If Elmer Bernstein had realized his childhood hopes, he might have been a successful concert pianist from the 1940s through the '60s. Instead, thanks to his ability as a composer (manifested at an early age), and the timely intervention of World War II, he was a major force in popular and film music for more than four decades, and a major influence on American popular culture.

Born in New York City, Bernstein as a boy showed a consuming interest in music, especially on the piano. He was a natural prodigy and early on, his teacher recognized a tendency on his part to improvise on the piece he was playing, an ability that he was encouraged to develop. Bernstein also had a serious interest in folk music, which was to serve him in good stead in the decades that followed. When Bernstein was 13, his music teacher arranged for him to audition for Aaron Copland, who was sufficiently impressed to arrange for Bernstein to study with one of his own students. Bernstein subsequently enrolled at the Juilliard School in New York, where he continued as a piano student and also took up composition. His composition teachers in the late '30s included Stefan Wolpe and Roger Sessions.

World War II interrupted any plans that Bernstein might have had to pursue a career in the concert hall. Luckily, he was assigned to an entertainment unit after being drafted, and it was while serving in uniform that he got his first formal opportunity to write music. He was assigned as an arranger of traditional American songs for Glenn Miller and the United States Army Air Force Band, which led to his being assigned to write the music for Armed Forces Radio programs. By the time he returned to civilian life, Bernstein had written the music for more than 80 broadcasts and wanted to pursue a career as a composer. The post-war era offered ever-decreasing opportunities for composers, as entertainment and music were changing (and no one was sure how, or into what).

In 1949, he got a chance to write music when he was commissioned to compose the score for a United Nations radio program on the founding of the State of Israel. The broadcast was also carried by NBC. One network executive who heard it was impressed with Bernstein's music and offered him the chance to compose the music for a network program. That program, in turn, led to an offer -- increasingly rare in that time of ever-tightening budgets and personnel lists -- to come out to Hollywood and work in movies. Bernstein arrived in Hollywood just as the studio system was entering a period of decline (and ultimate collapse), in the wake of the birth of commercial television and the consent decree signed by the studios that forced them to give up their theater chains. Still, there was work available, and he spent the early '50s moving between the smaller major studios like RKO and Columbia and independent companies such as Astor Films. It was at Astor that Bernstein scored two of his stranger film vehicles, the notoriously campy Robot Monster and Cat Women of the Moon.

He gradually moved up to doing films at the majors, including MGM and 20th Century Fox, where he got to write the music for some of their smaller-scale films. Bernstein's professional breakthrough took place in 1955 with Otto Preminger's film The Man With the Golden Arm. The movie itself was a breakthrough in terms of subject matter (drug addiction) and the fact that the lead character (played by Frank Sinatra) was a jazz musician, and it opened up possibilities that weren't often found in Hollywood features. Bernstein used jazz as the basis of his score for the film, and the result was a groundbreaking soundtrack that became the first of Bernstein's film music to get a commercial release -- it also received an Oscar nomination, the first of many for the composer.

His score for the Preminger film made a noise among musicians and the somewhat more adventurous portion of the audience for popular music, but that same year, Bernstein was assigned to a film with far wider, more mainstream, appeal: Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments. A religious epic that pulled whole families into theaters and found a major audience in every corner of the country and almost every social stratum, the movie was a monumental hit. Bernstein's big orchestral score achieved great popularity, and the composer's name was suddenly known and recognized among casual filmgoers in the same manner as his much older contemporaries Max Steiner and Franz Waxman.

In 1958, Bernstein moved into a new and booming field of music composition -- television -- signing with Revue Productions, the television arm of Universal Pictures. For the next few years, he turned up as the composer of the main title music of series such as the detective thriller Johnny Staccato (which was a Top Five hit in England) and Riverboat, among other shows. He also cut a pair of light pop-jazz albums, one for Decca and the other for Capitol, in 1956 and 1960, respectively.

The next major milestone in Bernstein's career came in 1960 when he was engaged to score John Sturges' The Magnificent Seven. A Western adapted from Akira Kurosawa's medieval Japanese epic The Seven Samurai, The Magnificent Seven proved phenomenally popular, not only in the year of its release but perennially so on television. It was with the score of The Magnificent Seven that Bernstein got to put his early love of folk music into play. In a manner not far removed from Aaron Copland (or, for that matter, film composer Alfred Newman), he utilized the melodic characteristics of folk and Western music in a sweeping orchestral canvas that gave the action on the screen the veneer of folk-legend and the urgency of a great symphony in performance.

In fact, the main title theme proved so rousing that it quickly took on a life of its own. Starting in the early '60s, The Magnificent Seven theme was licensed by the makers of Marlboro cigarettes for use in a series of Western-themed commercials (replacing a much more non-descript working man image previously used in their television ads) that ran for the remainder of the decade and right up until the end of legal cigarette advertising on television. In the end, it may have become the most widely heard piece of movie music in history, allowing for the hundreds of thousands of airings of dozens of commercials, all of which used at least a fragment of Bernstein's music. Ironically, the company that released the movie never capitalized on the music's popularity, and until 1999, there was no original soundtrack album for The Magnificent Seven.

After The Magnificent Seven, Bernstein's career was made, although he took great pains to see to it that he got other projects besides more Westerns. Bernstein's work during the '60s ranged from delicate, sensitive dramas like To Kill a Mockingbird to such rousing adventure yarns as The Great Escape. The latter project was not surprising since it was an action-adventure film by the same director and featuring three of the same stars as The Magnificent Seven. This time there was a soundtrack album. His soundtrack for The Sons of Katie Elder featured a title theme very similar to his forgotten main title theme from the series Riverboat, but also the background accompaniment to an elegiac reading about the title character by John Wayne, as well as a song by Johnny Cash. And his work as music director on Thoroughly Modern Millie, a musical and spoof starring Julie Andrews and Mary Tyler Moore, won Bernstein his only Oscar.

