(PDF) %D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A | Enas Shehata - Academia.edu
Culture Tissue ! ! #$ % ! Explant % & '( ) * " +! ,& +! , ( #. , ( % / 0# & % " !12 & 0 3 41 56 7 ' 4 ( " , 1! . 8 #! # 1 < 1 # ; 1 %. 1 * Callus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allus @ % 1 * 4 ( 6 56 %1 $ " 2 56 " * # >2 ,* (! %1 4' . F & (? # ? * 6 #. %* + ! 8 #! 94 C Propagation Rapid clone B ! %* %1 N 56 # 10 B > # &4 6A @ : !0 = 1 94" # ! O 0 % % 1 # =( 8, ! F #$5 2 % # 0KG 8, ! K H6 1 * % ! # % 5 "* ,% F ' % " 2 # # %* K* M 5 P Clone P # =( , ' / Rapid F ,M *R Q% - # 6% & production MassF & (? & , , & 1 JN I 6 1& , *O 0 /1 8=! Germplasm Storage and exchange 7 #) 2 0 B % 6 % % ? * , % %1 ( 4 2 & ( ( "8 5 , & , . 7 2 % 4 F B. * N % " # ? % 56 %1 0& ( 6 / ' %1 * % ! * 8 =! > 1 + ! ) 8 /1 8=! / # , " 0 O ! S! T # 5 , 8=! / * , (* 1/ K4 ! , " 8, ! & 2 ! , " % $ 34 = 6 F ! , ! . 8 / 8! K* , , 1 0 % 5H, " " = (6 7 # % 6# O 0 Production of pathogens [mainly virus] - free plants = 7 56 % , 3 4 F L S! V = % 6 ,V = % 5 , %1 3 4 F (U H % 1 H6 10 # 7 %* % = V *% 1T . 56 % L) 4 F DWE DWX '( ) N 1 !Y vesseless * >. ! V = ( # , 7 # % 6# ) 4 % # F 2 V = $ +! & B % #5 2 , 6 # $ ( H # 1 % O 0 Pharmacology, Vaccines ( (6 * #4 FN 0) % $ = & > Z6 H @ %! # V K4 CALLUS V 1 @ % % 1 O T " ) F# 11 O 0 *N 1 F/ V= Vaccines ( % O 0 , N 6 # 1 # !Q% % 1 area Kitchen [ 6 \K B *\# 6 $ , D.D.W J % 94 , ) I) 6 ' +! # M # & , )H * & ! * 56 , ' 94 , & ! Room Growth & ! 94 , 8 , / #. , ) & ! 94 *M > > 34 7 * # ,) H F& ! *S # ,K F& 2 & ! , $ M N ) ' M, *& XQ F# B * *# 7 0 * 1 M 8 % ! _ ( # 0 & ?A ` ( 1! ) T % 1 ?A S ! ) ' M, & , & = & F " , 1! ?* > : = . ! ( , Z( MH C ) 0 V1 X & & , > 1 !( +! = Q 34 = 0 " 1 # ' % ! ! 94 , 8 #! / 1 94 F ? , ! # , Z( 1 , 41 ] CR ) H N= = & Room Mist X , ^ XE & 0 K G $ >* 1 ) H # C L , ' 94 , % L #( \ F % ( Room Cultivation F #. ! . 8 ? 1 # ' $ * F ! F 2 ? 6 L L 6 F ) & C 1 & X * 7 !* 0# , F& % ! B # ' 2 & FB F a K B !\ F , FK 4 . ! % ) * / ( 6T ` / F7 ) , ) / V L F 6 ! ? XD M ) = L* 0 $ ,& 1 6 B *% b CE E V1 1 ! > ? * #4 ) N # % ) K* 4 * - / ! *3 #H % > ! >1 7 +! K , , E& ? ? 