chapter 12 - AP Euro (reading guide)

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What was the nature of the relationship between Pope Julius II and Michelangelo? What great work did Michelangelo end up producing?

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Jacob Burckhardt: Swiss historian and art critic; created modern concept of Renaissance in book (The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy)
- argument: Renaissance = birthplace of modern world w/ individuality and secularism
- modern scholars disagree because he overlooks rebirth of religion and a continuity in economic, political, and social prosperity

What was the birthplace of the Renaissance? Why here?

Italy
- bc of the thriving cities, wealthy merchant class, and and classical heritage from Greece and Rome

Was the Renaissance a movement for everyone? If not, who was affected by it and where were these people located?

Not for everyone
- features of the Renaissance affected and preserved the wealthy upper class (and some intellectual/artistic ordinary people) who made up a small percentage of the total population
- they lived in cities and in northern Italy

What happened to the economy as Europe entered the 15th century? What were some new industries that came along at that time?

- economy revived
- industries: printing, mining, metalwork, wool/cloth work, developing cities, silk, glasswork, precious stone

What is the Medici family? What important service did they provide across Europe? What happened to them at the close of the 15th century (1400s)?

- family expanded from cloth production to commerce, real estate, and banking
- greatest bank in Europe; held control inindustries
- important service: principal bankers for papacy (pope)
- poor leadership and bad loans lead to decline and their property was confiscated

The social system of the Middle Ages lingered into the renaissance. It was made of 3 states. What were they?

- the First Estate=the clergy: people should be guided to spiritual ends
- the Second Estate=the nobility: privilege based on principle that they provided security/justice to society
- the Third Estate=the peasant/inhabitants of towns/cities: made up majority and did labour, held little power

What percent of the population constituted the aristocracy? What kinds of roles did they play in society?

2-3%
- serving as military officers
- holding political posts
- advising kings

What did Baldassare Castiglione write? When was it written? What were three basic attributes he wrote about?

The Book of the Courtier
1. nobles should possess fundamental native endowments (character, grace, talents, noble birth)
2. cultivate certain achievements (strong, educated, social, artistic)
3. follow standard of conduct (make good impressions - modest)

During the Renaissance, what percentage of the population was peasantry? What two major systems began to decline after the 14th century?

85-90%
- manorial system
- serfdom

How was the concept of a "family" during the Renaissance different than most people probably think of a "family" today?

- family included servants (if wealthy)
- family members that lived near each other might dominate entire districts
- a crime committed by one family member would be followed by a punishment for the whole family

How was there a double standard for men and women in Renaissance Italy when it came to marriage and sexual norms?

- dowry = money presented by the wife's family to the husband upon marriage; indicated increase or decrease in status and wife's marriage impacts entire families
- man is in charge of family/leal matters; wife has no share in wealth
- woman raised kids, but father emancipated/controlled them and managed household
- men could have mistresses, but women would be executed for adultery

Name the five major powers that dominated the Italian peninsula.

Milan, Florence, Naples, Venice, the Papal States

What is an "oligarchy"? Explain how this concept manifested itself in the Republic of Florence

- oligarchy: a small group of people having control of a state
- Florence has a republic government that was overtaken by a small merchant oligarchy; after manipulating the republic government, Cosimo de' Medici took control and ran government from behind the scenes

chapter 12 - AP Euro (reading guide)

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