IRON AGE RITES AND RITUALS IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM FROM TÂRGU MUREȘ 7–9 October 2011 Edited by Sándor BERECKI Editura MEGA Târgu Mureș 2012 Content Preface ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Hrvoje POTREBICA Religious Phenomena of the Hallstatt Communities of Southern Pannonia ............................................ 9 Marcella NAGY–Pál SÜMEGI–Gergő PERSAITS–Sándor GULYÁS–Tünde TÖRŐCSIK Iron Age Hoard Found at Ikervár (Vas County, Hungary) in the Western Region of the Carpathian Basin. A Study in the Reconstruction of the Cultic Life of the Hallstatt Period in the Light of Archaeological and Scientiic Analyses............................................................................... 31 Zoltán CZAJLIK–Géza KIRÁLY–Attila CZÖVEK–Sándor PUSZTA–Balázs HOLL–Gábor BROLLY he Application of Remote Sensing Technology and Geophysical Methods in the Topographic Survey of Early Iron Age Burial Tumuli in Transdanubia................................................... 65 Robert SCHOLTZ Scythian Age Burials at Tiszalök.................................................................................................................... 77 László SZATHMÁRY Scythian Age Human Skeletal Remains from Tiszalök ............................................................................ 101 Florin GOGÂLTAN–József-Gábor NAGY Profane or Ritual? A Discovery from the End of the Early Iron Age from Vlaha–Pad, Transylvania.................................................................................................................................................... 105 Imola KELEMEN he Archaeozoological Analysis of the Animal Bones Discovered in the Early Iron Age Pit at Vlaha–Pad .................................................................................................................................................. 133 Mircea BABEȘ–Nicolae MIRIȚOIU Verlängerte, mehrstuige birituelle Bestattungen im Donau–Karpaten-Raum (5. bis 3. Jh. v. Chr.)........................................................................................................................................ 139 Aurel RUSTOIU–Sándor BERECKI ‘hracian’ Warriors in Transylvania at the Beginning of the Late Iron Age. he Grave with Chalcidian Helmet from Ocna Sibiului .......................................................................... 161 Peter C. RAMSL Late Iron Age Burial Rites in Eastern Austria ............................................................................................ 183 Maciej KARWOWSKI An Ithyphallic Celtic Figurine from Oberleiserberg ................................................................................. 189 Jan BOUZEK he North-Western Part of the Carpathian Basin in the Period of Early Celtic Princes ..................... 213 Zoltán PILLING–Ferenc UJVÁRI Iron Age Settlement and Cemetery from Szeged–Kiskundorozsma. Some New Data on Iron Age Burial Rite at the Southern Part of the Great Hungarian Plain ......................................... 217 Éva TANKÓ–Károly TANKÓ Cremation and Deposition in the Late Iron Age Cemetery at Ludas ..................................................... 249 Gertrúda BŘEZINOVÁ he Biritual Cemetery at Šurany–Nitriansky Hrádok, District of Nové Zámky, Slovakia................... 259 Martin FURMAN he Interpretative Value of Annular Ornaments for the Study of Early Celtic Populations in the Middle Danube Area .......................................................................................................................... 273 Gabriela BREZŇANOVÁ Relections of the Contacts between Celtic Communities in North-West Romania and South-West Slovakia in the Grave Inventories ................................................................................... 289 János NÉMETI Funerary Rites and Rituals of the Celtic Cemeteries in North-Western Romania and a Comparison with the Funerary Discoveries in the Tisza Plain and Transylvania...................... 295 Tiberius BADER Meine Begegnungen mit den Keltenfürsten: am Beispiel der Fürstengräber von Ciumești und Hochdorf ................................................................................................................................................. 303 Paul PUPEZĂ he Local Tradition Pottery from the Eastern Carpathian Basin Celtic Graves ................................... 317 Dragoș MĂNDESCU Killing the Weapons. An Insight on Graves with Destroyed Weapons in Late Iron Age Transylvania ...................................................................................................................... 343 Aurel RUSTOIU he Celts and Indigenous Populations from the Southern Carpathian Basin. Intercommunity Communication Strategies ............................................................................................. 357 Marija LJUŠTINA–Miloš SPASIĆ Celtic Newcomers between Traditional and Fashionable: Graves 63 and 67 from Karaburma .......... 391 Cătălin Nicolae POPA ‘Till Death Do Us Part’. A Statistical Approach to Identifying Burial Similarity and Grouping. he Case of the Late La Tène Graves from the Eastern Carpathian Basin............................................. 401 Beatrice S. KELEMEN–Iosif Vasile FERENCZ–Cristian C. ROMAN–Delia M. ROMAN–Oana PONTA–Simon SIMION Cremated Human Remains from Hunedoara–Grădina Castelului / Platou. Additional Information Inferred by XRD, FT-IR and SEM/EDX Analyses .......................................... 413 Andreea DRĂGAN Late Iron Age Burials in the Iron Gates Area. A Functional Approach to Funerary Expression in the Late La Tène......................................................................................................................................... 425 Milica TAPAVIČKI-ILIĆ–Vojislav FILIPOVIĆ A Late Iron Age Grave Find from Syrmia .................................................................................................. 453 Marcin RUDNICKI Finds and Context of Șimleul Silvaniei Type Bracelets North of the Carpathians and the Sudety ..... 