6 F 6 & ) , 34 ! Z & 'H N = Explants / ! ! 6 N 6 , 6 * #H * ) , 2 ! 3 41 ? 6 ) ? !1 , @ 4 ,) % ! 1> ) F% F 51 $ ,# Q& ^ CRD & F F ? ? CE & K K4 'H CE 'H 6 1 C = ! # XQ ^ CXC & 'H %* + ! > / ! 'H Q& ^ XDD ! & 2 51 & 2 X % = F& , . , . ! # % = , * ] %1 $ # 1 , = 6 B M H ) T 12* " + !` 2 ,M `2 ( 56 # # !2 " # 8 # 6c ) 0 = * % S * % O ) 0% & 1 (, ` 2 " + ! , S * # 8 " " 7 , *# " F = ) F B. ? E F# C ] ? XD CE & b dD X !1 % bEJ 6 *F ) (# ? ]D ' CD & & F 1 I V1 b XD " b CD b eD B ! 1 !1 * H= # 1 * 6 * " 4 8 ! /( # % 1 1 6 1 CED ED > 6 : % ( # M % = % 1 ! # H 6 ! # H 6 , %1 F] f " # 1 $ # ! , 6 $ %& . 4' . $ ' , , %* / ? F H* % 1 ( # 1 94 1 1 1 = 6 # 1 " :4' . , . ( % F> ! K G ? # H K L 0KG ? ( ,I 3 1 7 ! \B% ( X ( 1 % K* Z # F JC % C N *% & -5 # ( = ( , \ Thiamin % 7 ! F% \ * ! J % 1 1 , 1! 4 % 1 2 ! # 8 I# , 56 & 1/ F DXWQ c 3 Q H # % ] * # * " E 1 * * % 1 % 1 M 2 % 1 " 12 & 56 g Z6 / # F K H6 N # 1 F& 6 Z6 \ " % \% R % 1 d F M & = F- $# 1 = # / * M ( ( EWh EWE : T 3 41 . . , . 4' ,& . 4' F & ! A 1 . # 1 40 pH H& . 4' ( % . , . 4' . , # 8 ! , 1 / ) = & 6 # A & 6 ! h H* 1 ! 6 G +! # O F 7 CE #! ? CE & ^ CXC & ! 51 , b eD % 1 F # 8 #! 51 F IAA ! % N , pH A $ IAA %* M & ! ' %* + ! pH : 6 ! NAA , IAA , 2.4.D 5! 5 MH 6 > * $0 # F & % 1 & ! # % % % 1 % . ! 1 A $ ! # Substituted purine & % 2 ' & ( 7 %g, : 6* ! % , Nb Substituted purine 2 & ( 0 ! " g, 51 , " ) * FV 1 F) H > 0 PH a 1 ( 1 F& ! 9 . 1 G %1 3 ! 34 , iij^ & & 7 ! ! ! > & > L %1 $ ! G $ Hcl % F E \E 1 # * % 6 . 51 , / ! . #5 = > % 1 ? K ! 6 , 6 # 1 1* . %g, 3 4 0 , HT F 1 ,D\ F 7 ! # F & ! 1 1 D 1 % ! % 1 ! , & " , / ) ( ! %1 Double destile water % F f % 1 %* $ * XDDWDDD > ? % " , F# -5 `( /4 3 4 * 6 MH ) : 6* ) 2L % & -5 M . pH + ) 2 -5 6 C 6 X % 1 %* ] % F D.D.W % ) % " B % ) ,& 1 " 6 F9 !2 > # !$ 34 6 + ! $ S ! /. 2 % ' 34 K G $ S! C 6 ) " % > ) , F . ( B , 7=6 % & % *9 1 "6 F " H,* 6 B 1* 8 ! F , ) 6 %1 % % F+ K 2 ? ! % 1 %* !