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Inadequate Equilibria: Where and How Civilizations Get Stuck Paperback – November 15, 2017


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When should you think that you may be able to do something unusually well? Whether you're trying to outperform in science, or in business, or just in finding good deals shopping on eBay, it's important that you have a sober understanding of your relative competencies. The story only ends there, however, if you're fortunate enough to live in an adequate civilization. Eliezer Yudkowsky's Inadequate Equilibria is a sharp and lively guidebook for anyone questioning when and how they can know better, and do better, than the status quo. Freely mixing debates on the foundations of rational decision-making with tips for everyday life, Yudkowsky explores the central question of when we can (and can't) expect to spot systemic inefficiencies, and exploit them.
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Editorial Reviews

Review

"Inadequate Equilibria is a little gem of a book: wise, funny, and best of all useful. Eliezer Yudkowsky and I haven't always agreed about everything, but on the subject of bureaucracies and how they fail, his insights are gold. This book is one of the finest things he's written. It helped me reflect on my own choices in life, and it will help you reflect on yours."--Scott AaronsonDavid J. Bruton Jr. Centennial Professor of Computer Science at the University of Texas Author, "Quantum Computing Since Democritus"

From the Author

Inadequate Equilibria is a book about a generalized notion of efficient markets, and how we can use this notion to guess where society will or won't be effective at pursuing some widely desired goal.An efficient market is one where smart individuals should generally doubt that they can spot overpriced or underpriced assets. We can ask an analogous question, however, about the "efficiency" of other human endeavors.Suppose, for example, that someone thinks they can easily build a much better and more profitable social network than Facebook, or easily come up with a new treatment for a widespread medical condition. Should they question whatever clever reasoning led them to that conclusion, in the same way that most smart individuals should question any clever reasoning that causes them to think AAPL stock is underpriced? Should they question whether they can "beat the market" in these areas, or whether they can even spot major in-principle improvements to the status quo? How "efficient," or adequate, should we expect civilization to be at various tasks?There will be, as always, good ways and bad ways to reason about these questions; this book is about both.--Eliezer Yudkowsky

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Machine Intelligence Research Institute (November 15, 2017)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Paperback ‏ : ‎ 180 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1939311225
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1939311221
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 10.4 ounces
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6 x 0.41 x 9 inches
  • Customer Reviews:

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Eliezer Yudkowsky
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Eliezer Yudkowsky is a decision theorist and computer scientist at the Machine Intelligence Research Institute in Berkeley, California who is known for his work in technological forecasting. His publications include the Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence chapter “The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence,” co-authored with Nick Bostrom. Yudkowsky’s writings have helped spark a number of ongoing academic and public debates about the long-term impact of AI, and he has written a number of popular introductions to topics in cognitive science and formal epistemology, such as “Rationality: From AI to Zombies” and “Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality”.

Customer reviews

4.3 out of 5 stars
4.3 out of 5
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Top reviews from the United States

Reviewed in the United States on November 17, 2017
Some of the useful things inside:
- Microeconomic tools for judging the epistemic incentives of groups of experts
- Concise and useful explanations for how major insitutions (academia, medicine, politics, venture capitalism) break
- Case studies in how to successful use Aumman's agreement theorem in real life

The most valuable part of this book by far is chapter 3, which is an extended dialogue between a cynical conventional economist ("C.C.E" or 'Cecie') and a visitor from a different world, trying to explain why a particular institution is killing babies. The example is a real one - the FDA hasn't approved a simple set of fats for intravenous baby food, causing severe brain damage in something like dozens of babies per year. And the explanation is a whirlwind tour of how our institutions work and how they break, with many concepts that I've been able to use elsewhere to great benefit.

Above all, this book has changed the way I think about learning from experts. I'll end my review with an example of how I analyse things like this now.

Recently someone came to me proposing a project for building a math-education website - combining math explanations and machine learning algorithms, connecting you with the best explanation given your background knowledge. And of my first 3 thoughts, 2 were about how the site would function and how a user would interact with it - it's important to concretely visualise a product to figure out if it feels like it would work. However, my 3rd thought was to do an adequacy analysis - I looked for data points about whether I should expect that, if this is a good idea that can work, why hasn't someone already done it? Think about all the money and time people spend on education each year - all the tutors in universities, all the teachers in high schools, all the assistant lecturers and support staff and government subsidies. Surely, if this project was a good idea, someone would've built it and it would be a common website we all use. Is the fact that this doesn't exist already enough evidence that it won't work?

In general I don't see the educational marketplace of resources changing rapidly in response to new tech and research. There was a bunch of research about spaced repetition and how memorisation works, that nobody has jumped to incorporate into how universities work. Many people can tell you the best physics/math textbooks (e.g. Feynman Lectures) but most students will never read them. It *doesn't* look to me like a space where it would require a great deal of effort to out-do the best in the field. You might counter by pointing out the success of Khan Academy, but personally I'm not sure I'd consider the fact that a single dad can make lots of videos and do better than everyone else, a sign of success for the educational market.

I'm not actually very confident in this analysis. However, the best part is that I can learn about the whole field by working on the one project. If the project fails, or I find out that someone else has tried this and failed, then I'll change my assessment of other projects in this space. On the other hand, if the project succeeds, I will update about how good the educational market is at incentivising people to create useful things like this.

