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Desperate Remedies: Psychiatry's Turbulent Quest to Cure Mental Illness Taschenbuch – 1. April 2024
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A Telegraph Book of the Year
A Washington Post Notable Work
A Times Book of the Year
A Hughes Award Finalist
"An indisputable masterpiece...comprehensive, fascinating, and persuasive."
--Wall Street Journal
"Compulsively readable...Scull has joined his wide-ranging reporting and research with a humane perspective on matters that many of us continue to look away from."
--Daphne Merkin, The Atlantic
"I would recommend this fascinating, alarming and alerting book to anybody. For anyone referred to a psychiatrist it is surely essential."
--The Spectator
"Meticulously researched and beautifully written, and even funny at times."
--The Guardian
"Brimming with wisdom and brio, this masterful work spans the history of psychiatry. Exceedingly well-researched, wide-ranging, provocative in its conclusions, and magically compact, it is riveting from start to finish. Mark my words, Desperate Remedies will soon be a classic."
--Susannah Cahalan, author of Brain on Fire
From the birth of the asylum to the latest drug trials, Desperate Remedies brings together a galaxy of mind doctors working in and out of institutional settings: psychologists and psychoanalysts, neuroscientists and cognitive behavioral therapists, as well as patients and their families desperate for relief. One of the most provocative thinkers writing about psychiatry today, Andrew Scull carefully reconstructs the rise and fall of state-run mental hospitals to explain why so many of the mentally ill are now on the street, and why victims of experimental therapies were so often women. He reveals how drug companies expanded their reach to treat a growing catalog of ills, while deliberately concealing the side effects of drugs now routinely prescribed from childhood through senescence.
Carefully researched and compulsively readable, this passionate and compassionate account of America's long battle with mental illness challenges us to rethink our deepest assumptions about how we think and feel.
- Seitenzahl der Print-Ausgabe512 Seiten
- SpracheEnglisch
- HerausgeberBelknap Press
- Erscheinungstermin1. April 2024
- ISBN-10067429551X
- ISBN-13978-0674295513
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Produktbeschreibungen
Pressestimmen
Desperate Remedies is a riveting chronicle of faulty science, false promises, arrogance, greed, and shocking disregard for the wellbeing of patients suffering from mental disorders. An eloquent, meticulously documented, clear-eyed call for change.--Dirk Wittenborn, author of Pharmakon
[An] erudite, precise, blisteringly critical history of 200 years of psychiatry...Scull still holds out the narrow possibility that psychiatry has a future, if only it would calm down and own up to its limitations.--Simon Ings "Sunday Telegraph" (4/3/2022 12:00:00 AM)
[A] comprehensive, sober, and compulsively readable history of psychiatry...Scull's book is an effort to provide a sight line through the often turbulent currents of the field, touching on its strengths and (mostly) its shortfalls, from the start of the psychiatric endeavor to the present moment...Scull has joined his wide-ranging reporting and research with a humane perspective on matters that many of us continue to look away from.--Daphne Merkin "The Atlantic" (7/10/2022 12:00:00 AM)
[A] grim but fascinating picture of American psychiatry since 1900...Tells of how, in search of continuously elusive causes of severe mental illness and the equally elusive cures, and with a captive and often stigmatized clientele, pioneering psychiatrists permitted themselves to engage in human experimentation on an epic scale. And ended up pretty much no further advanced than when they had started...[An] absolutely essential, deeply felt and horribly absorbing book.--David Aaronovitch "The Times" (4/16/2022 12:00:00 AM)
[A] searching and enlightening history...[Scull] comes across as wise, sanguine, and unsurprised by his findings in this survey of how American...psychiatry has understood and treated the insane, distressed, and traumatized from 1820 to the present. His book, however, will leave readers who are unfamiliar with the story horrified and aghast...I would recommend this fascinating, alarming and alerting book to anybody. For anyone referred to a psychiatrist it is surely essential.--Horatio Clare "The Spectator" (5/21/2022 12:00:00 AM)
[Scull] is the best historian of psychiatry known to me. He writes elegantly and without jargon, is fair-minded...has a true writer's eye for the dramatic detail, and is never dull...Magisterial.--Theodore Dalrymple "Claremont Review of Books" (10/1/2022 12:00:00 AM)