461 Horea POP–Zsolt CSÓK he Tumuli Necropolis from Șimleu Silvaniei ........................................................................................... 493 Mariana EGRI ‘A Warrior Never Dies’. he Manipulation of Tradition in Early Funerary Contexts from Pannonia ... 503 Abbreviations...................................................................................................................................................... 531 Cremation and Deposition in the Late Iron Age Cemetery at Ludas Éva TANKÓ–Károly TANKÓ MTA–ELTE Interdisciplinary Archaeological Research Group Budapest, Hungary vindobona.09@gmail.com csisztar@gmail.com Keywords: Late Iron Age, La Tène, human bones, cremated human remains, pyre, cremation process, deposition of ashes, osteological and archaeological analysis his study presents a summary of results achieved by the anthropological and archaeological comparison of the cremated remains recovered at the Ludas–Varjú-dűlő cemetery. he site represents the burial ground of the Early and Middle La Tène period in Eastern Hungary where the tradition of cremation dominated. To demonstrate the signiicance of this work it is necessary to give a short overview of previous research at this point. he irst anthropological analysis associated with the Celtic population in Hungary was completed by Nemeskéri and Deák who analyzed remains from fourteen known sites available in the 1950s (Nemeskéri–Deák 1954, 148–149). Zoffmann (2001) published a comprehensive anthropological study of 137 individuals from 35 Celtic burial sites, however – similarly to her previous essays – the primary focus was on the osteological examination of inhumations (Zoffmann 1998; 2000; 2002a; 2002b). Besides these studies made in Hungary, anthropological material from several Celtic cemeteries in Slovakia – e.g. Dubník and Maňa – has also been examined in recent decades (Vlček 1957; Dacík 1983; Jakab–Vondárková 1989). Research took a signiicant step forward with the analysis of the cemetery of Malé Kosihy. Detailed anthropological analysis was carried out not only on the inhumation burials, but also on 45 cremated burials. Besides age and sex identiication, the cremated remain’s position within the grave (a single or multiple burial groups) and also the spatial relation between individuals (single or multiple individuals) were examined in detail (Jakab 1995). In the Carpathian Basin, scholars chiely concentrated on inhumations whereas cremated burials received less attention. Meanwhile, in France a new archaeo-anthropological approach has developed, opening up new ways for the analysis of cremated remains. By this new method not only the anthropological characteristics but certain signs of burial rite can also be analyzed on cremated bones (Duday Et Al. 2000, 7–29). he recent archaeological investigation of Ludas provided good potential for the application of the new archaeo-anthropological method. To emphasize the signiicance of the current study an overview of funerary research will be given concerning the Late Iron Age of the region. Approximately two hundred Celtic cemeteries are so far known in North-eastern Hungary. Only a quarter of these burial grounds have been archaeologically investigated and/or the remains entered into inventories. Smaller or larger scale excavations were carried out only at two dozen cemeteries, among these the excavation of Mátraszőlős (1957–1958: Patay 1972, 353–358), Vác (1969–1974: Hellebrandt 1999, 55–146), Ludas (2001–2002: Iron Age Rites and Rituals in the Carpathian Basin, 2012, p. 249–258 250 | É. Tankó–K. Tankó Szabó–Tankó 2006) and Sajópetri (2004–2006: Szabó 2006, 61–71; Szabó Et Al. 2006, 221–225) can be regarded thorough and complete. Although Mátraszőlős were investigated more than half a century ago, neither the archaeological nor the anthropological data is available yet from these sites. Hellebrandt in her comprehensive study on the La Tène period in North-eastern Hungary included a few smaller cemetery sections – e.g. Kistokaj, Radostyán, Muhi – (Hellebrandt 1999) besides her focus on the large burial ground of Vác. he importance of Hellebrandt’s work is undisputable; however, the anthropological analysis of burials is missing from the study. Unfortunately, the published description of burials and drawings are too sketchy to ofer reliable information on burial rites. On these grounds therefore a comparative archaeological study based on the funerary record in the region cannot be carried out at the moment due to the imbalance in current data. As opposed to previous research, the excavation at Ludas (Szabó–Tankó 2006) and Sajópetri (Szabó Et Al. 2006) cemeteries were completed by modern, detailed documentation methods creating potential for the new archaeo-anthropological perspective focusing on the La Tène period in this area. he analysis of the remains from Sajópetri is still ongoing whereas the results from Ludas have been published recently (Szabó 2012). In the case of Ludas, anthropological data were available from which further information was derived concerning burial practice and funerary rites. At the site of Ludas–Varjú-dűlő a biritual cemetery containing both primary inhumations and cremation burials of the La Tène period was unearthed. he cemetery contained 77 cremations and 5 inhumations (Fig. 1) – a proportion of which corresponds to other La Tène cemeteries recovered in north-eastern Hungary. Across this region, the dual ritual burial tradition dominates the Celtic cemeteries throughout the period. It seems to be a tendency that the number of inhumations is signiicantly lower than the number of cremations. For instance, at Mátraszőlős similarly to Ludas, there were hardly any inhumations documented (Patay 1972, 353). In terms of burial practice, Vác and Sajópetri is slightly diferent since here more than one third of the burials were cremated (Hellebrandt 1999, 84; Szabó 2006, 62). he skeletal remains recovered from Ludas were very poorly preserved as a result of various chemical reactions in local soils and microbial degradations (Mays 2010, 23–27). he skeletal remains of only one individual (burial 951) were in suitable condition for anthropological examination as opposed to the numerous cremations on which the archaeo-anthropological method was carried out. Of the 77 excavated cremations, 58 burial remains were proper for osteological analysis. Cremated bone fragments of 19 burials either perished or were in a very poor condition. he examination of seven multiple burials, despite their suitable condition, were limited to the identiication of the main anthropological characteristics; the osteological separation of individuals by currently used methods was not possible. It is important to note that in the Fig. 1. Ludas–Varjú-dűlő. Map of the Celtic cemetery. 