Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	London, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	422,324
Population, 2016¹	383,822
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	10.0
Total private dwellings²	186,409
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	174,657
Population density per square kilometre	1,004.3
Land area in square kilometres	420.50
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	422,320
0 to 14 years	69,020
0 to 4 years	20,930
5 to 9 years	23,685
10 to 14 years	24,405
15 to 64 years	278,240
15 to 19 years	23,920
20 to 24 years	30,825
25 to 29 years	33,935
30 to 34 years	30,660
35 to 39 years	28,815
40 to 44 years	26,080
45 to 49 years	24,520
50 to 54 years	24,965
55 to 59 years	27,960
60 to 64 years	26,560
65 years and over	75,070
65 to 69 years	22,680
70 to 74 years	19,425
75 to 79 years	13,365
80 to 84 years	9,235
85 years and over	10,355
85 to 89 years	6,220
90 to 94 years	3,065
95 to 99 years	960
100 years and over	115
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3
15 to 64 years	65.9
65 years and over	17.8
85 years and over	2.5
Average age of the population	40.7
Median age of the population	38.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	174,655
Single-detached house	85,275
Semi-detached house	5,940
Row house	23,305
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,470
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	17,800
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	37,550
Other single-attached house	160
Movable dwelling⁴	160
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	174,660
1 person	54,230
2 persons	58,315
3 persons	25,470
4 persons	22,415
5 or more persons	14,225
Number of persons in private households	416,265
Average household size	2.4
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	353,305
Married or living common-law	187,390
Married	152,780
Living common-law	34,605
Living common law - Never married	25,580
Living common law - Separated	1,855
Living common law - Divorced	6,425
Living common law - Widowed	745
Not married and not living common-law	165,915
Not married and not living common law - Never married	112,185
Not married and not living common law - Separated	11,470
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	23,100
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	19,160
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	112,760
2 persons	57,565
3 persons	23,755
4 persons	20,930
5 or more persons	10,510
Average size of census families	2.9
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	112,760
Total couple families	91,365
Married couples	74,065
With children⁶	40,695
Without children	33,370
Common-law couples	17,295
With children⁶	5,780
Without children	11,520
Total one-parent families	21,400
in which the parent is a woman+	17,225
in which the parent is a man+	4,175
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	416,265
Total - Persons in census families	327,475
Married spouses or common-law partners	182,725
Parents in one-parent families	21,400
Children⁶	123,350
In a two-parent family	89,405
In a one-parent family	33,945
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	88,790
Living alone	54,235
Living with other relatives⁷	9,685
Living with non-relatives only	24,875
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	174,660
One-census-family households without additional persons	100,520
Couple-family households	83,390
With children⁶	42,465
Without children	40,930
One-parent-family households	17,135
Multigenerational households⁸	3,960
Multiple-census-family households⁹	740
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	4,885
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	10,315
One-person households	54,230
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	347,330
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	331,040
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	331,180
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	290,200
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	235,780
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	303,800
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,100
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	98,890
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	347,330
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	331,250
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,440
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	331,410
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	290,270
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	235,775
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	303,850
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,525
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,290
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	98,885
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,930
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	347,330
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	106,620
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	96,220
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,040
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	80.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	63.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	347,325
Without total income	16,290
With total income	331,040
Under $10,000 (including loss)	28,030
$10,000 to $19,999	42,140
$20,000 to $29,999	53,365
$30,000 to $39,999	44,480
$40,000 to $49,999	38,960
$50,000 to $59,999	31,640
$60,000 to $69,999	23,580
$70,000 to $79,999	17,465
$80,000 to $89,999	12,210
$90,000 to $99,999	9,300
$100,000 and over	29,880
$100,000 to $149,999	20,555
$150,000 and over	9,320
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	347,325
Without after-tax income	16,150
With after-tax income	331,180
Under $10,000 (including loss)	29,190
$10,000 to $19,999	43,820
$20,000 to $29,999	60,055
$30,000 to $39,999	52,430
$40,000 to $49,999	45,285
$50,000 to $59,999	32,235
$60,000 to $69,999	21,860
$70,000 to $79,999	14,325
$80,000 to $89,999	11,005
$90,000 to $99,999	6,300
$100,000 and over	14,665
$100,000 to $124,999	7,520
$125,000 and over	7,145
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	347,325
Without employment income	111,550
With employment income	235,775
Under $5,000 (including loss)	35,975
$5,000 to $9,999	20,675
$10,000 to $19,999	29,500
$20,000 to $29,999	22,055
$30,000 to $39,999	21,645
$40,000 to $49,999	22,645
$50,000 to $59,999	19,040
$60,000 to $69,999	15,050
$70,000 to $79,999	11,220
$80,000 to $89,999	8,645
$90,000 to $99,999	7,335
$100,000 and over	21,995
$100,000 to $124,999	11,080
$125,000 and over	10,915
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	347,330
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	323,480
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	323,555
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	284,830
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	233,910
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	285,925
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	21,010
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,440
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	347,330
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	323,315
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	323,405
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	284,980
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	234,205
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	285,315
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,540
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	20,600
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,940
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	347,330
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	105,580