A blistering critique of contemporary psychiatry...He believes the field has made some progress over the past two centuries--but not much...Scull argues that there will always be limits to what medication or medical science alone can achieve because mental illness is not purely biological: our brains are shaped by developmental and environmental factors, and our thoughts and feelings are shaped by our social and cultural context.--Sophie McBain "New Statesman" (6/4/2022 12:00:00 AM)
A carefully researched history of psychiatry, [it] provides a critical assessment of the psychiatric enterprise. In the rush to find cures for psychiatric illnesses, Scull believes that there has been a disappointing lack of focus on patients.--Vivian B. Pender "Psychiatric News" (4/21/2022 12:00:00 AM)
A comprehensive history of American psychiatry...Authoritative and sobering...Lays out the obstacles that all practitioners in the field have faced as successive methods of treatments--Freudian analysis, talk therapy, and medication--have come into vogue and then retreated...Because Scull's crisis-to-crisis history is so impeccable, it's also deeply troubling.-- "Kirkus Reviews (starred review)" (2/1/2022 12:00:00 AM)
A leading figure in the history of psychiatry, Scull is obviously passionate about the unhelpful directions psychiatry has taken...Desperate Remedies nods toward green shoots of progress in neuroscience and genetics, but there's no doubt, as Scull makes clear, that psychiatry in the US and the UK needs to up its game in response to increasing levels of psychiatric illness...Scull's history [is] a vital rallying cry.--Julia Bueno "Times Literary Supplement" (4/22/2022 12:00:00 AM)
A provocative and often persuasive analysis of psychiatry...A must-read for those who have been--or fear they will be--touched by mental illness...If psychiatry is to survive, Scull concludes, psychiatrists must be more candid about the limits of their knowledge.--Glenn C. Altschuler "Psychology Today" (4/20/2022 12:00:00 AM)
An immensely engaging--if often dismaying--account of American psychiatry. Scull impressively balances the social reality that constitutes 'mental illness' with the ever-shifting rationales used to explain such unsettling behaviors and emotions by those who have chosen to manage these elusive ills. Desperate Remedies is an important contribution to our understanding of a fundamental and still-contested aspect of human experience.--Charles Rosenberg, author of The Care of Strangers
An important plea for psychiatrists not to be seduced into offering a cure that is worse than the disease...Scull's engaging account of the development of psychiatry and psychiatric treatments since the 19th century shows history repeating itself many times over...The grisly part of Scull's story is not gratuitous. It is the context from which modern drugs such as antidepressants and antipsychotics emerged...Desperate Remedies is a reminder of the tragic and barbarous measures that have often been inflicted on people in the name of curing mental disturbance.--Joanna Moncrieff "Literary Review" (5/1/2022 12:00:00 AM)
An indisputable masterpiece...a comprehensive, fascinating, and persuasive narrative of the past 200 years of psychiatry in America...[Scull] is unsparing in his critiques when motives of money, power, and fame have tempted psychiatrists to disregard the welfare of those under their care.--Richard J. McNally "Wall Street Journal" (5/13/2022 12:00:00 AM)
An intensely skeptical history and analysis of psychiatry. The gist of his argument is: Although there have been undeniable advancements, mental illness remains baffling, and no discipline has done a great job of treating symptoms and understanding causes...Scull...has written the best kind of 'feel-bad' book, lashing offenders left and right with his whip of evidence. Whether the vitriol resonates or alienates will depend on your matrix of experiences and beliefs.--Molly Young "New York Times" (6/4/2022 12:00:00 AM)
Andrew Scull weighs American psychiatry in the balance and finds it seriously wanting. So this may not be the best introductory text for an aspiring medical student. But it is required reading for anyone who appreciates great writing, insight, and outstanding scholarship--just the kind of people we want doing psychiatry.--Sir Simon Wessely, King's College London
Brimming with wisdom and brio, this masterful work spans the history of modern psychiatric practice, from the abject horrors of Victorian asylums to the complexities surrounding the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness to this day. Exceedingly well-researched, wide-ranging, provocative in its conclusions, and magically compact, it is riveting from start to finish. Mark my words, Desperate Remedies will soon be a classic.--Susannah Cahalan, author of Brain on Fire and The Great Pretender
Explore[s] the crisis in biological psychiatry, tracing the political, economic, social, and professional factors that led psychiatrists to attempt to pin the reality of mental illness--and the legitimacy of the profession--on the brain...A chilling account of a period characterized by an 'orgy of experimentation.'...Demonstrates that the foundations of biological psychiatry were built on violence inflicted on the bodies of women, the poor, and people of color...Impressive.--Marco Ramos "Boston Review" (5/17/2022 12:00:00 AM)
