(PDF) The physicist's conception of nature | John Charap - Academia.edu
P h y sicist’s C o n cep tio n o f Nature Trieste, Italy, 1 8-25 S ep tem b er 1972 P a u l D i r a c w a s 7 0 y e a r s o ld o n 8 A u g u s t 1972, a n d it w a s e n t i r e l y a p p r o p r ia te th a t th is o c c a s i o n s h o u ld b e c e le b r a te d by a S y m p o siu m on t h e D e v e l o p m e n t of t h e P h y s i c i s t ’s C o n c e p t i o n of N a t u r e , s p o n s o r e d b y E P S . A b o u t 150 p h y s i c i s t s , m a n y of g r e a t re n o w n , g a t h e r e d a t th e In ter­ n a tio n a l C e n t r e fo r T h e o r e tic a l P h y s ic s in M i r a m a r e - T r i e s t e f r o m 1 8 -2 5 S e p ­ t e m b e r 1 9 7 2 t o p a r t i c i p a t e in a w e e k of l e c t u r e s a n d d i s c u s s i o n s w h i c h c o v e r e d a b r o a d p e r s p e c tiv e from a s t r o n o m y to p a r t i c l e p h y s i c s , w ith s o m e b io lo g y a n d p h ilo s o p h y th ro w n in f o r g o o d m e a s u r e . T h i s b r e a d t h of to p ic s c o u ld h a v e b e e n d is a s tr o u s , b u t t h e u n u s u a l d i s t i n c t i o n of t h e c o n ­ trib u to rs e n s u r e d th a t th is w a s no su p erficial su rvey. O n th e c o n tra ry , t h o s e o f u s w h o w e r e p r i v e l e g e d to b e p r e s e n t h a d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y to h e a r tr e a s u r e s ta k e n from th e d e p th s of o u r s u b je c t. It w a s p r o b a b l y t h e h i s t o r i c a l p e r ­ s p e c t i v e of t h e m e e t i n g w h i c h g a v e th is b a l a n c e a n d resonance. The s p e a k e r s a v o id e d t h e o ften flee tin g a n d m e re ly f a s h io n a b le p a rtic u la ritie s o f t h e p r e s e n t , a n d c o n c e n t r a t e d in ­ s te a d on th e m o re d u ra b le c o n c e rn s of p h y s ic s , m a n y of w h ic h h a v e b e e n in t h e c e n t r e o f t h e a r e n a f o r g e n e r ­ a t i o n s . A t o p i c o f p r e s e n t c o n c e r n to m a n y p h y s ic is ts (a n d o th e r s to o ) w h ic h w a s n o t o n th e fo rm al p ro g ra m m e d id c o m m a n d a t t e n t i o n . T h e i s s u e of ‘S c i e n c e a n d S o c i e t y ’ w a s o p e n e d , a n d , in a w illin g r e s p o n s e to s t u d e n t p r e s s u r e , tim e w a s a llo tte d o u ts id e th e fo rm al program m e. The d is­ c u s s i o n s w e r e a t all t i m e s c o r d i a l , a n d I w o u ld r e m a r k o n ly o n th e c a re fu lly co n sid e re d sta te m e n t by H. B. G. C a s i m i r , t h e C h a i r m a n of th e o rg an iz in g co m m itte e . H e s p o k e p e r s o n a l l y , b u t w ith a u t h o r i t y : a n d s a id w h a t h e w a s la te r to s a y a g a in a t t h e E P S m e e t i n g in W i e s b a d e n t h a t n o s c i e n t i s t in a n a c a d e m i c p o s i t i o n s h o u l d of h is o w n f r e e will b e a c t i v e in, o r a d v i s e o n , m ilita ry te ch n o lo g y . B u t of c o u r s e t h e m a i n p r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e s y m p o s i u m w e r e d e v o t e d to m o re c o n v e n tio n a l, but no le s s c o n tro ­ v e r s i a l c o n c e r n s of p h y s i c s . T h e w e e k b e g a n w ith s e s s i o n s o n a s t r o n o m y a n d r e l a t e d t o p i c s , w ith o u t s t a n d i n g ta lk s by J. E h le rs o n th e g e o m e tr y of s p a c e - t i m e a n d b y A. T r a u t m a n o n re la tiv ity . It w a s i n t e r e s t i n g to h e a r him r e v iv e C a r t a n ’s m o d i f i c a t i o n of E i n s t e i n ’s g e n e r a l re la tiv i ty a s d e ­ se rv in g fu rth e r e x p lo ra tio n . An a m u s i n g i n c i d e n t o c c u r r e d a t t h e e n d o f a t a l k b y B. L. v a n d e r W a e r d e n . He h a d b a s e d h is ta lk on a l e t t e r d a t e d 1 2 th A pril 1 9 2 6 f r o m P a u li t o J o r d a n ( w h o w a s p r e s e n t in t h e a u d i e n c e ) in w h i c h is g i v e n w h a t is s u r e l y t h e firs t, a n d a l s o m o s t s u c ­ cin ct, d e m o n s tr a tio n of th e e q u iv a ­ l e n c e b e t w e e n m a trix m e c h a n i c s a n d w a v e m e c h a n ic s . T h e le tte r in c lu d e s a p a r a g r a p h w h ic h d is m i s s e s a p a p e r b y C o r n e l i u s L a n c z o s a s b e i n g of ‘n o t m u c h v a l u e ’. W e w e r e to l d h o w th i s w a s a s e r io u s la p s e of j u d g e m e n t on P a u l i ’s p a r t , a s t h e p a p e r g i v e s c o r ­ rectly th e e ig e n -v a lu e p ro b le m fo rm u ­ l a t e