人體消化系統包含大約幾百到幾千種不同的細菌種類，其豐度構成因人而異。

其中少數益生菌乳桿菌屬，即嗜酸乳桿菌、植物乳桿菌、短乳桿菌、乳酸乳桿菌、乾酪乳桿菌、保加利亞乳桿菌、發酵乳桿菌、鼠李糖乳桿菌特異性產生細胞外蛋白、胞外多糖、細菌素和脂磷壁酸，通過與上皮細胞相互作用影響宿主的健康和生理，增強宿主免疫系統。

在乳桿菌菌種中，植物乳桿菌（L. plantarum）是革蘭氏陽性、短杆狀、微需氧、耐酸、不形成孢子、不呼吸、低 G + C 含量、異型發酵的乳桿菌群，具有一系列作為發酵劑和防腐劑在食品工業中的應用。

它是一種非孢子形成細菌，可產生有機酸，例如乙酸、琥珀酸和乳酸作為主要代謝物。植物乳桿菌在人類和其他哺乳動物的胃和其他複雜的膽汁鹽分泌物中的低緩衝能力下生長。

除了在食品工業中的應用外，腸道微生物植物乳桿菌是一種很有前途的益生菌，可治療腹瀉、高膽固醇和特應性皮炎等。它是如何工作的，它還有哪些其他好處？本文帶您了解更多。

什麼是植物乳桿菌？

植物乳桿菌是一種分布廣泛、用途廣泛的乳酸菌。它代表了許多食物和飼料的微生物群的一部分，包括乳製品、肉類、魚類、蔬菜發酵產品（例如，葡萄汁、酸菜、泡菜、酸麵團）和青貯飼料；它也是人和動物黏膜（口腔、胃腸道、陰道等）的天然居民。

植物乳桿菌是一種具有抗癌、抗炎、抗肥胖和抗糖尿病特性的抗氧化劑 [ 1 ] .

植物乳桿菌菌株的微觀形態圖像

DOI：10.1099/ijs.0.65319-0

植物乳桿菌耐受不同範圍的鹽，尤其是 NaCl 和膽汁鹽，pH 值為 4.0-8.0，溫度為 28-45°C，並且分別在 37°C 和 pH 7.0 的溫度下具有最佳細胞生長。鑑定出的菌株在上消化道中經受了各種生物障礙，例如低 pH 值、裂解酶和膽汁鹽。能夠利用廣泛的糖類，尤其單糖和雙糖。此外，澱粉酶和蛋白酶等細胞外酶的產生對其有利。

營養價值

B族維生素

從生牛奶中分離出的植物乳桿菌能夠產生 B 族維生素核黃素( B2 ) 和葉酸(B9 ) [ 2 ].

鐵吸收

植物乳桿菌可使健康女性從果汁飲料中吸收的鐵增加約 50% [ 3 ].

植物乳桿菌可以使女性對燕麥中鐵的吸收提高 100% 以上 [ 4 ].

鈣吸收

含有植物乳桿菌的發酵乳表現出更高的鈣保留攝取 [ 5 ].

植物乳桿菌的健康益處

植物乳桿菌是體內的短暫居民。它可以輕鬆抵禦胃酸，並可以完成從補充品進入口腔，到腸道，到結腸，到糞便的完整旅程。植物乳桿菌生長的最佳溫度非常接近體溫。

植物乳桿菌也是一種強大益生菌，可猛烈攻擊體內的致病性有害細菌。通過殺死壞菌，它幫助我們自己的本地細菌變得更強壯，並幫助我們人體更能抵抗外來病原體的入侵。

除了作為增強免疫系統的重要方式之外，人類在所有有記錄的人類歷史中都食用了大量的植物乳桿菌。

該菌株用於許多食品中，例如：

酵母麵包；酸菜；泡菜；發酵食物

注意

植物乳桿菌益生菌補充劑尚未獲得國家藥監局和FDA的醫療用途批准，可能缺乏可靠的臨床研究。為防止罕見的副作用，請在使用益生菌之前諮詢權威的醫療建議。

可能有效

1) 腹瀉

乳酸菌益生菌在改善與各種疾病相關的腹瀉方面表現出很大的希望，包括旅行者腹瀉和抗生素相關性腹瀉 [ 6、7 ] .