For me the greatest value of Desperate Remedies is the brilliant spotlight that [Scull]...shines on historical and current truths about psychiatry. There is an implicit plea that is interwoven throughout the book for a measure of relief from the 'devastating tragedy' that envelops people with mental illness...Medical students intending to train in psychiatry would be well served by the masterful perspective Scull provides and the penetrating questions he raises for the profession.--Vivian B. Pender "The Lancet" (6/18/2022 12:00:00 AM)
Meticulously researched and beautifully written, and even funny at times, despite the harrowing content. This is a history of serious mental illness--schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression--and there is no happy ending...Scull writes passionately of the need for a broader approach, embracing more than the biological paradigm.--Rebecca Lawrence "The Guardian" (4/9/2022 12:00:00 AM)
No book on the history of psychiatry better captures the texture and feel of the different periods under discussion...Any sociologist interested in any facet of mental health--in any era--would be wise to read it once through, add it to their working library, and return to it over and over for its brimming insight.--Owen Whooley "American Journal of Sociology" (7/11/2023 12:00:00 AM)
Recounts in detail many shameful episodes from psychiatry's past...Scull wants his readers to think probingly about who truly needs psychiatrists, and why.--Stephen Eide "City Journal"
Scull delivers a remarkable history of psychiatry in America...The final section...is a devastatingly effective chronicle of the rise of psychopharmacology and its tendency to regard all mental illnesses as potentially treatable with the right medication...This sweeping and comprehensive survey is an impressive feat.-- "Publishers Weekly (starred review)" (4/22/2022 12:00:00 AM)
Scull is especially critical of the last 20 years when research narrowed its focus onto possible biological factors for mental illness. The lack of concern with the social and psychological dimensions of mental disturbance, he argues, has precipitated inequities in treatment and led to the consignment of the mentally ill to the streets and jails of this country.--Thomas Curwen "Los Angeles Times" (5/10/2022 12:00:00 AM)
Scull is well aware that psychiatry has vacillated between treating 'the mind' with therapeutic dialogue and treating 'the body' with surgery and psychotropic drugs...The medical discipline has never known and still does not know what it is treating...Scull directs the reader's attention to the fact that after decades of research and billions of dollars spent, not a single biomarker for psychiatric sickness has been discovered.--Siri Hustvedt "Washington Post" (6/3/2022 12:00:00 AM)
Scull tells the story of psychiatry in the United States from the 19th-century asylum to 21st-century psychopharmacology through its dubious characters, its shifting conceptions of mental illness and its often-gruesome treatments.-- "Washington Post" (11/17/2022 12:00:00 AM)
Scull...is interested in the grisly particulars of treatment, and also more broadly in the construction over time of a profession, psychiatry, that has never quite functioned independently: always borrowing, always distancing itself, from other branches of medicine. Desperate Remedies is unconsoling about this history and what it suggests for the future.--Brian Dillon "4Columns" (4/22/2022 12:00:00 AM)
Scull's tour-de-force history of psychiatry, from the birth of the asylum in the 1830s to today, is an essential book for our times.--Bertie Bregman "Commentary" (11/1/2022 12:00:00 AM)
This is a chilling book...Scull's fascinating and enraging book is the story of the quacks and opportunists who have claimed to offer cures for mental illness...Madness remains the most fascinating--arguably the defining--aspect of Homo sapiens. But it's too hard for most of us to think about. And in Scull's harrowing account, this is in large measure because the majority of those drawn to its treatment have been morally or scientifically bankrupt. Often both.--Sebastian Faulks "Sunday Times" (4/24/2022 12:00:00 AM)
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Produktinformation
- Herausgeber : Belknap Press (1. April 2024)
- Sprache : Englisch
- Taschenbuch : 512 Seiten
- ISBN-10 : 067429551X
- ISBN-13 : 978-0674295513
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Over these years I have worked in many different services and have experienced a lot both personally and professionally. I have grown increasingly sceptical and concerned that the mental ill health industry is doing way more harm than it can ever do good.