1. case of cremated remains their analysis is inhumation; 2. cremation burial; 3. urn grave; 4. destroyed burial. Cremation and Deposition in the Late Iron Age Cemetery at Ludas | 251 much more limited compared to inhumations. Although cremated bones are more resistant to chemical processes taking place in soils than inhumations, the determination of age, sex and pathological conditions in most cases can only be estimated. From the point of view osteological analysis, it is of fundamental importance that the remains are excavated, documented and lited with great caution and thoroughness (for general methodological problems in archaeology see Mays 2010, 311–322). he irst step in the osteological analysis is the identiication of the main skeletal elements (skull, axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton: pelvis, upper and lower limbs) and the conduction of necessary measurements. he condition, colour, fragmentation and deformation of bones are also recorded and by this the compiled dataset could shed light on the inal treatment of the body: whether and how the deceased was placed on a funerary pyre, and the method and circumstances of the cremation process. For instance, variation in the colour of cremated bone fragments (of the same skeleton) implies that the pyre was burning with various intensity and the body was exposed to lames of diferent temperatures. his phenomenon is referred to as heterogenic burning. In contrast, if the bone fragments are uniform in colour – homogenic/ homogeneous burning – the whole body was exposed to equal temperatures (Mays 2010, 324–325). he majority of calcined bone fragments discovered at Ludas were homogeneous whitish-grey or greyish-blue coloured. Cremated remains of variegated, yellowish-brown or black colour – implying heterogeneous burning – were present in signiicantly lower proportions. herefore it can be concluded that both heterogeneous and homogeneous burning of dead bodies were practiced at Ludas. his implication is supported further by parabolic signs detected on most of the cremated remains which occur during the initial phase of the cremation process, and by linear cracks appearing as the result of generally higher temperatures. Parabolic cracks develop on relatively low temperatures (200°C) whereas linear cracks evolve by intensive exposure of higher temperatures (700°C) (Mays 2010 322–323). To further establish the maximum temperature of burning, melted bronze objects found among cremated remains can provide guidance. In a number of burials burnt and melted bronze ornaments indicate temperatures reaching 800–1000°C (the melting point of this copper alloy depends on the tin content. If the tin content is lower than 20% the melting point is around 800–1000°C, Turner-walker 2009, ig. 1/2). he majority of cremated bones recorded from Ludas was greyish-white coloured, well-fragmented and thoroughly burnt indicating that human remains were manipulated during the cremation process and that of each stage of the procedure was looked ater and controlled. It has to be noted here that the level of fragmentation – besides the manner of burning – could have been afected further by the instant collection of hot remains, spraying with cold water or washing. As a result of thermal stress the bones shatter even more (Sigvallius 1993, 122). he majority of cremated bones from Ludas are micro-fragmented, and the average fragment size is around 10 mm. his level of fragmentation makes it considerably diicult to age and sex the remains. To identify the age and sex of individuals the same method was applied for both cremations and inhumations (for the detailed discussion of this method see Mays 2010, 317–320). During the analysis, signs of trauma and other pathological conditions were also recorded which could hold valuable information on the deceased person’s lifestyle. Following the separation of skeletal elements detailed measurements were taken on fragments associated with each particular bone. Calculations based on these measurements represent the presence of certain anatomic units by percentage. he overall mass of cremated remains generally ranges between 100 g and 200 g and it never exceeds 700 g (Fig. 2, Appendix 1). Analyses carried out in present day crematoriums have shown that the average mass of a cremated mature adult is around 1500–2300 g (Trotter–Hixon 1974, ig. 1). By comparing these data with the measurements taken on the Ludas remains it can be concluded that only a certain proportion of selected bones were actually placed in the grave. At this stage of the investigation, further to the anthropological data collection, archaeological information can be derived as well. During the anatomical identiication of bone fragments it becomes clear if the remains belonged to one or more individuals. In the case of multiple burials the number and composition of fragments indicate whether the deposition of multiple individuals was carried out intentionally or the remains of more than one individual were accidently mixed up during the cremation process. Intentional deposition of multiple burials can clearly be identiied by the presence of characteristic skeletal elements belonging to numerous individuals (e.g. more than two caput femoris, etc.). Multiple burials can be suspected when along the remains of adults, bone fragments of a child occur, or the age diferences of bone fragments are clearly distinctive (e.g. diferent stages of epiphysis fusions are present). 