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	89,265
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,880
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	86.0
Employment income (%)	68.6
Government transfers (%)	14.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	174,660
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	76,500
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	68,500
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	54,230
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	120,425
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	174,660
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	95,700
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,800
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	54,245
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,640
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,960
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	120,415
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,000
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,800
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	174,655
Under $5,000	2,545
$5,000 to $9,999	1,255
$10,000 to $14,999	2,620
$15,000 to $19,999	4,145
$20,000 to $24,999	6,735
$25,000 to $29,999	6,525
$30,000 to $34,999	6,355
$35,000 to $39,999	6,785
$40,000 to $44,999	7,050
$45,000 to $49,999	7,310
$50,000 to $59,999	14,470
$60,000 to $69,999	13,480
$70,000 to $79,999	12,505
$80,000 to $89,999	11,305
$90,000 to $99,999	10,105
$100,000 and over	61,470
$100,000 to $124,999	20,075
$125,000 to $149,999	13,550
$150,000 to $199,999	14,935
$200,000 and over	12,910
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	174,655
Under $5,000	2,700
$5,000 to $9,999	1,295
$10,000 to $14,999	2,675
$15,000 to $19,999	4,300
$20,000 to $24,999	7,195
$25,000 to $29,999	7,410
$30,000 to $34,999	7,495
$35,000 to $39,999	8,035
$40,000 to $44,999	8,480
$45,000 to $49,999	8,420
$50,000 to $59,999	16,430
$60,000 to $69,999	15,285
$70,000 to $79,999	13,950
$80,000 to $89,999	12,415
$90,000 to $99,999	10,520
$100,000 and over	48,055
$100,000 to $124,999	19,385
$125,000 to $149,999	11,590
$150,000 and over	17,080
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	112,400
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	86,000
Average family size of economic families	3.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	41,975
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,500
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	46,790
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	108,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	20,050
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,800
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	79,110
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	112,300
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,500
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,700
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	41,735
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	108,000
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,800
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	46,805
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,800
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,400
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	20,040
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,900
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	79,140
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,440
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,240
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	416,265
0 to 17 years	82,960
0 to 5 years	25,510
18 to 64 years	262,470
65 years and over	70,835
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	57,385
0 to 17 years	14,400
0 to 5 years	4,780
18 to 64 years	34,080
65 years and over	8,900
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.8
0 to 17 years (%)	17.4
0 to 5 years (%)	18.7
18 to 64 years (%)	13.0
65 years and over (%)	12.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	416,265
0 to 17 years	82,965
0 to 5 years	25,510
18 to 64 years	262,465
65 years and over	70,835
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	27,265
0 to 17 years	4,715
0 to 5 years	1,455
18 to 64 years	21,145
65 years and over	1,410
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.6
0 to 17 years (%)	5.7
0 to 5 years (%)	5.7
18 to 64 years (%)	8.1
65 years and over (%)	2.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	416,265
In bottom half of the distribution	232,165
In bottom decile	54,260
In second decile	47,435
In third decile	45,310
In fourth decile	43,490
In fifth decile	41,670
In top half of the distribution	184,095
In sixth decile	39,600
In seventh decile	38,220
In eighth decile	37,225
In ninth decile	36,090
In top decile	32,960
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	416,265
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.345
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.472
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.301
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.9
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	418,220
English only	380,125
French only	325
English and French	29,650
Neither English nor French	8,120
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	418,220
English	403,125
French	4,850
English and French	2,360
Neither English nor French	7,885
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	418,220
Single responses	401,430
Official languages	302,115
English	297,525
French	4,595
Non-official languages	99,315
Indigenous languages³⁹	80
Algonquian languages	45
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	10
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	10
Ojibway languages	25
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	35
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	30
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	99,235
Afro-Asiatic languages	18,475
Berber languages	15
Kabyle	5
Tamazight	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	15
Hausa	10
Mina	0
Coptic	10
Cushitic languages	350
Bilen	10
Oromo	15
Somali	320
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5
Semitic languages	18,085
Amharic	295
Arabic	15,475
Aramaic languages	1,595
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,315
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	240
Aramaic, n.o.s.	45
Harari	0
Hebrew	145
Maltese	150
Tigrigna	425
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,805
Khmer (Cambodian)	695
Vietnamese	2,110
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5
Austronesian languages	3,350
Bikol	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50
Cebuano	200
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	70
Ilocano	215
Indonesian	140
Kankanaey	5
Kinaray-a	5
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	15
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20
Pangasinan	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,560
Waray-Waray	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45
Creole languages	120
Haitian Creole	30
Jamaican English Creole	5
Krio	10
Morisyen	10
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	45
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15
Dravidian languages	4,400
Kannada	90
Malayalam	3,175
Tamil	665
Telugu	450
Tulu	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10
Georgian	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	53,445
Albanian	1,015
Armenian	100
Balto-Slavic languages	10,295
Baltic languages	175
Latvian	55
Lithuanian	120
Slavic languages	10,120
Belarusian	15
Bulgarian	80
Czech	310
Macedonian	75
Polish	4,520
Russian	1,530
Rusyn	15
Serbo-Croatian	2,315
Bosnian	655
Croatian	735
Serbian	880
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45