d in t e r m s o f i n t e g r a l , r a t h e r t h a n d iffere n tial, o p e r a t o r s , a n d c a m e c l o s e to d i s c o v e r i n g t h e d e l t a - f u n c t i o n . It w a s g o o d to h a v e t h e r e c o r d p u t s tra ig h t, e v e n at s o la te a d a te , a n d a s th e c h a irm a n , L eon R o se n fe ld , o b s e r v e d , it w a s f o r t u n a t e t h a t L a n c z o s w a s h im se lf p r e s e n t. T h is q u ite b o w le d van d e r W a e rd e n o v er ; a s th e ag in g L a n c z o s w a s u rg e d fo rw a rd to th e d a i s , v a n d e r W a e r d e n w a s h e a r d to g a s p " A r e y o u L a n c z o s ? !” O n e w e a k n e s s of th e p r o g r a m m e w a s th e la c k of c o v e r a g e of e x p e r i­ m e n t a l p h y s i c s . E v e n W illis L a m b spoke about c o m p u te r sim u latio n ra th e r th a n th e cru cial e x p e rim e n ts w ith w h i c h h is n a m e is m o s t n o t a b l y a s s o c i a t e d . S o it w a s left t o Val T e l e g d i to r e m i n d t h e o r i s t s t h a t p h y s i c s is a f t e r all a s c i e n c e r o o t e d in o b s e r ­ v a t i o n s , a n d t h i s h e d id w ith w it a n d b r i l l i a n c e . It is i n d e e d s a l u t a r y to b e to l d t h a t a s i n g l e n u m b e r u s e d b y t h e o r y a s a p a r a m e t e r in n e u t r a l k a o n d e c a y h a s a lre a d y c o n s u m e d 200 m any e a r s o f e f f o r t in its m e a s u r e m e n t . A m o n g s t th e o th e r ta lk s w h ic h im p r e s s e d m e p a rtic u la rly w a s a n a m a z i n g tour de force b y C a s i m i r w h o in j u s t o n e h o u r r e v i e w e d e n o u g h m a te ria l fo r a s e m e s t e r c o u r s e on su p e rc o n d u c tiv ity and su p erflu id ity . S u p e r f l u i d i t y a n d t h e p h e n o m e n o n of p e r s i s t e n t c u r r e n t s w ith t h e i r i n c r e d i ­ bly l o n g r e l a x a t i o n t i m e s h a v e p r o ­ v o k e d G. U h l e n b e c k to q u e s t i o n a g a i n t h e b a s e s fo r t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f s t a t i s t i c a l p h y s i c s . H is t a l k w a s t h e f ir s t o f s ix o n s t a t i s t i c a l p h y s i c s , all r e m a r k a b le fo r th e ir e l o q u e n c e a n d d ep th . The la st of th e se, even t h o u g h it c a m e a t t h e e n d of a s t r e n u ­ o u s w e e k e n th ra lle d a n d c a p tiv a te d a m o s t a t t e n t i v e a u d i e n c e ; it w a s b y M ax E ig en . H e tu r n e d o u r a tte n tio n to t h e c r u c i a l q u e s t i o n : c a n o n e g iv e a p l a u s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n in p h y s i c o ­ c h e m ic a l te r m s of th e e v o lu tio n a s a system o f s o c o m p l e x a m e c h a ­ n ism a s th a t w h ic h u n d e r lie s g e n e t ic c o d i n g . H is a n s w e r w a s a f f ir m a ti v e , a n d t h e b r i l l i a n c e o f h is r e a s o n i n g a n d e x p o s itio n a m o d e l of clarity a n d econom y. O n W e d n e s d a y m o r n i n g (20 S e p ­ te m b e r ) th e a u d ito riu m w a s p a c k e d for s u c c e s s i v e t a l k s b y H e i s e n b e r g , D ir a c a n d W i g n e r . T h a t w a s a b rillia n t o c c a s i o n . A v e r y d e e p c o n t r a s t of v i e w s e m e r g e d b e t w e e n H e i s e n b e r g ’s a d v o c a c y o f ‘n u c l e a r d e m o c r a c y ’, w ith n o p r e fe rre d s e t of e le m e n ta ry - p a rti­ c l e s , a n d t h e c o n v i c t i o n of W i g n e r t h a t th e e le c tro n a n d in d e e d th e p ro to n a s stable p a r t i c l e s w e r e t o b e r e g a r d e d a s m o r e fu n d a m e n ta l th a n th e ir u n ­ s t a b l e c o u n t e r p a r t s . D irac g a v e u s an e x p o s itio n of h is la te s t s p e c u l a t i o n s o n t h e p o s s i b l e t i m e - d e p e n d e n c e of f u n d a m e n t a l c o n s t a n t s in a t a l k b o t h p ro v o c a tiv e a n d s tim u la tin g . W e h ad e a r l i e r b e e n t r e a t e d to a s p e c i a l e v e n i n g l e c t u r e b y D i r a c w ith t h e s a m e ti tle a s t h e S y m p o s i u m it s e lf : b u t h e h a d a m e n d e d it to b e o n t h e d e v e l o p ­ m e n t o f a_ p h y s i c i s t ’s c o n c e p t i o n of n a t u r e . A n d a g a i n a t t h e b a n q u e t in h is h o n o u r w e w e r e re m in d e d of h o w s i n g u l a r a p h y s i c i s t h e is, a n d h o w h is c o n c e p t i o n o f n a t u r e h a s i n s p i r e d a n d e n t h u s e d a g e n e r a tio n of p h y si­ cists. J. M. Charap. 5