252 | É. Tankó–K. Tankó 1290 1288 1286 1241 1157 1140 1056 1055 1051 1050 1038 1023 1010 1009 1005 1003 998 996 962 961 958 955 953 904 882 879 801 729 708 703 699 686 685 670 669b 665 662 661 660 659 657 655 identifiable 654 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 undetermined 700 800 Fig. 2. Mass of cremated human remains (g) in each burial, showing the proportion of anthropologically identiied bone fragments. here were altogether eight double burials documented at Ludas. In two cases the cremated remains of two adults (burial 711, 1009), in ive cases an adult and a child (burial 686, 699, 725, 1051, 1267), and in one case a newborn and a child (burial 1139) were placed in the grave together. Sometimes the mass of cremated bone fragments possibly indicate multiple burials; e.g. burial 686: 401 g, burial 711: 646 g, burial 1050: 672 g (Fig. 3, Appendix 1). Bone fragments belonging to two individuals were mostly mixed and deposited in a little heap in the grave (burials 699, 725, 1051, 1139 and 1267). In burial 699 and 1267 the remains of an adult woman and a child of age Infans I were mixed, moreover, in the case of burial 725, an adult of unidentiiable sex and a child of Infans I were found together. hese burials could represent two individuals (mother and child) who were cremated together. In other cases the presence of multiple individuals is supposed by their separate deposition in the grave. From burial 1009, an adult male, and alongside vessel no. 5, an adult female were recovered. In burial 711, near to the cremated remains of an adult female aged around 24, bone fragments of another adult female were documented around bracelet no. 5 (Fig. 3). It has to be pointed out that in this case the bone fragments of the two individuals show signs of exposure to diferent temperatures which implies that they were cremated on separate pyres. In burial 686, neonatal remains were partly placed in a vessel and were partly mixed with bone fragments of an adult male. It is likely in Cremation and Deposition in the Late Iron Age Cemetery at Ludas | 253 this and similar cases that the cremation of these two individuals was carried out on the same pyre. he interpretation of burial 1139 is slightly more problematic as among the neonatal remains, skull fragments of a child aged Infans I were found. he two children could have been cremated together, however, the missing skeletal elements of the older child raises issues for which we have no satisfactory answers yet. Furthermore, in some child burials the total absence of skull bones can be observed. In burial 1267, among the remains of an adult female, cremated skeletal bones of a child were detected, but the infant’s skull fragments were not present at all. From burial 1051, among calcined skeletal Fig. 3. Position of cremated human remains in bones of a child aged around 1 year old, skull fragments grave 711. of an adult were documented. In this case the mixed remains of the two individuals imply cremation on the same pyre. here is no explanation so far why the skeletal elements of the adult and the skull bones of the child were missing from the grave. he case of burial 665 is noteworthy as here only the post-cranial bones were present, the remains of the skull were absent. A possible explanation could be that the skull was not placed in the grave, thus was not cremated with the rest of the body in the irst place. In inhumations from the La Tène period, posthumus manipulation of bodies has been documented in some cases – e.g. Sajópetri (Szabó 2006, 62) –; therefore similar manipulation of bodies during the cremation process cannot be ruled out either. At Ludas, in the case of two cremations, signs of quasi contemporaneous manipulation were detected. he ill of burial 954 was later disturbed and a cooking vessel was placed upside-down in the grave, a similar situation was documented in burial 686. hese later interferences did not aim to disturb the remains initially and demonstrate that interaction with the deceased did not stop with the event of burial at all times. here are some cases when the remains of an individual contained bone fragments of a diferent person (1038, 1050, 1055 and 1157). Here – as opposed to the above described examples – rather than particular skeletal elements being present, only random fragments of other individuals occur, therefore intentionality can be ruled out. he use of the same location for cremation could explain the appearance of such random bone fragments. Carrying out cremation in a commonly used location, in the so-called bustum is well-known from the Celtic world – e.g. Clemency (Metzler Et Al. 1991); Westhampnett (Fitzpatrick 2000, 24–25, ig. 27) –, but at Ludas the existence of a communal funerary location can only be assumed as such structure was not documented. Nevertheless in most cases according to anthropological data it is clear that the cremations were carried out at diferent locations. he cremated remains of Ludas were recovered from diverse archaeological contexts. Cremations were generally placed into a rectangular-shaped gravepit with straight walls and a lat base. he remains were either scattered on the bottom or were piled up in a little heap. his heap of bone fragments could be round, oval or rectangular. he burnt and deformed metal ornaments were found mostly among the human remains, as well as occasionally separately. By examining the position of the ashes within the grave it can be observed that the remains form either a circle or an oval or a rectangle. It oten occurs in Iron Age burials – and at Ludas as well (e.g. burials 655, 660 and 726) – that the cremated bones were placed in a larger bowl or jar Fig. 4. Unburned bronze ibula on cremated human remains in grave 962. functioning as funerary urns. Placement 254 | É. Tankó–K. Tankó of human remains in containers (such as a vessel) is also well-known from Iron Age burials. Most recently Le Gof analysed the various forms of cremated bone depositions in the La Calotterie cemetery in Belgium dating to the middle La Téne period. She argues that the remains deposited in circles were originally put into perishable containers, presumably into pouches made of leather or textile (enveloppe souple by French terminology). She also mentions examples for rectangular and scattered deposition of ashes (Le Goff Et Al. 2009, 116–123). Analogues for perishable containers were documented in the cemetery of Ludas as well. By examining the archaeozoological material Méniel (2006, 345–366) has shown that the positions of certain bones imply the use of rectangular containers in graves. On these grounds the employment of perishable containers can be assumed in the Ludas burials with relative certainty. Ashes deposited in circular heaps were most possibly placed in circular containers, like in wooden buckets, wicker baskets, leather or textile pouches (Fig. 6). In some cases, on top of the heaps of cremated remains, unburnt metal ornaments, chiely ibulae were recorded (e.g. 962, 1050, 1057, 1157). Since no sign of heat exposure was detected on the ibulae, these objects were unlikely parts of the garment worn during the cremation process. his phenomenon raises the possibility that the remains were placed into textile pouches held together by ibulae (Fig. 4). Rectangular depositions of ashes – similarly to the rectangular deposition of animal bones – were presumably put in wooden containers, e.g. wooden tray, wicker basket, etc. (Fig. 5). Fig. 5. Examples of deposition of cremated human remains and its hypothetical interpretations. Within the group of cremations, burial 1282 represents a unique burial practice at Ludas. Here, besides vessels containing food oferings, the majority of burnt bronze objects were collected from the remains of the pyre and were piled in a small heap. A layer consisting of charcoal, cremated human bones and melted bronze ornaments implies that the vestiges of the pyre were scraped into the southern part of the grave (Fig. 6). Similar, a possibly even more intriguing situation was documented in burial 734 where most of the ashes were placed in the eastern side of the grave, outside of the burial wooden box (Fig. 7). In these cases it can be assumed that the pyre was erected directly adjacent to the grave, which ater the cremation of the body inished was scraped into the grave. Finally it is worth noting that burnt animal bones were also found among the cremated human remains. his was the case in the majority of cremation burials excavated at Ludas, however the proportion Cremation and Deposition in the Late Iron Age Cemetery at Ludas | 255 of animal bones was very small compared to the human remains. he only exception was burial 686, where a large amount of burnt archaeozoological material was recovered. Burnt animal bones were without exception mixed with cremated human bones in the grave – as opposed to separate food oferings – thus certain animal parts or entire animal were placed on the pyre together with the body. Fig. 6. Ashes with cremated human bones in the south part of grave 1282. Fig. 7. Cremated human remains outside of burial wooden box in grave 734. In summary can be concluded that analysis of cremated human remains besides basic physical anthropological information (such as the determination of age and sex) yields data on burial practice and circumstances of deposition. From this point of view archaeo-anthropological results derived from the cemetery of Ludas are unique in the Carpathian Basin. Similar information on other burial grounds from the region is relatively scarce. On the other hand La Tène cemeteries in France examined by the same method are too geographically distant to be suitable comparative analogues for population estimates. By examining the burial rite it became clear that the construction of the cremation process and the ritual circumstances of the burials documented in the cemetery of Ludas are very similar to details recorded in the Bourgogne, Picardie and Champagne-Ardennes Celtic burial grounds (Baray 2003). In other words, these burials only contained certain skeletal elements demonstrating that cremated human remains were carefully selected from the vestiges of the pyre. Archaeo-anthropological data shows that communal use of cremating locations (fragmented remains of other individuals were mixed with the ashes of the deceased) he diverse position of cremated bones in graves is also intriguing, furthermore there is evidence of temperature control during the cremation process. To compare the data from Ludas with other cemeteries in the Carpathian Basin, more excavations will be necessary where the archao-anthropological approach can be applied. From this point of view the ongoing physical anthropological analysis of the cemetery of Sajópetri–Homoki-szőlőskertek will be signiicant. 256 | É. Tankó–K. Tankó female adultus-maturus hom female adultus-maturus hom female ? adultus-maturus hom female ? adultus-maturus hom female adultus-maturus undetermined / no available data het adultus hom female adultus-maturus het adultus-maturus undetermined / no available data hom female adultus-maturus het male adultus-maturus Percentage of identiied bones (%) mi me hom Mass of identiied bones (g) poor med undetermined / no available data hom female adultus-maturus hom female adultus-maturus Overall bone mass (g) mi mi mi Age med poor poor Identiication of sex mi mi-me mi mi-me mi mi-me mi mi mi-me Sex Fragmentation mi = micro me = meso ma = macro med med poor med poor med med poor med Cremation method hom = homogogeneous het = heterogeneous Preservation poor, med = medium, good 651 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 664 665 669b 670 683 685 686 692 693 695 699 699 703 708 709 711 711 725 725 726 729 731 733 734 740 801 879 882 883 904 951 953 954 955 958 960 961 962 965 