Robert Louis Stevenson’s “Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde” has enthralled readers for over a century with its gripping narrative and profound exploration of human duality. This essay delves into the plot, themes, and characters of this iconic novella, providing GCSE English Literature students with a comprehensive understanding of its key elements.

Plot Overview

The novella opens in Victorian London, where lawyer Gabriel John Utterson becomes intrigued by the strange relationship between his respected friend, Dr Henry Jekyll, and the sinister Mr Edward Hyde. Utterson discovers that Hyde, despite his malevolent nature, holds legal control over Jekyll’s estate. As Utterson investigates Hyde further, he uncovers a series of heinous crimes committed by Hyde, including the brutal murder of Sir Danvers Carew.

The narrative unfolds through a series of documents, primarily Utterson’s perspective and Dr Jekyll’s confession. Jekyll reveals his experimentation with a potion that transforms him into Hyde, allowing him to indulge in his darker impulses without consequence. However, Jekyll soon realizes that Hyde’s influence is growing stronger, and he struggles to control the transformations.

The story reaches its climax when Jekyll, unable to suppress Hyde any longer, commits suicide to end the terror he has unleashed. The novella concludes with Utterson piecing together the tragic events and grappling with the complexities of human nature. Now we will have a brief look at some of the themes in the story and later on we will look at them in more depth.

Themes Explored

1. Duality of Human Nature: The most prominent theme in “Jekyll and Hyde” is the duality of human nature. Jekyll and Hyde represent opposing facets of the same person, with Jekyll embodying societal expectations and Hyde personifying base desires and instincts. Stevenson delves into the internal struggle between good and evil within every individual, highlighting how suppressing one’s darker side can have disastrous consequences.
2. Dangers of Science: This work is similar to ‘Frankenstein’  (click here to read the article on Frankenstein) which is also featured in the GCSE reading list in that they both deal with the ambivalent nature of science. The default assumption is that it is something good and adds to humanity, adds to our knowledge and adds new inventions that make life easier. However in this story as with Frankenstein (click here to read the article on Frankenstein) the author asks questions of the potential dangers of science.
3. Secrecy and Repression: “Jekyll and Hyde” also delves into the themes of secrecy and repression. Jekyll’s initial desire to keep his transformations hidden reflects society’s tendency to conceal aspects deemed unacceptable or taboo. However, this suppression only fuels the darkness within, leading to destructive outcomes. The narrative underscores the dangers of repressing one’s true self and the consequences of living a double life.

Character Analysis

1. Dr Henry Jekyll: As the central character, Dr Jekyll embodies the complexities of human nature. Initially portrayed as a respected and morally upright figure, Jekyll’s descent into darkness through his transformations into Hyde highlights the fragility of identity and the dangers of unchecked ambition. His internal struggle forms the heart of the narrative, showcasing the psychological turmoil caused by suppressing one’s true self.
2. Mr Edward Hyde: Hyde serves as the embodiment of Jekyll’s repressed desires and darker impulses. His cruel and amoral actions shock society, illustrating the consequences of indulging in hedonism without accountability. Hyde’s physical appearance, described as deformed and monstrous, mirrors the ugliness of his character, emphasizing the link between inner turmoil and outward manifestations.
3. Gabriel John Utterson: Utterson functions as the rational observer and investigator within the story. His pursuit of truth leads him to unravel the mystery surrounding Jekyll and Hyde, serving as a foil to Jekyll’s descent into madness. Utterson’s unwavering loyalty to Jekyll and his commitment to justice underscore the themes of friendship and morality amidst chaos.
4. Dr Hastie Lanyon: Lanyon plays a crucial role in revealing the scientific aspect of the narrative. His shock and eventual demise upon witnessing Jekyll’s transformation highlight the clash between scientific curiosity and moral boundaries. Lanyon’s character reinforces the theme of the dangers inherent in tampering with forces beyond human control.

 

THEMES

We looked at themes briefly earlier on but let’s look at them in more detail now.

Duality of human nature

The story is a compelling exploration of the duality inherent in human nature. This theme, central to the novella, offers profound insights into the complexities of individual identity and societal expectations. For students preparing for their GCSE English Literature exams, understanding the duality theme in “Jekyll and Hyde” is essential for analysing character motivations, narrative development, and broader social commentary.

