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Finnish History

Russo-Swedish War 1788-
1790
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Russo-Swedish War 1788-
1790
Gustav III of Sweden starts the war against Catherine the Great of Russia. War mostly took place on Finnish soil, leaving Finns unsatisfied. The autocratic behaviour of Gustav III convinced the Finns that they could be better off under Russian rule. Sweden unable to invade Russia, therefore Russia wins.
Anjala League (1788-1790)
Finnish and Swedish nobility upset with Gustav III's autocratic rule, so the Anjala League was created.
Main leaders include the Sprengtporten
brothers, Jakob Magnus and Georg
Magnus. The league consisted of the Covenant of Anjala, which included 113 Finnish and Swedish officers. They didn't want to go to war with Russia again and declared Gustav III to be abdicated. They failed to gain Russian support and 87 of the signatories were sentenced to death however, only J.H. Häteskesko was executed. Considered as the beginning of the Finnish independence movement.
Continental System
Napolean I's foreign policies against the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars. They prevented British ships from entering the ports of France and her allies.
Diet of Porvoo (1809)
The Finnish Diet of Four Estates met in Porvoo.
Accomplishments:
1. Finns see Tsar Alexander I as their ruler and they pledge an Oath of Allegiance to him
2. The Tsar recognises Finland's laws, customs and Lutheran religion
3. Finland becomes an autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire
4. New additions are made to the Finnish
government
Act of Assurance
Declaration by Alexander I, stating the right of the Finns to practice their religion, preserve their traditional rights and privileges.
Finnish War of 1808-9
Sweden vs. Russia
Alexander I and Napoleon I had decided that Russia should force Sweden into the Continental System. As a result, the Eastern third of Sweden was established as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire.
Treaty of Hamina 1809
Peace treaty concluded by Sweden and Russia after the Finnish War. The Treaty stated that Sweden ceded the Åland islands and new parts of Lapland. Swedish rule over Finland ends.
Governing Council/Senate
Includes 14 members who had positions in 4 different ministries. They, along with the Diet of Four Estates, had ran Finland.
Governor-General
He is usually Russian.
He is the chairperson of the Governing Council
and highest authority.
He supervises and approves what the Council and Diet does.
He also communicates orders from the Tsar
regarding Finland.
Diet of Four Estates
Riksdag of the Estates; the estates of Sweden. It was a Diet made up of the Four Estates:
Nobility
Clergy
Bourgeoisie
Peasants
autocracyA system of government by one person with absolute power.colossusextremely large in sizeemancipationthe fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberationzemstvoselected assemblies, part of Alexander II's system of local government, who were made responsible for matters such as road repair, schools and agriculture.Dumasummoned by Nicolas II, an elected national legislature, which was a system of government that would decide whether a law would come into effect or not.censorshipthe suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security. In the Russian Empire, censorship applied to liberals and their ideas.serfs/serfdomunfree peasants of the Russian Empire. Serfdom was the state of being a serf. Serfs were not allowed to own land.Decembrist Revolt (1825)army officers had picked up ideas while they were in Western Europe. These officers therefore led the uprising and demanded reform and a constitution, but Nicolas I repressed the revolt.radicalsa person who advocates thorough or complete political or social reform; a member of a political party or part of a party pursuing such aims.liberalsa person of liberal views; respecting behaviours and ideas contrary to their's.nationalismpatriotic feeling, principles, or efforts; expressing vigorous support for one's countrypogromsviolent mob attacks on Jewish people which were encouraged by Alexander III's persecution of Jewish peoplerefugeespeople who fled their homeland in order to seek safety elsewhereCrimean War (1853-56)the war began when Russia had attempted to seize Ottoman lands however, Britain and France had stepped in to help the Turks and therefore the war ended in Russian defeat, revealing the country's downfall. This forced Alexander II to issue a royal decree that freed the serfs.The "Go to the People" movementa politically conscious movement of the Russian middle class in the 1860s and 1870s, some of whom became involved in revolutionary agitation against tsarismsocialisma political and economic theory of social organization which supports the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.Trans-Siberian Railroada network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East. With a length of 9,289 kilometres, it is the longest railway line in the world. There are connecting branch lines into Mongolia, China and North Korea.Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea. Russia took a humiliating defeat.Bloody Sunday (1905)after the humiliating loss of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War against Japan, it unleashed discontent created by years of oppression. Protestors poured into the streets. Workers went on strike, demanding shorter hours and better wages. Liberals demanded a constitution and reforms to overthrow the government. An Orthodox priest led a march which chanted prayers, sang hymns and brought a petition for justice and freedom. This march resulted in a misunderstanding, with the Tsar fleeing away from the palace and soldiers killing hundreds of Russians.October Manifestoa document that served as a precursor to the Russian Empire's first constitution. The Manifesto was issued by Emperor Nicholas II, on 30 October 1905 as a response to the Russian Revolution of 1905. Nicholas II promised "freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly and union".Gustav IIIwas the King of Sweden in 1771 and was assassinated in 