Slovak	260
Slovene (Slovenian)	150
Ukrainian	850
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	20
Irish	5
Scottish Gaelic	5
Welsh	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5
Germanic languages	4,155
Frisian	40
High German languages	2,035
German	1,985
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	35
Yiddish	15
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,860
Afrikaans	85
Dutch	1,610
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	5
Plautdietsch	50
Vlaams (Flemish)	100
Scandinavian languages	220
Danish	130
Icelandic	5
Norwegian	20
Swedish	55
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5
Greek	1,565
Indo-Iranian languages	16,440
Indo-Aryan languages	12,310
Assamese	20
Bengali	715
Gujarati	1,765
Hindi	1,890
Kacchi	35
Kashmiri	5
Konkani	40
Marathi	170
Nepali	1,200
Oriya languages	10
Odia	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,450
Rohingya	10
Sindhi	40
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	155
Urdu	2,765
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25
Iranian languages	4,130
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	1,515
Parsi	0
Pashto	250
Persian languages	2,360
Dari	800
Iranian Persian	1,330
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	235
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	19,845
Catalan	10
Italian	2,505
Portuguese	5,470
Romanian	760
Spanish	11,085
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5
Japanese	240
Korean	3,530
Mongolian	5
Niger-Congo languages	1,145
Akan (Twi)	85
Bamanankan	0
Edo	10
Éwé	15
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10
Ga	20
Ganda	40
Gikuyu	20
Igbo	75
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	100
Lingala	15
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	15
Ndebele	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	80
Shona	60
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15
Swahili	230
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	20
Yoruba	220
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	105
Nilo-Saharan languages	165
Dinka	70
Nuer	30
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60
African, n.o.s.	10
Sign languages	125
American Sign Language	110
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,350
Chinese languages	9,025
Hakka	35
Mandarin	6,770
Min Dong	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	120
Wu (Shanghainese)	50
Yue (Cantonese)	1,905
Chinese, n.o.s.	135
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	310
Burmese	45
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	225
S'gaw Karen	190
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5
Tai-Kadai languages	190
Lao	105
Thai	85
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	815
Azerbaijani	60
Kazakh	5
Turkish	660
Uyghur	60
Uzbek	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20
Uralic languages	1,035
Estonian	40
Finnish	75
Hungarian	920
Other languages, n.i.e.	25
Multiple responses	16,790
English and French	1,920
English and non-official language(s)	12,910
French and non-official language(s)	385
English, French and non-official language(s)	415
Multiple non-official languages	1,155
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	418,220
English	307,945
French	935
Non-official language	28,700
Indigenous³⁹	10
Non-Indigenous	28,690
English and French	4,510
English and non-official language(s)	70,995
French and non-official language(s)	240
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,920
Multiple non-official languages	1,975
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	418,220
Single responses	399,850
Official languages	343,030
English	341,435
French	1,595
Non-official languages	56,820
Indigenous languages³⁹	25
Algonquian languages	5
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	5
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	10
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	10
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	56,800
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,545
Berber languages	5
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	10
Hausa	0
Mina	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	175
Bilen	10
Oromo	5
Somali	160
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	11,350
Amharic	120
Arabic	9,660
Aramaic languages	1,245
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,025
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	180
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35
Harari	0
Hebrew	60
Maltese	10
Tigrigna	245
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,840
Khmer (Cambodian)	395
Vietnamese	1,440
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	1,645
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30
Cebuano	105
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	20
Ilocano	125
Indonesian	50
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,265
Waray-Waray	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20
Creole languages	55
Haitian Creole	10
Jamaican English Creole	5
Krio	0
Morisyen	0
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15
Dravidian languages	3,070
Kannada	30
Malayalam	2,430
Tamil	340
Telugu	265
Tulu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	27,625
Albanian	440
Armenian	50
Balto-Slavic languages	4,610
Baltic languages	20
Latvian	5
Lithuanian	20
Slavic languages	4,590
Belarusian	0
Bulgarian	50
Czech	80
Macedonian	25
Polish	2,085
Russian	925
Rusyn	10
Serbo-Croatian	1,040
Bosnian	340
Croatian	270
Serbian	410
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15
Slovak	60
Slovene (Slovenian)	25
Ukrainian	290
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Irish	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	360
Frisian	0
High German languages	220
German	220
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	5
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	100
Afrikaans	45
Dutch	50
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	40
Danish	15
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	675
Indo-Iranian languages	10,665
Indo-Aryan languages	8,030
Assamese	5
Bengali	390
Gujarati	1,025
Hindi	1,060
Kacchi	20
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	10
Marathi	85
Nepali	935
Oriya languages	0
Odia	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,585
Rohingya	10
Sindhi	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	75
Urdu	1,795
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10
Iranian languages	2,635
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	1,015
Parsi	0
Pashto	165
Persian languages	1,450
Dari	440
Iranian Persian	895
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	115
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	10,820
Catalan	5
Italian	580
Portuguese	2,800
Romanian	305
Spanish	7,125
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	100
Korean	2,750
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	455
Akan (Twi)	35
Bamanankan	0
Edo	0
Éwé	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10
Ga	10
Ganda	5
Gikuyu	10
Igbo	30
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40
Lingala	5
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	40
Shona	15
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	110
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	10
Yoruba	110
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	60
Dinka	25
Nuer	20
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	220
American Sign Language	180
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,570
Chinese languages	6,390
Hakka	10
Mandarin	5,095
Min Dong	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	25
Yue (Cantonese)	1,135
Chinese, n.o.s.	95
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	175
Burmese	20
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	135
S'gaw Karen	115
