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during birth
Human normal microbiota begin to develop....?
during adulthood
at puberty
during birth
before birth
during adulthood
at puberty
during birth
before birth
both asymptomatic and infective. page 411
If an individual is a carrier of an infectious disease, he is __________.
both symptomatic and noninfective
both asymptomatic and infective
infective
asymptomatic
both symptomatic and noninfective
both asymptomatic and infective
infective
asymptomatic
acute disease. Acute diseases develop rapidly and last a relatively short time.
Which of the following types of diseases has the shortest time frame?
latent disease
chronic disease
subacute disease
acute disease
latent disease
chronic disease
subacute disease
acute disease
decline
A patient's immune system is typically fully responsive during which of the following stages of disease?
prodromal period
decline
incubation period
illness
prodromal period
decline
incubation period
illness
an encounter with an infected animal. Immune suppression, changes in one's diet, and hormonal changes can all lead to an opportunistic infection resulting in disease.
All of the following might lead to a disease caused by an opportunistic pathogen EXCEPT __________.
an encounter with an infected animal
immune suppression
hormonal changes
changes in diet
an encounter with an infected animal
immune suppression
hormonal changes
changes in diet
handwashing
Which of the following is the most effective way to reduce the number of nosocomial infections?
-handwashing
-limiting patient stays
-antibiotic therapy
-specimen collection
-handwashing
-limiting patient stays
-antibiotic therapy
-specimen collection
It will prevent infection by this pathogen.
A new drug blocks the adhesins on the surface of a bacterial pathogen. What would likely be the major effect of this drug?
-It will inhibit the growth and reproduction of this pathogen.
-It will prevent formation of the glycocalyx in this pathogen.
-It will kill the pathogen.
-It will prevent infection by this pathogen.
-It will inhibit the growth and reproduction of this pathogen.
-It will prevent formation of the glycocalyx in this pathogen.
-It will kill the pathogen.
-It will prevent infection by this pathogen.
leukopenia. Nausea, lethargy, and itching are all symptoms and, by definition, would not be present in an asymptomatic individual; however, signs such as leukopenia could still be present and detectable by the appropriate tests.
In an asymptomatic individual, which of the following might still be detectable?
-lethargy
-leukopenia
-itching
-nausea
-lethargy
-leukopenia
-itching
-nausea
They contain chemicals that are lethal to phagocytes. Bacterial capsules are generally made out of chemicals already found in the body, such as hyaluronic acid, so they are often ignored by the immune system. They are also rather slippery, which automatically makes phagocytosis more difficult.
Which of the following is NOT a reason why bacterial capsules are effective in the inhibition of phagocytosis?
-They are ineffective at stimulating the host's immune response.
-They are usually made of chemicals normally found in the body.
-They make it difficult for phagocytes to surround and grip the bacterial cell.
-They contain chemicals that are lethal to phagocytes.
-They are ineffective at stimulating the host's immune response.
-They are usually made of chemicals normally found in the body.
-They make it difficult for phagocytes to surround and grip the bacterial cell.
-They contain chemicals that are lethal to phagocytes.
vehicle transmission. Any of these modes of transmission are theoretically possible. However, evidence suggests that the infectious agent was probably spread through the air, a type of vehicle transmission.
A patient contracted a disease just by being in the same room with an infected individual for an extended period of time. Which of the following modes of disease transmission is most applicable in this situation?
-vehicle transmission
-vector transmission
-vehicle and vector transmission
-direct contact transmission
-vehicle transmission
-vector transmission
-vehicle and vector transmission
-direct contact transmission
antagonism. Transient microbiota do not persist in the body due to many factors; one such factors is the competition or antagonism they face from the resident microbiota growing in the same locations.
The typical relationship between the resident microbiota and the transient microbiota is which of the following?
-commensalism
-mutualism
-parasitism
-antagonism
-commensalism
-mutualism
-parasitism
-antagonism
disease does not necessarily result from an infection. Infection refers to the mere invasion of the body by a pathogen, whereas disease results only when the pathogen replicates sufficiently to disrupt the normal functions of the body.
Infection and disease are NOT the same thing because __________.
-infections last longer than diseases
-disease refers only to microbes growing inside the body
-they are caused by different kinds of pathogens
-disease does not necessarily result from an infection
-infections last longer than diseases
-disease refers only to microbes growing inside the body
-they are caused by different kinds of pathogens
-disease does not necessarily result from an infection
indirect contact transmission. Inanimate objects, also known as fomites, are instrumental in the spread of pathogens by indirect contact transmission.
An epidemiologist collects drinking glasses, tissues, and bed sheets from the apartment of an individual infected with a particular disease. Which of the following modes of transmission is being investigated for this disease?
-vehicle transmission
-vector transmission
-direct contact transmission
-indirect contact transmission
-vehicle transmission
-vector transmission
-direct contact transmission
-indirect contact transmission
Lipid A
Endotoxins are also known as
interleukin-1.
prostaglandins.
Lipid A.
cytokines.
interleukin-1.
prostaglandins.
Lipid A.
cytokines.
-When the cell dies
When would endotoxins be released from a bacterial cell?
-When the cell moves toward a energy source
-When the cell attaches to a host cell in the human body
-When the cell dies
-During bacterial conjugation
-When the cell moves toward a energy source
-When the cell attaches to a host cell in the human body
-When the cell dies
-During bacterial conjugation