In my experience secondary care mental health services are absolutely dominated by the pseudoscientific and downright dangerous medical model as misapplied to mental health.
The medical model in physical medicine has been an unbelievably positive advance. However even here, where there are objective, measurable indications to help with diagnosis and treatment mistakes can still be made.
Despite decades of research running into the cost of multiple billions no such objective measurable tests are available for any of the DSM diagnoses except for some of the dementias.
Despite these glaring deficits in mental ill health services the people working within them often carry on as if it is not a problem and that diagnosis in mental ill health is the same as in physical medicine.
Each edition of the DSM has loosened and broadened the criteria for what constitutes ”diagnoses" we now see before us the ever-growing tendency for self-diagnosis that people are making about themselves and their families everyday.
Mental Ill health services also like to claim that they are"evidence-based" and this claim is made whether were talking about psychiatry or psychotherapy.
I would encourage anyone working in the sector to read all of William M Epstein’s books relating to psychotherapy including - the illusion of psychotherapy, psychotherapy as religion, and psychotherapy and the social clinic, soothing fictions. In addition read all of David Smails works and the Therapy Industry by Paul Maloney.
These and other authors and titles demonstrate clearly that the evidence base and research for psychotherapy is all extremely poor quality. Therefore the claims made by the psychotherapy industry pertaining to being evidenced base are false.
Given the power of cognitive biases and heuristics even when this information is brought to the attention of those working in services there is an inability to engage with the material and wilful blindness is also common place.
It always strikes me as contradictory that psychotherapists often encouraging their clients to question their own beliefs and assumptions are unable to take their own medicine.
I mention these elements in relation to Andrew Sculls excellent book desperate remedies because things simply have not changed.
Each generation whether it be psychotherapy or psychiatry looks back on previous generations, often with horror and wonders how could things have been so dangerous and destructive.
At the same time we look rather smugly at our own generation and what we currently perceive as a more solid grasp of science and evidence based medicine, when nothing could be further from the truth.
Both Smail and Epstein contextualise the mental health industry and look at its cultural role and how it essentially serves power. It does this in multiple ways and works very well in helping to obfuscate myriad cultural disorders while internalising these as personal disorder.
Andrew Sculls Book does a masterful job in terms of telling the history of mental ill health services with many fascinating threads leading to certain outcomes.
The history told is a one of horror, destruction and abuse of human beings, dressed up as professionalism.
I believe the generations to come will look back on this current paradigm of a pill for every ill and diagnostic fantasy as equally horrific and destructive.
We have a completely out of control tsunami of overprescribing of dangerous and largely ineffective psychiatric drugs. The Evidence base for these is thoroughly corrupted and captured by industry. Read Whitaker and Cosgrove psychiatry under the influence for more on this.
The mental ill health industry has worked very hard to create more customers for its products and has linked its nonsense labels to reasonable adjustments in the workplace, school and welfare benefits.
This means that people are incentivised to self identify as mentally ill or the softer and rather obvious and completely normal ‘neurodiversity’ to get some crumbs from the table or to feel some comfort grouping with others with the same labels.
This has helped to create and maintain an incredibly destructive feedback loop where people now covet the label and or drugs. The changes in work, school and welfare would be useful to everyone - work and school are clearly cultural disorders causing havoc for most people.