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	20
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	85
Lao	55
Thai	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	520
Azerbaijani	20
Kazakh	0
Turkish	435
Uyghur	55
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10
Uralic languages	250
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	240
Other languages, n.i.e.	10
Multiple responses	18,370
English and French	775
English and non-official language(s)	16,815
French and non-official language(s)	80
English, French and non-official language(s)	370
Multiple non-official languages	330
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	418,220
None	353,020
English	23,445
French	3,980
Non-official language	29,805
Indigenous³⁹	190
Non-Indigenous	29,615
English and French	445
English and non-official language(s)	3,020
French and non-official language(s)	1,290
English, French and non-official language(s)	70
Multiple non-official languages	3,150
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	416,265
Official languages	408,295
English	407,975
French	29,920
Non-official languages	131,220
Indigenous languages³⁹	385
Algonquian languages	190
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	30
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	30
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	15
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	160
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	10
Ojibway languages	155
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	30
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	125
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	225
Cayuga	30
Mohawk	45
Oneida	180
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15
Non-Indigenous languages	130,855
Afro-Asiatic languages	26,415
Berber languages	25
Kabyle	15
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	90
Hausa	90
Mina	0
Coptic	30
Cushitic languages	420
Bilen	35
Oromo	30
Somali	360
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	26,000
Amharic	585
Arabic	23,385
Aramaic languages	2,285
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,715
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	540
Aramaic, n.o.s.	90
Harari	0
Hebrew	520
Maltese	240
Tigrigna	620
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	30
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,525
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,150
Vietnamese	2,390
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20
Austronesian languages	4,715
Bikol	25
Bisaya, n.o.s.	100
Cebuano	395
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	60
Ilocano	380
Indonesian	255
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	125
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25
Pangasinan	30
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,145
Waray-Waray	55
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	160
Creole languages	450
Haitian Creole	45
Jamaican English Creole	95
Krio	15
Morisyen	10
Sango	20
Creole, n.o.s.	150
Creole languages, n.i.e.	140
Dravidian languages	6,240
Kannada	280
Malayalam	4,235
Tamil	1,555
Telugu	850
Tulu	25
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25
Georgian	15
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	72,530
Albanian	1,585
Armenian	100
Balto-Slavic languages	12,630
Baltic languages	250
Latvian	75
Lithuanian	175
Slavic languages	12,415
Belarusian	0
Bulgarian	125
Czech	370
Macedonian	165
Polish	5,680
Russian	2,445
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	2,985
Bosnian	945
Croatian	1,250
Serbian	1,440
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	55
Slovak	365
Slovene (Slovenian)	210
Ukrainian	1,255
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10
Celtic languages	100
Irish	25
Scottish Gaelic	50
Welsh	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10
Germanic languages	6,085
Frisian	20
High German languages	3,850
German	3,760
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	50
Yiddish	55
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,025
Afrikaans	280
Dutch	1,605
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	20
Plautdietsch	60
Vlaams (Flemish)	80
Scandinavian languages	335
Danish	165
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	75
Swedish	100
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20
Greek	2,425
Indo-Iranian languages	23,600
Indo-Aryan languages	18,555
Assamese	25
Bengali	1,110
Gujarati	2,410
Hindi	9,060
Kacchi	50
Kashmiri	30
Konkani	75
Marathi	495
Nepali	1,490
Oriya languages	15
Odia	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,975
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	55
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	320
Urdu	4,800
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	110
Iranian languages	5,305
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	1,870
Parsi	20
Pashto	445
Persian languages	3,330
Dari	1,215
Iranian Persian	1,860
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	345
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25
Italic (Romance) languages	27,865
Catalan	40
Italian	4,485
Portuguese	7,065
Romanian	920
Spanish	16,540
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	40
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20
Japanese	790
Korean	3,975
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	3,130
Akan (Twi)	230
Bamanankan	0
Edo	20
Éwé	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20
Ga	30
Ganda	15
Gikuyu	60
Igbo	365
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	310
Lingala	245
Luba-Kasai	30
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	190
Shona	115
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	715
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	30
Yoruba	900
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	335
Nilo-Saharan languages	275
Dinka	95
Nuer	100
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	755
American Sign Language	690
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	100
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,035
Chinese languages	10,505
Hakka	40
Mandarin	8,515
Min Dong	40
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	185
Wu (Shanghainese)	105
Yue (Cantonese)	2,730
Chinese, n.o.s.	90
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30
Tibeto-Burman languages	520
Burmese	85
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	415
S'gaw Karen	380
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	45
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	105
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25
Tai-Kadai languages	270
Lao	125
Thai	165
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	1,230
Azerbaijani	110
Kazakh	10
Turkish	1,075
Uyghur	70
Uzbek	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	45
Uralic languages	1,330
Estonian	60
Finnish	100
Hungarian	1,170
Other languages, n.i.e.	70
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	416,265
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	10,955
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	10,530
First Nations (North American Indian)	7,810
Métis	2,625
Inuk (Inuit)	95
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	185
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	240
Non-Indigenous identity	405,310
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	416,265
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	4,920
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	411,345
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	174,655
Owner	101,555
Renter	73,100
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	174,655
Condominium	28,475
Not condominium	146,190
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	174,655
No bedrooms	1,080
1 bedroom	26,920
2 bedrooms	44,225
3 bedrooms	61,340
4 or more bedrooms	41,095
