FAMILY TREE of LANGUAGES PART I: Indo-European THEODOR C. H. COLE, Dipl. rer. nat., FU Berlin, Germany & ERIKA SIEBERT-COLE, M.A., Heidelberg, Germany ~5 mill. • F 2 • Armenian Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan, Iran ~13 mill. • Greek Greece, Cyprus, Albania ~6 mill. • ML 4 • Latin Albania, North Macedonia, Kosovo, Serbia aFriCan dravidian ~3 mill. • Latin Lithuania uraLiC CauCasian aFro-asiatiC ~2 mill. • ML 2 • Latin Latvia indo-euroPean a meriCan transeurasian ~260 (134) mill. • Cyrillic Russia (+ neighboring countries) s ino-tiBetan hmonG-mien kra-dai ~4 mill. • Cyrillic Belarus austroasiatiC austronesian BaLtosLaviC ~30 mill. • Cyrillic Ukraine ~40 mill. • Latin Poland ~7 mill. • Latin Slovakia, Czechia ~13 (11) mill. • Latin Czechia, Austria, Slovakia ~2 mill. • Latin Slovenia, Austria, Italy ~17 mill. • ML 4 • Latin, Cyrillic Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, Kosovo ~1.6 mill. • Cyrillic North Macedonia ~8 mill. • Cyrillic Bulgaria, Turkey, Ukraine ~1 mill. • Latin Ireland CeLtiC ~600,000 • Latin Wales, England ~200,000 • Latin France (Brittany, Loire-Atlantique) ~24 mill. • Latin Romania, Moldova, Ukraine ~68 mill. • Latin Italy, Croatia, San Marino, Slovenia, Switzerland itaLiC ~200,000 • Latin France, Italy, Spain (NW Catalonia), Monaco ~600,000 • Latin Belgium (Wallonia) ~280 (77) mill. • Latin France, Andorra, Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco, Switzerland etc. ~9 (4) mill. • Latin Spain (mainly Catalonia, Valencia, Balearic Islands), Andorra, France ~530 (460) mill. • Latin Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar, the Americas etc. ~235 (220) mill. • Latin Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Guinée Bissau etc. ~1130 (380) mill. • Latin British Isles, USA, Canada, Australia etc. ~300,000 • Latin Iceland GermaniC ~13 (10) mill. • Latin Sweden, Finland ~5 mill. • Latin Norway ~6 mill. • Latin Denmark, Greenland, Faroe Islands, Germany (Schleswig-Holstein) ~150 mill. • F 3 • Latin Germany, Austria, Switzerland ~23 mill. • Latin Netherlands, Belgium (Flanders), Suriname, Dutch Caribbean ~17 (7) mill. • Latin South Africa ~39 mill. • ML 3 • Arabic (Naskh, Nastaliq) Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, India, UAE ~12 mill. • ML 3 • Arabic (Nastaliq, Naskh), Latin, Cyrillic (Turkmenistan) Pakistan, Iran, Oman, UAE, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan iranian ~8 mill. • Cyrillic Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan ~62 mill. • ML 2 • Perso-Arabic Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan (Dari); Iran, Iraq, Qatar, UAE, Bahrain (Iranian Persian) ~22 mill. • ML 3 • Perso-Arabic, Latin Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Armenia indoiranian ~7 mill. • Perso-Arabic, Devanagari Jammu, Kashmir ~17 (15) mill. • Sinhala Sri Lanka indoaryan ~ 2 mill. • G 8 • Latin, Cyrillic various minority languages, mainly Eastern Europe ~16 mill. • ML 2 • Devanagari Nepal, Sikkim (India), West Bengal (India) ~52 mill. • Devanagari India, Nepal ~265 (228) mill. • Bengali Bangladesh, India ~15 mill. • Bengali Assam (India) © Cole, Siebert-Cole 2020 (CC-BY) ~38 (34) mill. • Odia (Oriya) Odisha (India) ~95 (83) mill. • Devanagari Maharashtra (India) COLE TCH, SIEBERT-COLE E (2020) FAMILY TREE of LANGUAGES PART I: Indo-European • a selection of 53 Indo-European languages • hypothetical tree from phylolinguistic analyses (chiefly following Rama 2016 and Garrett 2018, adapted) • updated regularly as new data become available • branch lengths deliberate, not expressing actual time scale • number of speakers, countries/regions, and scripts chiefly taken from 'Ethnologue' 22nd edn. 2019 • figures for the number of speakers given as: total world followed by first language speakers in parentheses (all figures approximate/rounded) • ML (macrolanguage), F (family), G (group) including x number of individual ISO 639-3 coded languages Selected References Bouckaert R et al. (2012) Science 337: 957-960 Chang W et al. (2015) Language 91: 194-244 Eberhard DM et al. (eds.) (2019) Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 22nd edn., 3 Vols., SLI Garrett A (2018) Proc Am Phil Soc 162(1): 25-38 Gray RD et al. (2011) Phil Trans R Soc B 366: 1090-1100 Hammarström H et al. (2019) Glottolog 4.1., Jena: MPI for the Science of Human History Longobardi G et al. (2013) J Hist Ling 3(1): 122-152 Rama T (2016) in: Bentz C et al. (eds.) Proc. Leiden Workshop on Capturing Phylogenetic Algorithms for Linguistics. Univ. Tübingen Serva M, Petroni F (2008) EPL 81: 68005, doi: 10.1209/0295-5075/81/68005 ~60 mill. • Gujarati Gujarat (India), Tanzania ~25 mill. • Perso-Arabic (Pakistan), Devanagari, Gurmukhi (India) Pakistan (Sindh), India (Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh) ~615 (340) mill. • Devanagari India, also: Nepal, Singapore, South Africa ~125 mill. • G 2 • Perso-Arabic (Pakistan), Gurmukhi, Devanagari (India) E Pakistan, NW India (Panjab) ~170 (70) mill. • Urdu (Perso-Arabic), Nastaliq Pakistan, India, Nepal armenian Greek aLBanian Lithuanian Latvian Russian B eLarusian u krainian PoLish sLovak C zeCh sLovenian serBo-C roatian maCedonian B uLGarian irish WeLsh B reton r omanian itaLian oCCitan (ProvençaL) WaLLoon FrenCh C ataLan sPanish PortuGuese EnGLish iCeLandiC sWedish n orveGian d anish German d utCh a Frikaans Pashto (Pushto) B aLuChi tajik P ersian (Farsi) k urdish kashmiri sinhaLa r omani n ePaLi BhojPuri B enGaLi a ssamese odia (oriya) m arathi Gujarati sindhi H indi PanjaBi u rdu