John IV | |
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King of Portugal | |
Reign | 1 December 1640 – 6 November 1656 |
Coronation | 15 December 1640 |
Predecessor | Philip III |
Successor | Afonso VI |
Born | Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa, Vila Viçosa, Portugal | 18 March 1604
Died | 6 November 1656 52) Ribeira Palace, Lisbon, Portugal | (aged
Burial | |
Spouse | Luisa de Guzmán (m. 1633) |
Issue Detail | Teodósio, Prince of Brazil Joana, Princess of Beira Catherine, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland Afonso VI, King of Portugal Peter II, King of Portugal |
House | Braganza [1] |
Father | Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza |
Mother | Ana de Velasco y Girón |
Religion | Roman Catholicism |
Signature |
John IV (Portuguese : João, [2] pronounced [ʒuˈɐ̃w] ; 18 March 1604 – 6 November 1656), nicknamed John the Restorer (Portuguese : João, o Restaurador), was the King of Portugal whose reign, lasting from 1640 until his death, began the Portuguese restoration of independence from Habsburg Spanish rule. [1] His accession established the House of Braganza on the Portuguese throne, and marked the end of the 60-year-old Iberian Union by which Portugal and Spain shared the same monarch.
Before becoming king, he was John II, the 8th Duke of Braganza. He was the grandson of Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, [3] a claimant to the crown during the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580. On the eve of his death in 1656, the Portuguese Empire was at its territorial zenith, spanning the globe. [4]
John IV was born at Vila Viçosa and succeeded his father Teodósio II as Duke of Braganza [5] when the latter died insane in 1630. He married Luisa de Guzmán (1613–66), the eldest daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia, in 1633. John was described as having blonde hair and an average height. [6]
When Philip II of Portugal (III of Spain) died, he was succeeded by his son Philip III (IV of Spain), who had a different approach to Portuguese issues. Taxes on the Portuguese merchants were raised, the Portuguese nobility began to lose its influence, and government posts in Portugal were increasingly occupied by Spaniards. Ultimately, Philip III tried to make Portugal a Spanish province, meaning Portuguese nobles stood to lose all of their power.
This situation culminated in a revolution organized by the nobility and the bourgeoisie , [1] executed on 1 December 1640, sixty years after the accession of Philip II of Spain to the throne of Portugal. A plot was planned by several associates, known as the Forty Conspirators, who killed the Secretary of State, Miguel de Vasconcelos, and imprisoned the king's cousin, Margaret of Savoy, the Vicereine of Portugal, governing the country in the King's name. Philip's troops were at the time fighting the Thirty Years' War and also dealing with a revolution in Catalonia, which severely hampered Spain's ability to quash the rebellion.
Within a matter of hours and with popular support, John, then the 8th Duke of Braganza, was acclaimed as King John IV of Portugal [1] (as legend goes, with the persuasion of his wife), claiming legitimate succession through his grandmother Catherine, Duchess of Braganza. [7] The ensuing conflict with Spain brought Portugal into the Thirty Years' War as, at least, a peripheral player. From 1641 to 1668, the period during which the two nations were at war, Spain sought to isolate Portugal militarily and diplomatically, and Portugal tried to find the resources to maintain its independence through political alliances and maintenance of its colonial income.
His accession led to a protracted war with neighbouring Spain, a conflict known as the Portuguese Restoration War, which ended with the recognition of Portuguese independence in a subsequent reign (1668). [8] Portugal signed lengthy alliances with France (1 June 1641) and Sweden (August 1641) but by necessity its only contributions in the Thirty Years' War were in the field against Spain and against Dutch encroachments on the Portuguese colonies.
The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain, as well as short episodes of more serious warfare, much of it occasioned by Spanish and Portuguese entanglements with non-Iberian powers. Spain was involved in the Thirty Years' War until 1648 and the Franco-Spanish War until 1659, while Portugal was involved in the Dutch–Portuguese War until 1663. In Spain, a Portuguese invasion force defeated the Spanish at Montijo, near Badajoz, in 1644.
Abroad, the Dutch took Portuguese Malacca (January 1641), and the Imam of Oman captured Muscat (1650). Nevertheless, the Portuguese, despite having to divide their forces among Europe, Brazil, and Africa, managed to retake Luanda, in Portuguese Angola, from the Dutch in 1648 and, by 1654, had recovered northern Brazil, which effectively ceased to be a Dutch colony. This was countered by the loss of Portuguese Ceylon (present day Sri Lanka) to the Dutch, who took Colombo in 1656.
