List of years in animation

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1880s[edit]

  • 1887 - Publication of Animal Locomotion, a chronophotographic series by Eadweard Muybridge. It comprised 781 collotype plates, each containing up to 36 pictures of the different phases of a specific motion of one subject (over 20,000 images in total).[1] The series is a result of Muybridge's interest in motion studies and his work on the zoopraxiscope. [2] Historians and theoreticians have proposed that Muybridge's work on animal locomotion influenced a number of other artists, photographers and filmmakers, including Marcel Duchamp, Thomas Eakins, Walt Disney, among others.[3][4][5][6]
  • 1888 - On December 1, Charles-Émile Reynaud files a patent for his animated moving picture system Théâtre Optique. The patent was issued on 14 January 1889. [7][8][9] Reynaud in the 1888 patent: "The aim of the apparatus is to obtain the illusion of motion, which is no longer limited to the repetition of the same poses at each turn of the instrument, as is necessary in all known apparatus (Zootropes, Praxinoscopes, etc.), but Having, on the contrary, an indefinite variety and duration, and thus producing real scenes animated by unlimited development. Hence the name of Optical Theater given by the inventor to this apparatus" (translated from French).[10]
  • 1889 - On January 14, Charles-Émile Reynaud receives a French patent for his animated moving picture system Théâtre Optique. He also received a British patent for the system on February 8. The system was displayed at the world's fair Exposition Universelle (May-October, 1889) in Paris. [7][8][9]

1890s[edit]

  • 1890 - Charles-Émile Reynaud creates the film Le Clown et ses chiens (The Clown and His Dogs) for his Théâtre Optique. It would not be exhibited to an audience until 1892. [11][12][13][14]
  • 1891 - Charles-Émile Reynaud creates the film Pauvre Pierrot (Poor Pete). The film consists of 500 individually painted images, and originally lasted for about 15 minutes. It would not be exhibited to an audience until 1892. [11]
  • 1892 - Charles-Émile Reynaud signed a contract with the Musée Grévin, allowing him to start regular public screenings of his films at the museum. The first public screening took place on October 28. [7][8][9] Reynaud received 500 francs (equivalent to $1,465,911 in 2022) per month and 10% of the box office. The contract disadvantaged Reynaud, as he paid for the maintenance of the system and was required to oversee all of the daily showings.[15][8]
  • 1893 - Eadweard Muybridge produced a series of 50 different paper 'Zoopraxiscope discs' (basically a version of the phenakistiscopes), with pictures drawn by Erwin F. Faber. The discs were intended for sale at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. They seem to have sold very poorly, and surviving discs are quite rare. The discs were printed in black-and-white, with twelve different discs also produced as chromolithographed versions. Of the coloured versions, only four different ones are known to still exist (with a total of five or six extant copies).[16]
  • 1894 - Autour d'une cabine (Around A Cabin), directed by Émile Reynaud. It is an animated film made of 636 individual images hand painted in 1893.The film showed off Reynaud's invention, the Théâtre Optique. It was shown at the Musée Grévin from December 1894 until March 1900.[17][18]
  • 1895 - Release of the film The Execution of Mary Stuart, directed by Alfred Clark. It is the first known film to use special effects, specifically the stop trick. Stop motion is closely related to the stop trick, in which the camera is temporarily stopped during the recording of a scene to create a change before filming is continued (or for which the cause of the change is edited out of the film). In the resulting film, the change will be sudden and a logical cause of the change will be mysteriously absent or replaced with a fake cause that is suggested in the scene. The technique of stop motion can be interpreted as repeatedly applying the stop trick.[19][20][21]
  • 1896 - Auguste Berthier published an article about the history of stereoscopic images in French scientific magazine Le Cosmos, which included his method of creating an autostereogram.[22]
  • 1897 - The Captain and the Kids is created by Rudolph Dirks and debuted December 12, 1897. ; William Harbutt developed plasticine in 1897. To promote his educational "Plastic Method" he made a handbook that included several photographs that displayed various stages of creative projects. The images suggest phases of motion or change, but the book probably did not have a direct influence on claymation films. Still, the plasticine product would become the favourite product for clay animators, as it did not dry and harden (unlike normal clay) and was much more malleable than its harder and greasier Italian predecessor plasteline.[23]
  • 1898 - The German toy manufacturer Gebrüder Bing introduced their toy "kinematograph",[24] at a toy convention in Leipzig . Other companies soon start production of toy cinematographs and production of cheaper films by printing lithographed drawings. These animations were probably made in black-and-white. The pictures were often traced from live-action films (much like the later rotoscoping technique).[25][26]
  • 1899 - French trick film pioneer Georges Méliès claimed to have invented the stop trick and popularized it by using it in many of his short films. He reportedly used stop-motion animation in 1899 to produce moving letterforms.[27]