1792. He came to power in 1771 in a royal coup d'etat. He made a new constitution that gave more power to the monarch.Catherine the GreatRussian Empress from 1762 to 1796, was Gustav III's cousin and fought the Russo-Swedish war against him.Gustav IV AdolfGustav IV Adolf was the last Swedish ruler of Finland. He was involved in the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, resulting in Russia attacking Sweden and Swedish, leading to Sweden losing its rule over Finland.J.M. Sprengtportenwas one of the main leaders of the Anjala League with his brother Georg Magnus. They composed the Covenant of Anjala, which was signed by 113 Finns and Swedes.G.M. Sprengtportenwas the first Governor General of Finland in February 1809. He was a key developer and supporter of the Grand Duchy and created the plans which Alexander I implemented. He resigned as Governor General in June 1809 and helped establish the Finnish National Army in 1812.J.H. Hästekowas a Finnish soldier and Swedish army officer who partcipated in the Garrison of Gustav III war and hence was executed. (1741-1790).J.J. AnckarströmAssassinated Gustav III in 1792 during a masked ball. He was part of the conspiracy against Gustav III.Napoleonwas a French statesman and military leader. He met up with Alexander I in 1807 for peace negotiations, signing the treaty of Tilsit, leading to Russia going to war with Sweden, resulting in the Tsar receiving Finland.Alexander Iin power from 1801-1825 and was also the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland.Nicholas Iin power from 1825-1855 and was also the Grand Duke of Finland. Reign characterised by reform and repression.Alexander IIin power from 1855 until his assassination in 1881 and used the same harsh methods of his father and grandfather: reform and repression. After Russia's defeat in the Crimean War, Russian liberals demanded reform, so Alexander II issued a royal decree that required emancipation, or freeing of the serfs. The reform however, brought problems: serfs were too poor to buy land. He also issued a local government, which didn't satisfy the liberals, since they wanted a constitution and an elected legislature.Alexander IIIin power from 1881 until his death, was the emperor of Russia, king of Poland and Grand duke of Finland. He responded to his father's death by revising the harsh methods of Nicolas I: to wipe out liberals and revolutionaries, increase the power of secret police and restored strict censorship. He also launched a program of russification, which was the supressing of non-Russian people.Nicholas IIthe last emperor of Russia, in power from 1894 until his forced abdication in 1917. After Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), Bloody Sunday occurred, when soldiers shot marchers in the Tsar's winter palace, spreading outrage across Russia. Nicholas II then forced to announce reforms, summoning a Duma, or elected national legislature.Karl Marxa German philosopher, economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, journalist and revolutionary socialist. Claimed that human societies develop through class struggle.Peter StolypinNicolas II's appointed prime minister. Realising that Russia needed reform, he strengthened zemstvos, introduced moderate land reforms and improved education however, these reforms didn't meet everyone's satisfaction, resulting in his assassination in 1911.Progression of the Finnish WarLeading to the war (1807): Napoleon and Alexander I sign the treaty of Tilsit. Since Russia and France turned into allies, Napoleon wanted to force Sweden into the continental system, thus requesting for Alexander I do it. As a prize, the Tsar would receive Finland. They immediately start building up forces at the Russo-Swedish border. 1808: Russians cross the border, without declaring war. Phase 1: Fenno-Swedish army mobilises in Suomenlinna, but then leaves the fort to go north. In Siikajoki, Swedes deliver battle and won, in mid April, however Suomenlinna surrender to Russians. Phase 2: Swedes pressuring Russians to move south and was victorious at Lappo in July. At the battle of Oravais (September), Russians were victorious, forcing Swedes to retreat North. Phase 3: At the battle of Virta bro (October), Swedes claimed their last victory of the war. Swedes agreed to leave Finland in November. At the Treaty of Hamina (1809) Finland becomes part of the Tsar.changes to Finland after becoming part of the Russian EmpireA new governing council is created, later evolving into the senate in 1816 A governor-general is assigned to Finland, of whom is the chairperson of the governing councilWhat Russia was like in 1815Was the largest and most populous nation in Europe and also a great world power. Had an autocratic government. Social class: Tsar, nobles, middle class, serfs.Conditions in Russia affecting progressSocial structure: nobles rejected change that would've affected their power. Middle class was small and weak. Most Russians were serfs, restricted from owning any land. Autocracy; Tsar ruling with absolute power.Timeline of events1771: Gustav III becomes king of Sweden 1788: Russo-Swedish War Anjala league is formed 1808-09: Finnish War 1809: Diet of Porvoo Treaty of Hamina 1825: Decembrist Revolt 1853-56: Crimean War 1860s-70s: 'Go to the People' Movement 1904-05: Russo-Japanese War 1905: Bloody SundayThree pillars of Russian absolutismAutocracy: absolute power of the state, orthodoxy: Russian orthodox religion, nationalism: mother RussiaC.O. Cronstedtwas a Swedish naval commander who was responsible for the Swedish victory at the Second Battle of Svensksund, which ended the Russo-Swedish War of 1788-90. He was also the commander of the Suomenlinna fortress durring the Finnish War (1808-09).Russia's industrialisationIn the 1890s Nicolas II's government focused on economic development, which encouraged the construction of railroads to connect iron and coal mines with factories and to transport goods across Russia. However, political and social problems increased, with nobles and peasants opposing industrialisation. It caused peasants to work in factories, working long hours and receiving low pay in dangerous conditions.