King John IV died in 1656 and was succeeded by his son Afonso VI. His daughter, Catherine of Braganza, married King Charles II of England. [3] Bombay in India was given as dowry to the English.
John was a patron of music and the arts, and a considerably sophisticated writer on music; in addition to this, he was a composer. During his reign he collected one of the largest libraries in the world, but it was destroyed in the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. Among his writings are a defense of Palestrina, and a Defense of Modern Music (Lisbon, 1649). [9] One famous composition attributed to him is a setting of the Crux fidelis , a work that remains highly popular during Holy Week amongst church choirs. However, no known manuscript of the work exists, and it was first published only in 1869, in France. On stylistic grounds, it is generally recognized that the work was written in the 19th century. [10]
In 1646, John IV proclaimed Mary, in her conception as the Immaculate Conception (the 'Immaculata'), the Patroness of Portugal by royal decree of the House of Braganza. The doctrine had appeared in the Middle Ages and had been fiercely debated in the 15th and 16th centuries, but a bull issued in 1616 by Pope Paul V finally "[forbade] anyone to teach or preach a contrary opinion." [11] Three years later, in 1649, the iconography of the Immaculata was established by Francisco Pacheco (1564–1654), a Spanish artistic advisor to the Inquisition, based on Revelation XII:1. [12]
John married Luisa de Guzmán, [13] daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina-Sidonia. From that marriage several children were born. Because some of John's children were born and died before their father became king they are not considered infantes or infantas (heirs to the throne) of Portugal.
Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
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By Luisa de Guzmán (13 October 1613 – 27 February 1666; married on 12 January 1633) | |||
Infante Teodósio | 8 February 1634 | 13 May 1653 | Prince of Brazil and 9th Duke of Braganza. Died young. |
Ana de Bragança | 21 January 1635 | 21 January 1635 | |
Infanta Joana (Joan) | 18 September 1635 | 17 November 1653 | |
Infanta Catherine (Catarina) | 25 November 1638 | 31 December 1705 | Commonly known as Catherine of Braganza. Queen consort through marriage to Charles II of England. |
Manuel de Bragança | 6 September 1640 | 6 September 1640 | |
Infante Afonso | 21 August 1643 | 12 September 1683 | Prince of Brazil and 10th Duke of Braganza. Succeeded him as Afonso VI, King of Portugal. |
Infante Peter (Pedro) | 26 April 1648 | 9 December 1706 | Duke of Beja, Constable of the Kingdom, Lord of the Casa do Infantado and Regent of the Kingdom before succeeding his brother Afonso as Peter II, King of Portugal. |
Illegitimate offspring | |||
Maria de Bragança | 30 April 1644 | 7 February 1693 | Natural daughter. |
Ancestors of John IV of Portugal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Afonso VI, known as "the Victorious", was the second king of Portugal of the House of Braganza from 1656 until his death. He was initially under the regency of his mother, Luisa de Guzmán, until 1662, when he removed her to a convent and took power with the help of his favourite, the Luís de Vasconcelos e Sousa, 3rd Count of Castelo Melhor.
DomPedro II, nicknamed "the Pacific", was King of Portugal from 1683 until his death, previously serving as regent for his brother Afonso VI from 1668 until his own accession. He was the fifth and last child of John IV and Luisa de Guzmán.
Teodósio II, 7th Duke of Braganza was a Portuguese nobleman and father of João IV of Portugal. He is known for his allegiance to King Philip I of Portugal.
The Most Serene House of Braganza, also known as the Brigantine dynasty, is a dynasty of emperors, kings, princes, and dukes of Portuguese origin which reigned in Europe and the Americas.
The Iberian Union was the dynastic union of Spain, which in turn was itself a dynastic union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon, and Portugal, and of their respective colonial empires, that existed between 1580 and 1640 and brought the entire Iberian Peninsula except Andorra, as well as Portuguese and Spanish overseas possessions, under the Spanish Habsburg monarchs Philip II, Philip III, and Philip IV. The union began after the Portuguese crisis of succession and the ensuing War of the Portuguese Succession, and lasted until the Portuguese Restoration War, during which the House of Braganza was established as Portugal's new ruling dynasty with the acclamation of John IV as the new King of Portugal.
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Don Teodósio, Prince of Brazil, Duke of Braganza was the heir apparent son of John IV of Portugal and his wife Luisa de Guzmán. In 1645, he was given the title of Prince of Brazil, a new crown princely position thus created. Also, his father granted him the duchy as 10th Duke of Braganza, presumably after his uncle Duarte died in 1649.
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