1900s[edit]

1910s[edit]

1920s[edit]

1930s[edit]

1940s[edit]

1950s[edit]

1960s[edit]

1970s[edit]

1980s[edit]

1990s[edit]

2000s[edit]

2010s[edit]

2020s[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Muybridge, Eadweard (1887). Animal locomotion: an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements: prospectus and catalogue of plates. Philadelphia: Printed by J.B. Lippincott company.
  2. ^ "Eadweard Muybridge: Animal Locomotion". Huxley-Parlor Gallery. 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  3. ^ Campany, David. "Moving with the times: Eadweard Muybridge I". Tate Museum. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  4. ^ "Legacy". Muybridge the Movie. 4 December 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  5. ^ "Infamy and Influence". Cleveland Institute of Art. 23 February 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  6. ^ "Eadweard Muybridge". Kingston Heritage Service. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  7. ^ a b c Myrent 1989, p. 193; 195-198.
  8. ^ a b c d Bendazzi 1994, p. 5.
  9. ^ a b c Rossell 1995, p. 119.
  10. ^ Reynaud, Émile (1888-12-01). Brevet d'invention N° 194 482.
  11. ^ a b "Charles-Émile Reynaud". Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. Retrieved 2007-03-11.
  12. ^ "Théâtre optique (Reconstitution) (AP-95-1724) - Collection - Catalogue des appareils cinématographiques - la Cinémathèque française".
  13. ^ Tissandier, Gaston (1892-07-23). Le Théâtre optique de M. Reynaud.
  14. ^ "The moving picture shows of Émile Reynaud | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization".
  15. ^ Myrent 1989, p. 196.
  16. ^ "COMPLEAT EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE - MUY BLOG 2009". www.stephenherbert.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
  17. ^ "Autour d'une cabine (Around a Bathing Hut)". Retrieved 2021-05-22.
  18. ^ "The Optical Theater". Retrieved 2021-05-22.
  19. ^ "Romeo and Juliet". Romeo and Juliet. 2012-06-15. doi:10.5040/9781580819015.01.
  20. ^ Crafton, Donald (July 14, 2014). Emile Cohl, Caricature, and Film. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400860715 – via Google Books.
  21. ^ Richard Rickitt: Special Effects: The History and Technique, Billboard Books; 2nd edition, 2007; ISBN 0-8230-8408-6
  22. ^ Berthier, Auguste (May 16 and 23, 1896). "Images stéréoscopiques de grand format" (in French). Cosmos 34 (590, 591): 205–210, 227-233 (see 229–231)
  23. ^ Frierson, Michael (1993). "The Invention of Plasticine and the Use of Clay in Early Motion Pictures". Film History. 5 (2): 142–157. ISSN 0892-2160. JSTOR 27670717.
  24. ^ "Bing". www.zinnfiguren-bleifiguren.com (in German).
  25. ^ Litten, Frederick S. Animated Film in Japan until 1919. Western Animation and the Beginnings of Anime.
  26. ^ Litten, Frederick S. (17 June 2014). Japanese color animation from ca. 1907 to 1945 (PDF).
  27. ^ Brownie, Barbara (2014-12-18). Transforming Type: New Directions in Kinetic Typography. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85785-533-6.
  28. ^ Crafton (2015), p. 223
  29. ^ Stewart (2021), p. 13-15
  30. ^ Dobson (2010), p. xxiv
  31. ^ Niver (1985), p. 113
  32. ^ Ives, Frederic (1902). A novel stereogram.
  33. ^ "US725567.pdf" (PDF). docs.google.com.
  34. ^ Timby, Kim (2015-07-31). 3D and Animated Lenticular Photography. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9783110448061.
  35. ^ U.S. Patent 725,567 "Parallax Stereogram and Process of Making Same", application filed 25 September 1902, patented 14 April 1903
  36. ^ texte, Académie des sciences (France) Auteur du (March 14, 1910). "Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels". Gallica.
  37. ^ de Vries, Mul (2009), p. 323
  38. ^ Crafton (2014), p. 130
  39. ^ Niver, Kemp R. (1968). The First Twenty Years: A Segment of Film History. Locare Research Group. p. 90. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  40. ^ Niver, Kemp R. (1968). The First Twenty Years: A Segment of Film History. Locare Research Group. p. 92. Retrieved 1 February 2024.

External References[edit]

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