Having come up during the tail end of the studio system, Bernstein had come to know many of his older musical colleagues, both personally and through their work, and such was his success that he was able to do something on their behalf at the beginning of the '70s. He formed his own record label, Filmusic Collection, and used it to release a series of self-financed recordings of scores that weren't otherwise available, including Miklos Rozsa's music for The Thief of Baghdad, Bernard Herrmann's unused score for Torn Curtain, and a more complete version of his own To Kill a Mockingbird score than had ever been available. The '70s also saw a decline in the kind of big-budget film that best-showcased Bernstein's music. He still did some television work, including the title music for the series The Rookies.

In 1977, he was thrust into composing for a wholly new idiom of filmmaking when he was asked by director John Landis to score the comedy Animal House. Bernstein had written the music for every other kind of movie, from Westerns to science fiction, but had never scored a comedy. He hesitated, but Landis said that he wanted Bernstein to do exactly what he always did in scoring and, in fact, wanted the kind of big-theme, big-sound scoring that he was known for. As it turned out, the mix of his dignified music underscoring the film's physical comedy lent a deeper veneer of humor to the movie, making it seem even more satirical. Animal House was a huge success and opened up a whole new class and variety of film to Bernstein's talents. Over the next few years, he wrote the music for such comedies as Airplane, Stripes, Ghostbusters, and Three Amigos!

At the same time, his status as the dean of living soundtrack composers opened up serious dramas and the works of major filmmakers to him in ways that hadn't been the case since the '60s; there weren't too many serious, big-budget movies being made, but any producer or director who wanted a score that matched the opulence of what they saw on the screen had to look to Elmer Bernstein. He was chosen by Martin Scorsese to score his remake of the 1960 thriller Cape Fear, for which he did a rescoring of Bernard Herrmann's original music; he also wrote new music for Scorsese's The Age of Innocence. Bernstein also scored such high-profile films as Jim Sheridan's The Field and Stephen Frears' The Grifters.

At the outset of the 21st century, Elmer Bernstein remained very busy as a composer, conductor, and arranger, and he continued to devote his energy to the restoration of old film scores, making new commercial recordings of his own early works and those of other composers. His talents as a conductor and arranger found demand on various commercial recordings that required his skills at coaxing a lush yet exciting sound from an orchestra. His final theatrical release was one set in the '50s, director Todd Haynes' Far from Heaven (2002). Bernstein died in his sleep on August 18, 2004 at the age of 82. ~ Bruce Eder

If the recognition of one's peers is the true measure of success, then few men are as successful as composer, arranger, and conductor Henry Mancini. In a career that spanned 40 years, writing for film and television, Mancini won four Oscars and twenty Grammys, the all-time record for a pop artist. For 1961's Breakfast at Tiffany's alone, Mancini won five Grammys and two Oscars. Breakfast at Tiffany's includes the classic "Moon River" (lyrics by Johnny Mercer), arguably one of the finest pop songs of the last 50 years. At last count, there were over 1,000 recordings of it. His other notable songs include "Dear Heart," "Days of Wine and Roses" (one Oscar, two Grammys), and "Charade," the last two with lyrics by Mercer. He also had a number one record and won a Grammy for Nino Rota's "Love Theme From Romeo and Juliet." Among his other notable film scores are The Pink Panther (three Grammys), Hatari! (one Grammy), Victor/Victoria (an Oscar), Two for the Road, Wait Until Dark, and 10. His television themes include "Peter Gunn" (two Grammys, recorded by many rock artists), "Mr. Lucky" (two Grammys), "Newhart," "Remington Steele," and The Thorn Birds television mini-series.

As a child, Mancini learned how to play a variety of musical instruments and as a teenager, he became enamored with jazz and big bands. He began to write arrangements and sent a few to Benny Goodman, who wrote the teenager back, encouraging him to pursue a career in music. Mancini enrolled in the Julliard School of Music in 1942, but his studies were cut short when he served in the military during World War II. After the war, he was hired by Tex Beneke, the leader of the Glenn Miller Orchestra, as a pianist and arranger. In the late '40s, he began writing scores for record and film studios, first for a recording session by the Mel-Tones, which featured his wife Ginny O'Connor, and then the Abbot & Costello film Lost in Alaska, the first movie he scored.

Lost in Alaska led to more film scores, in particular 1954's The Glenn Miller Story and 1956's The Benny Goodman Story, which both showcased his big band roots. Soon, he was working on a large number of films and television, including Orson Welles' Touch of Evil and the TV show Peter Gunn. Mancini's scores frequently straddled the line between jazz and Hollywood dramatics, making his music both distinctive and influential.

Mancini's heyday was the early '60s, when his score for Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961) yielded the Oscar-winning hit single "Moon River," which instantly became a pop standard. The following year, he wrote the music for Days of Wine and Roses, which also won an Oscar for its title song. Throughout the next three decades, he continued to be one of the most successful film composers in the world, as well as a popular concert conductor. He continued working until his death in 1994; just prior to his demise, he was writing the score for the musical adaption of Victor/Victoria.

What kept Mancini's work fresh was his ability to write in almost any style imaginable and his successful experimentations with unusual sounds and instruments. In his 1989 memoir Did They Mention the Music?, Mancini's co-author Gene Lees wrote that "More than any other person, he Americanized film scoring, and in time even European film composers followed in his path," and that Mancini wrote scores that "contained almost as many fully developed song melodies as a Broadway musical." Had he not remained true to his first love, film scoring, Mancini would have more than likely made as large an impact on the Broadway stage as he made on the silver screen. ~ Kenneth M. Cassidy & Stephen Thomas Erlewine