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2015/01/02 ��54�� �q�\���h�q���ݾ��v����
 
 
�îɩP����� Instead of Art, Investing in Passports�������H��������N �����@��
Where Privacy Is Now the Law������޷~�󨬥@�ɪ��� ���q�B�y�ѿ��q�����p�k
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Instead of Art, Investing in Passports�������H��������N �����@��
By ROBERT FRANK�����R�SĶ
Along with stock and real estate portfolios, the rich are now buying a new form of economic security: passport portfolios.

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Wealthy investors from around the world are shopping for visas or citizenship in other countries, hoping to protect against volatile governments or economies. A majority are new millionaires and billionaires from emerging-market countries, especially China, Russia and nations in the Middle East. Often, they��re shopping for entree into Europe, the United States, Canada and Australia.

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Experts estimate that these ��economic citizens�� are spending $2 billion a year on second or third passports and visas. Demand is so strong that governments around the world have started an arms race of sorts for V.I.P. visas, offering ever-faster residencies and passports for ever-higher prices. Over the past year, Australia, Canada, and several European countries have raised the prices or investment requirements of their so-called golden visas and created a new fast lane for citizenship.

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Opponents, however, say the programs have the potential to offer safe harbor to people who made their fortune through illegal activities. Others say th ey amount to selling citizenship to the rich . ��These programs bring huge benefits to the Russian oligarchs or the various Chinese wanting to benefit from the rule of law, good educations and robust capital markets,�� said David Metcalf, chairman of the British government��s Migration Advisory Committee . ��But the fundamental question is, What does everyone else get out of it?��

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Even as criticism mounts, governments are cashing in. In January, Malta, a nation of 425,000 people, started selling citizenship for a fee of 650,000 euros (more than $800,000) with no residency requirements. Because Malta is a European Union member, citizenship gives holders the ability to settle within the Union��s 28 countries.

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After the plan drew protests, the government added requirements, including a demand that applicants spend at least 350,000 euros on real estate and 150,000 euros on government bonds. In the first six months, more than 200 investors signed up, earning the government $200 million.

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Elsewhere, Australia recently announced plans for a Premium Investor visa . That nation already has a Significant Investor visa, which offers permanent residency after four years in exchange for an investment of 5 million Australian dollars ($4.15 million). The new program will give residency in 12 months in return for 15 million Australian dollars in investments.

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Consultants, lawyers and advisers to the wealthy say golden visas bring many benefits to host countries, like skills and investment. But critics like Mr. Metcalf argue that the benefits are often offset by the overseas rich bidding up prices for real estate and services. And, he contends, because most of the investments go into government bonds that pay interest, ��we are essentially paying oligarchs to come to the U.K.��

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In Britain, an investor visa program gives residency for 2 million pounds ($3.14 million); applicants are eligible for ��indefinite leave to remain�� after five years. But the government recently added fast-track programs for people who invest 5 million pounds (requiring a wait of three years) and 10 million pounds (a wait of two years). Mr. Metcalf argues that visas, if sold at all, should be offered through a formal auction, with proceeds going to a n education program.

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��Let��s find out what the optimal price really is,�� he sa id. ��People say, ��Well, you��re selling citizenship.�� We��re not selling citizenship; we��re selling settlement. And right now, we��re practically giving it away.��

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Where Privacy Is Now the Law������޷~�󨬥@�ɪ��� ���q�B�y�ѿ��q�����p�k
By MARK SCOTT�����J��Ķ
From Silicon Valley, American tech companies oversee ever-expanding global empires.

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Google has a bigger slice of the online search market in Europe than it does at home . More than 80 percent of Facebook��s 1.3 billion users live outside the United States, with Brazil and India among the social network��s most important markets. And Apple now sells more iPhones and iPads in Shanghai and St. Petersburg than it does in San Diego.

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The world��s seemingly insatiable appetite for all things tech has made many of these giants among the most profitable companies in the world. But selling these products has also placed them largely at odds with global privacy rules that go far beyond what American lawmakers demand at home.

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The tech companies often rely on lengthy (frequently incomprehensible) consent forms and free speech rights to protect themselves against claims of misuse of their users�� online information. But that defense does not hold up in large parts of the world, including Malaysia, South Africa, Brazil, Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan and Argentina.

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The right to privacy is taken more seriously abroad, notably in Europe, where politicians are considering rules that would fine any company up to $125 million or 5 percent of its annual revenue if it flouted the region��s strict data protection rules.

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And regulators from Paraguay to the Philippines are lifting passages �X almost word for word �X from Europe��s tough privacy laws .

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��Europe��s data protection rules have become the default privacy settings for the world,�� said Billy Hawkes, a former data protection regulator for Ireland .

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Facebook has repeatedly had to rewrit e its privacy policies to give its global users a greater say in how their online data is used.

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��Facebook just took its U.S. privacy policy and rolled it out in Europe,�� said Max Schrems, an Austrian lawyer who has filed a class-action lawsuit against the social network involving more than 25,000 users for violating the region��s data protection laws when it sent individuals�� personal data to the United States, where domestic intelligence agencies could gain access to the information. ��They never wanted to adapt their privacy rules to anywhere outside America.��

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Microsoft claims that its cloud computing services (which allow people to store documents and photos on the Internet) now comply with Europe��s tough data protection rules �X the only American company so far to receive such approval.

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Google, meanwhile, is scrambling to comply with a recent European court ruling that allows anyone �X whether in or out of the 28-member European Union �X to ask that links to online information about themselves be removed from its global search results.

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Although Google fought hard to block this so-called right to be forgotten, it lost the battle, and has scrubbed thousands of links from its search results to adhere to the European ruling. Advocates for the new standard are hoping to force the company to extend the practice across its entire global search business �X and potentially to the United States.

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��Americans really do care about these issues,�� said Gus Hosein, a senior fellow at Privacy International, a London- based consumer advocacy group . ��But right now, they have very limited rights that they can exert over how their data is used.��

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Across the globe, countries are looking toward Europe for cues on how best to protect their citizens�� privacy. When Brazil unveiled the country��s new Internet bill of rights, lawmakers demanded that tech companies obtain permission from users before sharing their data with online advertisers and marketers.

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New rules in South Africa forbid sending people��s online information electronically to countries that do not replicate its stringent privacy laws .

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In South Korea, people have the right to access their online information held by tech companies whenever they want.

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For tech giants like Google and Facebook, the path ahead is clear. These companies may call Silicon Valley home, but they��re increasingly falling in step with international regulators.

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