在一項針對 438 名患有抗生素相關性腹瀉的兒童的臨床試驗中，植物乳桿菌益生菌減少了稀便或水樣便和腹痛的發生率，而且沒有產生不良副作用 [ 7 ].

2) 皮膚健康

在臨床試驗中，植物乳桿菌顯著增加了面部和手部的皮膚水分含量。益生菌組志願者在第 12 周時皺紋深度明顯減少，皮膚光澤度在第 12 周時也有顯著改善。益生菌組的皮膚彈性在4 周后改善了 13.17%，在 12 周后改善了 21.73% [ 8 ] .

當作為益生菌服用時，植物乳桿菌改善皮膚水合作用，對人體皮膚具有抗光老化作用[ 9、10 ] .

植物乳桿菌抑制膠原蛋白的降解並促進其合成，減少活性氧 ( ROS ) 的產生 [ 11 ] .

在無毛小鼠中，植物乳桿菌降低了 UVB 誘導的表皮厚度，抑制了水分流失並增加了神經醯胺水平 [ 12 , 13 ] .

特應性皮炎

每天攝入含有熱滅活植物乳桿菌的柑橘汁可減輕人類特應性皮炎的症狀[ 14 ] .

從泡菜中分離出的植物乳桿菌改善小鼠特應性皮炎[ 15 ] .

3) 潰瘍性結腸炎

在多項臨床試驗中，乳酸菌益生菌已顯示出減輕潰瘍性結腸炎症狀的希望。含有植物乳桿菌的合生元混合物在8周後顯著改善了 73 名患者的 UC 症狀 [ 16、17 ] .

4) 膽固醇

在許多臨床試驗中，乳酸菌益生菌降低了膽固醇。在一項針對 60 名高膽固醇志願者的研究中，含有植物乳桿菌的益生菌在 12 周后將總膽固醇降低了 13.6% [ 18 ] .

在患有糖尿病的大鼠中，植物乳桿菌降低血液甘油三酯和「壞」低密度脂蛋白膽固醇的比率，同時增加「好」高密度脂蛋白膽固醇的水平 [ 19 ] .

攝入植物乳桿菌後，膽固醇升高的小鼠的總血清膽固醇和甘油三酯顯著降低 [ 20 ] .

雙塗層植物乳桿菌可降低高脂肪飲食小鼠的膽固醇水平 [ 21 ] .

證據不足

研究人員目前正在調查植物乳桿菌是否具有其他健康益處。本節中的潛在益處至少在一項臨床試驗中產生了積極的結果，但這些研究規模小、相互矛盾或存在其他局限性。出於任何原因補充植物乳桿菌之前，請謹慎。

5) 肥胖

輔以含有植物乳桿菌的富含益生菌的奶酪的低熱量飲食降低了患有肥胖症和高血壓的俄羅斯成年人的 BMI 和血壓[ 22 ].

植物乳桿菌還保護小鼠免受飲食引起的肥胖。這種細菌可降低肥胖小鼠的體重、脂肪量、空腹血糖、血清胰島素、瘦素水平和促炎標誌物 [ 23、24、25 ] .

植物乳桿菌發酵大麥逆轉了高脂肪飲食大鼠的葡萄糖耐受不良，改善了升高的胰島素，降低了甘油三酯和總膽固醇水平 [ 26 ].

植物乳桿菌通過誘導丙氨酸氨基轉移酶( ALT )、γ-穀氨醯轉移酶 ( GGT )、血漿甘油三酯、總膽固醇濃度、肌酐、尿素和體重的降低，來改善肥胖大鼠的肝功能和泌尿功能 [ 27 ].

6) 血糖

植物乳桿菌降低了絕經後婦女的血糖水平[ 22 ].

含有植物乳桿菌的豆漿具有抗氧化特性，可減少 2 型糖尿病患者的 DNA 損傷[ 22 ].

植物乳桿菌降低小鼠的食物攝入量、血糖水平、糖化血紅蛋白水平和瘦素水平。這種細菌還有利於調節胰島素水平並增加「好」(HDL) 膽固醇 [ 28 ].

植物乳桿菌導致高脂肪飲食小鼠對胰島素的血糖水平顯著降低 [ 29 ].

