國

Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: 国
gw u570b.svg
國 U+570B, 國
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-570B
← 圊
[U+570A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 圌 →
[U+570C]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
11 strokes
Stroke order
國-order.gif
Stroke order
(Taiwan)
國-torder.gif
Japanese 国
Simplified 国
Traditional 國

Alternative forms[edit]

Han character[edit]

國 (radical 31, 囗+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 田戈口一 (WIRM), four-corner 60153, composition ⿴囗或)

Derived characters[edit]

Related characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 219, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4798
  • Dae Jaweon: page 447, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 720, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+570B

Chinese[edit]

trad. 國
simp. 国
alternative forms
 
囯
圀
囶
𡆿
囻
囯
圀
囶
𡆿
囻
𡇅
䆐
戜
𤦂
琙

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 國
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
國-bronze.svg 國-silk.svg 國-seal.svg 國-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (或) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
幗 *kʷɯːɡs, *kʷrɯːɡ
慖 *kʷɯːɡs, *kʷrɯːɡ
簂 *kʷɯːɡs
蔮 *kʷɯːɡs
國 *kʷɯːɡ
或 *ɡʷɯːɡ
惑 *ɡʷɯːɡ
蜮 *ɡʷɯːɡ, *ɢʷrɯɡ
閾 *qʰʷrɯɡ
緎 *qʰʷrɯɡ, *ɡʷrɯɡ
淢 *qʰʷrɯɡ, *ɡʷrɯɡ
域 *ɢʷrɯɡ
罭 *ɢʷrɯɡ
棫 *ɡʷrɯɡ
琙 *ɡʷrɯɡ
魊 *ɡʷrɯɡ
馘 *kʷrɯːɡ
聝 *kʷrɯːɡ
膕 *kʷrɯːɡ
摑 *kʷrɯːɡ
漍 *kʷrɯːɡ
嘓 *kʷrɯːɡ
蟈 *kʷrɯːɡ
掝 *qʰʷrɯːɡ
彧 *qʷrɯɡ
稶 *qʷɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʷɯːɡ): semantic 囗 (“closure”) + phonetic 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ).

Etymology[edit]

The k-prefix derivation of 域 (OC *ɢʷrɯɡ, “boundary; territory”). Cognate with 閾 (OC *qʰʷrɯɡ, “threshold”) and 囿 (OC *ɢʷɯs, *ɡʷɯ, “park; garden”).

No obvious outside cognate exists. It may be related to Burmese ကွက် (kwak, “to be marked with a square or circular pattern; to be confined to a certain area”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 國
Mandarin Beijing /kuo³⁵/
Harbin /kuo²¹³/
Tianjin /kuo⁴⁵/
Jinan /kuə⁵⁵/
Qingdao /kuə⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /kuo²⁴/
/kuɛ²⁴/
Xi'an /kuei²¹/
Xining /kuɨ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kuə¹³/
Lanzhou /kuə¹³/
Ürümqi /kuɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /kuɤ²¹³/
Chengdu /kue³¹/
Guiyang /kuɛ²¹/
Kunming /ko³¹/
Nanjing /kueʔ⁵/
Hefei /kuɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /kuəʔ²/
Pingyao /kuʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /kuaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /koʔ⁵/
Suzhou /kuəʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /koʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /kai²¹³/
Hui Shexian /kuʔ²¹/
Tunxi /kuə⁵/
Xiang Changsha /kuə²⁴/
Xiangtan /ko²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /kuɛʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /kuet̚¹/
Taoyuan /kuet̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kwɔk̚³/
Nanning /kɔk̚³³/
Hong Kong /kwɔk̚³/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kɔk̚³²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kuɔʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ko²⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /kok̚²/
Haikou (Min Nan) /kok̚⁵/
Rime
Character 國
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 德 (132)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古或切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kwək̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʷək̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kuək̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kwək̚/
Li
Rong 		/kuək̚/
Wang
Li 		/kuək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kwək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		guo
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 國
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		guó
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kwok ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[C.q]ʷˁək/
English state (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 國
Reading # 1/1
No. 5547
Phonetic
component 		或
Rime
group 		職
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		國
Old
Chinese 		/*kʷɯːɡ/

Definitions[edit]

國

  1. country; nation; nation-state; kingdom (Classifier: 個／个)
    國家 / 国家  ―  guójiā  ―  country
  2. † capital
  3. † to make a place the capital city; to establish a capital
  4. Short for 國語／国语 (guóyǔ, “Mandarin”).
  5. Short for 國民黨／国民党 (Guómíndǎng, “Kuomintang”).
  6. Short for 國內／国内 (guónèi, “domestic”).
    國產、日產 / 国产、日产  ―  guóchǎn, rìchǎn  ―  made domestically; made in Japan
  7. A surname​.

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 國

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (國):
  • → Japanese: 国(こく) (koku)
  • → Korean: 국 (國, guk)
  • → Vietnamese: quốc (國)

Others:

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Shinjitai

国

Kyūjitai

國

Kanji[edit]

國

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 国)

  1. country, nation, nation-state

Readings[edit]

  • On (unclassified): こく (koku)
  • Kun: くに (kuni, 國)

Noun[edit]

國(くに) • (kuni)  (kyūjitai, shinjitai 国)

  1. a land, a country

Korean[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

A variant of "國" commonly found in old books of pre-modern Korea.

From Middle Chinese 國 (MC kwək̚).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 귁〮 (Yale: kwúyk)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 나라〮 (Yale: nàlá) 국〮 (Yale: kwúk)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

國 (eumhun 나라 국 (nara guk))

  1. Hanja form? of 국 (“country; state; nation”).
  2. Hanja form? of 국 (“land; region; domestic”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

國: Hán Việt readings: quốc[1][2][3]
國: Nôm readings: cuốc[1][3][4], quốc[2][5]

  1. Hán tự form of quốc (“nation; state; country”).

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Hồ (1976).
  5. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=國&oldid=61917775"