% % ! K* " ! % 1 %* / FK ? % 1 EWh pH EWE % - 6 7=6 J NC I =6 Hcl F H ! % 1 , / ED S ! % . E X H Meter pH :- pH CWQ X " ] pH % 1 %* $ > + ! P.P.m ! PH . pH M, H KOH 6 H 8 ! L ( >* 1 ( % # = S ! NaOH % $ KOH / %6 40 , / 6 >( " S! ( #. ! , k "( $ * ` % 46A B( $ S ! k / , H * > 6 %1 V ' % & F ) + , H* 6 # 1 ! F> ( `, 3 : !g * _2 > b CE V1 ) 1 & 2 # 44 + ! 6 ! 40 , 3 41 \ ) 8 ' VA1 , ) 6 (B ,# ! , "H & b eE !1 F V1 1 * % Z 6 # +5 , ) 6 . =2 , "( ", !* % 6k # 6 . =2 ! 94 *K " F/ !* % B + !0 B Psi CE O F7 CE K 'H #! % / % /( & " * R * , . /( , & " 94 6 12* & " "H % & " & 1 ! / ! 6 H* " F 1 1 9 ^ CXC & * ) VLB % , MH 3 4 ? CE & !% & 34 B . / /( ! & " 94 !* * , "( : 6 . "1 " , 1! . CE & MH B . 94 ! / B & " * d 51 , . K . #$ F ? F . F . Z ? ! . Q 8 & " * E F/ F "= 8 " %6 ) B 6 F# $ ,K . 4 ,>H V 1 % , , 1 F ? " h " . 56 56 6 * (, / Y R . B CDD ! , L \# \ 6 \ #( F \K B % ( * 6 4 # Dishwasher % " L c # F 8 $ % 6 e L ", # ) ' , 5 F% 6 1& ! H= \ 4' ! \# 1 \ #. % 6 , F 56 Z!= H * 6 # 5 "( & 5 6 / 1 Microscope 1 #$ ! , % 1 %* / ) " >, # " # CX %1 , Shelves F CC 6 Hood Transfer F bCDD CD MH , C] , 6 % , ^ XDD " # = F CQ 34 XQ Q & # = 6 F ", = 6 !A CE 6 B = 6 !A = 6 !A 6 = 6 !A #( !A # F & ! FB & 2 N L B \K B * # 4 & 1 ?5 & ! * # 4 ?5 F` 2 * , " , $ FS F 2$ M F > / " F F F+ 34 & F+ F F " # % ?# 1 K* 1 " # 2 T , 46G %* / > " /" % ( / C B2 / X 8! ] V !$ Q 1 0 8 2> ! & 2 " # 1* b dD !1 0 1 V !$ / 5 L` ' `( % " V5 % 1 %A `( % 9 6% H >1 / !$ S ! /" "H !1 # F -5 # 1 % 9 6 % H S! , F - % H , 6 ? % F+ 7 3 !1 / Ultraviolet =8 ) / % H % 9 6% ) " ) ) * 1A > , #. % 1 %* F K ? " 6 `( # % 1A F F+ ) *+! F+ %1 B , K " N # . 4' + . " K 1 K B , *% >6 " 21 MH > & = "1 , > )5 " % `( 0 + `( 6 " ,8 : , = 6 %1 * , B FB 1 Habituation & J# 1 . %1 I# 1 " !* " . 4L . > g, % " 4 " V & . ) g > =1 8 2 A M2 > + ! +! * ,&! & FB 3 . ,3 V= 3 , 4 94 S 4 ) 3 F $ " g, % " % 6 . 8 & 94 # 1 4 " % 1 % c V 1% 1 " +! " . B 4 & 8 94 S % " 4 & : 6* . 0# ,V %g, % ? M % c 6 . #$ culture Cell 56 N 0& , = 56 F 2B H . & = 56 % 46G 0 V 1@ 1 % % . ,& = 56 N )H % \ 56 1 . ,# % 1 ? > +! 56 % 1 % 1 K* L . % 1 %* 4 % 1 %* %1 > A, % 1 " 1 56 N % 1 ? * " 1 * 4 * % 7=6 * & = 56 & 6 94 94 , & = 56 F / ." 