Research shows most people are either turned off at work or hate what they do, day in day out. School is a literal torture chamber for millions of kids and teachers. Mental ill Health services burn staff out left and right so there’s a good chance that the therapist sitting in front of you is also hanging by an ever thinning thread, pasting a face and sucking it up, until the mask slips and they are crushed.
I am tied to the system for my own financial needs and so I also offer this review by way of apology to all of those harmed by this industry. This sick system keeps us all locked into toxic and harmful jobs - Jobs appear to be an ultimate tyranny where we are controlling and harming each other to sustain ourselves in ever more precarious positions. As some has already pointed out we have value system disorders along with economic and political value system disorders.
The road to hell is indeed paved with good intentions.
As is stressed at the beginning, never has there been in the west a larger number of people diagnosed as suffering from some form of mental health disorder. This is critical to the conclusions Scull reaches at the end of his investigation. He tells us right away that what will follow is ‘a sceptical assessment of the psychiatric exercise’. What follows in many ways speaks for itself: the long history of damaging intervention that has so often hugely magnified the suffering of those seen as patients, when indeed they were seen as patients and not simply as degenerates to be removed from social circulation. Thus, the emergence of asylums and all the horrors that accompanied them. Madness was often seen as the punishment for immoral conduct, a punishment continued and intensified under the powerful authority of Asylum Superintendents. ‘Foul and loathsome creatures were herded into foul and loathsome conditions from which emerged a trail of maimed and dead bodies. In many ways this remained the situation, with increasingly sophisticated forms of treatment/torture until and beyond the Psychopharmacology revolution that got under way in the 1950s and later. Before then we are taken through the range of physical treatments, the success of which was minimal if that, more often adding ever more acute suffering via: extraction of teeth and tonsils, convulsions induced by camphor, with resultant broken bones, lobotomies, insulin coma treatment and more. ECT was used indiscriminately for an absurdly wide range of conditions. Too often the objective was to induce order only, often the threat of treatment itself sufficient to bring about that end. Scull stresses that the whole process resembled a conveyer belt, that women were the majority of victims, especially of sexual torments, and that young children were not excluded from this orgy of experimentation.
The impact of the war and its legion of what is now known as PTSD victims increased enormously the demand for psychological and psychiatric help. Finance became an even bigger issue. The Rockefeller Foundation came forward with much of the needed cash. By now Freudian psycho-analysis which had taken off in Europe after Freud’s and Jung’s earlier rather unsuccessful visit to the States, became the fashionable treatment amongst the wealthy and celebrities of the time. Freud’s influence on the arts and not least on Hollywood held sway. Nonetheless, many were sceptical of Freud’s medical contribution and Freud himself stressed that he felt psycho-analysis was unsuited to the treatment of psychoses. Rockefeller’s money was also it is claimed not averse to using those who had assisted in Hitler’s medical experimentation. There appeared to be little oversight or control. By the 1960s American universities were dominated by psycho-analysis and outpatient growth was growing fast. In, too, came the behaviourism of Watson and Skinner, not least in the form of the controversial CBT, often seen as shallow and simplistic, but engagingly cheap, not requiring highly qualified therapists.
Once psychopharmacology began in earnest, psychoanalysis, which had flourished in the years following WW2, started to take a back seat, though verbal therapies were to continue through to the present day. Chlorpromazine, Lithium and the development of the Benzodiazepines, notably Valium and Lithium, saw drug companies making huge profits. Psychiatric institutions were on the wane, though still regarded by most as vital for the treatment of psychoses. Schizophrenia was interestingly far more widely diagnosed in America than in Britain. New drugs soon followed. The tricyclics and the MAOI group became central to the treatment of depression, particularly endogenous depression. It was never entirely clear why or how these drugs worked, insofar as they did, but a deficiency of serotonin in the brain became a popular theory. A major problem, especially with the MAOIs, were the side effects and restrictions on certain foods and on other medications. Tyramine was seen as the principal culprit. Pharmaceutical laboratories continued to explore the connection between Dopamine and schizophrenia. In due course followed the new SSRI drugs, Prozac the best known and most widely prescribed. These drugs had the advantage of a lack of withdrawal symptoms and side effects, at least on the whole. Many though were concerned that they blunted feelings. Nonetheless, they were soon to replace in the main both the tricyclics and the MAOIs. There was an explosive growth in the issuing of prescriptions and even larger profits for the drug companies, until their activities came under closer scrutiny. Meanwhile, two other areas saw a massive increase in cases: children suffering from ADHD and related disorders and the elderly population which had not only grown as life-expectancy increased, but brought with it a massive increase in cases of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, the latter still proving resilient against all treatment.