The duality of human nature is epitomized through the characters of Dr Henry Jekyll and Mr Edward Hyde. Jekyll, a respected physician, represents the facade of societal conformity and respectability. His desire to uphold a virtuous image mirrors the societal pressures of Victorian England, where appearances and reputation held significant importance. However, beneath this veneer lies a darker side—an inner turmoil and desire for uninhibited freedom from societal constraints.

On the other hand, Mr Hyde embodies the unrestrained id, devoid of moral constraints or societal norms. He represents the primal instincts and darker impulses that every individual possesses but often suppresses for the sake of social acceptance. Hyde’s physical appearance as described in the novella reflects the ugliness and deformity of his character, symbolizing the monstrous aspects of human nature when unchecked.

The transformation of Jekyll into Hyde through his scientific experiments with a potion serves as a metaphor for the internal struggle between good and evil within individuals. Jekyll’s initial fascination with separating his dual identities reflects a desire to explore and understand the complexities of human nature. However, as Hyde’s influence grows stronger, Jekyll realizes the dangers of indulging in his darker side without restraint.

Stevenson uses this duality theme to comment on the hypocrisy of Victorian society, where individuals often hid their true selves behind a facade of respectability. Jekyll’s inner conflict mirrors the societal pressure to conform to moral standards while grappling with innate desires and impulses. The novella’s structure, presented through a series of documents and perspectives, further highlights the multifaceted nature of human identity and the complexity of understanding one’s true self. Can we label someone simply as ‘good’ or ‘bad’ when they may have both present within them? Is this not somewhat of a very simplistic, nay even crude understanding of people and the world?

The narrative also delves into the psychological aspects of evil, showcasing how power and freedom from societal constraints can corrupt even the most seemingly respectable individuals. Dr Jekyll’s descent into darkness through his transformations into Hyde illustrates the seductive allure of indulging in forbidden desires without consequences. This theme is of course naturally tied

Dangers of Science

The story is not only a gripping tale of suspense and duality but also a cautionary exploration of the perils that accompany scientific curiosity and ambition. The theme of the dangers of science permeates the narrative, offering profound insights into ethical boundaries, moral responsibility, and the potential consequences of tampering with forces beyond human control. For GCSE English Literature students, understanding this theme in “Jekyll and Hyde” is essential for analysing character motivations, thematic development, and broader societal critiques.

Dr Henry Jekyll’s experiments with a transformative potion serve as the focal point for exploring the dangers of scientific discovery. Jekyll, driven by a desire to separate his dual identities and indulge in his darker impulses without consequence, represents the archetype of the ambitious scientist willing to push the boundaries of knowledge. However, his pursuit of scientific advancement leads to unforeseen and catastrophic outcomes.

The novella raises questions about the ethical responsibilities that accompany scientific experimentation. Jekyll’s decision to experiment on himself without fully understanding the potential ramifications highlights the dangers of hubris and the consequences of playing “God.” His initial fascination with the transformative effects of the potion gives way to horror as he realizes the extent of his loss of control over his dual identities.

Furthermore, “Jekyll and Hyde” critiques the disconnect between scientific progress and moral considerations. Dr Hastie Lanyon’s shock and eventual demise upon witnessing Jekyll’s transformation underscore the clash between scientific curiosity and ethical boundaries. Lanyon’s character serves as a cautionary reminder of the dangers of delving too deeply into the unknown without considering the moral implications of one’s actions.

Secrecy and Repression

The novella also explores the theme of secrecy and repression, unravelling the consequences of hiding one’s true nature and desires. This theme pervades the narrative, offering insights into the complexities of human identity, societal expectations, and the psychological toll of concealing forbidden impulses. For students preparing for their GCSE English Literature exams, understanding this theme in “Jekyll and Hyde” is crucial for analyzing character motivations, narrative tension, and thematic depth.

The character of Dr Henry Jekyll epitomizes the theme of secrecy and repression. Initially portrayed as a respectable and esteemed figure in society, Jekyll hides his darker desires and impulses behind a facade of respectability. His experiments with a transformative potion serve as a metaphor for the repression of his true self, symbolizing the internal struggle between societal expectations and innate desires.