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	174,655
1 to 4 rooms	51,665
5 rooms	24,630
6 rooms	25,050
7 rooms	21,400
8 or more rooms	51,905
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	174,655
One person or fewer per room	170,090
More than one person per room	4,570
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	174,655
Suitable	164,170
Not suitable	10,485
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	174,655
1960 or before	39,135
1961 to 1980	52,265
1981 to 1990	24,460
1991 to 2000	18,810
2001 to 2005	9,805
2006 to 2010	9,920
2011 to 2015	8,620
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	11,640
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	174,655
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	165,105
Major repairs needed	9,550
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	174,655
One-maintainer household	91,905
Two-maintainer household	74,335
Three-or-more-maintainer household	8,415
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	174,655
15 to 24 years	7,345
25 to 34 years	28,655
35 to 44 years	29,795
45 to 54 years	29,220
55 to 64 years	32,830
65 to 74 years	26,350
75 to 84 years	14,760
85 years and over	5,700
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	173,520
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	131,505
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	42,015
30% to less than 100%	37,610
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	174,655
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	56,140
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	36,930
Not suitable only	7,465
Major repairs needed only	6,030
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,200
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,700
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	635
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	185
Acceptable housing	118,515
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	169,120
In core need	18,915
Not in core need	150,200
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	101,490
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.5
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	13.7
% in core housing need⁶³	4.2
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,424
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	548,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	583,500
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	73,100
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.4
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.0
% in core housing need⁶³	21.2
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,130
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,213
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	416,265
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,205
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,185
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,625
Métis single ancestry	540
Inuit single ancestry	15
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	10,400
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	10,165
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	7,990
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,085
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	235
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	220
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	401,660
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	416,265
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	366,820
Canadian citizens aged under 18	73,795
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	293,020
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	49,450
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	416,265
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	293,750
Immigrants⁸¹	103,300
Before 1980	21,515
1980 to 1990	11,815
1991 to 2000	15,695
2001 to 2010	21,070
2011 to 2021⁸²	33,205
2011 to 2015	13,520
2016 to 2021	19,685
Non-permanent residents⁸³	19,220
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	103,300
Under 5 years	12,010
5 to 14 years	21,055
15 to 24 years	19,070
25 to 44 years	42,990
45 years and over	8,170
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	103,300
Americas	16,375
Brazil	665
Colombia	3,730
El Salvador	1,645
Guyana	490
Haiti	25
Jamaica	1,560
Mexico	570
Peru	125
Trinidad and Tobago	790
United States of America	3,660
Other places of birth in Americas	3,125
Europe	30,700
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,015
Croatia	620
France	245
Germany	1,750
Greece	945
Hungary	715
Italy	2,075
Netherlands	1,455
Poland	3,840
Portugal	3,225
Romania	880
Russian Federation	500
Serbia⁸⁶	450
Ukraine	820
United Kingdom⁸⁷	8,190
Other places of birth in Europe	3,975
Africa	8,010
Algeria	90
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	355
Egypt	1,185
Eritrea	455
Ethiopia	425
Morocco	115
Nigeria	1,320
Somalia	245
South Africa, Republic of	555
Other places of birth in Africa	3,270
Asia	47,770
Afghanistan	1,020
Iran⁸⁸	1,400
Iraq	3,645
Lebanon	2,225
Syria⁸⁹	4,820
Turkey	525
China⁹⁰	5,025
Hong Kong⁹¹	710
Korea, South⁹²	2,285
Taiwan	180
Philippines	3,315
Viet Nam	1,800
Bangladesh	515
India	8,545
Pakistan	2,655
Sri Lanka	410
Other places of birth in Asia	8,690
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	440
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	19,690
Americas	2,605
Brazil	285
Colombia	635
Haiti	0
Jamaica	255
Mexico	90
United States of America	645
Venezuela⁹⁵	90
Other places of birth in Americas	605
Europe	930
France	80
Germany	60
Ireland⁹⁶	25
Italy	25
Russian Federation	70
Ukraine	165
United Kingdom⁸⁷	160
Other places of birth in Europe	345
Africa	2,340
Algeria	0
Burundi	40
Cameroon	50
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	110
Côte d'Ivoire	0
Egypt	270
Eritrea	140
Ethiopia	90
Morocco	15
Nigeria	815
Somalia	55
South Africa, Republic of	75
Sudan⁹⁷	185
Tunisia	10
Other places of birth in Africa	475
Asia	13,760
Afghanistan	225
Bangladesh	125
China⁹⁰	990
Hong Kong⁹¹	25
India	3,815
Iran⁸⁸	230
Iraq	790
Israel	30
Japan	40
Jordan	295
Korea, South⁹²	400
Lebanon	340
Nepal	80
Pakistan	500
Philippines	635
Saudi Arabia	540
Sri Lanka	45
Syria⁸⁹	3,485
Turkey	225
United Arab Emirates	255
Viet Nam	145
Other places of birth in Asia	550
Oceania and other⁹³	45
Australia	35
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	416,265
First generation¹⁰⁰	126,790
Second generation¹⁰¹	85,390
Third generation or more¹⁰²	204,085
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	81,785
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	34,895
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	13,155
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	21,745
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	18,340
Refugees¹⁰⁸	27,435
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,110
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	81,785
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	7,675
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,640
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,125
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,245
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	500
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	61,600
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	416,265
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	119,355
South Asian	27,085
Chinese	11,955
Black	17,450
Filipino	5,930
Arab	21,910
Latin American	12,575
Southeast Asian	5,955
West Asian	5,335
Korean	4,290
Japanese	685
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	2,160
Multiple visible minorities	4,020
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	296,910
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	416,265
Canadian	50,185
English	91,260
Irish	69,845
Scottish	72,520