988 989 990 992 Number of depositon Burial number Appendix 1 Summary of osteological analysis of material from the cemetery of Ludas 250,45 87,88 0,75 72,99 9,44 287,18 10,4 51,23 231,12 60,10 32,51 0 32,84 0 68,92 4,78 25,10 161,78 24 46 49 70 66,7 52,16 68,9 16,00 36,51 28,93 24 70 42 121,35 401,51 23,05 96,36 19 24 111,26 56,74 51 110,59 240,33 38,70 28,83 35 12 30,96 30 120,21 147,24 52,31 18,03 66,25 9,93 15 45 19 193,37 98,61 51 42,89 2,14 5 3,23 175,17 0,61 87,58 19 50 146,72 418,8 5,86 259,65 4 62 24 37 45 undetermined / no available data 1 2 med med med med mi-me mi-me mi-me mi-me 1 2 1 2 med med poor poor poor med poor mi-me mi-me mi mi mi mi mi med poor poor med poor mi-me inhumation mi mi-me hypermi med med poor poor med med mi-me inhumation mi med med mi mi mi mi het female adultus-maturus het child infans I hom male adultus-maturus hom male ? adultus-maturus undetermined / no available data hom female adultus hom female ? adultus-maturus hom adultus-maturus hom child infans I het female adultus-maturus hom male adultus-maturus undetermined / no available data hom male adultus-maturus female ? adultus hom adultus-maturus hom male adultus-maturus hom child infans I undetermined / no available data hom male juvenis female adultus hom female ? adultus-maturus hom adultus-maturus hom female adultus-maturus undetermined / no available data hom adultus-maturus hom adultus-maturus undetermined / no available data 646 362 161 103,23 1,35 389 Age Percentage of identiied bones (%) ? Mass of identiied bones (g) male adultus-maturus adultus-maturus adultus-maturus adultus-maturus Overall bone mass (g) hom hom hom hom Identiication of sex mi mi mi mi mi Sex Fragmentation mi = micro me = meso ma = macro poor med med med med Cremation method hom = homogogeneous het = heterogeneous Preservation poor, med = medium, good 995 996 998 1003 1005 1006 1008 1009 1009 1010 1023 1030 1036b 1038 1050 1051 1054 1055 1056 1057 1139 1139 1140 1155 1156 1157 1241 1267 1267 1274 1282 1286 1288 1289 1290 Number of depositon Burial number Cremation and Deposition in the Late Iron Age Cemetery at Ludas | 257 2,35 13,17 321,83 33,38 48,78 0 1,18 25,74 1,66 6,34 9 8 5 13 343 264,11 77 199,49 23,1 71,81 22,86 36 99 undetermined / no available data 1 2 med med med med mi-me me mi mi hom hom het het male female child adultus-maturus adultus-maturus infans I adultus-maturus undetermined / no available data 1 2 1 2 poor med med mi mi mi hom hom het female male child adultus-maturus adultus-maturus infans I 125,37 671,9 50,41 62,68 456,89 9,57 50 68 19 med med good med med med poor poor med med good good poor poor med poor mi mi mi-me-ma mi mi mi inhumation hypermi mi mi mi-me-ma mi-me-ma inhumation mi mi-me hypermi-mi hom hom hom hom hom hom male male adultus-maturus adultus-maturus adultus infans I infans I adultus-maturus 320,6 224,3 537 138 150,68 150,28 47 67 152,51 42,70 28 infans I adultus-maturus adultus-maturus infans I 119,8 65,88 526 11,98 25,69 10 39 279,63 61,83 117,44 22,87 42 37 med mi-me hom male adultus-maturus hom male adultus-maturus undetermined / no available data hom male ? adultus Overall mass 106,76 43,77 9501,85 41 hom hom hom hom child child child female child References Baray 2003 Dacík 1983 Duday Et Al. 2000 Fitzpatrick 2000 Baray, L., Pratiques funéraires et sociétés de l’Âge du Fer dans le bassin Parisien (in du VIIe s – troisième quart du IIe s. avant J.-C.), Paris. 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Patay 1972 Patay, P., Celtic inds in the mountainous region Northern Hungary, ActaArchHung, 24, 353–358. Sigvallius 1993 Sigvallius, B., Death and Burial. Iron Age Cremation from Nine Burial Ground in North Spånga, Stockholm. Szabó 2006 Szabó, M., La Tène period cemetery at Sajópetri (Excavation in 2005), AIH 2005, 61–71. Szabó 2012 Szabó, M. (dir.), Nécropole latènienne à Ludas–Varjú-dűlő, Budapest. Szabó Et Al. 2006 Szabó, M.–Guillaumet, J.-P.–Vitali, D., L’occupation celtique de la Grande Plaine Hongroise, Rapport annuel d’activité scientiique du Centre Archéologique Européen de Bibracte, 221–225. Szabó–Tankó 2006 Szabó, M.–Tankó, K., Nécropole latènienne à Ludas–Varjú-dűlő, ActaArchHung, 57, 325–343. Turner-walker 2009 Turner-Walker, G., A Practical Guide to the Conservation of Metals, Taipei. Trotter–Hixon 1974 Trotter, M.–Hixon, B. B., Sequential Changes in Weight, Density and Percentage Ash Eight of Human Skeletons from Early Foetal Period through to Old Age, Anatomical Record, 179, 1–18. Vlček 1957 Vlček, E., Antropológia keltov na juhozápadnom Slovensku, IN: Benadík, B.–Vlček, E.– Ambros, C., Keltské Pohrebiská na juhozápadnom Slovensku, Bratislava. 203–289. Zoffmann 1998 K. Zofmann, Zs., Hamvasztásos rítusú kelta temetkezések embertani vizsgálata, IN: Németh, P. G., Kelta temetők Somogy megyében, SMMK, 13, 78. Zoffmann 2000 K. Zofmann, Zs., Die anthropologischen Funde der am Fundort Somogytúr–Homokbánya freigelegten keltischen Gräber, ActaArchHung, 51, 1999–2000, 266–267. Zoffmann 2001 K. Zofmann, Zs., Anthropological structure of the prehistoric populations living in the Carpathian Basin in the Neolithic, Copper, Bronze and Iron Age, ActaArchHung, 52, 49–62. Zoffmann 2002a K. Zofmann, Zs., Az Ordacsehi–Kécsimező lelőhely birituális kelta temetkezéseinek embertani leletei. SMMK, 15, 61–64. Zoffmann 2002b K. Zofmann, Zs., Adatok a Kárpát-medence keltakori népességének antropológiájához, AnthrKözl, 43, 21–26. Hellebrandt 1999 List of igures Fig. 1. Ludas–Varjú-dűlő. Map of the Celtic cemetery. 