Jekyll’s desire to separate his dual identities reflects the societal pressure to conform to moral standards while grappling with forbidden desires. His secretive nature and reluctance to reveal the truth about his transformations illustrate the psychological toll of hiding aspects of oneself deemed unacceptable by society. This theme resonates with readers as it mirrors universal experiences of internal conflict and the desire to conceal perceived flaws or weaknesses.

Furthermore, “Jekyll and Hyde” critiques the societal tendency to repress and suppress aspects of human nature considered taboo or immoral. Hyde, representing Jekyll’s unrestrained and uninhibited side, emerges as a manifestation of the consequences of repressed desires. The narrative suggests that suppressing one’s true nature only fuels the darkness within, leading to destructive outcomes.

Stevenson’s exploration of secrecy and repression extends beyond individual characters to encompass broader societal themes. Victorian society, with its emphasis on maintaining appearances and adhering to strict moral codes, serves as a backdrop for the narrative’s critique of the damaging effects of societal expectations.

The novella’s narrative structure, presented through a series of documents and perspectives, further underscores the theme of secrecy and repression. The fragmented narrative mirrors the fragmented identity of Jekyll and Hyde, highlighting the disjointed nature of living a double life and the psychological toll of concealing forbidden desires.

In conclusion, “Jekyll and Hyde” offers a compelling examination of the theme of secrecy and repression, shedding light on the psychological complexities of hiding one’s true nature.

TYPES OF QUESTIONS

Now that we have looked at some of themes in the story let us look at some of the GCSE questions you might face on exam day.

Question Type 1: Character Analysis

1. Question: Discuss the character of Dr Henry Jekyll and his transformation into Mr Edward Hyde. How does Stevenson use Jekyll and Hyde to explore the theme of duality?

Answer Strategy:

• Start by describing Jekyll as a respected, morally upright figure in Victorian society.
• Discuss his experiments with the transformative potion as a metaphor for his internal struggle between societal expectations and his darker desires.
• Analyze Hyde as the embodiment of Jekyll’s repressed impulses and the consequences of indulging in those desires.
• Explore how Stevenson uses Jekyll and Hyde to comment on the duality of human nature and the dangers of suppressing one’s true self.

Question Type 2: Themes and Motifs

2. Question: Discuss the themes of secrecy and repression in “Jekyll and Hyde.” How does Stevenson use these themes to critique Victorian society?

Answer Strategy:

• Begin by defining secrecy and repression as central themes in the novella.
• Provide examples from the text, such as Jekyll’s hidden transformations and Hyde’s ability to navigate society undetected.
• Analyze how these themes reflect Victorian societal norms, particularly the emphasis on maintaining appearances and concealing taboo aspects of human nature.
• Discuss Stevenson’s critique of societal repression and the consequences of hiding one’s true self.

Question Type 3: Narrative Structure and Style

3. Question: Explore Stevenson’s use of narrative structure in “Jekyll and Hyde.” How does the fragmented narrative contribute to the theme of duality?

Answer Strategy:

• Begin by explaining the narrative structure, which includes letters, witness accounts, and Dr Jekyll’s confession.
• Analyze how this fragmented structure mirrors the fragmented identity of Jekyll and Hyde.
• Discuss how the multiple perspectives enhance the theme of duality by showcasing different facets of the characters and their motivations.
• Consider the impact of the narrative style on the reader’s understanding of the story and its themes.

Question Type 4: Contextual Analysis

4. Question: How does Stevenson’s portrayal of science and morality in “Jekyll and Hyde” reflect Victorian anxieties about scientific advancements?

Answer Strategy:

• Provide background information about the Victorian era’s fascination with scientific progress and moral anxieties.
• Discuss Dr Jekyll’s experiments as a representation of the clash between scientific curiosity and ethical considerations.
• Analyze characters like Dr Lanyon, who symbolize the skepticism and fear surrounding scientific innovations.
• Consider how Stevenson’s critique of science and morality resonates with broader societal concerns about the dangers of unchecked scientific experimentation.

Question Type 5: Language and Imagery

5. Question: Explore the use of language and imagery in “Jekyll and Hyde.” How does Stevenson create a sense of tension and suspense in the novella?