用植物乳桿菌治療可有效調節糖尿病大鼠的血糖、激素和脂質代謝 [ 30 ].

植物乳桿菌顯著改善糖尿病大鼠的免疫學參數並保護胰腺組織。此外，這種益生菌治療顯著降低了胰腺和血漿脂肪酶活性以及血清甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇率，並增加了高密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平。它還對肝腎功能發揮有效的保護作用 [ 19 ] .

7) 傷口癒合

在一項針對 34 名腿部潰瘍患者的小型臨床研究中，局部應用植物乳桿菌減少了糖尿病和非糖尿病患者的感染性慢性靜脈潰瘍傷口細菌負荷、中性粒細胞、凋亡和壞死細胞，並誘導傷口癒合[ 31 ].

8) 牙齒健康

熱滅活的植物乳桿菌減少了接受牙周支持治療的患者的牙周袋深度 [ 32 ].

9) 免疫力

在一項對 171 名成年人進行的臨床研究中，植物乳桿菌提高了免疫活性並降低了應激標記物 [ 33 ].

即使是熱滅活的植物乳桿菌也會激活人類的先天性和獲得性免疫力 [ 32 ].

植物乳桿菌增強免疫抑制小鼠小腸的免疫力[ 34 ].

抗病毒

在感染單純皰疹病毒 1 型 (HSV-1) 的小鼠中，口服植物乳桿菌顯著延緩了感染早期皮膚損傷的發展，並減少了大腦中的病毒數量 [ 35 ].

同樣在小鼠中，從發酵的韓國捲心菜中分離出的植物乳桿菌賦予了 100% 的保護作用，防止致命的甲型流感病毒感染，防止顯著的體重減輕並降低肺部病毒載量 [ 36 ].

10) 過敏

在一項針對 42 名成年人的臨床研究中，植物乳桿菌發酵的柑橘汁改善了日本柳杉花粉症的症狀[ 37 ].

在一項細胞研究中，植物乳桿菌降低了大豆粉的過敏性 [ 38 ].

口服植物乳桿菌可減輕小鼠的氣道高反應性和過敏反應 [ 39 ].

11) 念珠菌病

在外陰陰道念珠菌病 (VVC) 患者中，植物乳桿菌減少了常規治療後的陰道不適，並改善了陰道細菌含量和陰道 pH 值 [ 40 ].

在一項臨床試驗中，使用植物乳桿菌可使外陰陰道念珠菌病復發風險降低三倍 [ 41 ].

植物乳桿菌還在實驗室中殺死念珠菌 [ 42 ].

動物和細胞研究（缺乏證據）

沒有臨床證據支持將植物乳桿菌用於本節所列的任何病症。以下是對現有動物和細胞研究的總結，應指導進一步的研究工作。但是，不應將下列研究解釋為支持任何健康益處。

12) 排毒

植物乳桿菌在實驗室中減輕鎘 (Cd) 在人類腸道細胞和小鼠中誘導的細胞毒性[ 43、44 ].

植物乳桿菌通過減少腸道鋁吸收和組織積累，改善肝損傷、腎臟和大腦氧化應激，從而防止小鼠受到鋁中毒[ 45 ].

用植物乳桿菌處理可通過增加銅排泄和減少銅在組織中的積累來減輕銅毒性。植物乳桿菌還逆轉了銅暴露引起的氧化應激，恢復了 ALT 和AST血液水平並改善了小鼠的空間記憶 [ 46 ].

13) 血管性痴呆

植物乳桿菌發酵豆漿提取物可作為降血壓劑和神經保護劑，改善血管性痴呆大鼠的學習和記憶 [ 47 ].

14) 焦慮

長期攝入植物乳桿菌可增加運動活性、多巴胺和血清素水平，同時減少小鼠的焦慮樣行為。它還減少了抑鬱樣行為和炎性細胞因子水平，並增加了遭受早期生活壓力的小鼠血清中的抗炎細胞因子水平[ 48、49 ].

15) 心血管健康

血壓

植物乳桿菌發酵豆漿提取物可作為大鼠的降血壓劑 [ 47 ].

同樣在大鼠中，用植物乳桿菌發酵的藍莓降低了血壓並改善了可能指示心血管疾病風險的標誌物 [ 50 ].