1 K ! . , 56 > 46G K4 ) MH F %* %1 3 4 V 1 % 1 +! % 1 % 7=6 56 % & '( # 12* * ( #. , 56 & % ,& 6 * 0 1 1 % 1 1 , ? H6 # % 1 K* F Callus V 1 @ K* % V 1 @ % 1 % M= 1 1& ( 0 , F . #. , % M= 1 M FB 56 N # 8 B V 1 % 1 > A, % 1 % % * % 1 F $ % /. 4 % # 7=6 1 2 94 56 N 4 N ,5 ,% 6 * 7=6 1 #4 . * 1 $* * , ( \# 0 56 94 1 6 & 34 B! 56 % 1 F 4 % % 1 % 1 1 \# % 1 F 2 , / 1 (6 , . % 1 1 ( , % 1, . ,% ( * 6 % *% * !/ , / . ,# % M= 1 1 M 2 1 % f CWE # 1# , , , 56 * 56 N * N % & = $ %1 * N % @ 6 1 % 34 #= ( 1% 1 # = F 5 , , ' . " 0O ! ( !* # = (! #$ ! F L\ \ 8 7 a 56 #$5 / 6 %1 * 3 41 ! FV \ \ F 56 N # ,5 6$ \V6 % ( 56 N , ` ( %* (! N # # 1 # N ! (! & \ == % %6 ,# = /6 = (! %1 5 , % V & 94 #8! B % %1 ( /6 56 N % = * *% 1 56 % 0- / ! % Haploid #$5 O 0 %1 * 3 41 !* # / !% 1 % "8 J % ! %1 6l3 I . 1 , 34 % 1 " , 1! F(= T # " N !# 8 ,3 / !% 1 # 1 4g, > 1 ! 6T % F KG "! %* + ! " 6 ^ Xh & ! 0 " ! 3 `= * M * h & '( # / *3 F * '( , 3 , ,* MH H* + ! $ S ! 3 F . 56 M 0 1 #. (, 3 E ] ( %* V 1 % & '( Z(* 0 4 # 1 0 1 K " B / X , MH !* B! % / 6 % 3 ] (= Z ! 4! / 56 % V 1 % 1 =! Q 0 Ch CX & ) H % 3 N % (! / E ] \ ^ XX & ! CX R " 58 & , - / ! % % 1 V 1 'H / 3 4 % F ", 1 # H6 # 34 5 6% C ? H= 3 4 6 K F ! 46G %* / F& `= # ! = 56 S % 3 " 46G !A N O 0 ,3 N FV 1 % 1 3 - X %1 * ! culture Anther 3 % " !* # k *& = 4 / ! 3 # % 1 (= R . N (! 0N 94 *M , 34 = V 1 % 1 * * C % 1 3 4 ` 6 (! % (* . # (! F F ' 1 F ` ? #? , #$ ! 6 6 # = " (! 7 ! , ! 4 # F %2 *h (! , 6 1 " R% ! = / N = X N F F & 14 " M , 34 # ,3 (* O 0 , 3 # 6 2 ] (* O 0 Q % " % % N culture Endosperm n] # %* ` 5 @ %* + ! 1 5 # O 0 , N = (! F V1 M ! % % 6 : !0 O % @ 8!5 / FV 1 B % * &m 2 % % 1 B % 5 ` % & & / 34 `( $ 1 # % F d Q% , CC h & 4 , 5 , 6k 0 N % 6 F: 1 V ", #H & * 2 ( . / ! " , MH , # H # (, #$ ! M 7 N #H ( . Ovule , 2 % #H N ,` , pollination in vitro ` ( 6 * ( . , (= # H ( . , " 2 % # (, #H F * (= # H N ", N F culture 7 F Ovule culture +! % * N - * "! = ) ! , / ! M (6 M ' % $ #H + ! ` = %* F 94 #! ( . N 0 2 % 1 , V1 & b dD ? #H K B % !1 , N 2 , 8=! * 1 ", 4 N 6 ` = ? # " Z6 V' @ VA1 34 7 F5 1 N 7 ) k % != #H (! N L3 MH 94 % F3 2 M Z ! " % 1 (= #H F * 0 + ! #H N , 4 6 56 % 4 B, F B, F& 7 N !