1. inhumation; 2. cremation burial; 3. urn grave; 4. destroyed burial. Fig. 2. Mass of cremated human remains (g) in each burial, showing the proportion of anthropologically identiied bone fragments. Fig. 3. Examples of deposition of cremated human remains and its hypothetical interpretations. Fig. 4. Position of cremated human remains in grave 711. Fig. 5. Unburned bronze ibula on cremated human remains in grave 962. Fig. 6. Ashes with cremated human bones in the south part of grave 1282. Fig. 7. Cremated human remains outside of burial wooden box in grave 734. ABBREVIATIONS ActaAA ActaArchHung ActaArch Carpatica ActaArch København ActaB ActaMN ActaMP ActaTS ActaUL AFN Agria AIH AJB Alba Regia Analele Banatului AnnalenWien Angustia AnthrKözl Apulum ArchAustr ArchBaltica ArchBulg ArchČechách ArchE ArchÉrt ArchHung ArchIug ArchKorr ArchKözl ArchPol ArchRoz ArchS ArhMold ArhPregl ArhRR ArhVest Arrabona ASF ASM AuF Balcanica Banatica BAR BAW BCȘS Acta Antiqua et Achaeologica, Szeged Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, Academia Scientiarum Polona Collegium Cracoviense, Kraków Acta Archeologica, København Acta Bernensia, Bern Acta Musei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca Acta Musei Porolissensis, Zalău Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, Sibiu Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia Archaeologica Archäologische Forschungen in Niederösterreich Agria, Annales Musei Agriensis / Az Egri Múzeum Évkönyve (1982), Eger Régészeti Kutatások Magyarországon / Archaeological Investigation in Hungary, Budapest Das archäologische Jahr in Bayern Alba Regia, Annales Musei Stephani Regis, Székesfehérvár Analele Banatului, Muzeul Banatului, Timișoara Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Angustia, Muzeul Carpaţilor Răsăriteni, Sfântu Gheorghe Anthropológiai Közlemények, A Magyar Biológiai Társaság Embertani Szakosztályának folyóirata, Budapest Apulum, Acta Musei Apulensis, Alba Iulia Archaeologia Austriaca, Wien Archaeologia Baltica, Vilnius Archaeologia Bulgarica, Soia Archeologie ve středních Čechách Archäologie in Eurasien, Mainz am Rhein Archaeologiai Értesítő, Budapest Archaeologia Hungarica, Budapest Archaeologia Iugoslavica Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum in Mainz Archeologiai Közlemények Archeologia Polona Archeologické Rozhledy, Prague Archäologie in Salzburg Arheologia Moldovei, Iași Arheološki Pregled, Arheološko društovo Jugoslavije Arheološki radovi i rasprave, Zagreb Arheološki vestnik (Acta Archaeologica), Inštitut za arheologijo, Lubljana Arrabona, a Győri Múzeum Évkönyve Archaeologia Slovaca Fontes, Bratislava Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae Ausgrabungen und Funde, Nachrichtenblatt der Landesarchäologie Balcanica, Beograd Banatica, Muzeul de istorie al judeţului Caraș-Severin, Reșiţa British Archaeological Reports, International Series, Oxford Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaten, München Buletinul Cercurilor Știinţiice Studenţești, Alba Iulia 532 | Abbreviations Beiträge UFM BerRGK BHAUT BMA BMAK BMBistriţa BMM BMMK BMP BT CA CAJ Carpica CCA ComArchHung Corviniana Crisia CurrA ČUsŠ Dacia (N. S.) Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas, Weissbach Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Universitatis Timisiensis Biblioteca Mvsei Apvlensis, Alba Iulia Biblioteka Muzeum Archeologicznego w Krakówie Biblioteca Muzeului Bistriţa Bibliotheca Mvsei Marisiensis, Seria Archaeologica, Târgu Mureș / Cluj Napoca Békés Megyei Múzeumok Közleménye, Békéscsaba Bibliotheca Mvsei Porolissensis, Zalău Bibliotheca hracologica, București Cercetări Arheologice Cambridge Archaeological Journal Carpica, Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie și Artă „Iulian Antonescu“, Bacău Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice din România Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, Budapest Corviniana, Acta Musei Corviniensis, Hunedoara Crisia, Muzeul Ţării Crișurilor, Oradea Current Anthropology Časopis Učené Společnosti Šafáříkovy, Bratislava Dacia, Recherches et décuvertes archéologiques en Roumanie, I–XII (1924–1948), București; Nouvelle série (N. S.), Dacia. Revue d’archéologie et d’histoire anciene, București DissPann Dissertationes Pannonicae, ex Instituto Numismatico et Archaeologico Universitatis de Petro Pázmány nominatae Budapestinensis provenientes, Budapest DMB Dissertationes et Monographiae Beograd DolgKolozsvár (Ú. S.) Dolgozatok az Erdélyi Nemzeti Múzeum Érem- és Régiségtárából, (új sorozat, 2006–), Kolozsvár DolgSzeged Dolgozatok, Szeged EA Eurasia Antiqua, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Ea-online European archaeology – online (www.archaeology.ro) ÉC Études Celtiques, Paris EMÉ Az Egri Múzeum Évkönyve EphemNap Ephemeris Napocensis, Cluj–Napoca ET Etudes Touloises, Toul FAP Fontes Archaeologici Pragenses FAPos Fontes Archaelogici Posnanienses FHA Fontes Historiae Antiquae, , Poznań FolArch Folia Archeologica, a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum Évkönyve, Budapest FÖ Fundberichte aus Österreich, Wien FS Fundberichte aus Schwaben, Stuttgart Germania Germania, Frankfurt am Main Glasnik SAD Glasnik Srpskog Arheološkog Društva, Beograd Glasnik ZM Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu Hierasus Hierasus, Muzeul Judeţean Botoșani HOMÉ A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve, Miskolc HOMO HOMO, Journal of Comparative Human Biology IA Internationale Archäologie, Buch am Erlbach, Espelkamp, Rahden/Westf. IPH Inventaria Praehistorica Hungariae, Budapest ISPRS International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing – International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences Istros Istros, Buletinul Muzeului Brăilei, Brăila JAA Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Amsterdam Jahrbuch Liechtenstein Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein, Vaduz Jahrbuch Mecklenburg Jahrbuch für Bodendenkmalplege in Mecklenburg Jahrbuch RGZM Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz Abbreviations | 533 JahrOM JAMÉ JAS JBAA JEA JPMÉ JRA JSP KÖK Közlemények Kolozsvár Litua MAB Marisia Marmatia MatArch MatStar MAZ MBVF MCA MFMÉ MittAGW MittAIUAW MKCSM MΩMOΣ MPK MSVF NMMÉ OIAS OJA OpArch ÖAW Ősrégészeti levelek PA PamArch PAS PB PBF Peuce Prace Łodz NK Prace Łodz Arch Pontica PPP PPS Prilozi IAZ PrzArch PZ PUD RadMV RAO RAP RBPA Jahrbuch des Oberösterreichischen Musealvereines, Linz A Nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve, Nyíregyháza Journal of Archaeological