Bricka, Carl Frederik. "573 (Dansk biografisk Lexikon / III. Bind. Brandt - Clavus)". runeberg.org (in Danish). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Margaretha (Herzogin von Florenz) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Elisabeth von Oesterreich (1526–1545) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Philipp II. – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maximilian II. – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (1528–1587) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Emmanuel Philibert | duke of Savoy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Ferdinand (Graf von Tirol und der Vorlande) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "António, prior of Crato | Portuguese prior". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria (Herzogin zu Berg, Jülich und Cleve) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Magdalena – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Katharina (Königin von Polen) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Eleonore von Oesterreich (Tochter des Kaisers Ferdinand I.) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Barbara von Oesterreich – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Helene – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Charles III (or IV) | duke of Lorraine [1604–1675]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Karl (Don Carlos) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Johanna von Oesterreich (Tochter des Kaisers Ferdinand I.) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Don Juan d'Austria (1545–1578) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Spanien) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria von Bayern – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Rudolph II. – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Ernst – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Sebastian | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Elisabeth von Oesterreich (Königin von Frankreich) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Mathias – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Andreas – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maximilian III. – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Albrecht VII. der Fromme – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Karl (Markgraf von Burgau) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Charles Emmanuel I | duke of Savoy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "Vincenzo I Gonzaga | duke of Mantua". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "Ferdinand I | grand duke of Tuscany". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Elisabeth auch Isabella Clara Eugenia von Oesterreich – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Anna Katherina von Mantua – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Margaretha (Tochter des Kaisers Maximilian II.) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ a b "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Katharina von Spanien – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Ranuccio I Farnese | regent of The Netherlands". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "Maximilian I | duke of Bavaria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Polen) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Anna von Bayern – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Marie de Médicis | queen of France". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Katharina Renata von Steiermark – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "John Sigismund | elector of Brandenburg". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Philipp III. – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Ferdinand II. – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maximilian Ernst – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Margaretha (Königin von Spanien) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Anna von Tirol – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Leopold V. – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ a b "Victor Amadeus I | duke of Savoy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Constantia von Oesterreich – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Magdalena (Herzogin von Florenz) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Cosimo II | grand duke of Tuscany". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Karl Joseph (1590–1624) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Władysław IV Vasa | king of Poland". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "George William | elector of Brandenburg". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Anna Eleonora von Mantua und Gonzaga – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Frankreich) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Louis XIII | king of France". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "John IV | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "Charles III (or IV) | duke of Lorraine [1604–1675]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Gábor Bethlen | king of Hungary". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Claudia von Florenz – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Philipp IV. – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Anna von Spanien – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Karl (Infant von Spanien) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Ferdinand III. (deutscher Kaiser) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "John II Casimir Vasa | king of Poland". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Ferdinand von Oesterreich – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Ferdinand II | grand duke of Tuscany". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Cäcilia Renata von Oesterreich – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Odoardo I Farnese | duke of Parma". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "John George II | elector of Saxony". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Leopold Wilhelm – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Anna von Florenz – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Francesco I | duke of Modena and Reggio". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
- ^ "Frederick William | elector of Brandenburg". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Charles X Gustav | king of Sweden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Christina | queen of Sweden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Don Juan d'Austria (1629–1679) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Elisabeth auch Isabella Clara von Oesterreich – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Balthasar von Oesterreich – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Charles II | Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Ranuccio II Farnese | regent of The Netherlands". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Eleonore Gonzaga – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Sigismund Franz von Tirol – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Leopoldine – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Ferdinand IV. – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "James II | Biography, Religion, Accomplishments, Successor, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Charles Emmanuel II | duke of Savoy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Anna (Königin von Spanien) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Ferdinand Maria | elector of Bavaria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Louis XIV | Facts, Biography, Children, & Death". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Theresia von Oesterreich – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Catherine Of Braganza | queen of Great Britain". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Leopold I. (deutscher Kaiser) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester | English noble". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Philippe I de France, duc d'Orléans | French duke". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Cosimo III | grand duke of Tuscany". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Karl Leopold – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Afonso VI | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "John George III | elector of Saxony". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "Peter II | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Karl Joseph (1649–1664) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "William III | Biography, Mary II, & Prince of Orange". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Margaretha Marie Therese von Spanien – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Eleonore Maria von Oesterreich – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Claudia Felicitas von Tirol – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Anna Josepha – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Eleonora Magdalena Theresia von der Pfalz – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Charles XI | king of Sweden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Frederick I | king of Prussia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "Louis De France | French noble". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Karl II. – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Ludovica von Orleans – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Mary II | Biography & Accomplishments". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Maximilian II Emanuel | elector of Bavaria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Anne | Biography, Reign, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Victor Amadeus II | king of Sardinia-Piedmont". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Anna von der Pfalz-Neuburg – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "John George IV | elector of Saxony". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Antonia (Churfürstin von Bayern) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Augustus II | king of Poland and elector of Saxony". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "Frederick IV | king of Denmark and Norway". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "Philippe II, duc d'Orleans | Facts & Biography". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Frederick (I) | king of Sweden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Joseph I. – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Leopold Joseph Karl – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Elisabeth – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Charles XII | king of Sweden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Anna (Königin von Portugal) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Philip V | Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Karl VI. – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Ulrika Eleonora | queen of Sweden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "Frederick William I | king of Prussia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Magdalena – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "John V | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ^ "Augustus III | king of Poland and elector of Saxony". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "Charles VII | Holy Roman emperor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "Christian VI | Scandinavian king". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Josepha (Königin von Polen) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "Charles Emmanuel III | king of Sardinia-Piedmont". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Amalia (deutsche Kaiserin) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "Louis, duke d'Orléans | French duke". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "Louis | king of Spain". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Franz I. Stephan – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "Louis XV | Biography, Accomplishments, Wife, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
- ^ "Adolf Frederick | king of Sweden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "William IV | prince of Orange and Nassau". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
- ^ "Frederick II | Biography, Accomplishments, Wars, Enlightenment, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
- ^ "Ferdinand VI | king of Spain". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
- ^ "Joseph | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
- ^ "Charles III | king of Spain". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Theresia (deutsche Kaiserin) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- ^ "Peter III | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
- ^ "Frederick V | king of Denmark and Norway". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
- ^ "Charles Theodore | elector of the Palatinate". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
- ^ "Louis-Philippe, duke d'Orléans | French duke". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Victor Amadeus III | king of Sardinia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Maximilian III Joseph | elector of Bavaria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
- ^ "Peter III | Facts, Biography, & Death". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
- ^ "Charles Frederick | grand duke of Baden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Catherine the Great | Biography, Facts, Children, & Accomplishments". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
- ^ "Maria I | queen of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "George III | Biography, Madness, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Sachsen-Teschen, Albert Kasimir Herzog – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Anna (1738–1789) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Josepha von Bayern – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-18.
- ^ "Ivan VI | emperor of Russia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Joseph II. – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Elisabeth, gewöhnlich Maria Isabella von Parma – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Christine Maria – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Elisabeth Josepha – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Frederick William II | king of Prussia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Ludovica (deutsche Kaiserin) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Gustav III | king of Sweden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Amalia (Herzogin von Parma) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Louis-Philippe-Joseph, duc d'Orléans | French prince". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Leopold II. (deutscher Kaiser) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Charles XIII | king of Sweden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Charles IV | king of Spain". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Charles James Fox | British politician". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Christian VII | Scandinavian king". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Frederick Augustus I | king of Saxony". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Ferdinand I | king of the Two Sicilies". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Charles Emmanuel IV | king of Sardinia-Piedmont". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Karolina Maria – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Ferdinand Karl Anton von Este – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Louis XVI | Biography, Reign, Execution, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Paul | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Antonia (Königin von Frankreich) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Louis XVIII | king of France". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Maximilian I | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Charles X | Biography, Reign, Abdication, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Victor Emmanuel I | king of Sardinia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "George IV | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "Elizabeth Of France | princess of France". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Charles Felix | king of Sardinia-Piedmont". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "William IV | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Theresia (Königin von Sachsen) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Elisabeth Wilhelmina Ludovica von Württemberg – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "John VI | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
- ^ "Frederick VI | king of Denmark and Norway". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Franz I. – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Ferdinand III. (Großherzog von Toscana) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Anna (1770–1809) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "Frederick William III | king of Prussia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "Ernest Augustus | king of Hanover". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Karl Ludwig Johann Joseph Laurenz – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Alexander Leopold – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Joseph Anton Johann – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Clementina – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "Gustav IV Adolf | king of Sweden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Anton Victor Joseph Johann Raymund – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Amalia (Tochter Kaiser Leopold's II.) – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Johann Baptist Joseph Fabian Sebastian, Erzherzog – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Rainer Joseph – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Ludwig Joseph Anton – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-20.
- ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Rudolph Johann Joseph Rainer – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-20.