French, n.o.s.¹²²	27,395
German	38,785
Chinese	12,470
Italian	18,530
Indian (India)	15,565
Ukrainian	9,170
Dutch	20,860
Polish	14,915
Québécois	615
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	17,770
Filipino	5,875
French Canadian	4,920
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	7,830
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,430
Métis	2,870
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	6,040
Russian	4,200
Norwegian	1,875
Welsh	7,340
Portuguese	9,910
American	4,645
Spanish	4,700
Swedish	2,265
Hungarian	5,455
Acadian	810
Pakistani	3,670
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	3,845
Jewish	1,980
Punjabi	1,680
Vietnamese	3,160
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	8,775
Greek	4,220
Jamaican	3,935
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,425
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	575
Korean	4,100
Romanian	2,115
Lebanese	4,950
Iranian	1,415
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,815
Danish	2,220
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,240
Sikh	1,295
Austrian	1,785
Belgian	3,185
Haitian	80
Hindu	1,710
Mexican	1,400
Mennonite	645
Swiss	1,190
Finnish	1,510
Sri Lankan	515
Croatian	2,165
Japanese	1,000
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,035
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	475
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,385
Muslim	2,195
Egyptian	1,580
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,140
Tamil	375
Icelandic	435
Colombian	4,235
Moroccan	275
Czech	1,505
Syrian	3,065
Guyanese	845
Afghan	1,435
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,190
Serbian	1,730
Ojibway	965
Newfoundlander	810
Hong Konger	275
Ontarian	1,980
Persian	895
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,065
Turkish	1,165
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	120
Bangladeshi	720
Algerian	110
Brazilian	1,565
Nigerian	1,235
Armenian	335
Slovak	1,280
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	875
Somali	525
Taiwanese	245
Iraqi	2,465
Salvadorean	1,780
African Caribbean	450
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	535
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,395
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	305
Algonquin	310
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	380
Lithuanian	940
South African	570
Australian	465
Palestinian	2,555
Chilean	230
Congolese	365
Nova Scotian	315
Ethiopian	520
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,115
Peruvian	190
Yoruba	710
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,640
Berber	50
Albanian	1,600
Maltese	1,510
Macedonian	475
Slovenian	655
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	595
New Brunswicker	150
Gujarati	410
Eritrean	630
African Canadian	450
Israeli	290
Mohawk	380
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	490
Bulgarian	235
Albertan	65
Ghanaian	235
Barbadian	560
African American	545
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	560
Tunisian	60
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	510
Cuban	555
Bosnian	970
Venezuelan	455
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	25
Latvian	380
Bengali	280
Cameroonian	130
Guatemalan	480
Indonesian	440
Laotian	215
Ilocano	125
Northern Irish	525
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	280
British Columbian	45
Ecuadorian	205
Franco Ontarian	210
Argentinian	225
Estonian	265
Kurdish	1,205
Fijian	75
Jatt	185
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	285
Coptic	310
Thai	225
Dominican	180
Nepali	920
Kabyle	0
Assyrian	1,370
Igbo	315
Byelorussian	240
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	75
Abenaki	45
Moldovan	55
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	210
New Zealander	150
Sudanese	1,170
Breton	15
Pennsylvania Dutch	270
Malaysian	175
Plains Cree	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	100
Huron (Wendat)	20
Saskatchewanian	40
Buddhist	365
Gaspesian	30
Norman	55
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	130
Ivorian	15
Saulteaux	15
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	210
Burundian	140
Tigrinya	205
Nicaraguan	390
Mauritian	15
Kenyan	280
Oji-Cree	30
Vincentian	125
Jordanian	700
Manitoban	40
Cape Bretoner	145
Rwandan	350
Grenadian	175
Malayali	495
Chaldean	510
Sinhalese	90
Mayan	290
Honduran	205
Cherokee	120
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	20
Indo-Caribbean	75
Flemish	160
United Empire Loyalist	145
Senegalese	0
Azerbaijani	105
Sicilian	135
Pashtun	130
Malay	60
Goan	65
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	95
Tibetan	0
Zimbabwean	145
Burmese	160
Mongolian	45
Azorean	280
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	40
Indo-Guyanese	45
Ugandan	50
Oromo	30
Tanzanian	55
Yemeni	225
Central African	30
Libyan	290
Basque	50
Uruguayan	85
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	70
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	70
Igorot	20
Fulani	40
Woodland Cree	0
Guinean	45
St. Lucian	85
Prince Edward Islander	45
Maliseet	15
Beninese	35
Telugu	45
Roma	85
Costa Rican	125
African Nova Scotian	20
Malagasy	0
Kashmiri	85
Singaporean	45
Karen	405
Edo	70
Tajik	130
Amhara	70
Paraguayan	30
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	416,265
Buddhist	3,755
Christian	203,220
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	34,755
Anabaptist	335
Anglican	18,235
Baptist	5,860
Catholic	89,675
Christian Orthodox	7,640
Jehovah's Witness	1,485
Latter Day Saints	930
Lutheran	2,660
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	825
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	4,995
Presbyterian	6,250
Reformed	1,200
United Church	19,530
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	8,840
Hindu	8,700
Jewish	1,970
Muslim	35,070
Sikh	4,065
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	435
Other religions and spiritual traditions	4,165
No religion and secular perspectives	154,880
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	412,320
Non-movers	352,560
Movers	59,760
Non-migrants	38,985
Migrants	20,775
Internal migrants	16,045
Intraprovincial migrants	13,870
Interprovincial migrants	2,180
External migrants	4,725
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	395,420
Non-movers	220,255
Movers	175,160
Non-migrants	91,400
Migrants	83,760
Internal migrants	52,625
Intraprovincial migrants	44,255
Interprovincial migrants	8,370
External migrants	31,140
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	347,330
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	55,965
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	291,365
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	221,900
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	22,980
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	198,925
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	347,330
No certificate, diploma or degree	51,155
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	94,620
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	201,550
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	100,510
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,285
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,370
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	7,915
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	76,895
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	7,320
Bachelor's degree or higher	101,045
Bachelor's degree	62,935
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,220
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	4,015
Master's degree	21,340
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,535
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	221,905
No certificate, diploma or degree	20,245
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	51,125
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	150,530
