Famous MLU Alumni

Mikael Agricola (1509-1557)

Studied at the University of Wittenberg

Father oft he Finnish literary language

Miakel Agricola was born ca. 1509 as Mikael Olavinpoika (`son of Olav�) in Pernaja (Swedish: Pern�), Finland. He grew up speaking both Finnish and Swedish and attended the Latin school of Desiderius Erasmus in Viipuri, where he first came into contact with the ideas of humanism and Reformation. After his ordination in 1528, Agricola went to Turku, where he became a secretary to Bishop Martin Skytte. There, he met Petrus S�rkilax, a student of Erasmus and Luther, and changed his name from Olavinpoika to Agricola (lat.: farmer) in 1531.

In 1536, Agriocla was sent to study at the University of Wittenberg by Bishop Skytte, where he learnt from Melanchthon, Bugenhagen and Luther. The latter of whom he had bought the work Enarrationes seu postillae in lectiones five years prior. Agricola completed his studies in 1539 with a master’s degree and returned to Finland. Now a bishop, he campaigned for the Reformation without papal authorisation. He furthermore was the rector of the Latin school, theological author and translator, administrator and also worked as a politician and diplomat. In 1557, he travelled tot he court of Ivan the Terrible as part of the Swedish king’s legation, where he took part in the peace negotiations between Sweden and Russia.

Similarly to Luther in Germany, Agricola is considered the father oft he Finnish literary language. The Reformation aimed to bring religion closer to the people using their native language instead of Latin. A few sermons and prayers had already been held in Finnish, but Agricola’s work was the first printed book in Finnish.

Anton Wilhelm Amo (1703-1753)

Studies and doctorate at Halle University
First philosoph and jurist of African origin known to have attended a European university

Since 1994, the University of Halle annually awards the Anton Wilhelm Amo Prize honouring Germany’s first African philosopher. The Anton Wilhelm Amo prize at the University of Halle awards outstanding scientific works by students and graduates.

Anton Wilhelm Amo was born in the early 18^th century in the Axim region of present-day Ghana. At the age of about four, he was taken to the palace of Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenb�ttel (1633-1714).

Amo entered the University of Halle in 1727 where he studied philosophy and law. He finished his doctorate in Wittenberg, titling his thesis De humanae mentis apatheia (eng. On the Absence of Sensation in the Human Mind and its Presence in our Organic and Living Body). He gave lectures at the Philosophical Faculties of the universities of Halle and Wittenberg from 1736 to 1738, and in Jena in 1739. Besides German and Latin, Amo mastered Greek, Dutch and French.

Amo left Germany and returned to Ghana in 1747. His life from then on becomes more obscure. The exact date, place, and manner of his death are unknown, though he probably died in 1759 at the fort in Chama in Ghana.

The University of Halle-Wittenberg had erected a statue by sculptor Gerhard Geyer in memory of Amo in 1965. Since no portrait of Amo exists, the statue shows an African woman and an African man. A commemorative plaque has been added in 1975.

Heinrich Melchior M�hlenberg (1711-1787)

Studies of Theology at Halle University
Founder of the American Lutheran Church in North America

Heinrich Melchior M�hlenberg studied theology at the universities of G�ttingen and Halle, worked at the Francke Foundations in Halle and then became pastor in Gro�hennersdorf. In 1741, Gotthilf August Francke, the son and successor of the Foundation’s founder, August Herrmann Francke, encouraged Muhlenberg to accept a call from German-speaking Lutherans in Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, Providence and New Hanover).

M�hlenberg started building an institutionalized Lutheran church in Philadelphia after he has arrived in 1742. He also provided leadership to a series of congregations from Maryland to New York, working to secure control over less qualified pastors and starting new congregations among the settlers of the region. In 1748 he called together The Ministerium of Pennsylvania, the first permanent Lutheran synod in America. He helped to prepare a uniform liturgy that same year, and also wrote basic tenets for an ecclesiastical constitution, which most of the churches adopted in 1761.

Poor health forced him into limited activity and retirement. He eventually died at his home in Trappe, Pennsylvania on 7^th October 1787.

Dorothea Christiane Erxleben (1715 - 1762)

Doctorate at the University of Halle-Wittenberg in 1754

First female German doctor and pioneer of women's studies in the German-speaking region

Dorothea Erxleben (n�e Leporin) was born in Quedlinburg as the daughter of a doctor, who later also became the town physician and a biographer. Already as a girl she showed outstanding intellectual abilities and interest in the natural sciences. Her father taught her and her brother practical and theoretical medicine. He took her along to patients and later also had her fill in for him at his practice.

Dorothea had planned to go to university with her brother to pursue a medical degree. However, this became impossible due to her brother's mandatory military service. As a woman Erxleben was denied access to university without her brother's company despite her extensive medical knowledge. Instead, she began practising as a physician in her hometown Quedlinburg for a few years without formal, university training. Other doctors called her a dilettante and after the death of a patient during treatment accused her of medical bungle. Erxleben responded to the accusations by publishing a paper called Thorough investigation of the causes that prevent the female sex from pursuing a degree (original title: „Gr�ndliche Untersuchung der Ursachen, die das weibliche Geschlecht vom Studiren abhalten“).