Science, London Journal of the British Archaeological Association Journal of European Archaeology, Durham, UK A Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve, Pécs Journal of Roman Archaeology Journal of Sedimentary Petrology Kulturális Örökségvédelmi Kismonográiák, Budapest Közlemények az Erdélyi Nemzeti Múzeum Érem- és Régiségtárából, Cluj Litua, Muzeul Gorjului Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica, Kraków Marisia (V–), Studii și Materiale, Târgu Mureș Marmatia, Anuarul Muzeului Judeţean Maramureș Materiały Archeologiczne, Kraków Materiały Starożytne (i Wczesnośredniowieczne) Mainzer Archäologische Zeitschrit Münchner Beiträge zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte, München Materiale și Cercetări Arheologice, București A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve, Szeged Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschat Wien Mitteilungen des Archäologischen Instituts der Ungarisches Akademie der Wissenschaften, Budapest Múzeumi kutatások Csongrád megyében MΩMOΣ, Őskoros Kutatók Összejövetelének konferenciakötete Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommision, Viena Marbuger Studien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Marburg Nógrád Megyei Múzeum Évkönyve Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae Oxford Journal of Archaeology Opuscula Archaeologica, Arheološki zavod, Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaten, Wien Ősrégészeti levelek / Prehistoric newsletter, Budapest Patrimonium Apulense, Alba Iulia Památky Archeologické, Praha Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa, Berlin, Kiel, München Patrimonium Banaticum, Timișoara Prähistorische Bronzefunde, München / Stuttgart Peuce, Studii și cercetări de istorie și arheologie, Institutul de Cercetari Eco-Muzeale Tulcea, Institutul de Istorie si Arheologie, Tulcea Prace i Materiały Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograicznego w Łodzi. Seria Numizmatyczna i Konserwatorska Prace i Materiały Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograicznego w Łodzi. Seria Numizmatyczna i Konserwatorska Pontica, Anuarul Muzeului de Istorie Naţională și Arheologie Constanţa Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, London Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju iz Zagreba Przegląd Archeologiczny, Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk Praehistorische Zeitschrit, Berlin Publications de l’Université de Dijon, Paris Rad Muzeja Vojvodine Revue archéologique de l’ouest, Rennes Revue archéologique de Picardie, Amiens Regensburger Beiträge zur Prähistorischen Archäologie 534 | Abbreviations RégFüz RevBis RevMuz RGF RGZM RoczK Sargetia Savaria SBA SBHM SCIV(A) SHN SMA SlovArch SMMK SNMB SNMP SpecNova SprArch SSUUB Starinar StCom Satu Mare StCom Sibiu StudiaUBB Studii Študijné zvesti Swiatowit Symhrac TAT hraco-Dacica UPA VAMZ VDBMB VMMK VKGLBW VMUFP VNMW VSADS VsP VTLF VVSM WA WArch WFA WissSchrN WMBH WPZ WZGK Zalai Múzeum Zborník SNM Ziridava Régészeti Füzetek, Budapest Revista Bistriţei, Complexul Judeţean Muzeal Bistriţa-Năsăud Revista Muzeelor, București Römisch-Germanische Forschungen, Mainz / Berlin Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Monographien, Bonn / Mainz Rocznik Kaliski Sargeţia, Buletinul Muzeului judeţului Hunedoara, Acta Musei Devensis, Deva Savaria, a Vas Megyei Múzeumok Értesítője, Szombathely Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Altertumskunde, Bonn Schriten des Bernischen Historischen Museums, Bern Studii și Cercetări de Istorie Veche (și Arheologie 1974–), București Studia Historica Nitriensia Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology Slovenská Archeológia, Nitra Somogy Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei, Kaposvár Sbornik Narodnog Muzeija Beograd Sborník Národního muzea v Praze, řada A – Historie / Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series A – Historia, Praha Specimina Nova Dissertationum ex Institutom Historico Universitatis Quinqueecclesiensis de Jano Pannonio nominatae, Pécs Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, Kraków Schriten des Seminars für Urgeschichte der Universität Bern Starinar, Arheološki institute, Beograd Studii și Comunicări Satu Mare Studii și Comunicări, Muzeul Brukenthal, Sibiu Studia Universitatis Babeș–Bolyai, series Historia, Cluj-Napoca Studii. Revistă de știinţă și ilosoie Študijné zvesti, Archeologického Ústavu Slovenskej Akadémie Vied, Nitra Swiatowit, Rocznik katedry archeologii pierwotnej i wczesnosredniowiecznej Universytetu Warszawskiego Symposia hracologica, Institutul Român de Tracologie, București Tübinger Archäologische Taschenbücher hraco-Dacica, Institutul de Tracologie, București Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie, Bonn Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu Veröfentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Bergbau-Museum Bochum A Veszprém Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei Veröfentlichungen der Kommission für geschichtliche Landeskunde in Baden-Württemberg Veröfentlichungen des Museums für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Potsdam Veröfentlichungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum, Wien Veröfentlichungen des Staatlichen Amtes für Denkmalplege Stuttgart Východoslovenský pravek, Archeologický ústav Slovenskej Akadémie Vied, Nitra Veröfentlichungen des Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck Veröfentlichungen des Vorgeschichtlichen Seminars Marburg, Marburg–Espelkamp Wiadomości Archeologiczne, Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne, Warsaw World Archaeology, Oxford, Oxbow Wiener Forschungen zur Archäologie, Wien Wissenschatliche Schritenreihe Niederösterreich Wissenschatliche Mitteilungen aus Bosnien und der Herzegowina, Wien Wiener prähistorische Zeitschrit, Wien Westdeutsche Zeitschrit für Geschichte und Kunst Zalai Múzeum, Közlemények Zala megye múzeumaiból, Zalaegerszeg Zborník Slovenského Národného Múzea, Bratislava Ziridava, Muzeul Arad