Indonesia
Country in Southeast Asia and Oceania / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Indonesia,[lower-alpha 1] officially the Republic of Indonesia,[lower-alpha 2] is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres (735,358 square miles). With over 279 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most-populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.
Republic of Indonesia | |
|---|---|
| Motto: Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Old Javanese) "Unity in Diversity" | |
| Anthem: Indonesia Raya "Indonesia the Great" | |
| National ideology: Pancasila (lit. 'Five principles') | |
.svg)  | |
| Capital and largest city | Jakarta 6°10′S 106°49′E |
| Official language | Indonesian |
| Regional languages | Over 700 languages[1] |
| Ethnic groups | Over 1,300 ethnic groups[2] |
| Religion (2022)[3] |
|
| Demonym(s) | Indonesian |
| Government | Unitary presidential republic |
| Joko Widodo | |
| Ma'ruf Amin | |
| Puan Maharani | |
| Muhammad Syarifuddin | |
| Legislature | People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) |
| Regional Representative Council (DPD) | |
| People's Representative Council (DPR) | |
| Independence from the Netherlands | |
| 17 August 1945 | |
| 27 December 1949 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,904,569[4] km2 (735,358 sq mi) (14th) |
| 4.85 | |
| Population | |
• Q2 2023 estimate |  279,118,866[5] (4th) |
• 2020 census | 270,203,917[6] |
• Density | 143/km2 (370.4/sq mi) (90th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
• Total |  $4.721 trillion[7] (7th) |
• Per capita | $16,861[7] (96th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $1.476 trillion[7] (16th) |
• Per capita | $5,271[7] (114th) |
| Gini (2022) |  37.9[8]medium |
| HDI (2022) | 0.713[9] high (112th) |
| Currency | Indonesian rupiah (Rp) (IDR) |
| Time zone | UTC+7 to +9 (various) |
| Date format | DD/MM/YYYY |
| Driving side | left |
| Calling code | +62 |
| ISO 3166 code | ID |
| Internet TLD | .id |
Indonesia is a presidential republic with an elected legislature. It has 38 provinces, of which nine have special autonomous status. The country's capital, Jakarta, is the world's second-most-populous urban area. Indonesia shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support one of the world's highest levels of biodiversity.
The Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at least the seventh century when the Srivijaya and later Majapahit Kingdoms engaged in commerce with entities from mainland China and the Indian subcontinent. Over the centuries, local rulers assimilated foreign influences, leading to the flourishing of Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms. Sunni traders and Sufi scholars later brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratisation process, and periods of rapid economic growth.
Indonesia consists of thousands of distinct native ethnic and hundreds of linguistic groups, with Javanese being the largest. A shared identity has developed with the motto "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), defined by a national language, cultural diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. The economy of Indonesia is the world's 16th-largest by nominal GDP and the 7th-largest by PPP. It is the world's third-largest democracy, a regional power, and is considered a middle power in global affairs. The country is a member of several multilateral organisations, including the United Nations, World Trade Organization, G20, and a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, East Asia Summit, D-8, APEC, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.