Finally, in 1742, she appealed to Frederick the Great, who instructed the University of Halle to let Dorothea pursue her doctorate. In 1754, at the age of thirty-nine and after giving birth to her fourth child, she submitted her dissertation entitled Quod nimis cito ac iucunde curare saepius fiat causa minus tutae curationis. In the following year, she also published it in German: Academische Abhandlung von der gar zu geschwinden und angenehmen, aber deswegen �fters unsichern Heilung der Krankheiten (Academic treatise on the very rapid and pleasant, but therefore often uncertain, cure of dieseases). After the Prussian King had also approved that Erxleben take the exam and get her doctorate, she was able to take the examination in 1755. Dorothea passed with great success at the University of Halle. Afterwards, she continued to lead her life as she had before - taking care of her children and treating patients in her hometown.

Paul Georg von M�llendorff (1847-1901)

Studies of Law and Oriental Studies at Halle University
1882-1885 Vice Minister of the Kingdom Korea

Paul Georg von M�llendorff was a German linguist and diplomat. He enrolled at the University of Halle in 1865, where he studied law, oriental studies and philology. In 1869, M�llendorff interrupted his studies and went to China in order to join the Imperial Maritime Customs Service in Shanghai. While working for the Customs in Shanghai and later Hankou, M�llendorff acquired a good command of Chinese and quickly passed the required language exam. However, he soon grew dissatisfied with his tasks in the service and left it in 1874 in order to join the German consular service as an interpreter and was eventually promoted German vice-consul in Tianjin.

In 1882, Li Hongzhang recommended M�llendorff to the position of the advisor to the Korean government and in December 1882, he arrived in Seoul for his first audience with King Gojong. M�llendorff quickly learned enough Korean to be able to communicate with the king and soon earned his trust- He was eventually appointed deputy foreign minister and charged with the establishment of the Korean Customs Service.

M�llendorff wanted to assert the independence of Korea and contrary to the wishes of Li Hongzhang, he wanted to make the Korean Customs Service as independent from the Chinese Maritime Customs Service as possible. M�llendorff also advocated that Korea entered into an alliance with the Russian Empire to counterbalance Chinese and Japanese influences on the Korean peninsula. In response to this, the British occupied the Korean island of Geomun by force, calling it Port Hamilton. Consequently, the Qing government felt that M�llendorff acted too independently and in 1885, Li Hongzhang forced M�llendorff's resignation from the Korean government. In 1888, King Gojong unsuccessfully tried to reinstate M�llendorff.

Having left his position in Korean government, M�llendorff returned to work in the Imperial Maritime Customs and became Commissioner of Customs in the southern treaty port of Ningbo, where he would spend the last days of his life.

Inazo Nitobe (1862-1933)

1890 Doctorate at Halle University
1920 Vice General Secretary of the League of Nations

Inazo Nitobe was a Japanese agricultural economist, author, diplomat and politician.

Nitobe studied at the Agricultural College in Sapporo, International Relations in Tokyo, later at the John Hopkins University in Baltimore (USA) and at several German universities. He stayed in Bonn, Berlin and Halle, where he received his doctoral degree with his work “�ber den japanischen Grundbesitz”.

At the age of 37, Nitobe wrote his famous book Bushido: The Soul of Japan that was first published in German in 1903. Nitobe acted as a mediator between the USA and Japan in the 1930s. In 1920, he became Vice General Secretary of the League of Nations. As the official delegate of the League of Nations, Nitobe took part in the World Congress of Esperanto and reported on the status of Esperanto to the General Assembly of the League.

Nitobe’s portrait was featured on the 5000 Yen banknote, printed from 1984 to 2004. The Nitobe Memorial Garden in Vancouver is named in his honour.

Ida Democh-Maurmeier (1877-1950)

Doctorate at the Unviersity of Halle

First licensed female doctor in Germany

Ida Democh-Maurmeier was born in Statzen (East Prussia) on 27 January 1877. She attended a secondary school for girls and subsequently took the teacher�s exam in K�nigsberg. It was during the half year Democh-Maurmeier worked as a teacher afterwards, she decided she wanted to become a doctor.

The German Federal Council decided on 24 April 1899 to admit women to state examinations in the fields of medicine, dentistry and pharmacy. However, it was impossible for female students to become fully enrolled members at universities until the winter semester of 1908/09. As a result, women initially had to acquire the study certificates needed for state examinations abroad. Democh-Maurmeier therefore took up her medical studies in Zurich afterwards receiving special permission to study at the University of Halle before shortly. In 1901 she passed the state exam, obtained her doctorate and medical license, making her the first German woman to receive the official license to practise medicine.

Democh-Maurmeier settled in Dresden and opened a practice for paediatrics, gynaecology and obstetrics. In 1909 she married the lawyer Robert Mauermeier and moved to Munich. There she worked as a gynaecologist in her own practice, as a surgeon and published in various journals. During the First World War, she was involved in nurse training for war hospitals. For this work she was later honoured withe Ludwig Cross. In 1936, Democh-Maurmeier was forced to give up her practice due to hand paralysis. From then on she devoted herself exclusively to her private scientific studies.

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