José Enrique Varela Iglesias, 1st Marquis of San Fernando de Varela (April 17, 1891 in San Fernando, Cadiz, Spain – March 24, 1951 in Tangier, Spanish Morocco) was a Spanish military officer and Carlist noted for his role as a Nationalist commander in the Spanish Civil War.
Early career[]
Varela started his military career as an enlisted man and fought in the colonial wars in the Rif for three years starting in 1909. He rose to the rank of sergeant and then enrolled at infantry school in Spain and graduated as a lieutenant.
Returning to Morocco, he distinguished himself in action and King Alfonso XIII awarded him the Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand, Spain's highest military award, on two separate occasions. He rose to the rank of captain by merit and participated in several campaigns in the Morocco war, the principal one being the joint Franco-Spanish amphibious landing at Alhucemas in 1925. This landing altered the course of the Morocco War and hastened its end. Shortly thereafter he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and to colonel at the end of the war.
During the early thirties he was assigned as a member of a military mission that spent time in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and France to broaden their military knowledge. With the coming of the Republic, he participated in the abortive José Sanjurjo uprising in 1932 for which he was imprisoned. He was released and joined the Carlists and organized the militia or the paramilitary units of the Carlists, the Requetés, into the formidable military organization that it became in the Spanish Civil War. Disguised as a priest, Uncle Pepe, he traveled along the Pyrenean villages organizing the people and readying them for war.[1] He actively participated in the planning for the rising that started the Spanish Civil War. In April, 1936, the government found out about his plotting and imprisoned him.[2]
The Civil War[]
In jail in Cadiz when the rising started, he was released on July 18, and helped secure Cadiz for the insurrection.[3] He participated in many of the campaigns of the War including, Seville, Cordova, Malaga, Extremadura, Tagus Valley, Alcázar, Madrid, Jarama, Brunete, Teruel and the Ebro.
In the Franco regime[]
Ending the war with the rank of major general, he was appointed minister of war in Franco's August 1939 government and was considered a representative of the Carlist faction there.[4] During his ministry the Spanish army was purged of a small number of officers and NCOs who were considered politically unreliable.[5]
Following the fall of France in 1940 and Hitler's subsequent overtures to Franco, Varela was a leading opponent of Spanish entry into the war on the Axis side,[6] although he did endorse the volunteer Blue Division's participation on the Eastern Front.
As tensions between Carlists and Falangists within the government rose during 1942, Varela suggested to Franco that Carlists were underrepresented and proposed several schemes for a reorganization of the cabinet.[7] Violence between the factions broke out at the Basilica of Begoña on August 16, 1942, when Falangists attacked a Carlist crowd with grenades, causing many injuries and possibly several deaths. Varela, who was inside the church at the time, took the initiative against the Falangists and portrayed the incident as an attack on the army and a possible assassination attempt in telegrams to officials throughout the country, displeasing Franco.[8] In the following cabinet reshuffle in September, Varela was replaced as army minister by General Carlos Asensio Cabanillas.
In 1945 Franco appointed Varela as high commissioner of Spanish Morocco. [9] He was later made captain-general of Madrid. [10] Franco subsequently granted Varela a posthumous marquisate title as Marquis of San Fernando de Varela.[11]
Notes[]
- ↑ Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, (2001), p. 122
- ↑ Hugh Thomas, (2001), p. 165.
- ↑ Hugh Thomas, (2001), p. 212
- ↑ Payne, S.G. The Franco Regime, 1936-1975. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1987. p 235.
- ↑ Payne 1987, p. 244.
- ↑ Payne 1987, p. 275.
- ↑ Payne 1987, p. 303.
- ↑ Payne 1987, p. 308.
- ↑ Payne 1987, p. 347.
- ↑ Payne 1987, p. 380.
- ↑ Hugh Thomas, (2001), p. 921.
The original article can be found at José Enrique Varela and the edit history here.