* # #$ ! % G % " 7 , F% 1 * O 0 /' X 7 12 /' ] 4 (! Q 1 N cultures Embryo N - , 1! & #! , / (6T 12 C /' , N = %5 & '( (, C . " +! F` =1 & % % " #$ ! , 1 ) = 6$ % (, ! ! \ *& 0O ! $ + H ,* %* ? % % 1 $ " g, 4 7 A ! X (, / % B, 1 ! % 1 % 8 " F ! F ? & ' (# (= S! " 0 34 0O ! 1 S! . , F , ! 7 1 ! #*+ ! (! " + ! Brassica V 4' . 0 F 7 % % " 7 M 34 % O 6 (, 94 N Z(* 0 * %1 * / #? 0 4' . . N % B " 0 * " (! ! & % " (! 10 C \ / 1 \ (= V * $ / M ,% ! # O 0 X 2 1 = H ( ` ( " H, / 6 $ F \& # " % 1 = 6 !* + ! K4 S ( # % 1 1 > F F "2 0 ? & 4 % 1 #$ ! % Z 6 F * 4 # 34 $ Protoplast culture & # # 5 ( 7 10 N ] Q F # " ) 0 , L " , * K4 6 % 56 " Protoplasm fusion 5 # , * 1 * DNA % 4 . ,N @ " +! 5 N H= # ! , MH & '( ) * 56 % # 6 N "8 . % 1 %* H= .5 . == 1 4 . , 94 #! F @ L) 6 # 5 , * N 5 60 % 5 F N 3 41 & = N F& # " ) T ( H,* % 1 ! B 0 ) M * ? & 2 [ ! T n = #! H " # % 1 %* N F 0 X fC # CQ X # 5 ! FV % 4 = #$5 , 1T "H % & F# F " (6 # % ! F N , ,# 5 = N * 5 K 14 1 * , " & = $ %1 , " & = $ %1 " +! =! % 56 5 F = @ X 60 ] =( # C (! * DNA % ) * Q 60 E # 5 F : 6* B * J Cellulase I # B % 0 56 % & H6 1 H 6 (! , F * L 6% n 1 , 1 FM V = % 6# O 0 , " H6 ) M . V = ", %* $0 V = " ( % 1 ?# %* % / a 34 # = % ? ", V = FV = F 6c @ * 34 6 N % 1 1 " L K* % 6# 2 O 0 % , H , FV = FV = % . *% 1 V = L K ! 6 C 2 % 1 X 8 ] 1 ,% 1 a 0KG = 1 %g, / Q 94" > g, 94 (, ( % 1 CDD "H % 1 XED % 1 F "1 ! 94 shoot Tip Culture F% ! , 3 41 " F H % % B / L* , V = % 6# (, , ? 94 % 1 & =! % 1 %* / 4 ,N B H* N ,- 94 # ! K4 . 6 8 ! N % 1 1 > * 8!5 / " " g, & '( V = % % 1 + ! & '( 6# 94 ,/ L * " # L , " * " V 1 % 1 M 2 ( ( ,# 1 F 4 % 1 $ ? ,V 1 % 1 %* 1# Apical . M . T . C J FB * H6 / ) & g ` ) % $k # 2 % $ & ' () 2 % ! * 6 (= K ! I . ,%H% T& # M H6 #$5 O 0 , B ? F& K H6 1V = % 6% 1 " %a1 3 4 %* 1 F 9 > " N , B? 1T + ! V 1 / a F H= 1 L 94 %* $0 B ? H % = 6 #$ ! > F (! " % 1T B N "8 + ! , " (= %* % H % & 2 % 1 56 % C 94 LV 1 % * 0V 1 H V 1@ *% # # 1T N 6 . H= 1K ! # B %g, 3 4 = F , % @ +5 % & ! 1T 1T N % = & , 56 & '( / B ! 