動脈粥樣硬化

來自植物乳桿菌的脂磷壁酸 (LTA)可抑制小鼠促炎細胞因子的產生，並抑制動脈粥樣硬化斑塊炎症 [ 51 ].

16) 炎症

植物乳桿菌顯著降低小鼠和大鼠促炎細胞因子的產生 [ 52 , 53 ]. 它還減輕了氧化應激和腎上腺素水平 [ 52 ].

17) 肝臟健康

用植物乳桿菌治療大鼠阻塞性黃疸可恢復活躍的肝屏障功能 [ 54 ].

植物乳桿菌可保護小鼠免受氧化應激和肝臟炎症損傷 [ 55 ].

植物乳桿菌減輕了高脂血症小鼠的肝損傷[ 56 ].

補充植物乳桿菌 5 周可恢復患有非酒精性脂肪性肝病 (NAFLD) 大鼠的肝功能，並降低肝臟中的脂肪堆積水平。此外，該細菌顯著減少了促炎細胞因子 [ 53 ].

18) 腸道健康

植物乳桿菌減少腸上皮細胞的炎症 [ 57 ].

攝入植物乳桿菌可以抵消腸道中不需要的細菌 [ 3 ].

植物乳桿菌增強了洛哌丁胺誘導的便秘小鼠的胃腸道轉運[ 58 ].

潰瘍

口服植物乳桿菌可通過抗炎和免疫調節活性改善小鼠的潰瘍性結腸炎 [ 59 ].

腸易激綜合症

植物乳桿菌可減少腸易激綜合徵患者的脹氣問題和疼痛 [ 60 ].

幽門螺桿菌感染

植物乳桿菌可預防小鼠幽門螺桿菌感染引起的胃黏膜炎症和胃微生物群改變[ 61 ].

植物乳桿菌延緩幽門螺桿菌在大鼠胃中的定植，減輕胃炎症並改善胃組織病理學 [ 62 ].

19) 嬰兒成長

植物乳桿菌菌株在慢性營養不良期間維持幼鼠的生長 [ 63 ].

20) 身體耐力

植物乳桿菌顯著降低小鼠的體重並增加相對肌肉重量、握力和耐力游泳時間 [ 64 ].

21) 女性生育能力

植物乳桿菌改善了小鼠炎症誘導的不孕症 [ 65 ].

植物乳桿菌增強了自然微生物群落，並導致感染大腸桿菌的小鼠的生育能力恢復[ 66 ].

22) 組胺不耐受

植物乳桿菌可以在實驗室環境中降解生物胺。在組胺不耐受的人群中可能值得研究 [ 67 ].

癌症研究

植物乳桿菌增強了腸腺癌小鼠的抗腫瘤免疫反應並延緩了腫瘤形成 [ 68 ].

長期服用植物乳桿菌可預防大鼠患乳腺癌 [ 69、70 ].

植物乳桿菌抑制大鼠結腸癌發生的發展 [ 71 ].

納米尺寸的植物乳桿菌還在小鼠中表現出抗結直腸癌活性 [ 72 ].

植物乳桿菌顯著抑制肝癌細胞、胃癌細胞和結直腸腺癌細胞的增殖[ 73 ].

這些影響尚未在人類受試者中進行過研究。

安全性

在大鼠身上沒有觀察到任何類型的不良反應，即使在大量食用後也是如此。然而，與其他益生菌一樣，在器官衰竭、免疫功能低下和腸道屏障機制功能失調的患者中使用可能會導致感染 [ 74 ].

為了避免不良事件，請在使用益生菌之前諮詢醫生。

副作用

儘管這種情況可能很少見，但如果出現以下任何可能與非常嚴重的副作用相關的體徵或症狀，請立即尋求醫療幫助：

• 過敏反應的跡象，如：皮疹；麻疹; 瘙癢;
• 伴有或不伴有發燒的紅色、腫脹、起泡或脫皮的皮膚；
• 喘息; 胸部或喉嚨發緊；
• 呼吸、吞咽或說話困難；
• 不尋常的聲音嘶啞; 口腔、面部、嘴唇、舌頭或喉嚨腫脹。
• 感到頭暈、疲倦或虛弱；
• 胃部不適或嘔吐；
• ...

參考文獻

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