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	72,830
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,755
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,680
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,070
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	57,140
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,935
Bachelor's degree or higher	77,700
Bachelor's degree	47,450
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,525
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,305
Master's degree	17,190
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,240
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	347,330
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	145,775
Education	10,780
13. Education	10,780
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,555
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	605
50. Visual and performing arts	6,950
Humanities	12,435
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,045
23. English language and literature/letters	3,310
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,950
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	440
38. Philosophy and religious studies	995
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,155
54. History	1,870
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	665
Social and behavioural sciences and law	28,280
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	395
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,565
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,395
22. Legal professions and studies	3,715
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	660
42. Psychology	5,000
45. Social sciences	10,550
Business, management and public administration	39,905
30.16 Accounting and computer science	55
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,860
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	35,990
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,675
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,325
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,620
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	130
40. Physical sciences	2,120
41. Science technologies/technicians	485
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	9,995
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,580
25. Library science	880
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,330
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	205
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	34,045
04. Architecture and related services	1,535
14. Engineering	10,925
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,800
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	5,210
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,495
48. Precision production	3,070
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,190
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,285
03. Natural resources and conservation	905
Health and related fields	36,155
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,930
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	31,835
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	80
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,310
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,470
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,770
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	55
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45
43. Security and protective services	3,105
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,505
Other¹⁷⁹	65
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	221,900
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	71,365
Education	7,290
13. Education	7,290
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,780
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	460
50. Visual and performing arts	5,320
Humanities	8,875
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	730
23. English language and literature/letters	2,435
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,140
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	315
38. Philosophy and religious studies	730
39. Theology and religious vocations	690
54. History	1,360
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	470
Social and behavioural sciences and law	21,575
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	315
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,130
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,040
22. Legal professions and studies	2,970
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	515
42. Psychology	3,555
45. Social sciences	8,055
Business, management and public administration	30,320
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,170
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	27,115
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,225
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,155
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,175
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	95
40. Physical sciences	1,420
41. Science technologies/technicians	390
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,845
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,195
25. Library science	580
27. Mathematics and statistics	935
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	135
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	25,150
04. Architecture and related services	1,265
14. Engineering	8,600
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	5,750
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	3,675
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,775
48. Precision production	2,075
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,415
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,710
03. Natural resources and conservation	705
Health and related fields	26,935
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,230
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	23,615
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	70
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,025
Personal, protective and transportation services	8,075
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,330
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	45
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25
43. Security and protective services	2,525
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,145
Other¹⁷⁹	55
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	221,900
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	71,365
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	150,535
Location of study inside Canada	118,630
Same as province or territory of residence	112,610
Different than province or territory of residence	6,020
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	31,905
Americas	7,555
United States of America	3,635
Mexico	265
Cuba	105
Haiti	0
Jamaica	220
Brazil	920
Colombia	1,480
Peru	20
Venezuela⁹⁵	190
Other locations of study in Americas	715
Europe	5,065
Belgium	20
France	190
Germany	185
Netherlands	110
Switzerland	30
Hungary	120
Moldova¹⁸³	0
Poland	650
Romania	245
Russian Federation	260
Ukraine	330
Ireland⁹⁶	230
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,770
Bosnia and Herzegovina	135
Italy	60
Serbia⁸⁶	115
Other locations of study in Europe	605
Africa	2,370
Nigeria	665
Algeria	25
Morocco	30
Tunisia	10
Egypt	645
South Africa, Republic of	200
Other locations of study in Africa	790
Asia	16,365
Iran⁸⁸	475
Iraq	535
Israel	95
Lebanon	415
Syria⁸⁹	510
Turkey	185
China⁹⁰	1,865
Taiwan	50
Hong Kong⁹¹	25
Japan	140
Korea, South⁹²	1,230
Philippines	1,950
Viet Nam	145
Bangladesh	185
Sri Lanka	85
India	5,955
Pakistan	820
Other locations of study in Asia	1,695
Oceania	555
Australia	475
New Zealand	75
Other locations of study in Oceania	10