4 , 34 +! & 1 B? # . % 1 3 / 56 % H X ( F F 94" ( ?$ (! % & 1 * 1 N = + !> % *% 1 M K G F 41 & 0% 1 " % 1 , N ,% 1 % 1 M # 4 0 ,% 1 F& # S! ! " " " " 1 / % =! , 56 % N = 0 % 1 1% 1 0# ] =! , KG & 94 , 6 : 6* . 0# 94 Z ! Z(* 0 # 94 34 4 ! F , #H Pollen, Anther and ovule culture = # 94 # Haploid " F B = H 34 , 4 J ? J # 7 B , & 14 " F&! 1 #? 5 % % " % % 6 # , . # K ! % " # (* O 0 , 3 % S ' +! & 2 # 34 Z6 ! *3 % " (! 1 " F = F 56 94 " . , " / 7 & X ] 6 # = /6 Q 1 6 %1 E 5 " # O 0 R !* # ,# % . ) (! C Haploid X ( " K* J nC I " A F- 1 . , 6 0 94 = 6# (! C # (! X 56 B ] 56 % & F ! %. 1 K* 6 " ! suspension Cell * " N % +! # (6 7 " #$ 6 '( Haploid plants / C (! . # % 1 4 " M K ! , 7 / !I3 !* # CX I " F F 1 , 1 I " (6 K 14 F J- " #= Batch culture Q F . ,# ! , ) 7 V 1 culture Callus 4 K* I 12 L *& L 56 % 5 M F< FV 1 & 1 F = 6 # G == # Z6 1 . 4' # ( V 1 * % V 1 6 * . , ( V 1 ! # FV = % H6 E % & 8 L;JB # ,5 65 0V 1 7 > ( * /6 6# / (! ( (6 7 Z56 F % 1 V 1 %* + ! 6 # M K H6 1T , 6 (? #? , # F V 1 O 0 F 6 ) FV 1 F: 6 6 . / V 1 ? 8 6 94 K B , 8, ! . 56 B # 5 Protoplast fusion ` " $ K* & N % # Vegetative hybrids ) , ( Somatic hybrids I @ F " % 0 1 , " +! & R % & O 0 * "( 0 #. 56 % # d 56 % % O 0 , = 34 " , / (60 N 34 J Cybrides # h =( !% % & 56 % 3 4 =( 94 >( F % ! 4 -5 94 Somaclonal variation F X ] 56 6 Transf Gene % 1 > = ( , 6c # 6c ! %. 1 0 ! %. 1 % % , , ? , C . culture Cell F & 7 & e # ,5 6$ > ( CD culture Embryo # . " F # T ,% " , 2= (* 7 , 34 + ! 1# #$ ! , = ) 0 9 1 $ . 4L B 6 genesis Embryo ) 4' ! # = B T M * T % 1 $% 4 F 1# * %* " # T " , 2= +! 2 K (! %1 * # 10 1 K 4 ! , = \ 6c @ K* * 6 K ! . 4L . 56 N % 51 % 1 * 1 F % 1 ,K 4 N % " " )H 0KG . % 1 k B 6 ,% 1 0KG . % 4 ) ,% 1 0 & F 1 6 ,& & % " / ! M #H MH Apical culture to obtained diseases free ?# , B. " ) 2 % 7 F7 *V = (T % # & 1 & 56 C ! " 1 12 6# = % =6 ? ] C] /' (! 6# " =( , X 56 / * , / (6T / (6T 7 1 5 ! & 1& pollination in vitro F- CX " F 2 # ! F , = 5 % & 1# (! " ( !* 56 % 3 4 F 4 @ $ # 4 ` +! % 1 % 1 % / %* + ! K H6 N , K H6 N F #$ ! F% % @ . 4L # . Organo genesis CC CQ plants (! # "