I wouldn't have made these models and hypotheses before, and for that reason I'm really glad I read this book.
40 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on July 19, 2021
This book contains some interesting ideas and models for identifying and evaluating opportunities one can pursue. There are some useful sections of the book that I will probably re-read. I found the overall flow of the writing to be uneven in some sections, but it was still worth it to plow through the rambling examples and parenthetical thoughts to find the nuggets of clarity. It's an overall quick read, so even if you get lost in some sections, I recommend continuing through to the end.
One person found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on February 7, 2018
Equity markets are efficient in the sense that all stock prices instantly adjust to new information--there are no genuine bills on the ground waiting to be picked up. Thus you can safely ignore someone tells you that INTC is overpriced because of the recent problems with its chips.

But largely because of varying incentive structures, not every domain is efficient in this way. Thus it is feasible for a mere decision theorist to correctly diagnose problems with the Bank of Japan's monetary policy, even though the BoJ is run by domain experts.

How is this possible? And why do some people insist that it is not possible?

It is possible because (a) the BoJ governor cannot personally profit handsomely by making correct monetary policy, and (b) an outsider who lacks object-level expertise can still possess meta-level expertise, allowing him to correctly identify worthy object-level experts whose opinions to trust.

Some people insist this is not possible, and that adjusting your beliefs to those of a wider reference class is always preferable. They do this at least in part because of status-related emotions.

This book is basically an extended meditation on why EY should not have to quit his contrarian ways just because of Aumann's theorem. That's putting it glibly. It's actually pretty insightful and a quick read.
8 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on February 1, 2020
The premise of the title is really interesting. Eliezer Yudkowsky tries to explain how the actions of individuals acting rationally in self-interest result in failures of groups. By “inadequate equilibria” the author means systems which are inefficient, yet there is not much hope of improving them - as those systems are held in place by perpetuated actions of participants; with examples from healthcare, education and research. Opposed to them is the “adequate” stock market, efficient in pricing by the virtue of participants having understandable financial incentives.

Unfortunately, it would have been a much more engaging book had the author a better skill in forming comprehensible narration. The language is cryptic and depends too much on negations chained one after another within single sentences. The systemic flaw given the most floor in the book - US healthcare providing potentially harmful lipids for babies in need of parenteral feeding - is not explained in a compelling way. “Why isn't the society saving babies?”, the question is repeated page after page, but the answer is an outstretched conclusion from a few valid points themselves spread far and wide. Ultimately, the wobbly reasoning seems to point to democracy itself as the root cause. Not enough babies are hurt annually to make it ever a case for congressmen to pick up? Frankly, I don’t buy it. Nor do I blindly believe that the solution to such problems is deregulation.

The book is uneven. A thought experiment rather than well-researched work, not easy to digest, with plenty of reasoning shortcuts pretending to be rational explanations. Read with caution.
16 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on June 6, 2018
It was an OK read, but not memorable
Reviewed in the United States on September 12, 2019
I hope I am capable of putting the key points here to good use. Eliezer seems to incorporate his epistemology and the measures involved in approximating Bayesian belief calibration with a human brain into a lifestyle. I won’t be taking it that far, but hope that won’t prevent me from leveraging the rough import here, because the value is apparent.

Top reviews from other countries

NeuroscienceGirl
5.0 out of 5 stars V interesting and satisfying read!
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on December 15, 2022
If you’re interested in game theory & rationality, you’ll enjoy this
Alberto Flaño Lombardo
5.0 out of 5 stars A brilliant introductory book for anyone with an interest in economics and investing.
Reviewed in Spain on October 11, 2022
I read this book online for free, but I liked it so much that I bought it to lend it to some of my friends and family members. An essential work that I would recommend to anyone. Yudkowsky has yet to disappoint me, I have enjoyed immensely everything he has written.
Kindle Customer
5.0 out of 5 stars There is a special delight in reading something original
Reviewed in Canada on December 2, 2017
There is a special delight in reading something original. Something unpredictable. Something useful - truly useful. Eliezer's "Inadequate Equilibria" is all of these things. Written in accessible language, and with plenty of amusing conversations, it does not talk down to (or up to) any reader - but includes them in a process of discovery. Highly recommended.
One person found this helpful
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ceroni
5.0 out of 5 stars Unzureichende Gleichgewichte: Wo und Wie unsere Zivilisation stecken bleibt
Reviewed in Germany on December 1, 2017
Warum bleiben wir als Menschheit in bestimmten Bereichen stecken? Weswegen findet man, wohin man sieht, Verschwendung, Ineffizienz und Probleme, die nicht gelöst werden? Und wann darf man davon ausgehen, dass man es als Individuum tatsächlich besser weiß als alle anderen, und sich nicht nur etwas vormacht (was leider schneller passiert als einem lieb ist).

Sehr spannend und kurzweilig zu lesen, mit vielen intelligenten Ansätzen um über die großen Fragen unserer heutigen Welt nachzudenken.
One person found this helpful
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Kindle Customer
4.0 out of 5 stars Sage Advice
Reviewed in Australia on July 26, 2018
Author makes clear statements about knowledge, thinking, prediction, and why many of our systems are inadequate , but hard to fix. Good meta rules that test reality and need to be used, applied, experienced, in order to be useful. When to be different to the herd?