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	347,330
In the labour force	214,460
Employed	186,040
Unemployed	28,425
Not in the labour force	132,870
Participation rate	61.7
Employment rate	53.6
Unemployment rate	13.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	347,330
Did not work¹⁸⁶	135,480
Worked	211,850
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	109,400
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	102,450
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	214,465
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,600
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	207,865
Employee	180,810
Permanent position	151,065
Temporary position	29,740
Fixed term (1 year or more)	11,365
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	18,380
Self-employed¹⁹²	27,055
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	214,465
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,600
All occupations¹⁹¹	207,865
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,845
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	33,120
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	16,365
3 Health occupations	20,400
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	26,920
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,775
6 Sales and service occupations	55,525
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	32,650
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,615
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	12,645
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	214,465
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,600
All industries¹⁹¹	207,865
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,540
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	265
22 Utilities	850
23 Construction	14,215
31-33 Manufacturing	21,575
41 Wholesale trade	5,865
44-45 Retail trade	25,035
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	10,505
51 Information and cultural industries	3,200
52 Finance and insurance	11,670
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,605
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	15,825
55 Management of companies and enterprises	470
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	9,650
61 Educational services	19,765
62 Health care and social assistance	31,790
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	3,490
72 Accommodation and food services	13,380
81 Other services (except public administration)	7,955
91 Public administration	7,235
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	228,590
English	217,760
French	715
Non-official language	1,145
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	1,145
English and French	2,815
English and non-official language(s)	5,770
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	295
Multiple non-official languages	85
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	228,590
Single responses	227,060
Official languages	224,890
English	223,660
French	1,230
Non-official languages	2,175
Indigenous languages³⁹	0
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,175
Afro-Asiatic languages	345
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	0
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	345
Amharic	0
Arabic	300
Aramaic languages	45
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	0
Tigrigna	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	50
Khmer (Cambodian)	10
Vietnamese	40
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	30
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	0
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	0
Indonesian	0
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	0
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	50
Kannada	0
Malayalam	45
Tamil	10
Telugu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	835
Albanian	0
Armenian	0
Balto-Slavic languages	130
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	130
Bulgarian	0
Czech	0
Macedonian	0
Polish	85
Russian	30
Serbo-Croatian	0
Bosnian	0
Croatian	0
Serbian	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	30
Frisian	0
High German languages	10
German	10
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	0
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	15
Indo-Iranian languages	155
Indo-Aryan languages	105
Bengali	0
Gujarati	10
Hindi	25
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	45
Sindhi	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0
Urdu	15
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	50
Kurdish	10
Pashto	0
Persian languages	40
Dari	15
Iranian Persian	20
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	510
Catalan	0
Italian	10
Portuguese	80
Romanian	0
Spanish	415
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	10
Korean	160
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	20
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	45
American Sign Language	40
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	610
Chinese languages	610
Hakka	0
Mandarin	540
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	55
Chinese, n.o.s.	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0
Lao	0
Thai	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	10
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	10
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	0
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	1,525
English and French	485
English and non-official language(s)	1,020
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20
Multiple non-official languages	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	228,590
None	220,980
English	1,395
French	1,875
Non-official language	3,660
Indigenous³⁹	20
Non-Indigenous	3,645
English and French	10
English and non-official language(s)	60
French and non-official language(s)	210
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	400
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	186,035
Worked at home	47,140
Worked outside Canada	740
No fixed workplace address	22,360
Usual place of work	115,795
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	115,795
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	99,230
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	4,405
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	11,965
Commute to a different province or territory	200
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	138,155
Car, truck or van	118,720
Car, truck or van - as a driver	106,540
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	12,180
Public transit	8,790
Walked	6,290
Bicycle	1,295
Other method	3,060
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	138,155
Less than 15 minutes	47,460
15 to 29 minutes	59,460
30 to 44 minutes	18,880
45 to 59 minutes	6,005
60 minutes and over	6,345
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	138,155
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	8,325
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	23,385
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	33,570
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	28,970
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	18,185
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	25,720
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	84,540
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,010
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	75,525
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	62,130
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,900
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,625
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,265
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	55,230

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 24, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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