Answer Strategy:

• Identify key language techniques such as foreshadowing, symbolism, and vivid descriptions.
• Analyze how Stevenson uses these techniques to create an atmosphere of mystery and suspense.
• Discuss the symbolic significance of certain images, such as the door to Jekyll’s laboratory or Hyde’s physical appearance.
• Consider the impact of language and imagery on the reader’s engagement with the themes and characters in the story.

Achieving a Grade 9 Response:

• Depth of Analysis: Provide detailed and nuanced analyses of characters, themes, and literary techniques.
• Textual Evidence: Support arguments with specific quotes and references from the novella.
• Critical Thinking: Offer original insights and interpretations while engaging critically with the text.
• Structure and Clarity: Organize ideas coherently with a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and a concise conclusion.
• Language and Style: Demonstrate a sophisticated use of language, vocabulary, and sentence structure.

By mastering these question types and crafting well-supported, insightful responses, GCSE English Literature students can aim for a Grade 9 score in their analysis of “Jekyll and Hyde.”

 

 

KEY QUOTES

1. “With every day, and from both sides of my intelligence, the moral and the intellectual, I thus drew steadily nearer to that truth, by whose partial discovery I have been doomed to such a dreadful shipwreck: that man is not truly one, but truly two.”

• This quote encapsulates the central theme of duality in the novella. Students can discuss how Jekyll’s acknowledgment of his dual nature reflects the internal conflict between societal expectations and primal desires. They can analyze the language used (e.g., “moral and intellectual,” “dreadful shipwreck”) to showcase Stevenson’s exploration of human complexity.

2. “I learned to recognize the thorough and primitive duality of man; I saw that, of the two natures that contended in the field of my consciousness, even if I could rightly be said to be either, it was only because I was radically both.”

• This quote further emphasizes the theme of duality and Jekyll’s realization of being both Jekyll and Hyde. Students can delve into the implications of recognizing and accepting one’s dual nature, discussing how Stevenson uses Jekyll’s introspection to explore the complexities of human identity.

3. “I knew myself, at the first breath of this new life, to be more wicked, tenfold more wicked, sold a slave to my original evil; and the thought, in that moment, braced and delighted me like wine.”

• This quote highlights the allure of indulging in forbidden desires represented by Hyde. Students can analyze the language of temptation and corruption (e.g., “more wicked,” “sold a slave to my original evil”) to discuss how Stevenson portrays the seductive nature of Hyde’s freedom from societal constraints.

4. “If he be Mr. Hyde, I shall be Mr. Seek.”

• This quote from Utterson reflects his determination to uncover the truth behind Hyde’s identity. Students can explore Utterson’s role as a foil to Jekyll/Hyde and discuss how this quote symbolizes the theme of seeking truth amidst deception and secrecy.

5. “I am quite sure of him,” replied Jekyll; “I have grounds for certainty that I cannot share with anyone.”

• This quote showcases Jekyll’s reluctance to reveal the truth about Hyde, highlighting the theme of secrecy and repression. Students can analyze Jekyll’s internal conflict and the consequences of hiding his transformations, discussing how Stevenson critiques societal norms of concealment and repression.

6. “I saw that, of the two natures that contended in the field of my consciousness, even if I could rightly be said to be either, it was only because I was radically both.”

• This quote is another instance of Jekyll grappling with his dual identity. Students can discuss the significance of the “field of consciousness” metaphor and how Stevenson uses it to depict the ongoing battle between Jekyll and Hyde within Jekyll’s mind.

7. “I am painfully situated, Utterson; my position is a very strange—a very strange one.”

• This quote from Jekyll reveals his internal turmoil and the complexities of his situation. Students can analyze Jekyll’s language (e.g., “painfully situated,” “very strange”) to explore themes of alienation, isolation, and the psychological toll of his transformations.

8. “Here, then, as I lay down the pen and proceed to seal up my confession, I bring the life of that unhappy Henry Jekyll to an end.”

 

 

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, “Jekyll and Hyde” remains a timeless exploration of human nature’s dualities, the nature of evil, and the consequences of repression and scientific ambition. Through its compelling plot, rich themes, and memorable characters, the novella continues to captivate readers and offer profound insights into the complexities of the human psyche. For GCSE English Literature students, studying this literary masterpiece provides a deeper understanding of Victorian society’s moral anxieties and universal truths about the human condition.