It is here, towards the end of his analyses, that Scull stands back to evaluate what has been achieved in the field of Psychiatry and what the future might hold. His conclusions, with the exception of mild palliatives in the treatment of minor conditions, are bleakly pessimistic. However, before he launches on his assault on psychiatry, he points to how the peddling of alternative remedies has proliferated, itself, he no doubt thinks, a sharp comment on the medical profession in this area.
One of Scull’s running themes throughout the book has been the dichotomy between a belief in the biological foundation for mental illness, genetics and other factors. He now introduces, perhaps more controversially, that sociological factors have been a largely neglected but important factor, and from this line of thinking and the views of some professionals in the field, that there is no such discrete condition as schizophrenia. Mental health involves more than brain diseases. Whether this is linked with the politically correct fashionable climate of opinion, or Scull’s sociological interests it is hard to say. In conclusion he acknowledges rather grudgingly that ‘band aids’ are better than nothing. If he is right that mental illness is irretrievably tied up with social and cultural issues then the challenge facing psychiatrists is immense.
As far as Scull is concerned Psychiatry has lost its way. In a situation in which more and more people are reporting the symptoms of mental health problems this is a grim outlook indeed.
The book is thoroughly researched - witness the 85 pages of references - but much of the material is familiar and the analysis rather thin. Nonetheless, the book is well worth reading for its highlighting of issues that others will be sure to take further.
While the historical narrative is interesting and quite saddening, it is not what makes the book so impressive. Much more important is the author's overview of the post-World War II approaches, which I would characterize as Freudian therapy, electro convulsive therapy, and pyschopharmalogical therapy.
While the inability of Freudian therapy to have any measurable impact on serious mental illness is by this point well known, Scull's account of the rapid rise and equally rapid fall of the Freudian approach is fascinating reading, especially for someone of my generation raised by parents who took Freud's insights as gospel. How did Freud go from omnipotent to discarded? I had never seen a good overview before and thought this part of the book very helpful.
For me the most important part by far was Scull's overview of the drugs now used to treat mental illness. His conclusion seems indisputable--for some patients the drugs are great, for others they are worthless, and for others the results are in between. AND there is no evidence enabling doctors to know in advance which outcome is going to occur. You just throw drugs at the patient and find out. Plus, the ones for whom the outcomes are great is much lower than what you are reading about. Plus, in many cases the side effects are worse than the benefits. This is all very depressing stuff, but a story that must be told to get the public to be realistic about dealing with mental illness.
While it is a lesser issue, Scull's treatment of the rediscovered benefits of ECT is also useful. Scull is clearly a skeptic of all treatment claims and his grudging acknowledgement that ECT can be of definite help in some cases is a useful validation for an approach that is still unfairly stigmatized.
There are definitely defects in the book, as is inevitable in so broad a topic, but the accumulation of information on this important subject is unlike that I have found in any other book intended for general readers. I expect to be referring to it continually when the topic of serious mental illness is being discussed.
Having read extensively on this subject, I knew about the eugenic connections between America and Hitler's Germany. But I was not aware that clinics in Austria at the time recoiled from suggestions coming from America about sterilization and "passive" extermination of psychiatric patients.
And that so many saw financial opportunity in the face of little if any scientific foundation, for the procedures being applied, is yet another moral failure of predatory capitalism at its most efficient.
The real knockout for me though, was the very real possibility that schizophrenia would become an anachronistic diagnosis. Although the book ends on the bleak note about the inability of psychiatry to ever solve the puzzles of psychosis and schizophrenia, the implied mandate is to make psychiatry shed its predatory skin and attempt humane and compassionate approaches to the problems of mental illness..